At Tahreek June'12

3
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6

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hgb Avjvn ejb, ` ` ` - ' . ` Zvgiv Ab
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gy ejQb (!!< ::/::)|
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hv Zuvì ghv`vK mevi kxl cuQ w`qQ|
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ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejb, ` , ` ,` , - ` , ` ,` , - ` . ' , ` , ` ,` , -
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wbKU Dg| Avi Avwg Avgvi cwievii wbKU Dg|
1

GLvb cwievi ejZ x ey Svbv nqQ|
mZxbi msmvi Rvnvbvgi kvwgj ej GKUv K_v
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Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) wQjb DZi Rb Dg Av`k|
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2

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3

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x evQvB Ki GKRbK mv_ wbZb|
4

1. l<l, !<, l! !/:~~|
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7
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KiZb I Zvì nvw`qv-Zvndv w`Zb|
5

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(:><! >/ !!< ::/::)|
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I mnR-mij Rxeb hvcb Af|
7. Abi ^v_K wbRi ^v_i Dci vb Ìqvi Abb
Y Yvw^Zv GB mKj gwnqmx bvixMY| Zuviv m`
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nZ cZK xi Rb eQi 80 AmvK LRyi Ges 20
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hZUzKz bv nj bq, ZZUzKz iL evKx me `vb Ki
w`qQb|
6

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wbt^v_| cZKB cZKi cwZ wQjb mnvbyf~wZkxj
I `qv`wP| GiciI hw` KLbv Kvi cwZ Kvi Kvb
ip AvPiY cKvk cZ, Zvnj `Z Zv wgwUq djv
nZ| hgb (K) GKevi ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi GKgv
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wQj| GZ Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) GZB z nb h, hqbe
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7
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h, Qvwdqv Kuv`Qb| KviY wRm Kij wZwb ejb h,
nvdQv (ivt) AvgvK B`xi gq ejQb| GK_v b
ivm~j (Qvt) QvwdqvK mv bv w`q ejjb, eis Zzwg
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x| Zvnj wKm Zvgvi Dci m Me KiQ? AZtci
wZwb nvdQvK Dk Ki ejjb, AvjvnK fq Ki n
nvdQv!
8

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wVK ivLZ| Hw`b Zviv ivm~j (Qvt)-K Lykx Kivi Rb
nvw`qv cvVvZv| xMY `y`j wef wQjb| Avqkv,
nvdQv. Qvwdqv I mI`v GK `j Ges D mvjvgvn I
evKxMY AviK `j| klv `ji xMYi Aby iva
D mvjvgvn (ivt) ivm~j (Qvt)-K GKw`b ejjb,
Avcwb jvKì ej w`b, Zviv hb Avcwb hw`b h
xi KvQ _vKb, mw`b mLvb nvw`qv cvVvq|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejjb, n D mvjvgvn! Zzwg AvgvK
Avqkvi evcvi K w`qv bv| D mvjvgv ZIev
Kijb| ci Zviv D welq dvZgvK ivm~j (Qvt)-
Gi KvQ cvVvjb| mLvbI ivm~ j (Qvt) GKB Reve
w`jb Ges ejjb, dvZgv! Avwg hv cm` Kwi, Zzwg
wK Zv cm` Ki bv? Zvnj Zzwg AvqkvK fvjevm|
9

GBme QvULvU welq hLb nv`xQi cvq wjwce nq
AvQ, ZLb Gmei PvBZ eo wKQz NUj wbqB Zv
iKW nq _vKZ| wK m aibi wKQz cvIqv hvq bv
weavq wbwZfve ai bIqv hvq h, bexcZxMYi ga
mve I m`qZv LyeB Mvp wQj Ges Zuvì cviwiK
mK mevg ghv`vevai Dci cwZwZ wQj|
9. ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi cvwievwiK Rxeb wQj AZ
mvavwmav| wZwb ^Qvq `wi`Zv Aej^ b KiwQjb|
wZwb ejZb, ` ,` , ` _ ,` - ' ` , ` . ` _. ` ' , ` , ` .
` _ ` ,` ` - , ` _ ,` ` _ ` , . n Avjvn! Zzwg AvgvK
wgmKxbx nvj euvwPq ivLv I wgmKxbx nvj g Zz `vb
Ki Ges AvgvK wgmKxbì mv_ cybiwZ Ki|
10

Ze m `vwiì KlvNvZ wQj GZ KVvi h, mvaviY
Kvb gwnjvi c Zv mn Kiv wQj ixwZgZ KKi|
ZeyI bexcZxMY Zv nvwmgyL eiY Ki wbqwQjb|
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Lv`g nhiZ Avbvm (ivt) ejb, .
` , ` ' ` _ ` _. = , , , ' _ ` , _ ,` _` - -
= , . . , ' _ ` , . = . ` , , . Avwg Rvwb bv,
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Avjvn&i mv_ wgwjZ nIqvi AvM ch
KLbv Kvb cvZjv big iwU `LQb wKsev Kvb Av
fybv eKix `LQb|
11
gv Avqkv wQxKv (ivt) ejb,
g`xbvq Avmvi ci wZbw`b GKUvbv iwU KLbv LZ

9. !! !!, l! !/:: !! ' <!-:,
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cvBwb|
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Ab eYbvq GmQ, cici `ygvm AwZevwnZ
nq ZZxq gvmi Puv` Dw`Z nZ, A_P bexMn Kvb
(Pzjvq) Avb RjZv bv| (A_vr gvmfi Pzjv RjZv
bv)| fMxcy DiIqv web hyevqi wRm Kijb,
Lvjvv! . ` , ` , ` , Zvnj wK Lq Avcbviv Rxeb
aviY KiZb? wZwb ejb, . ,` . ` ,` ` .. , `ywU
Kvjv e w`q- LRyi Ges cvwb|
13
bexRxebi mekl
ivZI x AvqkvK PivM RvjvZ cwZekxi wbKU
_K Zj wbZ nqwQj|
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g~jZt GmeB wQj Zuvi hyn&`
ev `ywbqvZvMx Pwii wb`kb gv|
GB KwVb KQZv mvabi gaI cwev xMY KLbvB
gyL Amw fve cKvk KiZb bv| eis me`v gnvb
^vgxi mvnPh nvwmgyL `vZ Rxeb hvcb KiZb|
Ze `yGKwU NUbv Ggb wQj hv ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi BQvi
weivax wQj Ges ZvZ wZwb `ytwLZ nqwQjb| nZ
cvi kixAvZx weavb Pvjy Kivi j Avjvn&i wekl
BQvq Gic NUbv NU _vKZ cvi| hvi ga iqQ
DZi Rb iZc~Y wkYxq welq| hgb 5g
wnRixZ Avnhve hyi ci eby Kzivqhvi weRq Ges
MYxgZi wecyj gvjvgvj cvwi dj gymjgvbì ga
^vQ` wdi Avm| G cwZ cwev xMY ivm~j
(Qvt)-Gi wbKU Zvì Lv`-e I Abvb LiPvwì
cwigvY ewi Ave`b Rvbvb| GZ Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt)
ggvnZ nb Ges ZvìK ZvjvK MnYi AwaKvi c`vb
Kib| D gg AvqvZ ZvLqxi bvwhj nq (!!<
::/~-~>)|
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wcZvgvZvi m civgk KiZ ejj nhiZ Avqkv
(ivt) ej IVb, GRb wcZv-gvZvi mv_ civgki wK
AvQ? Avwg Zv Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j I AvLivZK Keyj
Ki wbqwQ|
15
Zuvi GB Reve Avjvn&i ivm~j
(Qvt) LyeB Lykx njb Ges Abvb xMY mKjB
Avqkvi c_ AbymiY Kijb|
Dciv NUbvq cyYeZx xMYi GB ewk Zzj aiv
nqQ h, Zviv myL-`yL mevevq cyYevb ^vgxi
GKwb Abymvix nq _vKb| Gi viv AviKwU welq
cgvwYZ nq h, Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) gvbyl wnmve

