Everand Logo

Welcome to Everand!

  • Discover millions of ebooks, audiobooks, and so much more with a free trial

    Only $11.99/month after trial. Cancel anytime.

    The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle
    The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle
    The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle
    Ebook440 pages4 hours

    The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle

    By Eric Murillo-Rodriguez

    ()

    Read preview

    About this ebook

    The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle provides the first comprehensive overview on the molecular methodologies used to evaluate sleep while also examining the cellular, biochemical, genetic, and therapeutic aspects of the sleep-wake cycle. There have been profound changes in the landscape of approaches to the study of sleep – mainly in the areas of molecular biology and molecular techniques. With this great focus on using multidisciplinary molecular methods, chapters address significant advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep and the techniques researchers use to study this phenomenon.

    Written by world-leading experts in the area, this book is of great interest to researchers working in the sleep field and to anyone interested in one of the most mysterious phenomena in science – why we sleep and why we cannot survive without it.

    • Reviews the neurobiological and cellular mechanisms of the sleep-wake cycle
    • Provides the implications of sleep in health and disease
    • Contrasts different techniques to study molecular mechanisms
    • Contains case studies to better illustrate points
    • Covers sleep disturbance and health problems involved in sleep
    • Includes chapters on the ontogeny of sleep, along with multiple mechanisms for sleep generation
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherAcademic Press
    Release dateMar 26, 2019
    ISBN9780128167427
    The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle

    Related to The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle

    Related ebooks

    Medical For You

    View More
    View More

    Related podcast episodes

    Related articles

    • Article

      What Happens When We Sleep?

      Jun 23, 2020

      What Happens When We Sleep?
      4 min read

    • Article

      F.I.G.H.T.S. studies (Food, Infections, Gut, Hormones, Toxins, Stress)

      Sep 22, 2019

      According to the CDC, genetics accounts for about 10 percent of diseases, and the rest appear to be from environmental causes.1 Palmer recommends addressing MS and all other autoimmune diseases via diet, dealing with bacterial and viral infections su

      1 min read

    • Article

      Dreams Susan Taylor

      Aug 3, 2020

      New Idea’s dream analyst, Susan Taylor, explains the meaning of your dreams Q My husband was diagnosed with cancer five years ago but has been in remission for a while. He is doing well, but in my dream, I am in a stark white hospital room and he is

      1 min read

    • Article

      C Cellular Aging

      May 26, 2017

      C Cellular Aging
      3 min read

    • Article

      Health Websites Are Notoriously Misleading. So We Rated Their Reliability

      Jul 26, 2019

      Websites peddling political conspiracies generate considerable attention. Data from NewsGuard indicate that websites promoting health misinformation are at least as alarming.

      4 min read

    • Article

      Disappearing Lesions May Actually Mean MS Is Getting Worse

      Jun 4, 2018

      New research shows that, for patients with multiple sclerosis, the disappearance of lesions into cerebrospinal fluid is a better indicator of who will develop disability than the appearance or expansion of the lesions. For decades, clinicians treatin

      4 min read

    • Article

      Cracking The Caffeine Code

      Feb 27, 2020

      Cracking The Caffeine Code
      3 min read

    • Article

      Alternatives For Cold Sores

      Mar 16, 2021

      Alternatives For Cold Sores
      4 min read

    • Article

      Breast Cancer Patients Need More Support For ‘Chemo Brain’

      May 3, 2018

      Breast cancer patients and survivors need more support to help manage symptoms of “chemo brain,” which can include memory loss, short attention span, and mental confusion, researchers say. The study involving 131 female breast cancer patients in Sing

      3 min read

    • Article

      Food Source

      Oct 9, 2019

      Food Source
      1 min read

    • Article

      Neuroscience Has a Race Problem

      Feb 15, 2023

      In 2017, Jasmine Kwasa had family in town, and they wanted to see the lab where she spent so many of her hours. Kwasa was three years into her Ph.D. program at Boston University, studying how people with ADHD process sound. To monitor the brains of h

