Egyptian Code 2006

2006
1-1
- 1
.

:
- 2

.
- 3

.
- 4 :
. . - 5
.
2-1

1 -1
2006
) (
.
3-1
:
. ) (. :
- 1

.
.
- 2

.
- 3 )
(
.
- 4
.
4-1

2 -1
2006
3 -1
2006
-1

.
-2

).(Uplift
-3
- : .
:
.
4 -1
2006

1-2

. ) ) (3
(2003

.
:
.. 2006/1-4756
: :

.. 1991/373
.. 2005/583
.. 1996/3071
.. 1994/474
.. 1991/1947
.. 1993/2421
)9
.. 1996/3072
.. 1992/2149
.. 2002/1109
.. 1990/1899
: :
.
.. 2000/262
.. 1990/1618
.
1-2
2006
.. 1969/76
.. 1658
.. 1988/1658 :
.. 1989/1658 :
.. 1989/1658 :
.. 1989/1658 :
.
.. 1991/1658 :
.
.. 1993/1658 :
.
2-2
1-2-2
-1
).. (373
) CEMI.. (2006/1-4756
).. (2005/583 ).. . (1992/2149
-2 ) ,CEM II / A - LL, CEM

(II / A L CEM II / B LL, CEM II B / L
.
-3
) (1 ) (2

.
-4
% 0.06 .
2-2
2006
-5

).. (2006/1-4756
.
-6

%0.6 .
2-2-2
1-2-2-2

.

.
2-2-2-2
- 1
).(2-2) (1-2
- 2 .
- 3

.
3-2
2006
) (X ray diffraction )(Petrographic analysis

) (8-4-3-2
- 4
.
- 5 2.6 .
- 6

.
- 7 )(
)( ) (
.
-8 40
25 .
4-2
2006
) (1-2

-1
75 ) ( 200
-2

-3
1.7 500

%1

**
%3
)(%3

% 1
% 3
%20
%30
**
)(%5
%3
-4 Flakiness Index
% 25
***
-5 )( Elongation Index
% 25
***
-6
24
****
% 1
% 2.5
% 2

-7
% 30

% 25

-8
% 45
% 30
*
**
***
**** % 2.5
.
5-2
2006
) (2-2

-1 )(Cl-
**
% 0.04
% 0.06
% 0.4
% 0.4
-2 )(SO3
-3 ) (:
-3 - 5
12
10
-3 - 5
18
15
/ .
**
% 0.01
.
3-2-2
-1

.
2 .
-2 :
2.00 ). (T.D.S
0.50 .Cl
0.30 .SO3
1.00 .
0.10 .
0.20 .
2.00 .
6-2
2006
-3 ) (pH ) (7

.
-4

.
:

30
45.
7 28
% 90
.

.
-5 .
-6
-7 .
-8
.
4-2-2

.

.
7-2
2006

) ) ((3-2 :
.

.
- .
.
.
. :
-1
.
- 2

.
-3

.
-4
.
-5
.
-6
-7

8-2
2006
-8

.
% 10
.
-9

.
-10 % 2

% 3 .
-11

.
12

.
-13
.
-14
.
-15

.
-16
.
9-2
2006
10-2
2006
5-2-2
1-5-2-2
-1
.. 2000/262
...1990/1618
-2 :
- 350/240 450/280 ).(
- :
520/360 ) (
600/400 )(

).. (2000/262 .
-
350/240 450/280
520/450 ) (# .
-3 .
2-5-2-2

%5
.
3-5-2-2
-1 :
.
11-2
2006
-2 : %0.2
.
-3 :
.
-4 : .
-5 :
.
.. . 2000 / 262

) (4-2 .
4-5-2-2

).(1-4
5-5-2-2

).(4-2
6-5-2-2

).(3-4-5-2-4
12-2
2006
) (4-2 ) (
%0.2
/
) (
) (
240
350
) (
%
)=10(*

350/240
520/360
20
450/280
280
450
18
360
520
12
)(
25
25
25
20
20
20
25
36
600/400
20
400
600
10
25
25
36
520/450
**
450
520
= ) ( = ) ( .
** 5 .
6-2-2
) (2-2-10
3-2
1-3-2
1-1-3-2
13-2
5
6
2006
22 / 3 . 23 / 3 . 25 / 3 .
2-1-3-2

.
.
) (5-2
.
.
) (5-2 )(Slump

.

) 80 /*** (3

50 25
75 50
125 75
) 150 - 80 /*** (3
) 150 /***(3
**150 125
** 200-125
:

.
**
*** .
3-1-3-2

o35 .
14-2
2006
15-2
2006
2-3-2
1-2-3-2
) (
)Characteristic Strength (fcu
28
% 5
.
150150150
15/ 2
20/ 2
30/ .2 ) (6-2 .
) (6-2
)/(2
20
25
)/(2
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
)300150(
)(7-2
.
) (7-2

)(
100100100
0.97
150150150
1.00
200200200
1.05
300300300
1.12
200100
1.20
300150
1.25
500250
1.30
40/ .
2
16-2
2006
2-2-3-2
0.85 - .
0.60 . 3-2-3-2

.
) .(5-2-4
% 90

.
3-3-2
1-3-3-2
:
N / mm2
)(2-1
fcu
Ec = 4400
:
= Ec /
= fcu / 2 40/) 2
(1-2-3-2
2-3-3-2 ) (

) ( :
17-2
2006
)(2-2-a
= 0.20
)(2-2-b
= 0.00
3-3-3-2
:
1.20 10 1.30
0.60 10 0.90
0.90 10 1.20
0.70 10 0.95
0.80 10 0.95
55555-
4-3-3-2
.

. B :
2A c
Pc
)(2-3
=B
= B -
= AC
= PC

.
)-8-2(.
5-3-3-2
18-2
2006
:
)( 2-4-a
) t = o (1 +
fo
)(1 +
E ct
)( 2-4-b
= t
= t = t
fo
= o
Ect
=
=
= fo
= Ect
)-8-2(
) B (4-3-3-2
.
)-8-2( )(3-10

) (%55
) (%75

600
600
200
600
600
200
0.38
0.43
200
0.21
200
0.23

200
0.26
0.32
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.16
7 3
0.31
60 7
0.30
0.31
60
0.28
0.25
*
40 . % 85
19-2
2006
20-2
2006
)-8-2(

) (%55
) (%75

600
600

200
600
600
200
2.10
200
2.40

200
2.70
2.00
2.20
1.60
1.40
200
3.20
3.80
3.00
1.90
1.70
1.70
7 3
2.90
60 7
2.50
2.80
60
2.00
1.90
*
40 . % 85
4-3-2
1-4-3-2

.
.
.

.
:
. - .
- .
/ . . . - .
21-2
2006
. - )

(.
:
2-4-3-2 /
) (9-2 /
) (9- 2

.

.
**
***
32
-
20
10
350
350
350
0.50
25
350
350
400
0.45
30
350
400
450
0.40
40
****
*

50 / 3 ) (.
** /
.
***
.
**** .
22-2
2006
3-4-3-2
) (9-2
.
- - 450/ .3
450 / 3
.
4-4-3-2

). (3 -2 -2
5-4-3-2

28 )
( ).(10-2
) (10-2

0.15
0.2
0.30
0.4
0.06
0.1
6-4-3-2
- )- (SO3
% 4 28 )
(.
23-2
2006
7-4-3-2 :

.
28
.
8-4-3-2
1-8-4-3-2
Alkali Silica Reaction

) (Na2O ) . (K2O

. ) (11-2
:
% 0.6 ). (Na2O
) (Na2O 3/.3

.
. - 25 .
24-2
2006
) (11-2
1 2
14
%0.10
) (27-2
% 0.2 0.1

%0.2

2

% 0.04

ASTM C1293-01
% 0.04
2-8-4-3-2
Alkali Carbonate Reaction
-
.
) (12-2
. . % 0.4
)
.
) (12-2

1 2

%0.10
% 0.1
) (26-2
2

ASTM C1105-95
% 0.015 3
% 0.025 6
% 0.030
25-2

% 0.04
2006
9-4-3-2
) (pH 7

)(

.
) (pH 5.50
- . 10-4-3-2
)
(

) (13-2 .
) (13-2 :
6 . 9
/
.
11-4-3-2

.
.
.
26-2
2006
) ( 13 2
SO3

SO3

%
1:2
/

1
300
0.2
300
1.00
0.20
700
1.50
0.35
CEMI
CEMI
0.35
0.50
1.50
1.9
700
1200
0.50
1.00
1.9
3.10
1200
2500
1.00
2.00
3.10
5.60
2500
5000

***

32
20
10
**
2
/
350
400
400
0.52
350
400
400
0.50
25
350
400
400
0.45
30
400
450
450
0.43
35
400
450
450
0.40
40
) ( 11-4-3-2
**
***
.
:
.
% 5 % 8 CEM1
.
- % 0.1 .
27-2
2006
50 70 .
) (10-2 .
12-4-3-2

.

:
% 7 10. % 6 15. % 5 20. % 4 40. 13-4-3-2

) (4-3-2
.
) (13-4) (6-10).(7-10
4-2

/ .
"
" .
28-2
2006

:
. . . . .
.
)-14-2 (

.
)-14-2(
)(
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
200
200
250
300
400
450
120
120
150
200
240
280
120
120
120
150
200
240
) (
80
100
110
130
150
170
* < % 0.4
150
150
180
---
---
---
%0.4< < %1
120
120
140
160
200
240
>
120
120
120
120
150
180
**20
20
20
25
25
25
**20
20
30
45
60
70
**20
**20
25
40
50
60
15
20
25
35
45
55
)(
15
20
20
25
35
45
25
25
25
25
25
25
15
15
25
25
25
25

)(
%1
%0.4 < < %1

> %1
**
15
15.
29-2
2006
)-14-2(

)(

)(

)(
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
120
120
150
200
240
280
120
120
120
150
200
240
) (
100
100
110
120
140
150
25
40
55
70
80
90
30
40
55
70
80
35
45
55
65
75
25
35
45
55
65
20
25
20
* 15
15.
:
-
)-3-2-3-4( .
- 40

20 .
-
:
1
0.6 .
-2

25.
5-2
1-5-2
30-2
2006

.
2-5-2
1 30/ 2 :
/ .
25 .
-
) ( :
25
30
40
- 75.
-
25.
. % 3
2 )
(
35/ 2
12 ) (1-2
25 .
3
.
4 ). (Vacum Dewatering
5 ) (Topping
.
31-2
2006
6 7
.
32-2
2006
6-2
1-6-2

.

.

.

.
.

.
2-6-2

1-2-6-2
fm
fcu ) (1-2-3-2 .M
fm :
fm = fcu + M
)(2-6
33-2
2006
)(2-5
M=K.s
:
= M
= K
fcu 1.64
) (1-2-3-2
= s
40
) (

4/ 2 20/
% 20 20/.2
:
8/ 2 20/.2 % 40 20/.2 fm 40

3.5/. 2

.
2-2-6-2

.
:

) (14-2 10-2
34-2
2006
) . (fm

.

.

) (10-2 ).(6-4-3-2
)-2-8( . 3-2-6-2

) (2-1-3-2

.

) (4-2-2 .
3-6-2

.
.
1-3-6-2

fm
. .
35-2
2006
1
.
2 .
3

.
4 .
- 5 28
.
- 6 .
2-3-6-2 )(

- .
. 28
3 7
.

.

.
:
1 28 95
%
.
36-2
2006
- 2 6.5/. 2
- 3 .
-4
%15
.
3-3-6-2

)(
.
.

.
).(3-9-8
4-6-2
-

.
)
(.
5-6-2

.
.
37-2
2006
1-5-6-2

:
30 80.
20 80.
2-5-6-2
:

:
- 1 . % 10
2
% 10 .
40

% 5
.

:
= 1.64

.
38-2
2006
7-2 :

.
.

.
8-2

. . . - .
. - .

.
9-2

:
. - .
39-2
2006

.
.
- .
40-2
2006
) (3-2 1990 / 1899

-1 .
) (

)(

)(

) (

)(

)(

)(

2
- 0.5 /
%95
% 2
% 3

- %2
% 3

- %2
% 3

%95
% 2
% 3

%95
% 2
% 3

%88
% 2
% 3

-----
%88
% 2
% 3

- 3.5 /
:
1
3
7
28
6
28
-110
110
110
100
100
-90
90
90
90
90
125
125
100
100
90
90
-110
110
110
100
100
125
125
110
110
100
100
140
125
115
110
100
100
-2
% 5 .
% 1 .
% 0.02 .
.
% 5 %0.2 .
.
10-2
125
125
115
110
100
100
2006

1-3

.
:
-1
Limit States Design Method
-2 ) (
Elastic (Working Stress) Design Method
1-1-3
) (1-3

) (1-1-2-3

.
:
1-1-1-3
Ultimate Strength Limit States
) .(2-4
1-3
2006
2-1-1-3
Stability Limit State

)) (Buckling (4-6 ) (Overturning ) (Uplift
) (Sliding.
3-1-1-3
Serviceability Limit States

:
-
Deformation and Deflection Limit States
-
) .(1-3-4

Cracking Limit States

) (Crack width
) .(2-3-4
2-1-3 ) (
) (1-3
) (Allowable working stresses .

) (2-1-1-3
).(3-1-1-3
2-3

.
2-3
2006
1-2-3
1-1-2-3

Service Loads

% 5 .

) (201 )(

.
.