12. <!< !/:: !' <! < (!:) !< !!<^
l!< !!-!! <' -~:|
13. <!< !/:> l<!' <! <! !!<< >< !
l' -:|
14. !!, !<!<!, ! !/~::|
15. l, l! !/:~>|
gvbexq ivM-Awfgvb I `ytL-e`bvi AwaKvix wQjb|
^vgx-xi cgi mK Gmei gvag gvS-ga
SvjvB nq AviI `pZi nq| ivm~j I Zu vi cwev
xMYi gaKvi G aibi NUbv Zvi c K cgvY|
fwelZ Kvb gywgb ^vgx- xi ga Gic NUbv NUj
Zviv hb ivm~j-cZxì `v Aby miY Kib Ges
msmvi f bv w`q AviI gheyZ Kib, mw`K
c_c`kbi RbB Avjvn& i BQvq D NUbv msNwUZ
nq|
eZt ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) I Zuvi cyYeZx xMYi gaKvi
mK wQj DbZ Av`k PZbvi Dci cwZwZ| `ywbqv
I AvLivZ mevevq Zu viv bexcZx wnmve ewiZ (<
:/ !!< !)| ZvB `y wbqvex z ` ^v_i Rb Zuviv
KLbvB AvLivZi eng ^v_ wewKq w`Z cvib bv|
`ywbqvZ Zuviv wQjb ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi cvwievwiK Rxebi
wek Zg mvx Ges Zvì gvagB DZ gynvv`x
Bmjvgi cvwievwiK I Abvb weavb mg~n RvbZ ci
ab nqQ| Gw`K w`q weePbv Kij Zuviv Kej
bexcZx wQjb bv, eis Zviv wQjb DZi wkwKv I
bZzj `v| wbtm`n bexi m bexcZxMYi
mK I AvPvi-AvPiY wQj AZxe gayi Ges ^Mxq
PZbvq DxweZ|
<| (v|:)-=< - <
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi `nveqe wQj AZxe myì, my Vvg I
gagvKwZi| (1) Zuvi Mvqi is wQj D j I Mi-
Mvjvcx (2) c~Y Mq mn gyLgj wQj j^ vU MvjvKvi
(2) myksLj ` ivwRi myL fvMi Dci `ywU ùvZi
gvS wKQzUv duvK wQj (4) ck jjvU, Db Z bvwmKv,
wKwZ ivf I wevwiZ myigv Pz| c_K A_P
cii weRwoZ wPKb hyMj (5) `xN Mxevwewk eo
AvKwZi gv_v, hv wQj NbK KkewZ| hv bv AwaK
KuvKovbv wQj, bv AwaK Lvov wQj| hv eveix wQj| gZz
ch gv_vi gaeZx vbi wKQz Pzj Ges VvUi wbg
`ki I `vwoi wKQz Pzj kZeY aviY KiwQj| `vwoZ
gn`x is eenvi KiZb| wZwb ejZb h, Pzj-`vwoZ
Kvjv is eenviKvix ew RvbvZi myMwI cve bv|
wZwb wbqwgZ wPibx eenvi KiZb Ges gv_vi Pz j
`yw`K fvM Ki w`Zb (ZvZ gvSLvb wmu w_ nq hZ)
(6) Mvd QvU I `vwo wQj `xN I Nb mwbewkZ (7)
`ni Rvo mg~n Ges i Awmg~ n wQj eo AvKvii
(8) Pwei AvwaKnxb mykvfb Dì`k (9) c mvwiZ
ecyU nZ bvwf `k ch wQj ^ jvgi c jw^ Z
iLv (10) n I c`q wQj gvsmj Ges Mvovwj wQj

9
cvZjv| c_ Pjvi mgq mvgbi w`K mvgvb SuyK
PjZb| hb Kvb Xvjy vb AeZiY KiQb (11)
nvZi Kwq I Avyjjv wQj wKQzUv eo AvKvii,
Zvjyq wQj ck I gvjvqg (12) `yB wQj
cjw^Z| hvi gvS evg Kuvai AwgyL wQj KeyZii
wWgi AvKwZi QvU gvsmwc- gvni beyAZ|
MveYi mv_ mv`kc~Y D gvnii Dci wQj PgwZj
mgwi bvq meyR iLv (13) k, mg_ I kwkvjx `n
mei AwaKvix GB myì gvbylwUi `n e eqm
wKQzUv fvwi nq wMqwQj| ZvB wmR`vq ekxY _vKZ
cviZb bv| kl eVK em mvjvg wdivbvi AvM ch
`xNY ai `vAv KiZb| (14) `n wbtmZ ^`we`y
mg~n gyvi bvq cwi` nZ Ges hv wQj wgkK Avîi
PvBZ myMwgq| GKevi Mxi `ycyi Nyg ivm~j
(Qvt)-Gi `nwbtmZ Ngmg~n evwUZ Rgv KiwQjb
Lvjv D myjvqg (ivt)| ivm~j (Qvt) ZvK wRm
Kijb, Gme wK Kie? Reve wZwb ejb, GMywj
Avgvì myMwi mv_ wgkvev| Kbbv Gwj AwaK
myMwgq| Ab eYbvq GmQ, wZwb ejb, n Avjvni
ivm~j! Gi eenvii viv Avgiv Avgvì evPvì Rb
eiKZ Avkv Kwi| ivm~j (Qvt) ejjb, Zzwg wVKB
KiQ|
16
(15) cdzj Aevq Zuvi gyLgj Pì bvq
PgwKZ nZ| ivMvw^Z nj Zv Wvwjgi bvq iwg eY
aviY KiZ| Ngv Aevq Zv DjZvq Sjgwjq
DVZ|
(K) ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi myì Pnvivi cksmvq PvPv Avey
Zvje ejwQjb,
,,', _` , ,-,, ' _, ` .
_
MieYi gynvv`| hvi Pnvivi Amxjvq ew cv_bv
Kiv nq _vK| whwb BqvZxgi Avkqj I weaevì
iK|
17

(L) AveyeKi wQxK (ivt) ejZb,
' _=. _-, ,, ' .,. _ ,_ =
wek, gbvbxZ, KjvYi w`K Avnvb Kib| c~wYgvi
Puvì Avjvi bvq hv AKvi `~ixf~Z Ki|
18

