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    Existence of Design Codes in Living Organisms
    Existence of Design Codes in Living Organisms
    Existence of Design Codes in Living Organisms
    Ebook88 pages1 hour

    Existence of Design Codes in Living Organisms

    By Mirabotalib Kazemie

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    The Design of Biological organisms (forms) are determined by design codes. They are made by invariant proteins. The codes control all regulative processes that are involved in development and differentiation.

    All structural and functional aspects of a developed organism, the patterns of its reproduction, behavior and the potentials need it for its adaptation are determined by its design code. Design codes cannot tolerate mutations, thus no biological organism can be transformed into another.

    Mutation of a design code protein can lead to initiation of Cancer.

    New biological organisms can emerge through reprogramming of an existing design code. Design Code Theory, I hope, encourage the protein-sequence analysts to compare the sequence, the secondary, and tertiary structures of invariant protein to help establish a primary list of design code proteins.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAuthorHouse
    Release dateJun 18, 2013
    ISBN9781481753852
    Existence of Design Codes in Living Organisms
    Author

    Mirabotalib Kazemie

    The author is a Biologist in Medical Doctor. He received his academic degrees (Ph.D. sc., Ph. D. med., M. D., M. Sc.) from German Universities. He has Iranian origin, born in Kabul, and is a Canadian citizen. Farsi is his mother language. He has research experience in Protein Biochemistry.

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      Book preview

      Existence of Design Codes in Living Organisms - Mirabotalib Kazemie

      © 2013 by Mirabotalib Kazemie. All rights reserved.

      No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

      Published by AuthorHouse 06/14/2013

      ISBN: 978-1-4817-5384-5 (sc)

      ISBN: 978-1-4817-5383-8 (hc)

      ISBN: 978-1-4817-5385-2 (e)

      Library of Congress Control Number: 2013909071

      Any people depicted in stock imagery provided by Thinkstock are models, and such images are being used for illustrative purposes only.

      Certain stock imagery © Thinkstock.

      Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

      Contents

      Introduction

      Design Codes preset the Designs of Living Organisms

      Design Codes require that all Regulative Proteins work coherently

      Design codes use DNA as blueprint

      Design code and development

      Destabilization of a cell’s design code leads to initiation of cancer

      Design code and the potential for adaptation

      Design codes determine the patterns of reproduction

      Design codes preset organism-specific pattern of behaviour

      Biodiversity has its roots in design codes

      Summary of the theory

      Conclusion

      Note

      References

      Introduction

      We have a fundamental question in biology that is still waiting for the right answer. It is about the molecular mechanism that determines the designs of biological organisms. How is it possible that many living organisms despite sharing similar regulative systems during their embryonic development and having similar structural proteins differ from each other morphologically, physiologically and behaviorally?

      To provide answer to this question, I present in this book a comprehensive biological theory that I believe to be able to show that the design, function, and behavior of a biological organism are determined by a design code that is encoded by some invariant proteins, so that every biological organism has its own specific design code. The proteins that are part of the design codes, unlike many other proteins, cannot tolerate mutations.

      In the light of this theory the issues of adaptability and variability of the living organisms will be better understood. They are defined as innate potentials in living organisms that serve not only their survival, but also the integrity of their identities. The theory of design code takes also a reasonable approach to help differentiate between the mechanisms that are involved in development and those that are in charge of biological diversity. I assume that the design code proteins have the supreme kind of intelligence, the basis of cellular intelligence, and paramount for the development of instincts, learning faculties, and behaviour. Alteration of any of the proteins involved in a design code leads to the destabilization of the code. This can occur in an egg cell, in a cell in the very early stage of embryonic development, and in a somatic cell. While the first two situations can be lethal, or cause monstrosities, destabilization of a design code in a somatic cell can turn that cell into a cancer cell.

      Design Codes

      preset the Designs

      of Living Organisms

      Regarding the origin of living organisms on earth, I assume that prior to the emergence of the first living cells there had been protein molecules that worked together to built such cells around themselves. Those proteins were invariant and continue to remain invariant since then. I call them ‘primordial proteins’. The first cells that they built I name ‘urprimordial cells’. They were able to grow, reproduce and communicate with the environment surrounding them. Subsequently, inside the urprimordial cells, the primordial proteins dynamically had been changing the pattern of their interactions, producing design codes to encode the designs for numerous organisms to emerge afterward. An urprimordial cell in which the encoding process takes place turns into a ‘primordial cell’. The encoding process itself I call ‘primordialization’. In this way a primordial cell obtains the information for the ultimate appearance, functions, and behavior of the organism to which it develops.

      The number of the invariant proteins that were working together to build the design codes constituted only a fraction of the urprimordial cells’ proteins, but they could theoretically encode thousands of different design codes, depending on their number, their location inside or on the surface of the cells, and their manner of interaction with each other. In other words, design codes differ from each other by the way those invariant proteins are combined and arranged during the encoding process. Today I consider the following invariant proteins as the members of primordial proteins and the likely candidates to encode organisms’ designs: growth factors, growth-factor receptors, proteins that are involved in signal transmission, proteins such as those that determine the polarity of organisms, proteins in charge of symmetries in developing embryos, and proteins that are in control of DNA molecules.

      In a multicellular organism the design code is translated into a comprehensive plan that has to be read after each cell division throughout the entire processes of development and differentiation. In other words, each cell in a developing embryo has to be provided with a set of instructions defining its specific duties. How this takes place? I assume that at any level of development and cell differentiation the organism’s design code regulates the activities of the subordinate regulative proteins, whose jobs are to lead the cells and organs to develop within the preset boundary of the organism’s design. Passing of information in this manner will continue from one cell generation to the other until the structure of the organism is complete.

      In metazoa, the egg cells must contain the complete set of the invariant proteins that are required for encoding the ultimate designs of the organisms, because no mRNA synthesis occurs before the first cleavage, which starts some hours after fertilization.

      Encoding deigns for new organisms through reprogramming of existing design codes

      While in primordial times the design codes were made inside the urprimordial cells, these cells have no longer been necessary for this process, because designs for

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