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    A New Approach to Quantum Gravity: Beyond Einstein, #4
    A New Approach to Quantum Gravity: Beyond Einstein, #4
    A New Approach to Quantum Gravity: Beyond Einstein, #4
    Ebook149 pages3 hours

    A New Approach to Quantum Gravity: Beyond Einstein, #4

    By Balungi Francis

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    The Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, to the point that one or both theories break down under certain conditions (for example within known space time singularities like the Big Bang and the centers of black holes beyond the event horizon). The appearance of singularities in any physical theory is an indication that something is wrong and that there is a need for new physics. Singularities can be avoided in GR and any field theory through the introduction of an efficient regularization procedure as this book directs. Regularization is a method of modifying observables which have singularities in order to make them finite by the introduction of a suitable parameter called regulator. The regulator, also known as a "cutoff", models our lack of knowledge about physics at unobserved scales (e.g. scales of small size or large energy levels). It compensates for the possibility that "new physics" (beyond the SM) may be discovered at those scales which the present theory is unable to model, while enabling the current theory to give accurate predictions as an "effective theory" within its intended scale of use. Therefore the main objective of this book is to discover new physics (Quantum Gravity) at those scales (or extra dimensions) which the General relativity theory and Quantum mechanics is unable to model. This has been achieved and remains the work of an experimenter to verify. While this is a new approach to quantum gravity, it reproduces the results in loop quantum gravity and string theory as the book indicates.
    This book provides a complete overview of quantum gravity from the frontiers of theoretical physics research for graduate students and researchers.
     

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBill Stone Services
    Release dateJun 27, 2018
    ISBN9781386675747
    A New Approach to Quantum Gravity: Beyond Einstein, #4
    Author

    Balungi Francis

    Balungi Francis was born in Kampala, Uganda, to a single poor mother, grew up in Kawempe, and later joined Makerere Universty in 2006, graduating with a Bachelor Science degree in Land Surveying in 2010. For four years he taught in Kampala City high schools, majoring in the fields of Gravitation and Quantum Physics. His first book, "Mathematical Foundation of the Quantum theory of Gravity," won the Young Kampala Innovative Prize and was mentioned in the African Next Einstein Book Prize (ANE).  He has spent over 15years researching and discovering connections in physics, mathematics, geometry, cosmology, quantum mechanics, gravity, in addition to astrophysics, unified physics and geographical information systems . These studies led to his groundbreaking theories, published papers, books and patented inventions in the science of Quantum Gravity, which have received worldwide recognition. From these discoveries, Balungi founded the SUSP (Solutions to the Unsolved Scientific Problems) Project Foundation in 2004 – now known as the SUSP Science Foundation. As its current Director of Research, Balungi leads physicists, mathematicians and engineers in exploring Quantum Gravity  principles and their implications in our world today and for future generations. Balungi launched the Visionary School of Quantum Gravity  in 2016 in order to bring the learning and community further together. It’s the first and only Quantum Gravity physics program of its kind, educating thousands of students from over 80 countries. The book "Quantum Gravity in a Nutshell1", a most recommend book in quantum gravity research , was produced based on Balungi's discoveries and their potential for generations to come. Balungi is currently guiding the Foundation, speaking to audiences worldwide, and continuing his groundbreaking research.

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      A New Approach to Quantum Gravity - Balungi Francis

      Dedication

      To my wife for his constant feedback throughout and many long hours of editing, and friends who offered their time and comments along the way.

      A NEW APPROACH TO QUANTUM GRAVITY

      We are probably asking the wrong questions at the moment, Nevertheless it is impossible to resist the temptation to try. After all, the other fundamental forces – except gravity – fit very neatly with quantum mechanics.

      BALUNGI FRANCIS

      CHAPTER1: New Physics. Regularization and Physics Beyond the Standard Model

      History tells us that if we hit upon some obstacle, even if it looks like a pure formality or just a technical complication, it should be carefully scrutinized. Nature might be telling us something, and we should find out what it is (G. t Hooft, 1997).

      The Solvay Conference, probably the most intelligent picture ever taken, 1927 (1).jpg

      The Solvay Conference, probably the most intelligent picture ever taken, 1927

      In physics, one of the ultimate goals is to unify the fundamental forces of nature. Today physicists have been able to unify three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, the strong and the weak nuclear forces in a single quantum field theory-the standard model). The fourth fundamental force, gravity, on the other hand is described by the general theory of relativity. Because the other fundamental interactions are quantized, it therefore seems natural that in a grand unified theory, a theory of all the fundamental forces, gravity is quantized as well into perhaps Quantum gravity.

      A theory of quantum gravity is needed to describe things that are very small but also very heavy, like black holes or the early universe. However, the development of a quantum theory of gravity seems difficult on grounds that, in general relativity all physical qualities have definite values, whereas in quantum mechanics they do not as shown in Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

      The problems in General Relativity arise from trying to deal with a universe that is zero in size (infinite densities). But quantum mechanics suggests that there may be no such thing in nature as a point in space-time, implying that space-time is always smeared out, occupying some minimum region. The minimum smeared-out volume of space-time is a profound property in any quantized theory of gravity and such an outcome lies in a widespread expectation that singularities will be resolved in a quantum theory of gravity.