)-1-1-2-3( :
- 1
:
U = 1.4 D + 1.6 L
)(3-1
:
D
Dead Loads
Live Loads
2 % 75
:
) U = 1.5 ( D + L
)(3-2
3
:
)U = 1.4 D + 1.6 (E + L
)(3-3
3-3
2006
= E
Lateral Loads
U ).(1-3

1.6 E ) (7-3) (3-3 .1.4 E
4 W S
:
)(3-4
)U = 0.8 (1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 W
)(3-5
U = 1.12 D + L + S
U ) (1-3
.
:
S

) (201 .
= 1/4
= 1/2

..............
= 1
)
.............(.
5
).(0.90
4-3
2006
6
) (4 3 1 :
)(3-6
U = 0.9 D
)(3-7
U = 0.9 D + 1.6 E
)(3-8
U = 0.9 D + 1.3 W
)(3-9
U = 0.9 D + S
7 T
:
)(3-10
) U = 0.8 ( 1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.4 T
:
) U = 1.4 ( D + T
)(3-11
).(3-3
8 K
:
U = 1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 K
)(3-12
).(6-3
1 ) (2-1-3
) ) (3-1-1-3 (
) -1-1-2-3(.
2
).(0.90
3 :
5-3
2006
)(3-13
1) 0.9 D
)(3-14
])2) [ 0.9 D + W] or [ 0.9 D + (S/1.40
.
2-1-2-3

) (
) (Brittle
) (Ductile .
:
1
- c s :
. . - .
. . :
)(3-15-a
1.5 = c
)(3-15-b
1.15 = s
) (
:
) 7 (e / t
c = 1.5
1.5
3
6
)(3-16-a
6-3
2006
) 7 (e / t
= 1.15
1.15
s
3
6
)(3-16-b
e
( ) 0.05
t
. . . :
c = s = 1 .0
)(3-17
2-2-3
)-1-1-2-3(
.
3-3
- : ) (4-3-3-2 .
- : ) (3-3-3-2 .
) (Creep - ).(5-3-3-2
7-3
2006

Limit States Design Method
1-4

) (2-4
).(3-4
2-4
Ultimate Strength Limit State

) (1-2-4 ) (2-2-4
) (3-2-4 )( ) (4-2-4
) .(5-2-4
1-2-4
Ultimate Strength Limit State: Flexure or Eccentric Forces

1-1-2-4

) (Equilibrium conditions
) (Compatibility of strains :
- 1

.
- 2 )(Idealized curve
) (1-4
.
1-4
2006
Stress
+ ve
fy
fy / s
+ ve
Es = 200 kN/mm 2
Strain
fy = yield stress or proof stress
- ve
Strain
f y /s
fy
Stress
- ve
= fy
) (1-4
-3 fy 400/ 2

10 .
fy 240
/ 2 fy 280/.2
- fy
)( 300/.2
- 4
) (2-3-4 .
- 5
.
- 6

) (Idealized curve ).(2-4
- 7 cu = 0.003

2-4
2006
0.002
= cu

.
fc
cu = 0.003
Stress
0.67 f cu
c
0.002
Strain
) (2-4
- 8
) .(3-4
0.67 f cu
c
cu = 0.003
0.002
c
t
As
) (3-4
3-4
2006
- 9 ) (7 -6
T
) (4 -4

a = 0.8c c

c
cu /
0.67 f
).(Equivalent rectangular stress block

0.67 f cu
c
cu = 0.003
a = 0.80 c
tf
As
As
As
b
) (4-4
-10

) .(3-4

.
-11 )(Biaxial bending moments

). (3-4
)(10
.
4-4
2006
2-1-2-4
Sections Subject to Flexure
-2-1-2-4

T
) (Ultimate limit moment :
)(4-1
As . f y
= M u
s
As . f y
=a
0.67f cu
b
c
)(4-2
a/d 0.1
yct 0.95d
) -2 -1 -2 -4(
. a/d
) -2 -1 -2 -4(.
-2-1-2-4
Balanced Section
) (
) (Brittle failure ) (Ductile failure

.
fy/ Es
cu = 0.003
) (Ductility
) -2-1-2-4( max
Mumax
. cmax/d
) (1-4 y :
5-4
2006
fy
)(4-3
s .E s
= y
-2-1-2-4 Mumax max

:
)(4-4
R max .f cu .b.d 2
= M umax
c
)(4-5
0.67f cu a max
A smax c d
= max
=
b.d
fy

s
) (1-4 ) (2-4 max , R max
. ) (1-4

fcu

.

.
% 10 R max
max ). (2-4
) (1-4 Rmax max

cmax /d
cmax /d
Rmax
max
*
0.214
0.208
0.194
0.187
0.180
*
8.56x10 -4 f cu
7.00x10 -4 f cu
5.00x10 -4 f cu
4.31x10 -4 f cu
3.65x10 -4 f cu
0.50
0.48
0.44
0.42
0.40
) (3-2 f cu /. 2
** ) . (3-1-1-2-4
6-4
240/350
280/450
360/520
400/600
**450/520
2006
) (2-4 Rmax max

cmax/d
% 10
cmax/d
Rmax
max
*
6.85x10 -4 f cu
5.58x10 -4 f cu
3.88x10 -4 f cu
3.29x10 -4 f cu
2.74x10 -4 f cu
0.180
0.173
0.157
0.150
0.142
*
0.40
0.38
0.34
0.32
0.30
240/350
280/450
360/520
400/600
**450/520
) (3-2 f cu /. 2
** ) .(3-1-1-2-4
% 10 ) (2-4
:
-1
-2
-3
1.2
Mo ) (5-4 Mo
.
1.2 Mo
1.2 Mo
) (5-4
)(2-4) (1-4
max
cmax/d
Cmax. 0.67Cbalance
)-3-1-1-2-4(.
7-4
2006
-2-1-2-4
-1

) -2-1-2-4( ) (6-4
:
d
'As
d
t
As
) (6-4
)(4-6
) A s (d - d
fy
b.d 2 +
f
M u = R max cu
c
)(4-7
0.67 a max . b. f cu A s .f y
=
+
fy
A s
s
:
-1

Es
. fy/s :
) (d/d < 0.20
) (d/d < 0.15 360 / 520

) (d/d < 0.10 400 / 600
.
-2
15
.
8-4
2006
-3
-4
As %40
.As
-5

%10
). (Long term deflection
-2-1-2-4
T L

.

:
)(4-8-a
)(4-8-b
tf
d - 2

B. t f
f
M u = 0.67 cu
c
tf
d -
fy
M u = A s
s
= tf = B
B
).(9 -1 -3 -6
-2-1-2-4
) 2-12-4 (

Single Bending
).(1-1-2-4
-2-1-2-4
Biaxial Bending
) (1-1-2-4
).(6-4-6
9-4
2006
-2-1-2-4
-1
f cu 1.1
fy
fy
)(4-9
min = 0.225
f cu fy / 2
%30
)-2-1-2-4( % 0.25
% 0.15
T L min .
- 2 T

) (9-1-3-6 0.10 .

.
- 3 min
) (3-2-1-2-6 ) (4-3-1-2-6 .
3-1-2-4
Sections under Combined Flexure and Axial Compression

) (Uniaxial bending ) (Biaxial bending

).(Plastic centroid
-

) .(1-1-2-4
- Pu
Pb
Pu 0.04 f cu A c
)(4-10
10-4
2006

) (2-1-2-4 Pb
) (Compression failure
) (Tension failure
f
= y
y
Ess
. c= 0.003
-
) (Pu . emin
e min:
Mu
= 0.05 t
Pu
)(4-11
= e min
20
:
- 1 :
Pu = 0.35 f cu A c + 0.67 f y A sc
)(4-12-a
- 2 )-7-4-6 (
:
)(4-12-b
Pu = 0.35 f cu A k + 0.67 f y A sc + 1.38 f yp Vsp

) Pu = 1.14 (0.35 f cu A c + 0.67 f y A sc
= 0.40 f cu A c + 0.76 f y A sc
)(4-12-c
:
Ac
Ak
Asc
fy
f yp
Vsp :
11-4
2006
A sp D k
p
)(4-12-d
= Vsp
Asp
Dk
30 80 )-7-4-6(
sp :
)(4-12-e
f A
sp 0.36 cu c
f yp A k
Vsp
)(4-12-f
Ak
= sp
4-1-2-4
Sections under Axial Tension or Combined Flexure and Axial Tension

-
)` (d-d .
- )(

).(1-1-2-4
- ).(2-3-4
2-2-4
Ultimate Shear Strength Limit State
1-2-2-4
Beams
1-1-2-2-4
Nominal Ultimate Shear Force in Beams
-
) (7-4 ) (21-6
12-4
2006

) (7-4
) (22-6

. d/2
- Pu a
a 2d
) a/2d (7-4
) (16-4 4.0/. 2
-
d/2
) ( ).(7-4
2-1-2-2-4
Nominal Ultimate Shear Strength
- qu
:
Qu
b.d
)(4-13
= qu
= Qu
-
Qu Qur :
)(M u . tan
)(4-14
Q ur = Q u
tan
0.33

Qu Qur :
)(M u . tan
)(4-15
d
13-4
Q ur = Q u +
2006
d/2
d/2
q cu
qu
q su
wu
q cu
a) Distributed Load
d/2
Pu
q cu
qu
q su
wu
d/2
q cu
2d
b) d/2 < a < 2d

d/2
a
d/2
qu
q su
wu
Pu
q cu
q cu
c) a < d/2
) (7-4
14-4
2006
-
:
N/mm 2
)(4-16
4.0/
f cu
c
q umax = 0.70
qumax )(3-4
) (3-4
60
4.00
-
50
4.00
)(16-4
fcu N/mm2
20
25
30
35
40
2
qumax /mm
2.56
2.86
3.13
3.38
3.60
Mtu
qtu
) (47-4 qtu ) (17-4 ) .(4-4
)-4
(48 ) (49-4 .
N/mm2
)(4-17
f cu
c
q tu = 0.06
) (4-4
60
0.38
50
0.34
40
0.31
)(17-4
20
25
30
35
0.22 0.25
0.27
0.29
N/mm
N/mm
fcu
qtu
3-1-2-2-4
-
) (17-4
:
)(4-18
N/mm2
15-4
f cu
c
q cu = 0.24
2006
- Pu )-4
(18 c:
)(4-19
Pu
c 1.50 )
Ac
P
c = 1 + 0.07 u
Ac
( /. 2
- Pu

) (18-4 t:
P
t = 1 - 0.30 u
Ac
)(4-20
4-1-2-2-4
-
qu ) (2-1-2-2-4 qcu
:
- 1 .
- 2 o30
.
- :
q su = q u - 0.5 q cu
)(4-21
) (7-4
) (6-1-2-2-4 .
5-1-2-2-4
-
:
q
A st
= su
b.s f y

s
)(4-22
16-4
= st
2006
:
= Ast
= st
= b
= s
-
:
q sub
)(4-23
) (sin + cos
A sb
=
b.s f y
)(4-24
q sub = q su - q sus
= Asb

qsub
= qsus
= 45o ) (23-4
:
A sb
q sub
=
b.s
f y
2
)(4-25
-
:
)(4-26
qsub :
17-4
A sb
q sub
=
b.d f y
(sin
s
2006
N/mm2
)(4-27
f cu
c
q sub 0.24
6-1-2-2-4
- :
0.4
fy
)(4-28
f y /
= min
min :
0.15 .240/350
0.10 .
6 5/.
- 400

250.
- ) (28-4
:
)(4-29
:
A stmin 0.40 q u
=
fy q
b.s
cu
= min
qu
<1
q cu
-
).(30-4
-1 .
-2 250 2.5 T
.
.
18-4
2006
N/mm2
)(4-30
f cu
c
qu
q cu = 0.16
- 400/. 2
-
200 .
.d
- 1.5 d

2 d .
45
-

).(8-4
- .

.
75
0.
). (4-2-2-4
0.75 y
45
) (8-4
19-4
2006
7-1-2-2-4
D-Regions
) ( D-Regions

) (Strut-Tie Model ).(11 -6

2-2-2-4
-1
Slabs and Footings

).(30-4
-2
).(3-2-2-4
3-2-2-4
Punching Shear
-
d
.

2
- :
Q up
)(4-31
) (b o .d
= q up
bo ).(9-4
-
).(8-5-2-6
- :
)(4-32-a
N/mm2
.d
f
q cup = 0.8
+ 0.2 cu
bo
c
)(4-32-b
N/mm2
a f
q cup = 0.316 0.5 + cu
b c
a b .
a b
b
a b bo
20-4
2006
)-9-4( L 4 3
2 . qcup :
f cu
c
N/mm2
)(4-33
1.6/
q cup 0.316
b
d/2
d/2
a
Free edge
d/2
a+d
b
d/2
d/2
b+d
d/2
a+d
a
b
d/2
d/
2
) (9-4
21-4
2006
-
:
q cup q up
)(4-34
4-2-2-4
Shear Friction
-
.
-
:
- 1 :
N
Qu
)(4-35
+ u
= A sf
fy fy

s s
)( Nu
.
-2 f :
Nu
Qu
)(4-36
+
= A sf
f y
f y
( sin f + cos f ) sin f
s
s
:
0 < f 90 o
- :
-
= 1.20
= 0.80
= 0.50
Qu
-
Ac
f
0.225 cu Ac 5/.2
c
- fy 400/.2
22-4
2006
-
) (35-4 ).(36-4
5-2-2-4
-
Brackets and Corbels

.
) .(10-4
-
As :
)(4-37-a
As = An + Af
)(4-37-b
As = An + (2/3) Asf
As
f
)
= ( 0.03 cu
bd
fy
:
= Af
:
) M u = Q u . a + N u (t + - d
)(4-38
Qu
Nu
d/2
As
2d
3
Ah
) (10-4
23-4
2006
) (2-1-2-4 Qu
)-4-2-2-4(.
= An Nu
:
Nu
fy

s
)(4-39
= An
Nu 0.2Qu

.
= Asf Qu
)-4-2-2-4(
- Ah :
) (10-4
:
)(4-40
-
)Ah = 0.5 (As An
.
).(3-2-4
) (4-2-4
).(10-4
)(Strut-Tie Model
) (11-6 )( )(
) (39-4 )0(40-4
6-2-2-4
Deep Beams in Shear

. L / d 4 .0
24-4
2006
1-6-2-2-4
-
) (2-2-3-6
L/d1.25 L/d2.5

.
- :
0.15 Ln - 1 Ln .
0.50 a - 2 a .
d/2 d .
- :
Qu
) (b. g
)(4-41
= qu
:
= g
-
qu ) (16-4
d:
)(4-42
1 0.4 L n
d = 2 +
3 d
-
) (18-4 dc:
M
dc = 3.5 - 2.5 u
Q u .d
)(4-43
:
Mu 1 < dc < 2.5

qcu :
)(4-44
N/mm2
25-4
f cu
c
q cu 0.46
2006
qsu = qu 0.5 qcu
)(4-45
)( .
-
- :
q su = v . q suv + h . q suh
)(4-46-a
:
qsuv, qsuh :
)(4-46-b
fy

b. s
A
q suh = h
sh
)(4-46-c
fy

b. s
A
q suv = v
sv
v , h :
L
11 - n
d
= h
12
)(4-46-d
L
1+ n
d
= v
12
)(4-46-f
:
= Ah )(
= Av )(
= sh )(
26-4
2006
= sv )(
= Ln
-
.
-
) (1 6-2-2-4 :
-1 )( :
Av
0.0020
240/350b. s v
200 sv
-
Av
b. s v
0.0015
200 sv
-2
)( :
- 240/350
0.003
Ah
b. s h
200 sh
-
0.0025
Ah
b. s h
200 sh
2 -6-2-2-4
-
L / d 4.0 )(11-6
) (3 -2-3-6 ) (2-6-2-2-4 )(3-6-2-2-4
-
L/d 1.25
L/d 2.5 -1 -6 -2 -2 -4 .
27-4
2006
-
1.25 < L/d 4
2.5 < L/d 4
- 1 )( :

Av
b. s v
0.003
240/350
200 sv
-
0.0025
Av
b. s v
200 sv
- 2 )( :
240/350
0.002
Ah
b. s h
200 sh
-
0.0015
Ah
b. s h
200 sh
-
a/d<2
"" ""
. a/d < 1
3-6-2-2-4
-

.
.
-
) (2-1-2-2-4 .
28-4
2006
3-2-4
Ultimate Torsion Strength Limit State
1-3-2-4

d/2 .
2-3-2-4
-
:
M tu
) (2 A o . t e
)(4-47
= q tu
Ao te
.
Ao Ao 0.85 Aoh Aoh

te=Aoh/ph ph
) -11-4 (.
- T L
.

