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    Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Project Implementation
    Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Project Implementation
    Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Project Implementation
    Ebook400 pages4 hours

    Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Project Implementation

    By Marc J. Rogoff and Francois Screve

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    About this ebook

    Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Project Implementation, Third Edition covers the programs and technologies that are available for converting traditionally landfilled solid wastes into energy through waste-to-energy projects. It includes coverage of the latest technologies and practical engineering challenges, along with an exploration of the economic and regulatory context for the development of WTE. In addition to technology itself, the book explores implementation concepts, waste feedstock characterization and flow control. It also delves into some of the key issues surrounding the implementation of waste-to-energy systems, such as site selection, regulatory aspects, and financial and economic implications.

    Professionals working on planning and implementing waste-to-energy systems will find the book’s practical approach and strong coverage of technical aspects a big help to their initiatives. This is a must-have reference for engineers and energy researchers developing and implementing waste-to-energy conversion systems.

    • Explores the most currently available technology for waste-to-energy conversion from municipal solid wastes
    • Includes recent case studies from around the world that provide insights into the different approaches to planning and implementation of WTE
    • Completely updated with the latest technology
    • Expanded to include information on thermochemical and biochemical conversion systems
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherElsevier Science
    Release dateMar 9, 2019
    ISBN9780128160800
    Waste-to-Energy: Technologies and Project Implementation
    Author

    Marc J. Rogoff

    Marc Rogoff has held a number of senior positions in the Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA) and the American Public Works Association. Following on from his BS and MS at Cornell University, Marc completed a PhD at Michigan State University and an MBA at the University of Tampa. His career has embraced all aspects of solid waste management, and he has directed engineer’s feasibility reports for nearly two dozen public works projects, totaling $1.2bn in project financing. His name is well known in the field of Waste-to-Energy, where his consultancy work has covered feasibility studies on more than 50 facilities worldwide, operations assessments, and advising on key procurement decisions.

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      Book preview

      Waste-to-Energy - Marc J. Rogoff

      States

      Chapter 1

      Introduction and Overview

      Abstract

      Over the past several decades, various nongovernmental organizations such as the Asian Development Bank, United Nations, and World Bank, and international research agencies supported by various European nations have estimated that solid waste, which is generated worldwide, is estimated to be approximately 1.3 billion tons per year and is expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tons by 2025. This assumes an increase in per capita waste generation rates from 1.2 to 1.42 kg per person per day over the next decade.

      Keywords

      Nongovernmental organizations; solid waste; population; climate; waste-to-energy projects; community

      Contents

      1.1 The Growing Solid Waste Disposal Problem 1

      1.2 The Trends Toward Energy From Waste 3

      1.2.1 The United States 3

      1.2.2 Europe 5

      1.2.3 China 6

      1.2.4 Africa 7

      1.3 Numbers of Waste-to-Energy Facilities 7

      1.4 Climate Change and Waste-to-Energy 7

      References 11

      Further Reading 11

      1.1 The Growing Solid Waste Disposal Problem

      Over the past several decades, various nongovernmental organizations such as the Asian Development Bank, United Nations, and World Bank, and international research agencies supported by various European nations have estimated that solid waste, which is generated worldwide, is estimated to be approximately 1.3 billion tons per year and is expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tons by 2025 [1]. This assumes an increase in per capita waste generation rates from 1.2 to 1.42 kg per person per day over the next decade (Table 1.1).

      Table 1.1

      Source: The World Bank. What a Waste – A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, 2015.

      Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rates are influenced by several key factors, among these are economic development, degree of industrialization, urbanization, and climate. Data collected by international organizations such as the World Bank and United Nations suggest that higher the degree of economic development and urbanization, greater the amount of solid waste produced. Furthermore, income level (gross domestic product) and urbanization are usually correlated as well as disposable incomes and living standards. As the levels of these factors increase, there is a corresponding increase in the generation of solid waste with urban residents generating almost twice as much solid waste than rural inhabitants [1]. Waste reduction efforts are anticipated to produce a leveling of peak waste in OECD countries by 2050, East Asia and Pacific countries by 2075, and continued growth of waste in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global waste generation is projected to possibly hit 11 million tons per day by 2100 [2].