16. !! !!, l! !/ !! !!'
<!, ~ |
17. <!< !/:-> l!' <!-: <!< !<
l <l*< > !!< !< <!' -:|
18. <!!, !! < !/~: : :/~|
(M) Igi dviK (ivt) ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi Pnviv `L
hynvqi web Avex myjgvi wbgv KweZv cvV KiZb, hv
wZwb Zvi bZv nvivg web mbvbi cksmvq ejwQjb,
, . . , , ' . ..' , _
hw` Avcwb gvbyl eZxZ Ab wKQz nZb, Zvnj
AvcwbB c~wYgvi ivwK Avjv `vbKvix nZb|
19

Kve web gvjK (ivt) ejb, ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) hLb
Avbw`Z nZb, ZLb Zu vi Pnviv D j nq DVZ| Zuvi
Pnviv hb Pì UzKiv , = ,. , nq hZ| Avgiv
GUv eySZ cviZvg|
20
gvUK_v cksmvKvixi fvlvq
ivm~j (Qvt) wQjb, ` , _ ' ` ` , ` ` , ` . _ = ` ,
, , Zuvi c~e I ci Zuvi bvq my ì KvDK `wLwb|
dvimx Kwei fvlvq,
'-,- -, _-,= --,, -= * -' -,=
'+-- ,- --
BDmydi ic, Cmvi duyK I g~mvi Zvjy
meB AvQ Zvgvi gvS n wcq ivm~j| -(! <!)
<| (v|:)-=< |< <|fi
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) wQjb mKj cKvi gvbweK Y Yvw^ Z
GK AmvaviY ewZ| ez I k mKji gy L mgfve
Zuvi Abycg Pwi gvayh i cksmv ewY Z nqQ| KVvi
cwZc Avey mywdqvb mgvU nivwK qvmi my L AKz
wP Zuvi mZZv, AvgvbZ`vix I mPwiZvi DP cksmv
KiQb| Avjvn cvK wbRB ^xq ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
cksmvq ejb, :` , _ ` - ` ,. = , wbqB Avcwb
gnvb Pwii AwaKvix ( :/)| ivm~j (Qvt) ejb,
` . ` , ,` . _ ` - . Avwg c wiZ nqwQ me vg
Pwii c~YZv mvabi Rb|
21
ZvB `Lv hvq, beyAZ-
c~e Rxeb mKji wbKU ckswmZ wnmve wZwb wQjb
Avj-Avgxb (wek, AvgvbZ`vi) Ges beyAZ cieZx
Rxeb Pig kZvc~Y cwiekI wZwb wQjb ah I
mnbkxjZv, mvnm I `pwPZv, `qv I mse`bkxjZv,
civcKvi I cigZ mwnzZv, jvkxjZv, KiYv I

19. ! |! !/: ! !!<, ! ! l<
!! /~> :|
20. !! !!, l! !/> !! !!'
<! ~ |
21. !! !, l! !/>:|

10
gvkxjZv cfwZ Yvejxi Rxe cZxK| Avjvn ejb,
` . ` , ` ` ,` _ = ,` ' - ` . ,.` -` , ,
= ` , , , , - , , = ` , , wbqB ivm~jyjvn&i ga
Dg Av`k wbwnZ iqQ H ewi Rb h Avjvn I
AvLivZK Kvgbv Ki I ekx ekx AvjvnK iY
Ki (!!< ::/~:)| Zuvi Abycg Pwi gvayh I Abb
ewk mg~n c~Yfve eYbv Kiv Hic Ame, hic
c~YPì m`h eYbv Kiv Ges Lvwj PvL AvKvki
ZviKvivwR MYbv Kiv Ame| ZeyI `v îc wKQz
PvwiwK bgybv I ewk wbg Zzj aiv nj-
(:) <|+<|| wZwb mvaviYZt Pzc _vKZb| webv
cqvRb K_v ejZb bv| hZUzKz ejZb we gvwRZ
I myìfve ejZb| hv `Z kvZvK AvK KiZ|
Avi GKB jvKiv Rv`y ejZ| Zuvi fvwlZvq gy
nqB Bqvgbi hgv` Avh`x gymjgvb nq hvb|
22
wZwb
wbii nIqv mI wZwb wQjb Avie I Abviei ga
mek fvlvwe`|
23
GgbwK nv`xQ Rvj nevi AbZg
wb`kb nj Zvi kmg~ni DPgvb wewk bv nIqv
(!: ^)| GKviYB Aviex mvwnZ KziAvb I
nv`xQi cfve mevi Dci| eis ev e K_v GB h,
KziAvb I nv`xQi mevP evKixwZ I AvjsKwiK
ewki KviYB Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ mevP ghv`vq
Avmxb nZ ciQ Ges gvbwZi c_ GwMq
PjQ| A_P jvwUb, wne, msZ cfwZ cw_exi cvPxb
fvlv mg~n wejy nq MQ A_ev wejywi c_|
(>) |< -x- | va `gbi GK Ac~e gZv
Zuvi ga wQj| wZwb ejZb, cKZ exi mB, h wbRi
vaK `gb KiZ cvi|
24
Avqkv (ivt) ejb, wZwb
KLbv KvDK wbRi ^v_ wbR nvZ gvibwb| Kvb
gwnjv ev Lv`gK KLbv cnvi Kibwb|
25

() ||-+|-| wZwb g`y nvm KiZb| KLbvB
Anvm KiZb bv| m`v cdzj _vKZb| KLbvB
Mvgov gyLv _vKZb bv| QvULvU iwmKZv KiZb|
(K) GKw`b GK bIgymwjg B`x evK x Avqkvi
wbKU emv `L ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejjb, Avqkv Zvgvi
mv_xK ej h, eiv KLbv RvbvZ hve bv| GK_v
b D gwnjv Kuv`Z i Kijb| ci ivm~jyjvn

22. l, l! !/:|
23. !~!! !: l !<: l : ::|
24. !! !!, l! !/: l*!!<' <! ~
|
25. l, l! !/:|
(Qvt) Gm ejjb, fq bB! Rvb vZevmx bvix-cyil
mevB hyeK eqmx ne|
26
(L) GK mdi wZwb `Lb h,
gwnjvì wbq RbK D PvjK `Z DU nvwKq hvQ|
ZLb ivm~j (Qvt) ejjb, ` _ , ` , _ . . , , _ ` , , axi
PvjvI| KuvPi cvwji c wZ m`q nI|
27

QvjvZi ga wekl Ki Zvnvyì QvjvZ wZwb
Avjvn&i fq Kuv`Zb| AfveM ewK `Lj Zvi
A i Ku` DVZv Ges Zvi Afve `~ixKiY e nq
coZb| PvPv nvghv, Kbv hqbe I cy Beivnxgi
gZzZ wZwb wki gZ Ki Ku`wQjb| GKevi
Beby gvmEì gyL KziAvb ZjvIqvZ b Zu vi PvL
eq Aweij avi Ak c evwnZ nq| GgbwK wbmv 41
AvqvZ cuQj wZwb ZvK _vgZ ejb|
28