      However, Prof Brian Dolan at the Department of Theoretical Physics, NUI Maynooth, is quick to point out that there is not yet any set agreement on what a theory of quantum gravity should look like, or even on the exact problem it is trying to solve.There is no accepted theory of quantum gravity, he says. There are currently a number of contenders, and by far the most popular is superstring theory. Many physicists find superstring theory compelling due to its internal elegance, but despite decades of intense research it has not produced a single experimentally testable result. He suspects that trying to unite general relativity and quantum mechanics may be the wrong way to go, and that any future breakthrough may come from a completely unexpected direction; perhaps from some young mind with a fresh perspective.

      This chapter employees new ideas towards the development of a quantum theory of gravity in a bid to solve the following unsolved problems in physics;

      (i) Is it true that at every spatial dimension, there exists new physics and that it is the work of Physicists to find out? What is the method or procedure through which new physics can be found? Does this require extra dimensions?

      (ii) Does nature have more than four space-time dimensions? If so, what is their size? Are dimensions a fundamental property of the universe or an emergent result of other physical laws? Can we experimentally observe evidence of higher spatial dimensions?

      (iv) Can the singularities that plague the General theory of Relativity be resolved in any quantum theory of Gravity?

      The Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, to the point that one or both theories break down under certain conditions (for example within known spacetime singularities like the Big Bang and the centers of black holes beyond the event horizon).

      The appearance of singularities in any physical theory is an indication that something is wrong and that there is a need for new physics. Singularities can be avoided in GR and any field theory through the introduction of an efficient regularization procedure as this book directs.

      Regularization is a method of modifying observables which have singularities in order to make them finite by the introduction of a suitable parameter called regulator. The regulator, also known as a cutoff, models our lack of knowledge about physics at unobserved scales (e.g. scales of small size or large energy levels). It compensates for the possibility that new physics (beyond the SM) may be discovered at those scales which the present theory is unable to model, while enabling the current theory to give accurate predictions as an effective theory within its intended scale of use.

      The need for regularization terms in any quantum field theory of quantum gravity is a major motivation for Physics beyond the standard model. Infinities of the non-gravitational forces in QFT can be controlled via renormalization only but additional regularization  and hence new physics is required uniquely for gravity. The regularizers model, and work around, the breakdown of QFT at small scales and thus show clearly the need for some other theory to come into play beyond QFT at these scales. A. Zee (Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, 2003) considers this to be a benefit of the regularization framework, theories can work well in their intended domains but also contain information about their own limitations and point clearly to where new physics is needed.

      Therefore the main objective of this section is to discover new physics at those scales (or extra dimensions) which the General relativity theory and Quantum mechanics is unable to model. The section also sets out to prove that due to quantum gravitational effects, there is a minimum distance beyond which the force of gravity no longer continues to increase (operate) as the distance between the masses become shorter.

      General Theory

      During the years, strong evidence has appeared that the acceleration of any physical object cannot be arbitrarily large, but it should be superiorly limited. For example in string theory, it was derived that string acceleration must be less than some critical value, determined by the string tension and its mass. From the classical point of view (as Wheeler suggested), if we consider an extended object in rotating motion, we have the acceleration and it follows that a, must be at least limited by  . However to differ from the classical Newtonian mechanics and Einstein's General relativity theory we introduce a regulator Cutoff ,where is the gravitational coupling constant, R is the distance between two masses and n is a positive number (extra dimension number), then the acceleration must be limited by (i), (Assuming a diameter of 2R).

      Thus to avoid the infinity but while retaining the point nature of the particle would be to postulate a small additional dimension n over which the particle could 'spread out' rather than over 3D space.

      For example, in the Unruh temperature we can only and only deduce both the Hawking temperature and maximal temperature (Sakharov Temperature) under the assumption of  the existence of a maximal acceleration given in formula (i) above as,

      The Unruh temperature is given as,

      Since the acceleration is known from (i) above,  then the temperature will reduce to,

      For a Schwarzschild Black hole of radius , the temperature reduces to

      Since the gravitational coupling constant has a formula , taking values of n=0,1,2,..............,N.  Then the Hawking temperature will become a result of n=0 extra spatial dimensions  as, .  Also the maximum temperature ( Sakharov temperature) is deduced at n=1/2 as , .

      Therefore the temperature of a black hole increases as a black hole loses mass in Hawking Black hole evaporations. The  analysis given above is a clear indication that the temperature doesn't increase exponentially as it has been known from Hawking's original proposals, there is a maximum temperature, a limit on temperature that screens (resolves) the classical singularity. It is therefore true that the radiation spectrum contains all Standard Model particles, which are emitted on our brane, as well as gravitons, which are also emitted into the extra

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