T L :
) -11-4(.
.
- :
)(47-4
A
t e = oh : .
ph
29-4
2006
oh
)-11-4( Aoh
t 3 3 tf
t 2 3 tf
tf
t 2 3 tf
tf
t2 ,t3 3 tf
)-11-4(
3-3-2-4

) (17-4 ).(4-4
30-4
2006
4-3-2-4
:
:
(q u ) 2 + (q tu ) 2 q umax
)(4-48
:
q u + q tu q umax
)(4-49
qu ) (13-4 qtu ) (47-4
qumax
) (16-4 ). (3-4
5-3-2-4

- qtu ) (47-4 ) (2-3-2-4
) (17-4 )-2-1-2-2-4(
qumax )(48-4) (49-4 )(4-3-2-4

.
).(5-4
) (5-4
f cu
N/mm2
c
qtu > 0.06

qtu

qtu
)(qu - qcu/2
f cu
N/mm2
c
qtu < 0.06

)(6-1-2-2-4
qu < qcu

)(qu - qcu/2
qu > qcu
-
:
31-4
2006
)(4-50
M tu . s
f yst
2 A o
s
= A str
Ao=0.85Aoh ) (2-3-2-4 Aoh

.
) (50-4:
M tu . s
)(4-51
f yst
) 1.7 (x1 .y1
s
= A str
:
= Astr
= f yst 400/
= x l ) (12-4
= y l ) (12-4
) (2A str + A st
y1
x1
) (12-4 ) (
:
)(5-3-2-4 :
) (s.b
)(4-52
+ A st ) 0.4
f yst
32-4
(2 A str
2006
fyst / 2 b
.
- s
ph
8
200 ph
.
).(13-4
tw

.
) (2A str + A st /2
y
1
) ( A st /2
) (13-4 ) (
- AsL
)(4-53-a, b
)(4-53-a
:
33-4
f yst
f
y
A str . p h
= A sl
2006
)(4-53-b
A f yst
- str p
s f y
f cu
A cp
f y / s
0.4
= A slmin
Acp fyst fy fcu /.2
Astr
1 b

6 fyst
s
:
15 12 .
300.
- .
-
.
6-3-2-4
:
-
) (Equilibrium torsion .
) (Compatibility torsion
:
A2
cp f cu
)(4-54
M tu = 0.316
p cp c
Acp pcp
.
.
34-4
2006
7-3-2-4
- ) (G .C G
% 42 ) (1-3-3-2 C
)55-4( . ) L ( T

) 55-4(.
)(4-55-
C = b3 t
)(4-55-
C = b3 t
:
0.70 =
)(54-4
0.20 =
= t/ b )(6-4
>5
0.33
) (6-4
t/b
1
1.5
2
3
5
0.14
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.29
L T
).(2-3-2-4
-
.
4-2-4 ) (
Ultimate Bearing Strength Limit State
1-4-2-4
f
0.67 A1 cu
c
= A1 :
).(3-4-2-4) (2-4-2-4
35-4
2006
2-4-2-4

) (1-4-2-4
A 2
A1
= A2
) A1 .(14-4
).(2-2-4

3-4-2-4
A2
2 ) .(14-4
A1
45
45
)(A 1
4 5
45
A1
A1
A2
A2
) (14-4 A2
36-4
2006
5-2-4
Development Length Embedment Length and Splices
1-5-2-4
Development Length
-
Ld

- Ld f y / s
:
fy
. .
s
.
= L
d
4f
bu
)(4-56
= f bu
:
)(4-57
N/mm 2
f cu
c
f bu = 0.30
:
: )(7-4
: )(8-4
: 1.30
300 1.00
.
- :
35 400 -
40 300 - -
37-4
2006
-
-1-5-2-4 .
- ) (9-4 .
- Bundled bars ) (56-4
. e -
:
-
e = 1.4
e = 1.7
e
)-3-2-3-4( ) (13-4
) (1-3-3-7 ) -3-2-3-4(
) (c ) a or
(b )-2-7(.
-

As ,required
As , provided
) (3-2-1-2-6
) ) (5-7 ) ((4-7
) (2-3-5-2-4
) ) (2-2-2-8-6) (1-2-2-8-6) ((1-3-2-8-6
) .(4-5-9-6
)-1-5-2-4( .
38-4
2006
( 7-4)
1
Ld
+ D/2
0.75
Ld
+ D/2 12
0.75
Ld
7
0.75
15 0
Ld
0.75
Ld
1
Ld
0.70
0.70
0.50
0.50
D=4
D=6
D=8
Ld
Ld
for steel 240 / 350

> 6 mm
or
or for 25 mm >
for
> 25 mm
or
or
39-4
Ld
Ld
Ld
for high grade steel
2006
) (8-4

1.00
0.75

0.70
0.45
) (9-4 Ld
)(= 1.0

/
20
25
30
35
40
45

fy=400 N/mm2

40
60
40
55
40
50
40
45
40
42
40
40
fy=240 N/mm2

35
38
35
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
.0.75
-1-5-2-4.
2-5-2-4
-
) -1-5-2-4(.
-
) .(16-4
40-4
2006
150
10
10
7
10
) (16-4
3-5-2-4
Development of Flexural Reinforcement
-
) ( Ld + 0.3d
- d )(0.3d + 10
) (17-4 .

:
-1
.
2
) (0.5 q cu + q su
3
)(4-58
qu
- 2
0.40 b . s
= Ast

fy
f y / 2 0.75

d
) (18-4
8
= s
41-4
2006
0.30 d
0.30 d
P.I.
0.30 d
Ld
( 0.70 d or 10
or L /20
) ( L d + 0.30 d
)
( 0.70 d or 10
A s + ve
)
A s - ve
A s + ve
3
( 0.70 d or 10
) ( L d + 0.30 d
P.I.
0.30 d
0.30 d
0.30 d
) (17-4
42-4
2006
0.75 d
d
0.75 d
) ( 18-4
1-3-5-2-4
-
.
150
)-3-5-2-4(.
-
) -1-5-2-4 (
) :(19-4
+ L a L d + 0.3 d
)(4-59
M
u
Qu
:
= Mu
fy

s
= Q u
= La
) (Point of inflection
d 12
1.30 =

1.00 =
43-4
2006
2-3-5-2-4
-
) ( P.I. ) (0.3d + 10 ) (0.3d + L/20 d
) .(17-4
-
Ld .
- ) (8-6
.
> Ld
) > ( L d + 0.30 d
Mu
Mu
Qu
Qu
La = 12
or d
La
0.30 d
Mu
Mu
0.30 d
P.I.
0.30 d
0.30 d
0.30 d
) (19-4
4-5-2-4
Reinforcement Splices
1-4-5-2-4

44-4
2006

.
2-4-5-2-4
Lap Splices
- ) -20-4 (
) -20-4(
150 0.20 .
)(
)(
Ld
Ld
> 1.3 L d
> 1.3 Ld
Ld
)(
) (20-4
-
1.3
)-20-4( .
-
Ld
45-4
2006
%25
. %25

1.3 Ld .
-
Ld .
-

750
3-4-5-2-4
- .
- )-2-4-5-2-4(
%30

.
- 28
.
-
:
- 1 1.3
150 ) .(21-4
- 2 1.5 200
) .(22-4
1 .3 L d
) (21-4
46-4
2006
1.5 Ld
) (22-4
3-4-5-2-4
Welded and Mechanical Splices
-
.
-
%125 .
- )(
600
.
- .
- 100
12 .
-
.
- .
3-4
Serviceability Limit States

. 1-3-4
.2-3-4
47-4
2006
1-3-4 ) (
Deformation and Deflection Limit States
-

.

).(1 -1 -3 -4

).(3-1-3-4

) (2-1-2-6
) (3-2-2-6 ).(2-7-2-6
1-1-3-4
1-1-1-3-4
Immediate Deflection
Immediate deflection

) (1-2 ) (1-3-3-2 Ie
) (60-4 )-1-1-1-3-4(.
3
)(4-60
I cr
3
M
I g + 1 - cr
Ma
M
I e = cr
Ma
= Icr Ig
= Ig

= M a
= M cr :
f ctr . I g
= M cr
)(4-61-a
yt
48-4
2006
:
= yt
.
= f ctr :
N/mm2
)(4-61-b
f ctr = 0.6 f cu
:
fcu fctr /

.
2-1-1-3-4
Long-term Deflection
2
) (Compression steel :
0.6
)(4-62
A
= 2 - 1.2 s
As
)-2-1-2-4(
3-1-1-3-4
1-1-1-3-4
. 2-1-1-3-4
2-1-3-4

) (2-1-1-3-4
)-1-1-1-3-4( :
49-4
2006
1
L
250
)(4 -63-a
2
L
450
)(4-63-b
- Immediate deflection

:
L/360
)(4-63-c
) (2-1-1-3-4
:
L/480
)(4-63-d
:
= L
L

3-1-3-4
1-3-1-3-4

10
2 Ln t
).(10-4
50-4
2006
) (10-4 ) (Ln / t
10
2
25
30
36
10
20
25
28
16
18
21
600/400

)(64-4
fy
0.40 +
)(4-64
650
- ) (10-4
- ) (10-4

2-1-3-4
- T
)-1-3-1-3-4( ).(23-4
B
1.00
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
=B
=b
0.70
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
) Ratio of web width to flange width ( b / B
) (23-4 L/t T
51-4
Reduction factor
0.95
2006
2-3-1-3-4

10
t 100
) (65-4 .
a 0.85 + y
1600
=t
20
15 +
+ 10 p
b/a
)(4-65
= a :
= b
= P
2-3-4
Limit States of Cracking
1-2-3-4
.

2-2-3-4

).(11-4
3-2-3-4

.
1-
:
w k = . s rm . sm
)(4-66
:
mm
52-4
s rm = 50 + 0.25 k1 k 2
r
2006
1 - f sr
1 2
f s
wk wkmax ).(12-4
f
sm = s
Es
) (11-4

- .
-
.
- .
:
:
.
-
- .
-
.
:
:
- .
- .
- .
- .

:
:
-
.
-
53-4
2006
) (12-4 wkmax
wkmax
:
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.15
=
.
)(4-3-7
=
:
1.70
1.30
) ( 300
1.70
) ( 800
300 800
.
1
=
0.8
0.5
2
1.0
) (Short term 0.5

k1
=
0.8 1.6 .
) (Imposed deformation k1
kk1 k :
k = 0.8
k :
30054-4
k = 0.8
2006
- 800
k = 0.5
k 300 800
.
(Restraint of extrinsic deformations) k = 1.0
= k2
0.5 1.0
.
k2 :
+ 2
k2 = 1
2 1
)(4-67
:
1 2
)(Cracking stage
r
As
Acef
As
A cef
= r
= ) (24-4
tcef tcef

)(t - c

:
3
=
fs
=
/.2
)(1-5
fsr
=

55-4
2006
2-
) (Intrinsic imposed deformation fs
.fsr
3-
) (Early thermal contraction
srm
) (66-4 .
4- x y
o15 ) (66-4
1
srm
cos sin
+
s rmx s rmy
:
= x

srmx = srmy
50 + 0.25 k 1 k 2 y , x
-
) (13-4

).(7-9
-
.
-

).(7-2-3-4
56-4
2006
cc
) t cef = 2.5 ( t - d
Acef
cc
tcef
cc
/2
t cef
/2
cc
2.5
)(t/2
2.5
(t-c)/3
) (24-4
) (13-4
* ) (

fcu ** < 25
25
fcu ** > 25
20
fcu ** < 25
20
fcu ** > 25
20
30
25
25
20
35
30
30
25
45
40
40
35
**
/ .
2
4-2-3-4

) -3-2-3-4(
:
57-4
2006
-
5/ 2 :
-1 160.
-2 T L
.3
-
0.2 fcu Ac .
-

) (15-4) (14-4

) -2-1-2-4 (.
-
) -3-2-3-4(
fy cr
) (15-4) (14-4

)(1-2-4

) -2-1-2-4(
=1.15 , c = 1.5
. s
-
) (6-2-3-4
).(11-4
5-2-3-4

)-3-2-3-4 (
.
58-4
2006
) (14-4
cr

cr
140
120
100
25
28
18
20
12
18
28
1.00
0.84
0.69
) (15-4 cr
cr
220
200
180
160
140
120
360/520
1.00
0.93
0.85
0.75
0.65
0.56
400/600
0.92
0.83
0.75
0.67
0.58
0.50
18
22
25
32
12
16
20
22
25
8
10
12
18
22
28
6-2-3-4

) (7-2-3-4 ).(69-4
7-2-3-4

-

:
Es
= 10
Ec
)(4-68
- fct :
59-4
=n
2006
f
f ct = f ct(N) + f ct(M) ctr
)(4-69
:
= fctr )-4
61(
) = fct(N

) = f ct(M
= ) (16-4
) f ct(N
t v = t 1 +
) ct(M
)(4-70
) (16-4
) t v(

100
1.00
200
1.30
400
1.60
600
1.70
T L
).(9-1-3-6

) (14-4) (15-4
cr .
60-4
2006

) (
)Elastic Design Method (Working Stress Method
1-5

) -1-1-2-3( .
:
-
) (1-5

.
- ) (1-3-4
) (2-3-4 ) (4-6
)( .

) (3-5 ) ,(4-5
) .(5-5 ) (6-5
).(5-2-4
2-5
Allowable Working Stresses
1-2-5 ) (1-5
28 20 30/ 2
)-1-5 -1-5 (.
1-5
2006
) (1-5

)(
)(e=emin

fcu
28 )/(2
30
25
20
f*co
**fc
8.0
9.5
10.5
***
qc
0.8
0.9
0.9
qc
0.6
0.7
0.7
q2
1.7
1.9
2.1
) (

qcp
****
-1 240/350
-2
-3
-4
0.8
0.9
1.0
fs
280/450
360/520
400/600
-5 450/520

140
140
140
160
160
160
200
200
200
220
220
220
160
160
160
220
220
220
* .
**
)( 200
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5
/ 2 80 100 120 200 .