() <|< <<|| KwVb wecì gaI wZwb ` p
wngvwì bvq ahkxj _vKZb| gvx Rxebi Amnvq
Aevq Ges gv`vbx Rxebi cwZ gy n~Z Rxebi gwKi
gaI ZuvK KLbv fxZ-wenj I Aah nZ `Lv
hvqwb| nhiZ Avjx (ivt) ejb, NbNvi hyi
wefxwlKvgq Aevq Avgiv ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wcQb wMq
Avkq wbZvg| wZwbB me`v ki wbKUeZx _vKZb|
ki fq hyi gq`vb _K cvwjq hvevi Kvb NUbv
Zuvi Rxeb bB| Afve-AbUb, `ytL-e`bvq,
mevevq wZwb KwVb ah Aej^ b KiZb| GgbwK
wZbw`b bv Lq cU cv_i eua mbì mv_
AeYbxq K L`K Luvovi KvR Ask wbjI Pnvivq
Zvi cKvk NUZv bv| eis mbì mv_ AvLivZi
KweZv cvVi ga w`qB Lykx gb wbR nvZ L`K
LuyoQb| kì kZv hZB ew cZ Zu vi ahkxjZv
ZZB eo hZ| Inv` I nvbvqb hy Zuvi exiZ I
Amg mvnwmKZv wQj AZz jbxq|
nhiZ Avbvm (ivt) ejb, Avwg GKw`b ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi
mv_ PjwQjvg| Gmgq Zuvi Dci gvUv AuvPji GKwU
bvRivbx Pvì kvfv cvwQj| nVvr GKRb e`yCb Gm
Zuvi Pvì ai Ggb nPKv Uvb `q h, ivm~j (Qvt)
e`yCbi eyK wMq cob| GZ Avwg `Ljvg h,
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Nvoi Dci Pvìi AuvPji `vM co
Mj| jvKwU ejj, n gynvv`! Avjvni gvj hv Zvgvi
KvQ AvQ, mLvb _K AvgvK èvi wb`k `vI , ,

26. <!, l! !/, l*!!<' <! :~
|
27. <!< !/::> l !/~->|
28. !! !!, l! !/~:>|

11
` ` = ` _ ` ,` ` ` -` , | ZLb ivm~j (Qvt)
Zvi w`K ZvKvjb I nvmjb| AZtci ZvK wKQz `vb
Kivi Av`k w`jb|
29

D NUbvq ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi AZzjbxq ah I `vbkxjZvi
cgvY cvIqv hvq| Gic AmsL NUbv Zuvi Rxeb
iqQ|
(c) <| <|<| KD Amy nq coj wZwb Zvi
evoxZ wMq ivMxK cwiPhv KiZb I mv bv w`Zb|
Zvi Rb `vAv KiZb| wK LZ gb Pvq wRm
KiZb| wZKi bv nj Zv èvi eev KiZb|
wbRi B`x KvRi QjwU Amy nq coj wZwb Zvi
evoxZ wMq ZvK mv bv `b I cwiPhv Kib|
30

(e) | <-- nhiZ Avqkv (ivt) ejb,
ivm~jyjvnK hLbB `yBwU KvRi GLwZqvi Ìqv nZ,
ZLb wZwb mnRwU eQ wbZb| hw` ZvZ bvni wKQz
bv _vKZ| wZwb wbRi Rb Kvb Abvqi cwZkva
wbZb bv| wK Avjvn&i Rb nj cwZkva bv wbq
QvoZb bv|
31
Iqvh-bQxnZ Ggbfve KiZb, hvZ
gvbyl weeZeva bv Ki|
32
bdj QvjvZ Pzc Pzc Av`vq
KiZb, hvZ Abi K bv nq| wZwb ejZb, ` ,
` , =` ` ,. . Zvgiv Ggbfve Bev`Z Ki, hv
Zvgiv mnR KiZ cvi|
33

() -|-|| Zuvi `vbkxjZv wQj b`xi mvZi gZ|
hZY Zu vi KvQ wKQz _vKZ, ZZY wZwb `vb KiZb|
ivgvhvb gvm Zv nq hZ ` , ` , _ ` ,` evqy cevni
bvq| wZwb Qv`vKv MnY KiZb bv| wK nvw`qv
wbZb| A_P Zv wbRi cqvRb hrmvgvb jvwMq meB
`vb Ki w`Zb| wZwb ejZb, . ` ` ,` , ` , ` - ' _.` -
` . -` , ` , - . ' . -` , . KD AZY cKZ gywgb
nZ cvie bv, hZY bv m Acii Rb mB e
fvjevme, hv wbRi Rb fvjevme|
34
wZwb ejZb,

29. !! !!, l! !/: !! !!'
<! : |
30. <!<, l! !/: >!!' <! : |
31. !! !!, l! !/: !! !!'
<! : |
32. !! !!, l! !/~|
33. <!< !/:>:: !' <!-: ! <! <!$!<!l$<
!l' ->|
34. !! !!, l! !/>:: l*!!<' <! :
|
. , ` _ ` - , ' _' ` , , . . , ' .` . ` GKRb
ev`vi `q Cgvb I KcYZv KLbv GKwZ nZ cvi
bv|
35

() ||| ivm~jyj vn (Qvt) me`v `w AebZ
ivLZb| KLbvB Abi Dci wbR ` w wbc KiZb
bv| AvKvki PvBZ gvwUi w`K `w AebZ ivLvKB
wZwb kq gb KiZb| wZwb Kvi gyLi Dci Kvb
Acm`bxq K_v ejZ jv cZb| Avey mvC` Lyìx
ejb, . ,` _ = _. = , ,, ` ' . , -
. _ ` _ _` - . , , ` , ` , ` _ ,` - , .
wZwb c`vbkxb Kzgvix gqì PvBZ jvkxj wQjb|
hLb wZwb wKQz Acm` KiZb, ZLb Zuvi Pnviv `L
Avgiv eyS wbZvg|
36
Kvi Kvb g` KvR `Lj
mivmwi ZvK g` bv ej mvaviYfve wbla KiZb,
hvZ jvKwU jv bv cvq| A_P welqwU eySZ ci
mskvab nq hvq|
(o) |<-< -x| wZwb wQjb webqx I wbinsKvi
Pwii gvbyl| wZwb mevBK gvbyl wnmve mgvb vb
KiZb| DuPz-bxPz f`vf` KiZb bv| ZuvK `L
QvnvexMYK mvbv_ ùvovZ wbla KiZb|
37
wZwb
mKji mv_ GKBfve gvwUZ em coZb| `vm-
`vmxì wbKU KLbvB AnsKvi cKvk KiZb bv|
Zvì Kvb KvR Am nq Dn& k KiZb bv| eis
Zvì KvR mvnvh KiZb| Avbvm (ivt) ejb, Avwg
10 eQi ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wL`gZ KiwQ| wK wZwb
KLbv AvgvK Kvb KvRi Rb KwdqZ Zje
Kibwb|
38
wZwb me`v AvM mvjvg w`Zb I gyQvdvnvi
Rb AvM nvZ evwoq w`Zb| QvnvexMYK mvb Ki
A_ev Avì Ki Zvì Dcbvg WvKZb| hgb
Avyjvn web IQgvbK AveyeKi (ivt), Avy i ingvbK
Avey ivqiv (ivt), AvjxK Avey Zvive BZvw`| DjL
h, Lykx Aevq Dcbvg WvKv Aviexq ixwZ wQj|
(K) bdj QvjvZ Ae vq Kvb gngvb Gj wZwb
msc QvjvZ kl Ki K_v ej wbZb| Zvici
cybivq QvjvZ iZ nZb| `y`vwqbx gvZv, ivMx, e,