      7 min read

    • Article

      Mapping the Future of Exercise Biology

      Jul 30, 2021

      My goal for this column is always to discuss the latest relevant science on endurance sport, providing both practical takeaways and a peek inside the science of endurance. However, this time I’m going to pivot a little. At the American College of Spo

      5 min read

    • Article

      Survival Of(f) The Fittest

      Sep 15, 2022

      Survival Of(f) The Fittest
      9 min read

    • Article

      Survival Of(f) The Fittest

      Aug 2, 2022

      Survival Of(f) The Fittest
      9 min read

    • Article

      Covid-19 News

      Nov 26, 2023

      Covid-19 News
      4 min read

    • Article

      Upfront

      Mar 22, 2020

      Upfront
      19 min read

    • Article

      Research Roundup

      Jul 27, 2021

      Research Roundup
      3 min read

    Related categories

    Reviews for The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle

    0 ratings

    0 ratings0 reviews

    What did you think?

    Tap to rate

    Review must be at least 10 words

      Book preview

      The Behavioral, Molecular, Pharmacological, and Clinical Basis of the Sleep-Wake Cycle - Eric Murillo-Rodriguez

      2018;38:7878–7886.

      Chapter 1

      The Sleep–Wake Cycle: An Overview

      Timothy Roehrs¹,² and Thomas Roth¹,²,    ¹Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States,    ²Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States

      Abstract

      This chapter provides an overview of the sleep–wake cycle. We describe the nature of the electrophysiology of normal sleep and the two distinct sleep states, rapid eye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM). The differential endocrine, autonomic, respiratory, thermal physiology and regulation, and cognitive processing associated with REM and NREM are outlined. The interactive, but independent, control of sleep and wakefulness by homeostatic and circadian processes and the ultradian regulation of REM and NREM states within sleep is also outlined. We provide an overview of the specific neurobiological mechanisms that control sleep and wakefulness and the circadian mechanisms that control the daily timing of sleep and wakefulness. Finally, we briefly discuss some factors that alter the nature and characteristics of sleep and wakefulness.

      Keywords

      NREM; REM; homeostatic; circadian; ultradian; sleep–wake neurobiology

      Outline

      1.1 Introduction 2

      1.2 Electrophysiology of Sleep: Polysomnography 3

      1.3 Physiological and Cognitive Function During Sleep 6

      1.3.1 Autonomic Nervous System 6

      1.3.2 Respiratory System 7

      1.3.3 Thermal Regulation 7

      1.3.4 Cognition 8

      1.4 Regulation of Sleep and Wake 8

      1.4.1 Homeostatic 8

      1.4.2 Circadian 9

      1.4.3 Circadian and Homeostatic Interaction 10

      1.5 Neurobiological Controls of Wake and Sleep 11

      1.5.1 Wake 11

      1.5.2 Sleep 11

      1.6 Factors Influencing Sleep 12

      1.6.1 Age 12

      1.6.2 Environment 12

      1.6.3 Drug Use 13

      1.6.4 Shifting Sleep Schedules 14

      1.7 Summary 14

      References 15

      Further Reading 16

      1.1 Introduction

      The sleep–wake cycle in healthy humans is a 24-hour cycle composed of approximately one-third sleep and two-thirds wake. The sleep–wake cycle is under complex, interacting circadian and homeostatic processes. Within the 24-hour sleep–wake cycle is a 90–120 minutes ultradian cycle (basic rest activity cycle), most clearly evident during sleep, but also hypothesized as being present during wakefulness. Sleep and circadian bioscientists continue to amass information regarding the genetic and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the sleep–wake cycle with information about some of the basic features and mechanisms emerging, but there is much yet to be discovered.

      Sleep is a vital behavior with the appetitive and essential nature of sleep clearly evident in a human’s inability to maintain wakefulness for more than 2 or 3 days. As the state of sleep need progressively increases during periods of sustained wakefulness (i.e., sleep deprivation), brief microsleeps begin to intrude into wakefulness during ongoing behavior and during periods of inactivity. As sleep drive further increases it is expressed as longer episodes of unintended sleep (i.e., naps).¹ This vital, compulsory nature of sleep is in contrast to one’s ability to food or fluid deprive oneself to death.