      The way to dispose of the cans, cereal boxes, newspapers, tires, bottles, and other castoffs of communities in the industrialized and the developing world in an environmentally sound and economically efficient way has become a problem of critical proportions. Up until the recent past, resources were considered as something scarce, which needed to be reused with little, if any, going to waste. To assist in this effort, the rag men and piggeries could be found in most urban areas of the industrialized countries and formed the basis of an active recycling industry.

      With population growth and waste generation rates spiraling upward, many communities worldwide are beginning to search for alternative long-term solutions to the methods they once employed to dispose of their solid wastes. Sanitary landfilling of solid waste has become the traditional approach for most communities in the industrialized world where it has progressed from an earlier era of dumps and open burning to its present state of engineered landfills.

      Sanitary landfills can be designed today to be an environmentally acceptable means of waste disposal, provided they are properly operated. New regulations regarding landfill liners, leachate control systems, landfill gas collection and control systems, and long-term closure requirements, however, have dramatically increased the cost of landfilling. In addition, suitable land for landfill sites close to nearby urbanizing areas is now less available for many communities, thereby resulting in communities having to locate more distant landfills. The Not In My Back Yard attitude on the part of citizen-opposition groups, however, has increased the difficulty of many communities in the siting and permitting of these new landfills.

      Consequently, as existing landfill capacity has been reduced, there has been an increased interest in the concept of recovering energy and recyclable materials from MSW rather than relying on sanitary landfilling as the primary long-term method of solid waste disposal. Furthermore, the European Union’s (EU) goal to reduce landfilling by 65% of biodegradable MSW and the EU Directives on Waste Incineration and on Landfilling has prompted new construction of waste-to-energy (WTE) plants and upgrading of existing plants to meet the EU Directives.

      Fig. 1.1 graphically shows the state of recycling or composting, WTE, and landfilling of MSW in each EU member state, in addition to Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland. As of 2015, Germany was the leading nation for recycling, with 68% of MSW either being recycled or composted. Furthermore, seven member states landfill less than 10% of their MSW, which is the target goal by the EU in its Circular Economy Package by 2030. However, eight member states still landfill more than 60% of their MSW, suggesting a continuing market for recycling/composting/WTE [4].

      Figure 1.1 Municipal waste treatment in the European Union, 2015. Modified from Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants, Municipal Waste Treatment, 2015 [3]. Source: Eurostat.

      1.2 The Trends Toward Energy From Waste

      Producing and utilizing energy from the combustion of solid waste is a concept that has been practiced in Europe since the turn of the last century. Prompted by a concern for groundwater quality and the scarcity of land for landfilling, many European countries and Japan embarked on massive construction programs for WTE programs in the 1960s.

      1.2.1 The United States

      Transfer of this technology to the United States first began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In addition, many other projects utilizing American technology in shredded and prepared fuels were constructed. Most of these projects were problematic because they were unable to overcome materials handling and boiler operations problems. It was these failures that made local government leaders initially cautious in funding construction of WTE projects.

      Nevertheless, several WTE projects were developed in the mid- to late 1970s in communities such as Saugus, Massachusetts; Pinellas County, Florida; and Ames, Iowa which were experiencing severe landfill problems. Success of these projects helped the WTE industry gain acceptance by local government leaders, and the financial community. Tax incentives made available by the federal government for WTE projects attracted private capital investment in such projects assisting in the maturing of this industry in the United States and sparked the development of many new projects.

      During the 1990s, the WTE industry in the United States experienced several setbacks, which resulted in no new WTE facilities being constructed from 1995 through 2014. Expiration of tax incentives, significant public opposition in facility siting, and the United States’ Supreme Court’s decision in carbone dealing with solid waste flow control forced many communities in the United States to opt for long-haul transport of their solid waste to less costly regional landfills. A more recent Supreme Court decision on flow control has restored the ability of communities to enact flow control ordinances and enable them to direct their wastes to WTE facilities. As a result, some WTE facilities have recently begun to expand by adding new processing lines to their existing operations. These facilities are basing their requests for financing and permitting on their successful records of operation and environmental compliance. In 2014, the first new WTE facility since 1995 was constructed by the Solid Waste Authority (SWA) of Palm Beach County, Florida. The SWA’s Renewable Energy Facility 2 (REF2) is a $672,000,000, state-of-the-art waste-to-energy facility. The REF2 project is the first of its kind in more than 15 years and the most advanced and cleanest WTE power plant in North

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