35. l<l, !!^, l! !/:~ l>!' <!|
36. !! !!, l! !/:: !! !!'
<! : |
37. l<l, l! !/:>|
38. !! !!, l! !/:|

12
gymvwdi BZvw` weePbvq wZwb RvgvAvZ QvjvZ
msc KiZb|
39

(L) ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Avhev , ... , bvgx GKUv Dx
wQj| m GZB `ZMvgx wQj h, Kvb evnb ZvK
AwZg KiZ cviZ bv| wK GKw`b GK e`yCbi
mIqvix Avhev-K AwZg Ki Mj| welqwU
gymjgvbì KvQ K`vqK gb nj| ZLb ivm~j (Qvt)
Zvì mv bv w`q ejb, . - _ = . ' . _ ` , , ` ,
,` ' . . ` . . , `ywbqvZ Avjvn&i bxwZ GUvB h,
KvDK DuPz Kij ZvK bxPzI Ki _vKb|
40

(M) GKevi RbK ew ivm~jK ,_ _- (mwi miv)
ej m^vab Kij ivm~j (Qvt) ZvK ejb, ` , ,` , ` ,
` , ` ` IB ghv`v nj Beivnxg (Avt)-Gi|
41

(N) GKevi RbK ew ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mvgb Gm
fq wenj nq co| ZLb ivm~j (Qvt) ZvK ejb,
.` , :` , ` _` , ` .` : , ` ' ` ` , ' ,` ` , ,. `
' .` , wi nI! Kbbv Avwg Kvb ev`kvn bB|
Avwg GKRb Kzivqk gwnjvi m vb gv| whwb Kbv
MvkZ fY KiZb|
42
DjL h, Aviei Mixe
jvKiv Kbv MvkZ LZb| G mKj NUbvq ev e
Rxeb ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi webq I bgZv Aej^bi I
wbinsKvi Pwii ewk dzU IV|
(:) t|< |<- nhiZ Avqkv (ivt) ejb,
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) wbRB RyZv mjvB KiZb I cw
jvMvZb| wbRi Kvco wbRB mjvB KiZb, msmvii
KvR wbR nvZ KiZb, wbR eKix `vnb KiZb,
Kvco Qvd KiZb I wbRi KvR wbR KiZb|
43

xì ga Avqkv (ivt) wQjb Kzgvix I mePq Kg
eqv| ZvB ivm~j (Qvt) KLbv KLbv Zvi mv_ ò
cvjv w`Zb|
44
ZvK wbq weq evoxZ e`yCb gqì
bvPMvb bQb|
45
ivm~j (Qvt) h KZ ev eev`x I

39. !! !!, l! !/::::, :, ~>|
40. <!< !/:: l<!' <!-: !' -:|
41. l, l! !/>: l*!!<' <! :: |
42. < !>! !/:::~, |
43. l<l, l! !/~~
44. < !>! !/:>> |
45. !! !!, l! !/:~ <!<, l!
!/::|
mswZgbv wQjb, GZ Zvi cgvY gj| GKevi GK
mdi x QvwdqvK DU mIqvi Kivi Rb wZwb wbRi
nvUz cZ `b| Qvwdqv bexi nvUz i Dci cv iL DU
mIqvi nb|
46

(::) x| |<- ezì m mymK eRvq
ivLZb| wbRi I x mwK Z AvZxq-^ Rbi mv_ ` p
mK iv KiZb| Kvi wZ nZ cvi Ggb KvR
_K `~i _vKZb| ciwb`v I ciPP v nZ euP
_vKZb| mx-mv_xì LuvR-Lei wbZb| wZwb
kì Ìqv K I g~Lì evovevwoZ ah aviY
KiZb| wZwb g`K g` ejZb, fvjK fvj ejZb|
wK me`v gacv Aej^b KiZb| me`v wZwb mKji
cwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj _vKZb| Zuvi wbKU jvKì
ghv`vi wfw wQj ZvKIqv ev Avj vnfxiZv| mgvRi
`yej kYxi cwZ Zuvi KiYv wQj mevwaK| wZwb ejZb,
` _ ,` ` , . ' . ` , ` , _` ,` . ` ,` , .` ` , . ` , ` . , Zvgiv
AvgvK `yej kYxi ga Zvjvk Kiv| Kbbv Zvgiv
iwhcv nq _vK Ges mvnvhcv nq _vK `yej kYxi
gvag|
47

Kvi gvbnvwbKi K_v wZwb ejZb bv|
mgvR msvi wZwb RbgZi g~jvqb KiZb| hgb-
(1) Kzivqkì wbwgZ KvevM n Beivnxg (Avt) wbwg Z
KvevMn _K wKQz Ask Qo ivLv nqwQj| Qvov
AskwUK iKb nvZxg ejv nq| Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt)
PqwQjb IUvK Beivnxgx Kvevi bvq KvevM ni
ga kvwgj KiZ Ges Kvev Mni ìRv `yUv KiZ|
wK RbgZ weMo hvevi AvksKvq Zv Kibwb| wZwb
GKw`b Avqkv (ivt)-K ejb, .` , :.` ` , ` , . - .
` ,` ` ` , , , ` .` . ` ` . - , ` , , , ` . , ` -` ,
.` ` ` . , , ` ,` -` ,` - , . hw` Zvgvi KIg bZz b gymwjg bv
nZ, Zvnj Avwg Kvev f w`Zvg Ges Gi `ywU
ìRv KiZvg| GKwU w`q gyQjxiv cek KiZ Ges
AbwU w`q ewiq hZ|
48
A_vr wZwb PqwQjb
nvZxgK A fy Ki g~j Beivnxgx wfZi Dci
KvevMn wbgvY KiZ| hv gvwU mgvb ne Ges hvi c~e
ìRv w`q gyQjx cek Kie I QvjvZ kl cwg
ìRv w`q ewiq hve| wK Kzivqkiv Zv bv Ki
AbK DuPzZ ìRv wbgvY Ki| hvZ Zvì BQvi