      Sleep is characterized by a stereotypic posture, minimal movement, reduced responsivity to stimuli, reversibility, and species-specific diurnal timing and duration. In humans, sleep is recognized behaviorally by recumbence and eye closure, but some mammals sleep with eyes open (e.g., cattle) or while standing (e.g., horse, elephant).² The immobility of human sleep is relative in that sleep walking and talking occur in some human sleep disorders and among animals some fish swim in place and mammals move periodically. The sleep state can be differentiated from death, coma, and hibernation by the characteristics of arousability and rapid reversibility. Sensory (nonvisual) monitoring of both exogenous and endogenous stimulation continues during sleep such that, for example, the vital stimulus of hypoxemia arouses even a severely sleep deprived individual and parents arouse to the cry of their baby. Further, sensory discrimination occurs as the parent does not arouse to the cry of another baby whose cry is of a similar stimulus intensity. Among mammals the daily duration of sleep varies from 2 to 20 hours with that of humans being approximately 8 hours.³ Larger animals have less daily sleep; for example, elephants sleep about 3 hours per day, while the chipmunk sleeps about 16 hours. Sleep is very light or absent during migration or postpartum in some birds and fish and northern fur seals sleep with one half of the brain at a time. Sleep in adult humans, in many, but not all cultures, occurs as a single bout during the dark hours, while for various other mammals sleep occurs in multiple bouts and for some mammals sleep is linked to the light period.

      Sleep scientists measure sleep electrophysiologically, as behavioral assessment of sleep and its intensity by testing arousability or reversibility is obtrusive and disruptive of the very state being assessed.⁴ Electrophysiological measures correlate well with behavioral observations, but they further reveal subtleties that are not apparent behaviorally and subjectively. For example, some sleep disorders are associated with brief (3–15 seconds) electroencephalographic (EEG) arousals of which the sleeping individual is unaware. The simultaneous recording of the EEG, the electrooculogram (EOG), and the electromyogram (EMG) are the accepted standard measures of sleep and waking and together these measures are termed polysomnography (PSG).⁴

      1.2 Electrophysiology of Sleep: Polysomnography

      Behind the closed eyes and relative behavioral quiescence of sleep is an active, complex, and highly organized process composed of two distinct brain states: nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. As will be seen below this distinction goes much beyond the presence or absence of eye movements for which these two states are named. Fig. 1.1 depicts PSGs of wake NREM and REM sleep.

      Figure 1.1 Displays 30-s screen shots of a standard polysomnogram collected using Grass software. On each panel, channel one and two are left and right EOG, channel three a EMG, channel four a C3-EEG, channel five a 01-EEG, and channel six a EKG. (A) A typical wake epoch, (B) NREM epoch, (C) REM epoch.

      We describe the characteristics of a PSG (i.e., EEG, EOG, and EMG) of sleep–wake in detail. In contrast to the low voltage (10–30 µV) and fast frequency (16–35 Hz) of activated wakefulness, the cortical EEG (C3/4-A1/2) of relaxed, eyes-closed wakefulness is characterized by increased voltage (20–40 µV) and an 8–12 Hz frequency. During the transition to sleep, sometimes called drowsy sleep or transitional sleep, the EEG frequency becomes mixed while the voltage remains at the level of relaxed wakefulness. In NREM sleep EEG voltage is further increased and frequency is further slowed. When arousal threshold is highest, the EEG of NREM sleep has a 0.5–2.5 Hz frequency with voltages of 75 µV and higher, which is termed slow wave sleep (SWS). The EMG, highest in wakefulness, is gradually reduced during NREM sleep, although limb and body movements occur periodically during NREM and there still is voluntary control of

      Enjoying the preview?
      Page 1 of 1