*** ).(5-5) (4-5
**** ) (2-3-4
.
2-5
2006
2-2-5
:
)(5-1
0.05
t
where
0.23 + 0.32 f cu
t
fc
).(1-5
3-2-5

) (11-4
).(7 6-2-3-4
3-5
1-3-5

:
-2
Es Ec :
:
Es
= 15
Ec
)(5-2-a
=n
) (Elastic deformation

3-5
2006

) :(7 6-2-3-4
E
n = s = 10
Ec
)(5-2-b
.

5 ) (2-3-4
.
- 6 fy
280/ 2
) ( y 160/.2
f
2
- 7

%15
.
% 15 % 25
.
-8

1/ 2
).(1- 5
2-3-5
- 1
) (1-3-5
)(1-5
).(5-1-3-5
2
)-2-1-2-4(.
4-5
2006
- 3
) (2-4) (1-4 )-2-1-2-4(
.
- 4 %10+

)-2-1-2-4(.
5 )-2-1-2-4(
)-2-1-2-4(.
- 6 T
) (1-5 .
3-3-5
- 1
) (1-3-5 ) (2-5

) (3-1-2-4 ).(4-1-2-4
- 2

)min
(P . e
emin:
M
= 0.05 t
P
)(5-3
= e min
20

:
:
)(5-4-a
P = f co A c + 0.44 f y A sc
5-5
2006
)-7-4-6 (
:
)(5-4-b
P = 1.14 f co A c + 0.51 f y A sc
)(5-4-c
P = f co A k + 0.44 f y A sc + 0.92 f yp Vsp
Vsp Ak Asc Ac fyp ) (4 -5

) -3 -1 -2 -4 (2
sp
). (4-12-e
-3
P ):( 5-5
P 0.026 f cu A c
)(5-5

).(2-3-5
4-5
1-4-5
1-1-4-5 ).(1-1-2-2-4
2-1-4-5
q :
)(5-6
b.d
6-5
=q
2006
= Q
= b T
Q Qr :
)(M. tan
)(5-7
Qr = Q
tan
0.33 ) (7-5
) (7-5
3-1-4-5
q q2
) (1-5 ) (4-5-5
.
4-1-4-5 qc
) .(1-5
qc .
5-1-4-5
q qc
):(7-1-4-5
1 .
2 o30
.
6-1-4-5
q s = q - 0.5 q c
)(5-8
) (7-4
) (6-1-2-2-4 .
7-1-4-5
- qst :
7-5
2006
A st . f s
s.b
)(5-9
= q st
:
= Ast
= s
-
qsb :
) A sb . f s . (sin + cos
s.b
)(5-10
= q sb
:
= Asb :
)(5-11
q s = q st + q sb
= 45o ) (10-5 :
A sb . f s . 2
s.b
)(5-12
= q sb
8-1-4-5

).(6-1-2-2-4
2-4-5
Slabs and Footings
:
- 1
) (2-1-4-5 ) (4-1-4-5
) (6-5 qc ).(1-5
- 2 ).(3-4-5
8-5
2006
3-4-5
1-3-4-5
Punching Shear

d/2 ) .(9-4
2-3-4-5
Qp
)(5-13
bo . d
= qp
bo ) .(9-4
3-3-4-5

).(8-5-2-6
4-3-4-5
)(5-14-a
.d
q p = 2.5
+ 0.2 q cp q cp
bo
)(5-14-b
a
q p = 0.5 + q cp q cp
b
qcp ) a (1-5 b
.
a b
b
a b
)-9-4(
L )-3-2-2-4( . 4 3
2 .
9-5
2006
5- 5
Torsion
1-5-5 ).(1-3-2-4
2-5-5
Mt
) (2 A o . t e
)(5-15
= qt
te , Ao )(2-3-2-4
- T L
).(15-5

) (2-3-2-4 ) -11-4(.
- )-2-3-2-4(.
3-5-5
0.04 fcu fcu

c
/.2
4-5-5

:
:
)(5-16
N/mm2
(q ) 2 + (qt ) 2 q 2
)(5-17
N/mm2
10-5
q + q t q2
2006
q ) (6-5 qt ) (15-5
q2
5-5-5
). (1-5
f cu
) (2-5-5
c
0.04
) (4-5-5

).(2-5

) (12-4
Mt .s
2 Ao . fs
)(5-18-a
= A str
Mt . s
1.7 (x1. y1 ) f s
)(5-18-b
= A str
Astr s x1 y1 ).(5-3-2-4

) (52-4 ).(5-3-2-4
Asl :
)(5-19
f yst
f
y
A str . p h
= A sl
ph ).(2-3-2-4

).(53-4
11-5
2006
) (2-5
f cu
qt
c
N/mm2

f cu
< qt
c
N/mm2

qt
0.04
0.04
q < qc
)(6-1-2-2-4

qt
)(q - qc /2

)(q - qc /2
q > qc
:
ph
200 .
8
).(13-4
15 12 .
-
300
.
.
.
.
6-5-5 ).(7-3-2-4
12-5
2006
6-5 )(
1-6-5
Bearing Strength
0.30 fcu A1
= A1
2-6-5

A2
) (1-6-5
A1
. 2
A2
=
) A1 . (14-4
).(2-2-4
3-6-5

A2
1
2 ) .(14-4
13-5
2006

1-6

.

.
-
.

%10
.%20
-
) (Girders
%20
.

.

.
).(8-5-9) (7-5-9
-

.
1 -6
2006
- - -

) (9-5-9) (8-6
) (201 .
2-6
Slabs
:
1 .
- 2 .
-3 .
4 .
- 5 )(.
1-2-6
1-1-2-6
1- 1-1-2-6
1.05
.

%20
.
- :
. - .
2 -6
2006
2-1-1-2-6
3

4
) (6-3-2-4
100

200 .
.
3-1-1-2-6

r .2
.2
r ) (6 - a ).(6 - b
mb . b
ma . a
)(6-1a
=r
) ( 1 6
b
a
)(6-1b
=r
) ( 2 6 ) ( 3 6
:
= ma
a a
= mb
b b
ma mb
ma mb :
ma 0.76 = mb3 -6
2006
ma 0.87 = mb ma 1.00= mb 2-1-2-6

:
1
.
2
r ) (6-1a 2
.

.
1-2-1-2-6
1
) (3-4
).(10-4
2 :
-
L
30
= t min
L
35
= t min
L
40
= t min
L .
3 :
80 . 120 . 4 .
4 -6
2006
2-2-1-2-6
1

2
) (1-6 M1
.
3
wL2
16
).(3-2-1-2-6
M1
2
M1
2
M1
) (1-6
4

:
- w L2
16
)(6-2
=M
.
5 -6
2006
- w L2
=M
24
)(6-3
.
6

) -1-1-1-2-6(.
) (p g ) %20
( :
:
+ w L2
=M
8
)(6-4-a
+ w L2
=M
10
)(6-4-b
- :
- w L2
8
)(6-4-c
=M
- :
w L2
K
)(6-4-d
M=
K ) (2-6

.
6 -6
2006
-12
-10
-12
+12
+12
-24
+10
) (2-6
8
) (p >2g
) (Monolithically
.
).(5-6
p 2
g - L
2
= M min
24
)(6-5
9 gu pu w u
g p w .
3-2-1-2-6
0.6
1
fy
% 0.25
% 0.15 .
2
).(5-2-4
3
% 20

.
7 -6
2006
4 200.
5
.
6 .
7

.
8 6 8
.
9 160 %20
/8 5 /6 5
.
3-1-2-6
1-3-1-2-6
-1

r ) (6-1a .2
2

.
3

2-3-1-2-6
:
L
35
)(6-6-a
8 -6
min
2006

L
40
)(6-6-b
min

L
45
)(6-6-c
min
a : 4 3
).(1-2-1-2-6
3-3-1-2-6
) 1-3-1-2-6 (2
) (Monolithically
) (r .2
:
) ( :)(6-7-a
. w. b 2
8
or M b = +
. w. a 2
8
Ma = +
- :
)(6-7-b
. w. b 2
. w. a 2
or M b =
10
10
Ma =
- :
)(6-7-c
. w. a 2
. w. b 2
or M b =
Ma =
12
12
) (1-6
a b r
5 /.2
9 -6
2006
) (1-6 r
5 /
1.0
0.35
1.1
0.40
1.2
0.45
1.3
0.50
1.4
0.55
1.5
0.60
1.6
0.65
1.7
0.70
1.8
0.75
1.9
0.80
2.0
0.85
0.35
0.29
0.25
0.21
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.08
0.35
)(6-8
&
= 0.5r 0.15
5 / 2
).(3-6

Mc :
M L +M L
1 1
2 2
L +L
1
2
)(6-9
= Mc
:
L1 M1
L2 M2

4-3-1-2-6
200

).(3-2-1-2-6

10 -6
2006

)( .
5-3-1-2-6

) (2-6 5 / 2
5/ 2 ).(3-6
) (2-6 r

r
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.396
0.473
0.543
0.606
0.660
0.706
0.746
0.778
0.806
0.830
0.849
0.396
0.333
0.262
0.212
0.172
0.140
0.113
0.093
0.077
0.063
0.053
4-1-2-6

.

)-4-2-3-4(
.
Mu
Mu 1.00 .1.50
)(6-10
5-1-2-6
M u
= 1.00 1.5
Mu
:
1 ) -3-6( ) -3-6(
2 ) ( ) -3-6( ) -3-6(

).(2-5-1-2-6) (1-5-1-2-6
11 -6
2006
1-5-1-2-6
-1
)(11-6
).(3-6
)(6-11-a
S1 = t1 + 2c + t
)(6-11-b
S2 = t2 + 2c + t
:
t1
t2
S1
S2
S1
.
.
:
tan = 1.00
tan = 0.50
)(6-12
A
S1 + s
As
As As
0.67 :
-
12 -6
2006
) (12-6 ) 2.0 + S1( .

) .(3-6
-
) (12-6 ) (S1 + L / 3) 1.00 + S1( .
) . (S1 + 4 t
).(S2 + 4t
-2
-
S2

.
-

.
-
)
( .
13 -6
2006
t2
t c
S2= t 2 + 2 c + t
S 1 = t 1+ 2 c + t
S 1 = t1 + 2 c + t
S 1 = t1 + 2 c + t
t1
t2
t c
S2 = t 2 + 2 c + t
S 1 = t1 + 2 c + t
S 1= t1+ 2 c + t
t1
S2 = t 2 + 2 c + t
) (3-6
14 -6
2006
2-5-1-2-6
a1 b1
b
) ( 1 1.5 .
a1
b
) ( 1 .
a1

:
b1
Pa1 = P
) (a 1 + b1
)(6-13-a
1
P =P
b1
a +b
1
1
)(6-13-b
a1:
S2 + 0.4 a1
)(6-14
b1:
a
S1 + 0.4 a 1 2 - 1
b1
)(6-15
a1
Pa1 a
) (6-14 a1
) .(6-15
b1
Pb1 b ) .(6-15
15 -6
2006
b1
).(6-14
.
.
2-2-6
Ribbed Slabs and Hollow Block Slabs
1-2-2-6
. - ) :(4-6
1 e 700.
2 b 100 t .
3 ts 50 e .
- .
ts
t
e
b
ts
t /3
e/10
) (4-6
16 -6
2006
2-2-2-6
) (10-1-3-6 ) (
6 3 / 6
).(4-6
3/ 2 5.0 .

.
3/ 2 4.0 7.0 7.0
.
3-2-2-6
:
) (
)(.
. :
1
5/
) (2-6 5/ 2
).(3-6
2
T
).(3-6
4-2-2-6

:
17 -6
2006
) .(7 -1 -3 -6
).(8 -5 -2 -6
.
)(1-1-1-2-6).(2-2-1-2-6
200. .
) (3-6 r

r
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.500
0.595
0.672
0.742
0.797
0.834
0.867
0.893
0.914
0.928
0.941
0.500
0.405
0.328
0.258
0.203
0.166
0.133
0.107
0.086
0.072
0.059
3-2-6
Waffle Slabs
) -4-7( :
- 1 ) (e + b ) (5-6 1.50
- 2 ts e/12 50 .
- 3 b ) ( t 100
.
- 4 .
ts
b
) (5-6
18 -6
2006
4-2-6
Paneled Beams

) (
.

) (Rectangular grid
) (Skew grid
) (Triangular grid .

1.00 .1.50
1.50 .Skew grid

) (3-1-2-6 ).(2-2-6

.
.
) (3-6 .
5-2-6 ) (
Flat Slabs
1-5-2-6

) (6-6
.
:
L1
L2
=

19 -6
2006
Lx
Ly
= ) (
20 -6
2006
d /2
d /2
90
90
D+d
D+d
90
90
< 4d
< 4d
D
D
D
D
d
) (6-6
21 -6
2006
2-5-2-6

:
150 1
L
2
32
L
3
36
L
4
40
1
1
20
1
2
15
300 3

) . (1-8-5-2-6

Column Heads

:
1 o45 .
2 D
D
) (.
22 -6
2006
Drop Panel
1 .
2
.

):(7-6
.
. 3-5-2-6

) (4-1-2-6

)-4-2-3-4( .

:
1 ).(4-5-2-6
2 ).(5-5-2-6
%10
.
23 -6
2006
LX / 2
Ly - L x / 2
LX / 2
Lx / 4 Lx / 4
Lx / 4 Lx / 4
Lx / 4 Lx / 4
Lx / 2
Lx
Lx / 2
/ 4 Lx / 4
Lx / 2
Lx
Ly
)-7-6(

) - ( Ly
< Lx / 3
> Lx / 2
< Lx / 3
> Lx / 2
Lx
) - ( Lx
Ly
)-7-6(

24 -6
2006
C
C
L2
L
1
C2
/2
L2
L2
C
/2
L2
L
1
) (8-6 ) (
4-5-2-6

:
-
:

.

.

) (Rigidity .
) ( .
25 -6
2006
.
) (Stiffness :
1-
.

c1
) (2-3-2-4 )-11-4(
Kec ).(8-6
Kc
)(6-16-a
Kc
1 +
Kt
= K ec
:
= K c

:
)(6-16-b
4E c I g
= K c
h
Ig
Ec
= )(1-3-3-2

KC .
26 -6
2006
= K t :
)(6-16-c
9E c . C
= Kt
c2
L 2 . 1 -
L2
c2 L2
) (8-6 C :
3
b b . t
C = 1 - 0.63 .
t
3
)(6-16-d
t b
T L C.
2- Iec :
I ec = . I g
)(6-17-a
:
)(6-17-b
)(6-17-c
L 2a

L1a
. L 2a
= 0.6 + 0.4
L1a
L 2a

L1a
. L 2a
= 0.3 + 0.7
L1a
L 2a
1.00:
L 1a
0.30 < < 1.00
= ) (

= L1a
= L2a

.