46. <!<, !/~~: <' <!|
47. !<! !/~> l! !/~: ll! ! !/>|
48. <!< !/:~:|

13
evBi KD mLvb cek KiZ bv cvi| Lvjv Avqkv
(ivt)-Gi wbKU G nv`xQ kvbvi ci Avyjvn Beby
hyevqi (ivt) ^xq LjvdZKvj 64 wnRix mb KvevMn
f ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi BQv Abyhvqx Zv cybwbgvY Kib|
wK 9 eQi ci 73 wnRixZ DgvBqv MeYi nvvR web
BDmyd Zv f AvMi gZ wbgvY Kib| hvi AvKwZ
AvRI iqQ| ejv evj Gi viv ivRbxwZ ev evqb
nqQ| wK ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi AvKvsLvi ev evqb AvRI
NUwb Ges g~j Beivnxgx wfZ Kvev AvRI wdi
Avmwb|
(2) g`xbvq gybvwdKì AcZrciZv mxgv Qvwoq Mj
Igi dviK (ivt) ivm~j (Qvt)-K ejb, AvgvK AbygwZ
w`b GB gybvwdKUvK (Beby DevBK) kl Ki w`B|
Reve ivm~j (Qvt) ejb, bv| ZvZ jvKiv eje h,
gynvv` Zvi mv_xì nZv KiQb|
49

|-| -|| <-- wZwb wbRi Rb wZbwU bxwZK
AvewkK Ki wbqwQjb- (1) ..,, wiqv A_vr jvK
`Lvbv Kvb KvR bv Kiv (2) _.. AvwaK cwinvi
Kiv (3) ,, . , Ab_K K_v I KvR Gwoq Pjv|
Abi evcviI wZwb wZbwU welq _K wbRK `~i
ivLZb- (1) KvDK wb`v Kiv (2) jv Ìqv (3)
wQ`v^lY Kiv|
<+< -||
eVK Kvbic AnZzK I AcqvRbxq K_v ejZb bv|
wZwb hLb K_v ejZb, ZLb mKj bxie Zv bZb|
KDB Zuvi mvgb DPtî K_v ejZb bv| Zuvi K_v
kl bv nj KD K_v ejZ bv| wZwb me`v Ggb K_vB
ejZb, hvZ QIqve Avkv Kiv nZ| KD Zuvi cwZ
mvgvb mnvbyf~wZ `Lvj wZwb Zvi Rb mevg
KZZv ^xKvi KiZb| e`yCbì ip AvPiY wZwb
ah Aej^b KiZb| ejv Pj h, Zuvi GB webg
eenvi I AZzjbxq ew gvayhi cfveB i ^fvei
giPvix AvieMY `j `j Bmjvg cek KiwQj|
Avjvn ejb, ` - _ = .` ` ,` , ` , , .` =
` , . ` ,' . ` ` : ` , - Avjvn&i AbyMni dj
Avcwb Zvì cwZ Kvgj `q nqQb| hw` Avcwb
KKkfvlx I ip `q nZb, Zvnj Zviv Avcbvi KvQ
_K wewQb nq hZ (! <! :/:>)| ivm~j (Qvt)-

49. l<l !/::: |
Gi G Abb Pwi gvayh wQj wbtm`n Avjvn& i wekl
`vb|
<t|<
cwikl eje, AwZ eo `y kgbI ivm~j (Qvt)-K KLbv
Amr ejwb| wK Zviv KziAvbx weavbK gvbZ ivhx
nqwb| ^QvPvwiZvq Af cuywRev`x MvbZviv
Bmjvgi cuywRev` weivax I bvqwePviwfwK A_bxwZ,
Mvxq mgvRbxwZ Ges AvLivZwfwK wbqw Z
RxebvPviK gb wbZ cviwb| Avi m KviYB Zv
Avey Rvnj ivm~j (Qvt)-K ejwQj, . :, ,
. .- ., Avgiv ZvgvK wg_v ewj bv| eis
Zzwg h Bmjvg wbq GmQ, ZvK wg_v ewj| G c m
wbgv AvqvZ bvwhj nq,
` ,` ,` , . ` ,` , ` , : ` , ` , = . , , = ` ,` -` - , .
eZt Iiv AvcbvK wg_v ej bv| eis GBme hvjgiv
Avjvn&i AvqvZ mg~nK A^xKvi Ki (!! :/::)|
50

GgbwK GBme jvKiv KziAvb cwieZbi `vexI
KiwQj| hgb Avjvn ejb,
, _ ` ` ` , ,` , ` , . ` , , ` , . ` ,` -` , , . . .
.` , , ,` , ` , ' ` ` , ` , , . ` . ' ` ` , ' ` .
` . ` _ ` ' ` ,` , _ - ` ` ` ` - ' . ` .` , . ` ` , _
. ` , , ` , = , , ,, ~ ,
Avi hLb Zvì KvQ Avgvì AvqvZ mg~ n cvV
Kiv nq, ZLb hviv Avgvi `x`vi Kvgbv Ki bv Zviv
ej h, GwU eZxZ Ab KziAvb wbq Gmv A_ev
GUvK cwieZb Ki| Avcwb ej w`b h, GK wbRi
c nZ cwieZb Kiv Avgvi KvR bq| Avwg Zv Kej
AbymiY Kwi hv Avgvi wbKU Anx Kiv nq| ^ xq
cvjbKZvi AevaZvq Avwg KwVb wèmi Avhvei fq
Kwi ( :/:)| Avj vn Zu vi ivm~ jK ejb, :.`
_ .` ,, ` .` wbqB Avcwb mij-mwVK c_i
Dci AvQb ( ~~/:)|
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi cyiv Rxeb wQj Kz iAvbi ev e wP|
mKviY GK`v gv AvqkvK ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Pwi
mK wRm Kiv nj wZwb ejwQjb, . ` . ` -

50. l<l, l! !/:, <!|

14
.` ,. Zuvi Pwi wQj KziAvb|
51
A_vr wZwb wQjb
KziAvbi ev e icKvi| nv`xQi cvZvq cvZvq hvi
`v mg~n ^Yvi wjwce nq AvQ| KziAvb I
nv`xQ ZvB gymwjg Rxebi Pjvi c_i GKgv
AvjvKewZKv| Avjvn AvgvìK ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Rxeb
PwiZ AbymiYi ZvIdxK `vb Kib| Avgxb!
|< x'<|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi Rxeb Avgiv e gyRhvi K_v
RbwQ| hvi meB wQj Zuvi Rxekvq Ges Zuvi gZzi
mv_ mv_ hwji Aejyw NUQ| hgb Abvb
bexMYi ejvq NUQ| A_ev Zvì wKZve mg~n
cwiewZZ I weKZ nq MQ| hgb ZvIivZ I BbRxj|
wK ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi B Kvji ciI h gyRhv Rxe
nq AvQ Ges wKqvgZ ch hv wPi RvMiK _vKe, Zv
nj Zuvi AvbxZ Kvjvgyjvn Avj-KziAvbyj nvKxg| wek
gvbeZvi wPi b c_c`kK wnmve mwKZv Avjvn hv
`ywbqvevmxi Rb Zuvi klbexi gvag ciY KiQb
Ges hv gvbe RvwZi AvgvbZ wnmve iwZ AvQ Ges
wPiKvj _vKe| hZw`b cw_ex _vKe, gvbeRvwZ _vKe,
ZZw`b KziAvb _vKe AweKZ I AzYfve| ivm~j
(Qvt)-Gi 23 eQii beyAZx Rxebi euvK euvK
Avmgvbx ZvievZv wnmve KziAvb bvwhj nqQ
ciivMZfve| byh~j KziAvbi i _K beyAZi
i Ges byh~j KziAvbi mgvwZ bex Rxebi mgvw|
ZvB bexPwiZ AvjvPbvq KziAvbi AvjvPbv
Aekvexic Gm co| bex Kixg (Qvt) Pj MQb|
iL MQb KziAvb| wK wK AvQ mLvb? GY
Avgiv KziAvbi cwiPq I ewkvejx msc Zzj
aivi cqvm cve|
+<|-< |<<
KziAvbi cavbZg cwiPq nj GB h, GwU Kvjvgyjvn
ev Avjvn&i Kvjvg| hv mivmwi Avjvn&i wbKU _K
GmQ|
52
mwRMZ `ywbqvex PvL KLbvB Zvi mwKZv
AvjvnK `LZ cve bv (!! :/::)| Ze Zuvi
Kvjvg `L, co, b I eyS n`vqvZ jvf KiZ
cvie| KziAvbi fve I fvlv, Gi cwZwU eY, k I
evK Avjvn&i| wRexj wQjb evnK
53
Ges ivm~j (Qvt)

