HYDRAULIC MACHINES III

TURBINES

Solution by DF Sozinando, Mechanical Eng. student at Vaal University of Technology

NOTE: Hydroelectric power has been developed by hydraulic turbines that convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used for running electric generators directly coupled to the shaft of turbines. A pelton wheel is an example of an im pulsive t urbine. Pelton wheel c an handle a gross head greater than 250m and is regarded as a high turbine. If the turbine is working under a net head, hp (gross head-pipe friction loss), the jet velocity at inlet is V j = Cv 2 g hp. C v ranges from 0.97 to 0.99. Bucket speed can be obtain from U = r. At inlet U V j = V w1 = V r1 + U. The energy transferred is given by Hth = E = V j - U - ( 1 - k cos) and V r2 = k V r1 g

where k is the reduction in relative velocity and the value is usually between 0.8 and 0.85, is the angle of deflection and can be taken as 165 if not mentioned. The maximum energy transferred will occur at some point where dE/dU=0 which gives U=0.5Vj , note that hydraulic efficiency is maximum in practice when the bucket speed U=0.46Vj . No energy transfer when blade or vane velocity (U) is zero or equal to jet velocity. Be aware about the hydraulic and ovarall efficiency of the turbine and pelton wheel they differs; pelton wheel Hth Hth Psh Hth Psh hyd = , when nozzle excluded hyd = and ova = ; turbine hyd = and ova = , hj hp hp Q H H Q Psh Mechanical efficiency is the same for both cases mech = . Pth

TUTORIAL 1
1- A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 35 m /s. The discharge rate of the jet is 1 m 3/s under a power head of 270 m . The bucket deflets the jet through an angle of 170. Calculate the power delivered to the runner, power developed by the runner, and hydraulic effciency of the turbine. Take C v=0.98 and Vr1=Vr2

Solution: U := 35 m s Q := 1 m s
3

hp := 270m

:= 170

cv := 0.98

k := 1

:= 9.81

kN m
3

vj := cv 2 g hp vj
2

m vj = 71.315 s

hj := 2 g Pj := hj Q U Hth := vj - U ( 1 - k cos( ) ) g

hj = 259.308 m Pj = 2.544 MW

Hth = 257.251 m Pth = 2.524 MW

Pth := Hth Q Hth hj

hyd :=

hyd = 99.207 %

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