).(4-6
27 -6
2006
-

) (4-6 .
) (4-6

.
) (4-6
) (

75
25
80
20
55
45
5-5-2-6 ) (Empirical analysis

-
:
-1

.1.3
-2 %10

%20

.
28 -6
2006
-3
-
:
-1
-2
-
M :
2
)(6-18
2D
L1 -
w L2
=M
8
L1 L2
M
) (5-6 ) (9-6 )-4-5-2-6(.
) (5-6
M
25
30
20
30
20
10
20
50
45
25
20
15
* :
-
- t
29 -6
15
2006
) (9-6

-
) (p > 1.5g
)(6-19-a
2p L
2
M ve = g - 2 L1 - D
3
3 40
L1
2
)(6-19-b
2p L
2
M - ve = g - 2 L1 - D
3
3 100
L1
g , p :
-
-1
%90 % 50
) .(5-6
) (Stiffness
30 -6
2006

-2
6-5-2-6
-

) (4-6 ).(5-6
-
) (4-6 ).(5-6
7-5-2-6
- 1

0
- 2 ) (54 -4
) (10 -6 ). (11 6
31 -6
2006
) (10-6
fcu
c
A 2cp
Mtu = 0.316
Pcp
) (11-6

32 -6
2006
8-5-2-6
1-8-5-2-6 ) Mf -12-6(
Mf )-12-6(
:
) (f Mf f
:
)(6-20
2 b1
1+
3 b2
f :
= f
= b1
= b2
b1

).(13-6
- ) (q Mf q
:
q =1- f
)(6-21
:
= q
) (14-6
) (15-6
:
qx Mx qx
33 -6
2006
M x . qx . C CB
J cx
)(6-22-a
= qx
qy My qy

M y . qy . C AB
)(6-22-b
J cy
= qy

) (31-4 ) (3-2-2-4
) (3-4-5
:
Jcx = Jcy
x y .
) (14-6 ) (15-6 My
Jcy :
34 -6
2006
Mf
)(
M f
)(
)(
) (12-6
35 -6
2006
c2
= be
c2 + y
c2 + 3 t
c2
y
c1
c1
c2
= be
= be
c2 + y
c2 + 3 t
c2 + c1
L2
2
c2 + 3 t
c2
c2
= be
x
y+ 2
y +1.5 t
= be
c2
2
y+
y +1.5 t
= be
= be
y
+ 2
x + 1.5 t
c2
c 2 + 1.5 t
) (13-6 be
- 1 ) (14-6 Jcy:
)(6-23
2
(c + d )3
) 3 c1 + d d (c1 + d ) (c 2 + d
1
J cy = d
+d
+
6
6
2
36 -6
2006
f M f
AB
y
= My
c1 + d
q CD
c1
c2
My
x
My
B
C CD
CA B
Q up
c2 + d
Q up
) (14-6 ) (
- 2 ) (15-6 Jcy :
2
2
1
J cy = d(c 2 + d )C AB 2 + d C CD 3 + d C AB3 + (c1 + 0.5d )d 3
3
3
6
)(6-24-a
:
(c1 + 0.5d )2
= C AB
]) [(c 2 + d ) + 2 (c1 + 0.5d
)(6-24-b
y
f M f
q AB
A
c1
M y
M y
C
Q up
c2
CAB
C CD
y
) (15-6 ) (
37 -6
c2 + d
Q up
q CD
= My
c 1 + d /2
2006
2-8-5-2-6 ) (1-8-5-2-6
:
- :
-1 4/.2
-2
. %20
- :
- 1 .
- 2
.
3-8-5-2-6 )
(
:
Q .
bo . d
)(6-25
=q
:
= Q

bo
= ) (3-2-2-4
) (14-6 )( 15-6
= :
= 1.15
= 1.30
= 1.50
38 -6
2006
9-5-2-6

) (4-7 )(5-7
) (2-2-8-6 .
10-5-2-6

) (16-6 ) (1 ) (2 ) (3
) (16-6 )(4-5-2-6
)( ) (5-5-2-6 )(
) (1 ) (2 :
- 1
) (0.04
.
- 2 ) (2) (1
) (16-6 .
) (16-6
39 -6
2006
11-5-2-6
) (17-6 ): (18 6
- .
- A
) (17-6 :
- 1 0.40 .
- 2
.
- B
) (17-6 :
- 1
.
- 2
.
) 0 .1 0 (L 2 / 2
) 0 .1 0 (L 1 / 2
L2
0 .4 0 L 2
0 .4 0 L 1
) 0 .2 5 (L 2 / 2
) 0 .2 5 (L 1 / 2
B
L1
L2 / 2
L1 - L 2 / 2
L2 / 2
) (17-6
40 -6
2006
d / 2
d / 2
d/2
d/2
d / 2
d / 2
d/2
d/2
) (18-6
- C
) (17-6 :
- 1 0.10
.
- 2
.
- 3
).(18-6
-

.
3-6
Beams
:
-1 .
-2 .
41 -6
2006
1-3-6
1-1-3-6
1.25
2.5 .
2-1-3-6
-1
:
- ).(Supports
- ) (Supports .
1.05 - .
-2
- .
1.05
.
- .

.
-3
:
. . 3-1-3-6
-
)0(19-6
42 -6
2006
L-2x
45
45
2x
) (19-6
) ( :
- 0
0 .
:
= W :
= L 0
b wx
b wx
= ) (
)0(20-6
= ) (
)0(20-6
b b ). (6-6
43 -6
2006
) (6-6 b b

L
2X
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
0.667
0.725
0.769
0.803
0.830
0.853
0.870
0.885
0.897
0.908
0.917
0.500
0.554
0.582
0.615
0.642
0.667
0.688
0.706
0.722
0.737
0.750

) (

0
4-1-3-6

.
) (Linear elastic analysis

) -2-1-2-4(.
5-1-3-6
Flexural Rigidity

EcIg Ec
) .(1-3-3-2 .
1
EcIg EcIg
2

T L
).(9-1-3-6
6-1-3-6

) (Rigid knife edge supports
44 -6
2006

%20
.
-

wL
) :
Km
)-20-6( L .
2
= ( M Km
-9
-24
Km
-24
11
11
)-20-6( Km
(Q = Kq wL) : Kq )-20-6(.
Kq
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.60
)-20-6( Kq

(M = wL2 /Km ) : Km
) -20-6( L .
Km
-1 0
-1 2
16
12
)-20-6( Km
45 -6
2006
(Q = Kq wL) : Kq )-20-6(.
K q
0 .5
0 .5
0 .5
0 .6
45
)-20-6( Kq
wl 2
wl 2

0

24
16
) (p > 1.5g

. % 20
) (p > 1.5g
:
2 L2
M min = g - p
3 24
) (6 26
:
= L
7-1-3-6
- 1
.
- 2 ) (21-6
).(3-7-1-3-6
46 -6
2006
- 3

).(22-6
a
a <d/2
) (21-6
d/2
d/2
) (22-6 d/2
8-1-3-6

:
47 -6
2006
- 40 bc
200b c2
.
d
- 20 bc
.
:
80b c2
= bc
= d
9-1-3-6 T L
:
)(6-27-a
L2
16ts + b + b
5
)(6-27-b
L2
6ts + b + b
10
L2 0.70
0.80
b
.
80.
10-1-3-6
T L .
%0.30
) (9-1-3-6
200.
48 -6
2006
T
.
600 , , % 8
300.
11-1-3-6
) -2-1-2-4(.
2-3-6
Deep Beams
1-2-3-6
-
:
L/d 4.0
)(6-28
= d :
= L
-

) (1-6-2-2-4 ) (2-2-3-6
) (2-6-2-2-4 ) (3-2-3-6 ) (11-6
.
-
.
-
3-6-2-2-4
49 -6
2006
2-2-3-6
- :
)(6-29-a
1.25
L/d
)(6-29-b
2.5
L/d
- yct )(
0.87 . d
- 1
)(6- 30- a
yct = 0.86 L
- 2
- :
)(6- 30- b
yct = 0.43 L
- :
)(6- 30- c
yct = 0.37 L
-
-2-2-3-6 ) (1- 6-2-2-4
)-1-6-2-2-4(.
3-2-3-6
- -6
-1-2-3 ) .( 11-6
- )-2-2-4
-1-6( )-2-6-2-2-4(

4-2-3-6
-
) -2-1-2-4(
50 -6
2006
-
.
4-6
Columns
1-4-6
-

.

).(5-6
- ) (3-1-2-4 ) (3-3-5
) (5-4-6
) (3-4-6 .
2-4-6
-

:
- 4 :
< 0.6
N
EI
(6-31-a) = H b
- 4
< 0.2 + 0.1 n
N
EI
(6-31-b) = H b
51 -6
2006
= Hb
=
.
= EI ) (Flexural rigidity

) (31-6

.
3-4-6

:
0.05 - .
20 -.
4-4-6
-
) (7-6
He
) = ( b ) ( t = He ) . ( D = He
b
t
He
= ( i
)
i
= i :
)(6-32-a
) i = 0.30 b (or 0.30 t
)(6-32-b
i = 0.25 D
52-6
2006
He
t = b
-
)-3-5-4-6(.
) (7-6

15
12
50
10
35
t or b
5-4-6

) (7-6 ).(8-6
) (8-6

t or b
30
25
100
23
18
70
1-5-4-6
- 1 He :
)(6-33-a
)(6-33-b
He = Ho [0.7 + 0.05 (1 + 2)] Ho

He = Ho [0.85 + 0.05 (min )] Ho
He
:
53-6
2006
He = Ho [1.0 + 0.15 (1 + 2)] Ho
)(6-34-a
)(6-34-b
He = Ho [2.0 + 0.3 (min )] Ho
Ec Ic
Ho
=
Ec Ib
Lb
)(6-35
Ho : min 1
2
) (10 )(1
.
- 2 EI ) (5-1-3-6

.
EI
.
10
.
3 ) (9-6 ) (10-6
. ) (9-6 )(10-6
:
-2
- 3
.
4
.
54-6
2006
) (9-6 H e
Ho
0.75
0.80
0.90
0.80
0.85
0.95
0.90
0.95
1.00
) (10-6 H e
Ho
1.20
1.30
1.60
1.30
1.50
1.80
1.60
1.80
2.20
2-5-4-6
: Madd
)(23-6
:
Madd = P.
)(6-36
:
- t
2 t . t
2000
)(6-37-a
55-6
2006
- b
2 b . b
=
2000
)(6-37-b
- D
2 D . D
=
2000
)(6-37-c
-
2 i . t
30000
)(6-37-d
= t .
:
)
( ) (23-6
)(6-38
2- Mi + Madd
4- P. emin
1- M2
)3- M1 + (Madd /2
Mi
:
)(6-39
Mi = 0.4 M1 + 0.6 M2 0.4 M2
M1 ) (39-6

) (6-4-6
Mi .
56-6
2006
D e s ig n m o m e n t
I n itia l m o m e n t
f r o m a n a ly s is
A d d itio n a l m o m e n t
M add
M add
2
M 2
M2 -
M add
E n d c o n d itio n o f c o lu m n
M add
2
M 2
=
M add
M i
M 2
M add
2
M 2 -
M add
2
M add
M2
+
M i
M add
2
M 1+
M add
2
M1
) (23-6

) (Side sway
:
1 M1 M2
.
57-6
2006
)(
) (4-7-2-6 ) (5-7-2-6
).(38-6
- 2 ).(11-6
) (11-6

Ku.Mf
Kl + Ku + 0.50Kb
Kl.Mf
Kl + Ku + 0.50Kb

Ku.Mf
Kl + Ku + Kb
Kl.Mf
Kl + Ku + Kb
Mf
.
) (11-6
Ku .
:
4EIu
hu
= Ku
= Ku
= Kl
4EIl
hl
= Kb
4EIb
Lb
= Kl
= Kb
= hl,hu
= Lb
Iu IL = Ib

EIg 0.50 EIg.
58-6
2006
- .
.
.

.
3-5-4-6

:
M add = P. av
)(6-40
:
)(6-41
= av
:
n )( )(37-6
av av
Madd
.
- ) .(24-6
:
P . emin
M2 + Madd
59-6
2006
Design moment
Additional moment
Initial moment
from analysis
Madd
M2 +M add
M2
Madd
M2 + Madd
Stiffer end joint
M2
M1 + M add
End condition of column
M1
M add
Less stiff end joint
* M add
) (24-6
60-6
2006
6-4-6
Biaxially Loaded Columns
1
) (3-1-2-4 )-4-4-6(
) 2-5-4-6( (3-5-4-6) .
2
). (3-4-6
3 )-26-6(
:
Mx My
- )
a
b
My y
b
M y = M y + M x
a
)(6-42
Mx My
- )
>
a
b
Mx x
a
M x = M x + M y
b
)(6-43
b a My Mx
)-12-6( )-25-6(
)-12-6(
> 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
< 0.2
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
Pu
f cu . b .a
61-6
2006
A s /4
My
Mx
A s /4
b
b
)-25-6(

1 .0
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
Pu
f .b .a
cu
= Rb
0 .2
0 .7
0 .6
0 .5
0 .4
0 .3
0 .2
)-25-6(
62-6
0 .1
0 .0
2006
4
Pu
0.50
) (26-6
f cu . b .a
Pu
:
)(6-44-a
M x = M x . b
)(6-44-b
M y = M y . b
b ) -12-6(
)-12-6( b
)(Mx/a)/(My/b
0.33
0.5
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.25
1.20
Rb < 0.1
1.35
1.50
1.75
1.50
1.35
Rb = 0.2
1.25
1.35
1.40
1.35
1.25
Rb = 0.3
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
Rb = 0.4
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.70
0.65
Rb = 0.5
)Rb = Pu/(fcu b.a
A sx / 2
My
Mx
A sy / 2
b
b
) (26-6
) ( R b 0.5
63-6
2006
7-4-6

1 % 0.80
)( % 0.60
b i
) (7-6 )-4-4-6(
) ( :
0.25 + 0.015 i
)(6-45
:
0.25 + 0.052 b
)(6-46
2 % 1
% 1.20 .