51. ! !!, : >! !/::|
52. l! /~, !! :/::, !<! /:, ! !>!
:/~ !l! :/-~ !+! :>/: !<
:/~:|
53. <!!<! ~/> !<! ~:/:> !< :/:>
wQjb cPviK I evLvZv|
54
G KziAvb myiwZ djK
wjwce wQj|
55
mLvb _K Avjvn& i Kzg g g
bvwhj nqQ|
56

klbex gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi AvMgbi ci weMZ mKj
bexi beyAZ kl nq wMqQ Ges KziAvb AeZiYi
ci weMZ mKj Bjvnx wKZvei Kzg I KvhKwiZv iwnZ
nq MQ| Cmv (Avt) mn weMZ mKj bexB klbex
gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi AvMgbi mymsev` w`q MQb (
::/:) Ges Zuviv klbexi Avgj cj ZuvK mev KiY
mvnvh Kieb ej Avjvn&i wbKU AxKvive
nqwQjb (! <! :/:)| m wnmve gy nvv` (Qvt)
Kej AvLix hvgvbvi bex bb, eis wZwb wQjb weMZ
mKj bexi bex| Abyicfve Zuvi AvbxZ wKZve I
kixAvZ weMZ mKj wKZve I kixAvZi
mZvqbKvix
57
Ges c~Y Zv `vbKvix (!! /:)|
AZGe KziAvb eZgvb cw_exi GKgv Gjvnx wKZve
Ges mKj gvbyli Rb GKgv c_c `k K Bjvnx M|
mevwaK cwm bvg nj KziAvb| hvi A_ cwic~Y
hgb ` ` ,. - .' , nvDm Kvbvq Kvbvq c~Y nqQ|
mg vbi fvvi c~Y fve mwZ nIqvi KviY
KvjvgyjvnK KziAvb ejv nqQ| Bebyj KvBwqg GK_v
ejb| Avjvn ejb, ` .` , ` . :` , _ ` . ` , .` .
Avcbvi cfyi Kvjvg mZ I bvq viv cwic~Y (!!
:/::)| A_vr KziAvbi cwZwU K_vB mZ Ges c wZwU
weavbB bvq I BbQvd cwic~Y|
(:)

54. !! /: ! ::/, :|
55. <<> /~:-~~|
56. ! !>! :/~ !l! :/|
57. <!!<! ~/:, >:, > ! <! :/:, l! /
!! / !< :/:: !! :/:

15
|<| - -1|+ |<|<< x||<
!|! < !
|x+|
Avjvn ZvAvjv gvbe RvwZK GKgv Zuvi Bev`Z Kivi Rb
mw KiQb Ges Bev`Zi hveZxq wbqg-cwZ Anx
gvidZ Rvwbq w`qQb, hv KziAvb I nv`xQ M mg~n
we`gvb| Avi mKj Bev`Zi ga k Bev`Z nj QvjvZ,
hv cweZv ARb eZxZ ea bq| G KviY mKj gynvwQ
Ges dKxnMY Zvnvivn ev cweZv Aavq w`q wKZve wjLv
i KiQb| AZGe cweZv ARbi iZ Acwimxg|
wbg G mK avivevwnKfve AvjvPbv Kiv nj|-
_.,=| (|<|)-=< ||<||-+ .= .
.., . ,.., A_vr cweZv, cwiQbZv I
weZv|
58

_,=| (|<|)-=< ||<||<+ cvwifvwlK A_
_,= (Znvivn&) `ywU A_ c`vb Ki| h_v :
:- -.,,-- _,| | |-+ + |<| Zv
nj . _,~ A_vr Avjvn ZvAvjvi Bev`Zi ga
Kvb ew ev eK kixK Kiv _K wbRi A iK
cwe ivLv Ges Avjvn ZvAvjvi gywgb ev`vi Dci
wnsmv-wel I Mvcb kZv _K wbRK weiZ ivLv|
Avi GUv Kvb Acwe e _K kixi cwe Kivi Pq
AwaKZi iZc~Y| Kbbv wkiK viv Acwe kixiK
cvwb viv aZ Ki cwe Kiv me bq| hwÌ evwnK
w`K _K Zvi kixi Acwe bq| A_vr Zvi kixi k
Kij KD Acwe ne bv Ges Zvi DwQ Acwe bq|
Avjvn ZvAvjv ejQb, , . ,' , ' ` , . ` ,.` . `
` , ,` ` . ` - n Cgvb`viMY, wbqB gy kwiKiv bvcvK
ev Acwe (<! ~)|
>- -,.- _,=| | -<<|i <||i+ |<| Zv
nj, .- ,_ , .- __ A_vr kixii AcweZv
Ges kixi jM _vKv Acwe e `~i Kiv|
<i|i| :- ..- __ Z_v kixii bvcvKx `~i Kiv|
A_vr h mKj KviY QvjvZ Av`vq evav c`vb Ki Zv
nZ cweZv ARb Kiv| GUv `yB cKvi| h_v :

l!, ! ! l<l<!, !<<
. !->! !, (<< !< =! <! !-
!<!<), : :
(K) ,.' .- Z_v QvU bvcvKx| hv _K Kej Ih~ i
gvagB cweZv ARb Kiv m e| hgb ckve-cvqLvbv
Ges evqy wbtmiY nj Ih~i gvagB cweZv ARb Ki
QvjvZ Av`vq Kiv hvq|
(L) _' .- Z_v eo bvcvKx| hv _K Mvmj eZxZ
cweZv ARb me bq| hgb- x mnevm Kij A_ev
^c`vli gvag exhcvZ NUj Mvmj IqvwRe nq
hvq| G Aevq cvwb bv cj Zvqvygi gvag
cweZv ARb KiZ nq|
2- .- ,_ Z_v kixi jM _vKv bvcvKx `~i Kiv|
A_vr ckve, cvqLvbv BZvw` kixi ev Kvco jM
Mj cvwb viv aZ Kivi gvag cweZv AR b
Kiv|
59