:
% 4 .
% 5 .
% 6 .
%8 .
.
- 12.
200.
300
250
150 ) -6-7(
.
- 15
200.
64-6
2006
- 8
% 0.25 .
.
80 30

100 10
.
- 8.
-
%40 :
1
600

.
2

.
3

% 75 % 35
.
-
) . (2-3-7

) .(4-2-4

.
) (4-2-2-4
.
65-6
2006
8-4-6
1-8-4-6
- 1
) (27-6
b1
t2
b2
t1
)-27-6(
)-27-6(
) (27-6
66-6
2006
- 2
) (1-4-2-4 ) .(6-5

.
- 3

) (3-1-2-4
) (2-8-4-6 ). (3-8-4-6
- 4 350/.2
- 5
.
- 6 ) (At

At = Asc + Ass
:
= Asc
= Ass .
- 7 %1 %6
).(Ag At
- 8 ) (It
It = Isc + Iss
:
= Isc
= Iss .
) (i
-9
(EcIg )/5 + EsIt

(EcAg )/5 + EsAt
)(6-47
67-6
i = 0.8
2006
Ag
= .
At
= .
Ec
= ).(1-2
Es
= .
Ig
=
.
It
= .
2-8-4-6
- 1 :
-
)(6-48
fy
3Es
min
-27-6
-
)(6-49
8Es
fy
min
)-27-6( .
- 2
Pu.emin ) (6-51 ) (6-50:
-
Pu = 0.35f cu Ac + 0.67f yssAss + 0.67f yscAsc
)(6-50
:
fyss
= .
fysc
= .
- :
)(6-51
Pu = 0.4f cu Ac + 0.67f yssAss + 0.76f yscAsc
68-6
2006
).(2-3-1-2-4
:
= fyss .
= fysc .
3-8-4-6
- 1
Pu.emin :
- :
) (6-50
:
8.
50/1
16.
16 .

.7-4-6
-
:
)Pu = 0.35f cu A + 0.67f yssAss + 0.67f yscAsc + 1.38f ypVsp (6- 52
k
. 2-3-1-2-4
:
= fyp
= Vsp
).(4-12-d
69-6
2006
5-6
Walls
1-5-6
- 1
120.
2 :
.
3 ).(2-4-6
- 4
. 3-7-6
2-5-6
-

) 4( .
-
).(1-2-5-6
) (1-2-2-4 ) (1-4-5
) (2-2-2-5-6
d 0.80
.
1-2-5-6

).(2-1-2-5-6) (1-1-2-5-6
1-1-2-5-6
70-6
2006
) (2-4-6 ) (6-4-6
)-1-1-2-5-6( )-1-1-2-5-6(
).(2-2-5-6

).(5-4-6) (4-4-6
)(28-6
) (t = He / t
)-13-6( t t
)-13-6 (.
t
B
L f1
L f1
L f2
) (28-6
)-13-6(

15
10
71-6
2006
)-13-6(

40
30

) (He = k H :
k:
-1
)(6-53-a
)(6-53-b
)(6-53-c
H
< 0.5
Lf 2
H
1.0
Lf 2
k =1.0
H
Lf 2
0.5
k = 1.5 -
H
> 1.0
Lf 2
Lf 2
1 +
= k
:
= H
= Lf2
2 k:
H
< 1.0
L f1
)(6-54-a
)(6-54-b
)(6-54-c
H
2.0
L f1
1.0
H
> 2.0
L f1
72-6
k =1.0
k = 1.0 - 0.423
1
Lf 1
1
2
1 + 0.5 H
L
f1
=k
2006
= Lf1
2-1-2-5-6

:
). (2-2-5-6
0.04
120.
:
)( 6- 55
:
k.H 2
Pu = 0.8 0.35 f cu A c 1 -

32
t
= Ac
= H
=
:
0.80 ) /(
1.00
2.00
2-2-5-6

).(2-2-2-5-6) (1-2-2-5-6
73-6
2006
1-2-2-5-6
.
) (14-6 % 0.50
Acreq %4
10
250 . ) (Welded wire fabric

5
% 0.80 % 0.45
.
. % 0.40
% 0.25 % 0.15
. %0.40
) (14-6

fy = 240 N/mm2
fy = 400 N/mm2
0.80
0.45
0.40
0.40
0.25
0.15
2-2-2-5-6

:
% 0.30 ) 240 = fy/.( 2

% 0.25 ) 400 = fy/ ( 2 0.25
74-6
2006
5.
% 1 6 0.25

.
15 200 .
3-2-5-6
Horizontal Displacement of Walls
12
) (500/1 .
4-2-5-6
) (4-2 ) -3-2-3-4(.
5-2-5-6

:
- .
% 1 - .
6-2-5-6

) (29-6
.
75-6
2006
b
Pu
Pu
As
=
total 4 fy / s
>2t
Ld
b+4t
Ld
b + 4 t + 2 Ld
t
) (29-6
3-5-6

) (7-3-5-6 120.
1-3-5-6

) (1-5
.
) (2-1-2-5-6 % 20
).(55-6
76-6
2006
2-3-5-6
) (t = He /t
30 t
He ).(1-5-4-6
3-3-5-6
0.05t
20
.
4-3-5-6

.
5-3-5-6
.
6-3-5-6

:
0.25 .
- 0.40/.2
7-3-5-6

% 0.30 % 0.20

)-3-2-3-4(.
77-6
2006

16 12
150.
6 -6
)(Monolithic Beam-Column Connections
1-6 -6

:
) : (I
)
(.
) (2 -6 -6
) .(11 -6
) : (II
.
). (3-3-2-8-6) (2-6-6
2-6 -6
- 1
).(30-6
- 2 )(
).(2-1-2-3
- 3 )(1-5-2-4
.
- 4 ) (Qju
). (30-6
- 5 Qju
:
78-6
2006
f cu
c
)(6-56-a
Q ju k j A j
) (Qju :
Qju = Ast fy /s +0.67 b fcu /c at +Ast fst - Qucol
)(5-56-b
:
Aj
=
.
) (31-6
:
).(b+c2

) (b+2x ).(31-6
kj
=
) (15-6
0.75
).(31-6
fst
= 1 )(I
= 1.25 )(II
- 6
) (31-6
- 7
Ast :
)(6-57-a
s.y (f / ) A g
A st = 0.313 1 cu c
(f / ) A
yst
s
k
) s.y (f /
A st = 0.1 1 cu c
) (f /
yst
s
)(6-57-b
79-6
2006
= Ag .
= Ak .
= fyst .
y1
= Ast )(cross ties

s .y1
Column
(0.67fcu /c)Atb
Qucol
A st f st
Ast fy /s
Beam top steel
Qju
Typical Horizontal
Plane of Maximum
Horizontal Shear
(0.67fcu /c)abb
A sb f sb
Beam bottom steel
) (30-6 .I
80-6
Asb fy /s
Beam
2006
) : (15-6 )(kj

)(II
)(I

-1
2.0
1.6
-2
1.6
1.2
-3
1.2
0.9
) (
-1
1.6
1.2
-2
1.2
0.9
-3
0.9
0.6
) (31-6 Aj
81-6
2006
7-6
Foundations
%0.25 ,

%0.15 0
) ( %20 .
) ( .
30 40
) (1-2-2-4
).(3-2-2-4
1-7-6
1-1-7-6

.

.
2-1-7-6
1-2-1-7-6
) (1-2-4 ) .(2-3-5
82 -6
2006
2-2-1-7-6
:
)-32-6 (. )-32-6(.
)-32-6(.
a
a /2
a a
) (32-6
3-2-1-7-6
.
4-2-1-7-6
.
5-2-1-7-6
) (33-6 :
. ) (Asm
) (33-6
83 -6
2006
Asm
As :
Asm
2
)= 2B / (A+B
=
As A
B + 1

)(6-58
:
A
= ) (A
.
B<A
B/2
B/2
Asm
) (33-6
3-1-7-6
1-3-1-7-6

) (2-2-2-4
).(3-2-2-4
84 -6
2006
2-3-1-7-6
)(1-1-2-2-4
3 -3 -1 -7 -6
) (3-2-2-4
)-34-6( )-34-6(.
)-34-6(
d/2
).(2-2-1-7-6
d/2
d/ 2 d/ 2
d/2
d/ 2
)(
a>d/2
)(
,a<d/2
)(
) (34-6 .
4-3-1-7-6 :

)( ).(35-6
)(
).(35-6
)( ).(35-6
85 -6
2006
d/ 2
/ 2
/ 2
) (35-6
) ( )(3-1-7-6
4-1-7-6
)
( Strut & Tie model
1-4-1-7-6
2-4-1-7-6

1.5 .
3-4-1-7-6

).(11-6
86 -6
2006
5-1-7-6
) (5-2-4

).(2-2-1-7-6
6-1-7-6
)-7-4-6(.
7-1-7-6

, )(

)( .

.
2-7-6
1-2-7-6
) (2-6
) (7-2-6
).(3-6
2-2-7-6
Kr 0.50
Ec . IB
)(6-59-a
Ec
87 -6
E soil . b
= Kr
2006
IB
= )
(
= Esoil

1.75
:

K.b
4E c . I
)(6-59-b
= 4
= Ec.I

.
3-2-7-6

) (2-2-7-6

3-7-6 Concrete slabs on grade

1-3-7-6

.
: - .
88 -6
2006
- ) (
.
(Structural reinforced concrete slabs on

).grade
(Continuous
). reinforced concrete slabs on grade

).(7-5-9 .
2-3-7-6
- ) (
) (7-2-3-4
.
3-3-7-6
)( ) (7-2-3-4
.
)( ) (
) subgrade drag method
( :
= f L/2fs
)(6-60a
:
L
fs
joints
f )
89 -6
2006
(2.5 1.5

As/Ac
%0.15 %0.25
5 10
4-3-7-6
) (7-2-3-4
.
:
f
= 0.3 ctr
fy
)(6-60b
:
As/Ac.
fctr
).(69-4
fy ) (.
%0.15 %0.25
5 10 .
.
4-7-6
1-4-7-6
1-1-4-7-6
90 -6
2006
2-1-4-7-6
3-1-4-7-6
2-4-7-6
1-2-4-7-6

) (8-6

.
2-2-4-7-6
) (1-2-4-7-6
3-2-4-7-6
) (20/1
450
).(8-1-3-6
3-4-7-6
1-3-4-7-6
2-3-4-7-6
2
.
91 -6
2006

) . ( 4 -7 - 6 ) ( 3 -1 -2 - 4
8-6
1-8-6

) (201.
1-1-8-6
) : (Beam . 0.04 Agfcu
) : (Column . 0.04 Agfcu
) : (Frame ) (2-8-6
) : (Shear wall 5 :
) : (Ductile shear wall
) (36-6
h
w 2
Lw
.
) : (Low-rise shear wall
) (36-6
h
w 2
Lw
.
92 -6
2006
) : (Coupled shear walls
) (
%25 .
2-1-8-6 :
) : (Wall system
.
) : (Frame system
.
) : (Dual system
:
).(Base shear
:
). (Base shear
3-1-8-6
-

) (3-8-6) (2-8-6

)(.
-
) (2-8-6 ) (3-8-6
93 -6
2006
:

.
- ) (
) (3-8-6) (2-8-6 .
-
) (Dissipative zone )( .
- ) :(critical region or dissipative zone
)
( ) (Plastic hinge
.
:
: ).(36 -6
: Lo ) ) (36-6 )-6-7(( Lo :
500 : : . . ).(36-6
-

) (201 ) (9-5-9
.
-
.
94 -6
2006
1.25
25/. 2 - ) (
:
-
Ieff = 0.7 Ig
Ieff = 0.35 Ig
- ) (
Ieff = 0.5 Ig
Ieff = 0.25 Ig
: Ieff
: Ig .
2d
2d
Lo
hw
Lo
OrL w
2L w
hw
6
>I
Lw
) (36 6
2-8-6 :
1-2-8-6 :
- :
95 -6
2006
).(37-6
- :
+ . . ) (R
) (201 .
2-2-8-6
.
I bc
>
4
) (37 6
1-2-2-8-6
- .
- fMf ) (8-5-2-6
) C2+3t (38-6 t .
96 -6
2006
-
-
) .(39-6
C2 + 3 t
C2
f
) (38 6
-

).(3-5-2-4
-
.
).(3-5-2-4
97 -6
2006
) (39 6
2-2-2-8-6
-
.
-
.
- 50
:
-
98 -6
2006
. 24 - .
200 - 200
.
3-2-2-8-6
- so so
)-6-7( :
24 150 so/2
so 200.
- .
3-2-8-6

.
1-3-2-8-6
) (2-2-2-8-6
:
- 1 0.30 250.
- 2 %50

) ( .
- 3 :
. 100 .
99 -6
2006
.
- 4
) (40-6 .

.
h o
lc
wu
M p r 2
Q e 2
lc
= M p r 2
M p r 1
lc
Q e
= M p r 1 +
lc
Q e
N u
Q e
M p r 3
h o
M p r 4
M p r 3 +
h o
4
=
3 ,4
Q e
Q e
M p r 4
N u
* wu .
Mpr 1.25
.2-1-2-3
) (40 6
100 -6
2006
2-3-2-8-6
)(3-2-2-8-6
- 1 300
0.40
- 2 20
.
- 3 0.04Agfcu
:
1 .2 M g
) ( 6 61
:
c
=

.
=
.
T

.
.

)(3-2-2-8-6
- 4 .%1
- 5
) -6 - 7 ( .
101 -6
2006
- 6 .
- 7
) (3-4-5-2-4
.
- 8
). (6-57-b) (6-57-a
- 9
) .(40-6
3-3-2-8-6

).(2-6-6
3-8-6
1-3-8-6:
- ) (3-8-6
) (
.
- ) (5-6
.
2-3-8-6 :
)(1-1-2-5-6
1

10
) 41-6 (.
1-3-3-8-6 :
- .%0.25
- 10
200.
102 -6
2006
hu
10
0.003
0.003
C
2
C
2
bw
hu
10
) (41 6 .
2-3-3-8-6
- .%0.25
- 10
200.
- %1
8 0.25

.
3-3-3-8-6
-
).(42-6
- 12.
- % 0.1

% 0.2 .
103 -6
2006
) (2-3-2-8-6
0.0015
bw
) : (42 6
4-3-8-6
-
)(1-2-4
-
.
-
.
5-3-8-6 :
- .
) (6 62
Q
u
=
b L
w
w
fy
f
= 0.9 c cu +
st
umax
c
s
104 -6
2006
= st ).(22-4
hw
= 0.25 1.5
Lw
hw
= 0.17 2
Lw
hw
0.25 0.17 2
Lw
1 .5
-

.
-
.
6-3-8-6 :
-
.
-

.
- ) (2-2-2-8-6 ) (3-2-2-8-6
.
7-3-8-6
-
4 ).(1-3-2-8-6
-
2
).(43-6
105 -6
2006
)(43-6
- 4
2 ) (1-3-2-8-6

).(43-6
-
:
4. ) . ( 3 -2 -2 -8 - 6
. :
)(6-63
f cu
c
0 .7
sd f y sin
bd s
:
= Asd .
106 -6
2A
= qu
2006
= .
.

)-2-2-1-2-4( (6-1-2-2-4) .
9-6
Precast Concrete

.
.
1-9-6
1

.
- 2
.
- 3
) (3-8-9
2-9-6
1
.
2
:
- .
- .
107 -6
2006
.
3-9-6
.
%0.25 .
% 0.15 . 4-9-6
1-4-9-6
Structural Integrity

:
- 1

.
- 2
) (Rigid horizontal diaphragms
) (Nominal ultimate tensile strength

4.5/.
- 3
:
-
1.4 Ag Ag
.
Ag

.
108-6
2006
45
.
.
-
) (
.
- 4
.
2-4-9-6

) (44-6
- 1
22/
.

600 .
- 2
3.00 .
- 3
.
- 4 1.20
70
.
-5

40
109-6
2006
5-9-6
1-5-9-6

) (Reinforced topping

.
2-5-9-6
).(4-2-2-4
3-5-9-6

.
T
P/
P/T
L
P/
L
P/
T
V
= T
= L
= V
= P
P/
P/T
V
T
P/
) (44-6
110-6
2006
4-5-9-6
- 1

.
) (4-2-4 ).(6-5
- 2

:
-
-

) (180/1
50 75 ).(45-6

15
.
- 3 ) (3-5-2-4

.
111-6
2006
m m
15
m m
50
>
L / 180
m m
75
>
L / 180
) (45-6
6-9-6

- 1
.
- 2 .
- 3 .
7-9-6
- 1
.
- 2 .
8-9-6
- 1
) (Distortions .
112-6
2006
- 2
.
9-9-6
- 1
- :
-
.
-

).(7-7-8
-2
).(6-9-8
10-9-6 :
1
.
- 2
.
- 3 :
Qu Q uhr
Qu
Quhr
.
-3
5
0.4 bvd ) bv( mm
.
d ( mm ) ,
-3
6-1-2-2-4
113-6
2006
) -3 (
0.45/.2
-3
6-1-2-2-4
) -3 (
fy
(1.35 + 0.5 u
)
v s
3/ 2 UV .
-3 3/ 2
.4-2-2-4
- 4 3

) -3 ( -3 ) ( -3 ) ( -3 ) (
. bv d
Ac
.
- 5

) -3 ( 6-1-2-2-4
10-6
1-10-6
114-6
2006
1-1-10-6
1
) ( .
2 ) (Finite elements
.
3
-4
)
- ( ) .(2-10-6
2-1-10-6
- 1 ) (Loading path
.
- 2
.
3
.
- 4
.
- 5
.
- 6 .

.
2-10-6
1-2-10-6
1 :
115-6
2006
- .
- 2

.
- 3 .
- 4
.
2-2-10-6
1
.
- 2 .
- 3
.
- 4
.
3-10-6
) (1-10-6 ) (2-10-6 :
- 1 ) (Shell elements
).(Plate bending elements
- 2

.
116-6
2006
T L
).(9-1-3-6
- 3
.
:
m = m x + m xy
x
)(6-66-a
m y = m y + m xy
)(6-66-b
:
my
y x
m m y
my mx
mxy
4

.
5
o15
4-10-6
) (1-10-6 ) (2-10-6 :
1
.
2
.
- 3 ).(2-2-7-6
117-6
2006
.
5-10-6
1 ) (P- effect

.
2
.
6-10-6

11-6
)(Strut-and-Tie Model Method
1-11-6
Strut and Tie Method
) (D-Regions
) (
).(Truss Model

) (Stress Fields )(Stress Trajectories
) (in equilibrium
) (Struts ) ) (Ties )((46-6
.
118-6
2006
2-11-6
) :(Strut-and-Tie Model
) (B-Regions
)) (D-Regions ).((46 -6
) : (B-Region ) ( .
) (D-Region .
) : (D-Region
) (Discontinuity )(St.Venant
) (h ) ).((47-6
) : (Strut ) (Prismatic ) (Bottle-Shaped
) .(48-6
) : (Tie ) .(46-6
) : (Node
) (53-6 ) (Nodal Zone
) .(54-6

Node
Fig. 6-45 Description of a strut-and-tie model on of a strut-and-tie model
) (46-6
119-6
2006
h
h
h
h
)(c
)(b
)(a
Fig. 6-46 D-regions (shaded areas) with non-linear strain distribution due to:
;Geometrical discontinuities
)a
;Statical discontinuities
)b
Statical and geometrical discontinuities
)c
) (47-6 ) ( :
- - -
120-6
2006
3-11-6
1-3-11-6
)(Struts
) (Ties )(Nodal Zones

) (Nodal zones
.
)(ULS

) (2D ) (3D
) ( ) (Fan shaped ) (Bottle Shaped
).(Prismatic shaped
) (Ts
.
2-3-11-6
1-2-3-11-6

(Triaxial Multiaxial) State .

: .
.
:
-
)(Prismatic Stress Field
) -48 -6(
) (a 80%
.
121-6
2006
)(
)(
) (48-6 : -
)(Bottle Shaped

) )-48-6( ((49-6) ,

.
Crack
Tie
Strut
2
1
Width used to compute As
) (49-6 )(Bottle Strut Shape
122-6
2006
2-2-3-11-6
- )
( :
Fc =fcd . Ac
)(6-67
:
= Ac .
fcd
=
.
- )) (ws (Ac
) ( .
.
-
:
:
Fc = f Ac + As f y s
cd
)(6-68
s 1.3
-
fcd / c = 0.67 S fcu
)(6-69
s:
S = 1.0 - s
.
S = 0.70
)-50-6( . S

123-6
2006
) (2 ) (1.
S = 0.60
)-50-6(.
S = 0.40 .
S = 0.60 .
Strut
Strut
Cracks
(a) Strut in a beam web with inclined cracks parallel to struts
Strut
Cracks
(b) Strut crossed by skew cracks
) (50-6 ) : ( ) ( .
-
.
- 26
3-3-11-6
- :
Tud = As fy / s
)(6-70
124-6
2006
: Tud .
: As .
s 1,15
.
) (Ld
.
) (bT )
.(4-3-11-6
%70
.
) (Ld .5-2-4a2
2C
C2
C2
C
C1
C1
a1
Lbd
) (51-6 .
125-6
2006
4-3-11-6
.
1-4-3-11-6
) (Singular Nodes
) (I, III ) (52-6 ) (Smeared Nodes
) (II ) .(52-6
.

III
II
II
I
L
) (52-6 .
2-4-3-11-6
.
. :
C-C-C
C-C-T
C-T-T
T-T-T
)Fc = Ac.n (0.67fcu / c
)(6-71
126-6
2006
= 1,6
fcu
Ac
=

= :
n = 1.0 ) (C-C-C )-53-6(

.
n = 0.8 ) (C-C-T )-53-6(
n = 1.0
).(54-6
n = 0.6 C-T-T T-T-T )-53-6 -53-6 (.

T
C
T
T
T
(d) T-T-T Node
T
C
(c) C-T-T Node
(b) C-C-T Node
C
(a) C-C-C Node
) (53-6
) (54-6 u :
u=0

)-54-6(:
2c c ) - -54-6(
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2006

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) (Unbonded prestressing tendons
35 :
)(10-8
N / mm2
0.8f cu
f ps = f pe + 70 +
125
p
fps fpy ) ( fpe + 420

/.2
-5-1-3-3-10 Mu

35 :
)(10-9
N / mm2
f
f ps = f pe + 70 + cu
375 p
fps fpy ) ( fpe + 200

/.2
6-1-3-3-10
-6-1-3-3-10 p
) (10-10
)-6-1-3-3-10(.
13-10
2006
)(10-10a
wp 0.28
)(10-10b
w
+
(
w
w
)
p
0.28
d
p
)(10-10c
(w w - w w ) 0.28
d
+
d
p
pw
A ps f ps
b . d p f cu
f ps
f cu
w p = p
wpw ww ww
wp w w
b

.
-6-1-3-3-10
)-6-1-3-3-10(
.
-6-1-3-3-10
1.2

fctr ) (4-1-3-4 :

).(Unbonded post-tensioned
14-10
2006
7-1-3-3-10 ) (
.
) (

)-7-1-3-3-10( )-7-1-3-3-10(.
-7-1-3-3-10
:
As = 0.004 A
) (10-11a
:
=
. c.g.

.
-7-1-3-3-10

) ( :
-1
) (
:
Nc
0.5 f y
)(10-11b
= As
Nc : )
( (Pre-compressed
) tensile zone
. fy
400/.2
15-10
2006
-2
A s = 0.00075 t s L
)(10-11c
:
ts
= L

) (c+3ts
c .

300.
8-1-3-3-10 ) (Side bars
30 .
2-3-3-10
) (3 or 7 Wire prestressing strands
Ld :
)(10-12
mm
L d = L t + L a = f ps - f pe
3
Lt : ) (Transfer length :
)(10-13-a
f pe
= L t
7
3
mm
La :
)(10-13-b
) 7
mm
) (Tendon fpe fps /.2

3-3-3-10
16-10
L a = f ps - f pe
2006
1-3-3-3-10

t / 2
) (.
2-3-3-3-10
- :
Qu
bd p
)(10-14
Qu
= qu
dp
0.8 t .
.
-
:
f cu
c
)(10-15
q u max = 0.75
4.50 /.2
3-3-3-3-10
- % 40
)( qcu
:
)(10-16
N/mm2
3.6 Q u .d p
f
q cu = 0.045 cu +
Mu
c
17-10
2006
qcu
0.24 f cu / c 0.375 f cu / c
Qu. dp / Mu Mu
.
- qcu ) (1-)(2-
qcu qcw . qci
1- qci :
)(10-17a
N/mm2
f cu
M cr
+ 0.80 q d + q i
c
M max
qci 0.24 f cu / c fcu /

:
qci = 0.045
= Mmax
qi
qd
.Mmax
Mcr
)(10-17b
= :
I
) M cr = ( ) (0.45 f cu + f pce f cd
yt
fcd
=
.
= fpce )
(
yt
= )(
.
=
.
18-10
2006
2 qcw :
N/mm2
)(10-18
f cu
+ f pcc + q pv
c
= 0.24
cw
:
= qpv
f pe A Psin
=
ps Ac
= fpcc ) (

.
= .
qcw
0.25 f cu
.
3- ) (Pre-tensioned members t / 2
Lt ) (13-10
qcw

.Lt
4-

)16-10( ) (18-10
.Lt
5- ) Grouted
bw
(ducts
8
bw
19-10
2006
) (bw 0.5
.
4-3-3-3-10
qu
) (2-3-3-3-10 qcu
).(4-1-2-2-4
)(19-4
qsu = qu - 0.50 qcu
)(10-19
4-3-3-10
1-4-3-3-10 ).(1-3-2-4
2-4-3-3-10 qtu
).(2-3-2-4
3-4-3-3-10
:
N/mm2
)(10-20
f pcc
( 1+
0.25 f
cu
f cu
c
q tu = 0.06
4-4-3-3-10

:

qu max
)(10-20a
) (q ) + (q
2
tu
qu + qtu qu max
)(10-20b
20-10
2006
) ( qumax
)(15-10
5-4-3-3-10

qtu ) (2-4-3-3-10
)) (20-10 (3-4-3-3-10
) (4-4-3-3-10

).(5-4
M tu . s
f yst
cot
2 A o
)(10-21
21-10
= A str
2006
) (21-10:
)(10-22
cot
M tu . s
f yst
) 1.7 (x1 y1
s
= A str
)-4
.(5-3-2
:
45 =
% 40
o37.5 = % 40
.
Asl
:
)(10-23
f yst 2
f cot
y
A str . p h
= A sl
s
)(10-24
f cu
A cp
f yst
c
A
str p h
f y / s
s
f
0.4
= A sl min
A
1 b
str
6 f yst
s
fyst fy fcu /
ph Acp )(6-3-2-4
). (5-3-2-4
22-10
2006
6-4-3-3-10
)(Compatibility torsion

)(10-25
f pcc
1+
0.25 f
cu
A 2 cp f
( M tu = 0.316
) cu
p cp c
pcp ).(6-3-2-4
23-10
2006
5-3-3-10 )(Anchorage Zone

1-5-3-3-10 )(Anchorage Zone
:
- ) (Local Zone )
(
) . (3-10
- ) (General Zone

) . (3-10
-
) (3-10
24-10
2006
2-5-3-3-10
- 1.2
) (Jacking force ).(1-1-3-10
- ) (fcui
).(2-10
3-5-3-3-10
1-3-5-3-3-10
Local Zone
). (4-2-4
2-3-5-3-3-10
General Zone
- 1 ) (
). (0.56 fcui / c
- 2 :
.
) (Strut and Tie Model Method
). (11-6
- 3 .

).(3-3-3-10
) (4-10
) (Tburst
).(dburst
Tburst
25-10
2006
) (I
= Psu
= a
= e
= h
) (4-10

26-10
2006
6-3-3-10
- ) (Post tensioned
).(4-2-4
-
) (Splitting ) (Spalling
.
-
) .( Jacking force
7-3-3-10

) .(1-2-4
.
4-3-10
1-4-3-10
1-1-4-3-10

. :
:
-1
)(Anchorage slip losses

-2
-3
(Elastic shortening
)losses
)(Friction losses
) (Time dependent losses

:
-1 )(Shrinkage losses
-2 )(Creep losses
-3 (Relaxation
)losses
27-10
2006
2-1-4-3-10
.
2-4-3-10
1-2-4-3-10
Anchorage Slip Losses

p
xo
) .(5-10
) (5-10
) (Anchorage Slip Losses
28-10
2006
2-2-4-3-10
Elastic Shortening Losses

:
- ) (Pre-tensioning :
f pci
)(10-26
Ep
E ci
= f pe
:
= fpe
Ep
Eci
fpci
- ) (Post-tensioning

) (Sequence of prestressing :
1 Ep
f pci
2 E ci
)(10-27
3-2-4-3-10
= f pe
Friction Losses
1-3-2-4-3-10
Jack Internal Friction Losses

.
27 - 10
2006
2-3-2-4-3-10
Wobble Friction Losses
) (Wobble
) (Ducts :
)(10-28
Px = Po . e - kx
Po
= ) (6 10
Px
= x
= ) (Wobble coefficient

:
0.0033 .
0.0017
.
3-3-2-4-3-10
Curvature Friction Losses
-
- . x
rps
Px = Po . e
)(10-29
:
rps
= :
0.55
0.30
0.25
28 - 10
2006
- :
.x
0.2
rps
) (29-10
)(10-30
:
.x
Px = Po 1 rps
kx + . x 0.2
rps

. x
Px = Po 1 - kx +
rps

)(10-31
k
.
) (6-10
29 - 10
2006
3-4-3-10
1-3-4-3-10
Residual Shrinkage Losses
-

.sh
- sh )-7-2(
).(4-10
- ) (Stage construction -
-
) (4-10 sh
sh

) 5 3) (Pre-tensioning (
300 10-6
) 14 7) (Post-tensioning (
200 10-6
) (Pre-tensioning
:
f psh = sh . E p
)(10-32
) (Post-tensioning
) (32-10
.
2-3-4-3-10
Creep Losses
-
. cr
30 - 10
2006
-
)-8-2(
).(5-10
) (5-10 cr

)(Pre-tensioning
) 5 3 (
)(Post-tensioning
) 14 7 (
cr )/ (2
fci
) /(2
fci > 40
fci 40
48 10-6
48 (40/fci )10-6
36 10-6
36 (40/fci )10-6
-
fcu )(5-10
).(7-10
31 - 10
2006
) (7-10
- ) (Stage construction -
-

.
- ) (Bonded prestressing
:
f cs
)(10-33
. Ep
Ec
= f pcr
: :
= cr
el
)(10-34
el cr ) (5-10 -2-3-4-3-10.
2.00
1.60
fcs :
32-10
2006
* f cs = f cs * - f csd
)(10-35
:
* = fcs
.
* = fcsd
.
-3-3-4-3-10
Steel Relaxation Losses
-
.
-

- :
f pi
- 0.55
f py
)(10-36
) (log t
f pi
k1
= f PR
= fPR
= 1000
fpi
fpy
k1
10
=
= :
Normal relaxation stress relieved steel

45
Low relaxation stress-relieved steel
33-10
2006
5-3-10
External Prestressing
1-5-3-10
.

.
2-5-3-10

) (3-3-5-10 ). (3-6-7-10
3-5-3-10
.
4-5-3-10

.

.
5-5-3-10

.
.
6-5-3-10

. % 5
34-10
2006
4-10

.
1-4-10
1-1-4-10

) Restraint of attached structural

(element .
2-1-4-10

).(1-2-3
3-1-4-10 .
2-4-10

:
. ) ( .%10
.3-4-10
1-3-4-10

).(4-7-2-6
35-10
2006
2-3-4 -10
3-3-4 -10
4-3-4-10
) .( 3-3-10
1-4-3-4-10
d

2
2-4-3-4-10 :
-2-4-3-4-10 ) (3-2-2-4
).(7-7-2-6
-2-4-3-4-10
)(3-2-2-4
-2-4-3-4-10

:
f
q cup = ( p cu + 0.1f pcc ) + q pv
c
)(10.37
:
:
)+ 0.15
fppc
d
bo
0.80
0.275
= )
( .
qpv
= )
(
36-10
2006
) f pe ( Ap Sin
psbod
- ) (37-10

.
- fcu 40 /
.2
- fpcc
0.9 / 2
3.5/.2
5-3-4-10 .
6-3-4-10
6
1.50 ) (.
0.90/ 2
.
. 5-10
1-5-10

.
37-10
2006
2-5-10
).(6-1-3-3-10
3-5-10

) (Durability
.
1-3-5-10
Bonded Tendons
1-1-3-5-10

) (3-2-3-4 ) (7-9
) (2-1-3-5-10
) (3-1-3-5-10
).(8-10

2-1-3-5-10

) (11-4
) .(6-10

) (6-10
) (2-10 350
).(13-2
38-10
2006
) (6-10 *
) (
) fcu/(2

50
25
35
40
45
25
25
25
40
30
30
**
50
40
40
60
50
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
) / 3(
350
400
425
450
20 .
** ).(11-4
3-1-3-5-10
) -14-2 ( -14-2) (
) (7-10 .
) (7-10 *

)(

)(
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
3.00
4.00
25
25
35
60
70
80
25
25
30
35
60
70
25
25
30
40
55
65
Ribs
25
25
25
35
45
55
25
35
45
55
65
75
25
30
35
45
55
65
* 45

.
39-10
2006
2-3-5-10 ) (
50
) (1-3-5-10 ) (6-10
) (7-10 ) (9-10 ) (10-10

).(5-5-10
< b 5 +
2.5 < a
< +
< 2
<
20
< c
2
<
< 10
c b a
.
) (8-10

40-10
2006
< b1
< a ) + (1-3-5-10
40
< 80 >
< c1 50
< 0.75 120 <

< 50
) (9-10
) (
< a )(7-10
1.5 < a
1.5 < a
1.5 < b2
1.5 < b3
1.5 < b4
1.2 < c2
1.2 < c3
1.2 < c4
100 >
50 >
50 >
)(9-10) (8-10
: .
) (10-10
) (
41-10
2006
3-3-5-10
External Tendons

40 / 2

.
4-5-10
1-4-5-10

.
Pre-tensioning
2-4-5-10
) .(8-10
) (Pre-tensioned
) (Bonded tendons ) (Wires )(Strands
) (2-3-3-10) .(5-3-3-10

) (Longitudinal splitting
.
3-4-5-10
Post-tensioning

) (9-10 ) (10-10 :
- 5
:
:
42-10
2006
.
) .(5-5-10
).(6-3-4-10
5-5-10
1-5-5-10
) (Post-tensioning

:
- .
.
.
)(2-5-5-10
) (3-5-5-10
) (3-5-10 ).(4-5-10
2-5-5-10

) (8-10
) (Radial forces
.
3-5-5-10
-
) (9-10 ) ( 3-4-5-10 .

) .( 3-4-5-10
43-10
2006
) (8-10

2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
)(
40
30
19
) (
960
387
296
155
55
50
70
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
1337
220
100
65
55
50
1920
320
145
90
75
65
60
55
55
50
2640
445
205
125
95
85
75
70
65
65
60
55
55
50
3360
4320
5183
6019
7200
8640
9424
10338
11248
13200
50
50
50
265
165
115
100
90
85
80
75
70
70
65
65
60
60
55
55
55
50
50
350
220
150
120
110
100
95
90
85
80
80
75
75
70
70
65
65
60
60
420
265
185
140
125
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
85
80
80
75
75
70
70
310
220
165
145
130
125
115
110
105
100
100
95
90
90
85
85
80
80
375
270
205
165
150
140
135
125
120
115
110
105
105
100
100
95
90
90
460
330
250
200
170
160
150
145
140
130
125
120
120
115
110
105
105
100
360
275
215
185
175
165
155
150
145
135
130
130
125
120
115
115
110
395
300
240
200
190
180
170
160
155
150
145
140
135
130
125
125
120
330
260
215
205
190
180
175
165
160
155
150
145
140
140
135
130
315
260
225
215
205
195
185
180
170
165
160
155
150
150
145
:
) (1 ) %75 ( .
) (2 ) (Profilers .
) (3
) ( 2-1-3-5-10) . ( 3-1-3-5-10
44-10
45
2006
) (9-10
)(
) (
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
19
30
40
296
387
960
110
55
38
38
140
70
60
60
350
175
120
90
80
80
50
1337
60
1920
70
2640
100
140
140
485
245
165
125
100
700
350
235
175
140
960
480
320
240
195
160
140
80
3360
90
4320
100
5183
110
6019
610
410
305
245
205
175
160
785
525
395
315
265
225
195
180
160
180
120
7200
130
8640
140
9424
150
160
170
10336
11248
13200
940
630
470
375
315
270
235
210
200
730
545
440
365
315
275
245
220
870
655
525
435
375
330
290
265
240
1045
785
630
525
450
395
350
315
285
265
260
855
685
570
490
430
380
345
310
285
280
940
750
625
535
470
420
375
340
315
300
815
680
585
510
455
410
370
340
320
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
800
785
600
535
480
435
400
370
345
340
340
:
) (1 ) %75 (
) (2 .
) (3 ) (Profilers ) (Radial forces
.
) (4 )(3-4-5-10
45-10
2006
45-10
2006
4-5-5-10
) (3-5-5-10

48 .
6-5-10
Tendon Anchorage Zone
) (11-10 .
7-5-10
1-7-5-10
Duct Sizes
6
-
) ( . )(10-10
.
50
2-7-5-10 :
) ( Couplers
% 50
)
( 1.5
2 2

) (Deformation ) (Coupler
46-10
2006
8-5-10
1-8-5-10

.
2-8-5-10
:
-
) (Anchors ) (Ducts
) (Working stresses (Anchoring
) stresses .
:
= E
= D
= ao ) (
30 + (D or E) < ao
= bo )
(
= a
= b
= a
= b
= c ) (:
47-10
2006
:
a
b
1.5 bo < b
< 2ba
fcu
1.6 bo2 < b a
< ao < a ao
< bo < b bo
1.6 bo2 < b a

1.6 bo2 < b a
1.5 < aa
fcu
) (
500
1000 - 500
3000 - 1500
4000 - 3000
< 4000
30
50
70
80
100
) (11-10
48-10
2006
) (10-10 *
***
****
**

0.4
40
9
7
0.4
46
14
0.4
50
18
0.4
60
22
2
76
0.4
65
30
2
89
0.6
90
54
2
108
0.6
110
84
2
55
0.4
50
7

2
76
0.4
65
12
12.5 12.9
2
84
0.6
80
18
2
108
0.6
105
31
2
139
0.6
140
55
2
55
0.4
50
5

2
76
0.4
65
8
15.2 15.7
2
84
0.6
80
12
2
101
0.6
95
19
2
139
0.6
130
37

*
** 100

***
)(External tendons
****
3 .
49-10
2006
-

) (

.
, k .
6-10

.
1-6-10
.
100 3 .
-

%85 .
.
50-10
2006
-
) (3-9-8
4/ 2 .
2-6-10
-
=
.
-

3
.
- ........
.........
.

...... ............. %85
.
3-6-10

.

) (Pits .

.
51-10
2006
4-6-10
-

.

.
2/ 2 1/ 2
.
-

2
) .(%1.5

19 .
5-6-10

6 .

6-6-10
-
) (Camber .
-

/ .
52-10
2006
7-6-10
6-9-8 5-9-8 4-9-8 .
7-10
1-7-10
1-1-7-10 .
2-1-7-10

.

.
3-1-7-10 ) (8-5-10
) (9-7-10
.
4-1-7-10
5-1-7-10 :

) (.
.
2-7-10
1-2-7-10
53-10
2006
. ) (11-10
.
).(3-10
) (11-10

/
26
30
32
36
40
44
48
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
2-2-7-10

3-2-7-10

% 75 )(1-2-7-10

% 35

) (2-10 fcui
54-10
2006
4-2-7-10
.
3-7-10
1-3-7-10

.
.
2-3-7-10
) (5-3-7-10 .
3 -3-7-10

.
4-3-7-10

.

.
5-3-7-10

.
4-7-10
1-4-7-10

) (Duct former 5 +
300 2+.
55-10
2006
2-4-7-10 ) (

.
3-4-7-10

300 .
4-4-7-10

) (12-10 .
) (12-10

7
)(7 mm wires
)(Strands
12.5
12.9
)(Strands
15.2
15.7

)(

20
26
33
20
20
26
33
40
20
20
26
33
40
9-30
54
84
7
12
18
31
55
5
8
12
19
37
20
20
26
20
20
20
26
33
20
20
20
26
33

1200
) (.
56-10
2006
5-7-10
1-5-7-10
1-1-5-7-10 ) (Wires ) (Strands

.
2-1-5-7-10

.
3-1-5-7-10 :
1 .
2
.
4-1-5-7-10

.
5-1-5-7-10

) (Gripping devices
).(5-6-10
2-5-7-10
Pre-tensioning
1-2-5-7-10

.
57-10
2006
2-2-5-7-10

.

.
3-2-5-7-10 ) (Deflected tendons

)(Angle of curvature
15.
3-5-7-10
Post-tensioning
1-3-5-7-10
- 1
.
2
) (Spacing elements -
.
2-3-5-7-10
Anchorages
1 .

.
2 ) (Split wedge
) (Barrel
) (Lateral force
58-10
2006

.
3

.
.
4
) (Actual slip
.
5 .
3-3-5-7-10
Deflected Tendons For External Prestrssing
) (Deflector 50
15 50
15
.
4-3-5-7-10
1 /

) (Non jacking end .

% 6

2
-

59-10
2006
. % 5
.
3
.
6-7-10
1-6-7-10

.
2-6-7-10

).(8-7-10
3-6-7-10
External Tendons

.
7-7-10

.
8-7-10
1-8-7-10
60-10
2006
2-8-7-10

)(13-10
15
.
.
3-8-7-10

30
.
6 12

0.50/ 2
. 2
3 2 /.2
9-7-10

:
- 1
.
- 2

.
61-10
2006
- 3 .
- 4
.
- 5 .
- 6 .
- 7

.
- 8

.
-9
-10

-11
.
62-10

Egyptian Code 2006

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Egyptian Code 2006

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2006

-2 ) ,CEM II / A - LL, CEM

) (X ray diffraction )(Petrographic analysis

)Characteristic Strength (fcu

Alkali Silica Reaction

Alkali Carbonate Reaction

%0.4 < < %1

) (3-2 1990 / 1899

Ultimate Strength Limit States

Stability Limit State

Serviceability Limit States

Deformation and Deflection Limit States

Cracking Limit States

1.6 E ) (7-3) (3-3 .1.4 E

)U = 0.8 (1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 W

) U = 0.8 ( 1.4 D + 1.6 L + 1.4 T

])2) [ 0.9 D + W] or [ 0.9 D + (S/1.40

Ultimate Strength Limit State

fy = yield stress or proof stress

) (Idealized curve ).(2-4

).(Equivalent rectangular stress block

-11 )(Biaxial bending moments

Sections Subject to Flexure

) (Brittle failure ) (Ductile failure

-2-1-2-4 Mumax max

) (1-4 ) (2-4 max , R max

) (1-4 Rmax max

) (2-4 Rmax max

) (d/d < 0.15 360 / 520

) (Uniaxial bending ) (Biaxial bending

Pu = 0.35 f cu A k + 0.67 f y A sc + 1.38 f yp Vsp

Sections under Axial Tension or Combined Flexure and Axial Tension

b) d/2 < a < 2d

) (Strut-Tie Model ).(11 -6

Slabs and Footings

Brackets and Corbels

)Ah = 0.5 (As An

Deep Beams in Shear

Mu 1 < dc < 2.5

qsu = qu 0.5 qcu

2.5 < L/d 4

qu ) (13-4 qtu ) (47-4

qtu > 0.06

qtu < 0.06

Ao=0.85Aoh ) (2-3-2-4 Aoh

Acp fyst fy fcu /.2

for steel 240 / 350

for high grade steel

Serviceability Limit States

) Ratio of web width to flange width ( b / B

Limit States of Cracking

) (Short term 0.5

Allowable Working Stresses

/ 2 80 100 120 200 .

P = f co A k + 0.44 f y A sc + 0.92 f yp Vsp

Vsp Ak Asc Ac fyp ) (4 -5

Slabs and Footings

0.04 fcu fcu

ma 0.87 = mb ma 1.00= mb 2-1-2-6

) (12-6 ) 2.0 + S1( .

0.30 < < 1.00

5-5-2-6 ) (Empirical analysis

< 0.2 + 0.1 n

) i = 0.30 b (or 0.30 t