|<| -< +x bvcvKx _K cweZv ARb Kiv
mg ewi Dci IqvwRe| Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb,
, :.. , , ` ,..` , = Zvgvi cvlvK-cwiQ` cwe ivL
(~!l< )|
wZwb Ab ejQb, ` , , _ ` , ,` , , ` , .` , . '
,` , ~ ` , , ` , = ` , , _. ' , , ` ,` -' . Avi
Beivnxg I BmgvCjK ZvIqvdKvix, BwZKvdKvix, iK~
I wmR`vKvixì Rb Avgvi MnK cwe ivLZ Av`k
w`qwQjvg (<!!<! :~)|
nv`xQ GmQ,
` , ` , ` ` _` ` .` ` ,` _ = _. = .,
,, ` , , . ` . ,` , , ` ,` , ~ _ . , . ` ` ,
Beby Igi (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, Avwg ivm~jyjvn
(Qvt)-K ejZ bwQ, cweZv eZxZ QvjvZ Ges
nvivg gvji `vb Keyj nq bv|
60

|<| -< < <|-|<|
(K) ev`vi QvjvZ Qnxn& nIqvi c~ ekZ nj cweZv
ARb Kiv| nv`xQ GmQ,
` , ' ,` , ,` ,` _ = _. = , ,,
. ` . ` . ` - ' _` - '` . , ,
Avey ivqivn (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~ jy jvn
(Qvt) ejQb, h ewi Ih~ f nqQ Zvi QvjvZ ne
bv hZY ch m Ih~ bv Ki|
61

>. !|! l< ! !-!, !<: !! !l
!l :/~-:~ l: !!<, : :
:. l, !/~~, l!, !/~:

16
(L) Avjvn ZvAvjv cweZv ARbKvixi cksmv KiQb
Ges wZwb ZvìK fvjevmb| Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb,
. = ' . -` , ` , ,` ,` ' . -` , , ` , ,.` , = ` - wbqB Avjvn
ZIevKvixìK fvjevmb Ges fvjevmb AwaK cweZv
ARbKvixìK (<!!<! ~~~)|
Avjvn gmwR` Kzevi Awaevmxì cksmv Ki ejb, ` ,
- _ ` ,' -` , . . ' ` ,` ,` , = , = , ' . -` , ` , ,` , =` - mLvb
Ggb jvK AvQ, hviv Dgic cweZv ARb KiZ
fvjevm| Avi Avjvn cweZv ARbKvixì fvjevmb
(<! :)|
(M) Keii KwVb Avhve _K cwivYi AbZg Dcvq
nj Acwe e _K `~i _vKv| hgb nv`xQ GmQ,
` , ` ` , ` ,` _ = _. = , ,, _
` , ,` ` ,` . , ` , , . , ` , ` _ ` , , ` ' .
. ` ,` ` , ` , ` ' , . _ ` , ` , ` ,
Beb Avevm (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, GK`v
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) `ywU Keii cvk w`q AwZg KiwQjb|
AZtci wZwb ejjb, wbqB GB `yB ew kvw fvM
KiQ| wK Zviv eo Kvb Acivai KviY kvw fvM
KiQ bv| Zvi ga GB ew cmve _K mZK _vKZ
bv| Avi GB ew PvMjLvix Ki eovZ|
62

||- t| x|||
< ||- |<| |<| - +<| <<
cweZv ARbi Rb H cvwbi cqvRb h cvwb wbR
cwe Ges AbK cwe KiZ mg| DjL h, cvwb
wZb cKvi| h_v-
(K) ` _` ,.` , ~ (Zvn~i): A_vr h cvwb wbR cwe Ges
AbK cwe KiZ mg| A_vr h cvwbi is, ^v`, M
wKQzB cwieZb nqwb| hgb- ewi cvwb, b`xi cvwb,
mvMii cvwb, eidi cvwb, K~ ci cvwb, SiYvi cvwb,
bjK~ci cvwb BZvw`| Kejgv GB cKvi cvwb vivB
cweZv ARb Kiv me| Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, ` , ` , ,
` , ` , . ` . ` , ,.` , =` , . , Avi AvKvk nZ
Zvgvì Dci ew elY Kib, Avi Gi gvag wZwb
ZvgvìK cwe Kib (!! ::)|
wZwb Ab ejQb, ,` ' , . ` . ` ,.` , ~ _ Avi
Avwg AvKvk _K cwe cvwb elY KiwQ (<! )|

::. eyLvix, cweZv eZxZ QvjvZ Keyj ne bv AbyQ`, nv/135, evsjv Abyev`, ZvInx`
cvewjKk, 1/85; gymwjg, nv/225| wgkKvZ, nv/280, evsjv Abyev`, Gg`vw`qv 2/48|
:~. Avey `vD`, nv/20, bvmvC, nv/31, 69, Beby gvRvn, nv/347, nv`xQ Qnxn|
nv`xQ GmQ,
` , ' ,` , ,` ' ` - _ ` _ ` _. = , ,,
, ` ,` _ = ` ` . ` , ,` - ` - , ` ,
. . , , '` . , ` = '` . , ' . , ,` - ` ,` _
= _. = , ,, ,` ` ,` , = ` _ ` ` , - ` ` ` ,
Avey ivqivn (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, GK ew
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) K wRm Kijb, n Avjvni ivm~ j!
Avgiv mgy` (bKvq) AvivnY KiwQ Ges Avgiv m
A wKQz cvwb wbqwQ| hw` Avgiv mB cvwb viv Ih~ Kwi
Zvnj Avgiv wccvwmZ ne| AZGe Avgiv wK mgy` i
cvwb viv Ih~ KiZ cvwi? ivm~ jy jvn (Qvt) ejjb, Zvi
(mgyì) cvwb cwe Ges Zvi gaKvi gZ nvjvj|
63

(L) ` , . ~ (Zvni): A_vr h cvwb wbR cwe| wK
AbK cwe KiZ cvi bv| hgb- ccwm, dji Ry m,
`ya wgkvbv cvwb BZvw`| Gjv wbR cwe wK Kvb
AcweK cwe KiZ cvi bv| A_ vr Gjv viv Ih~
ea bq Ges kixi Kvb bvcvKx jM Mj Gjv viv
aZ KivI ea bq|
Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb,
. , ` ,` ` _ .` , ` , ' _ , ` , ' . - ` - ' ` , `
` , ' . ` ,` ` . ` ` , ` ,` - . ` ,` ` , ` , . ` , ~
` ,` - ` ` ,` -` , , ` , ` , ` , ' , ` , ` ` -
Avi hw` Amy nI wKsev mdi _vK A_ev hw` Zvgvì
KD cvqLvbv _K Avm A_ev Zvgiv hw` xì mv_
mnevm Ki AZtci cvwb bv cvI, Ze cwe gvwU viv
Zvqvyg Ki| myZivs Zvgvì gyL I nvZ Zv viv gvmn
Ki (!! :)| AZGe hw` cvwb eZxZ Rym, ccwm
BZvw` viv Ih~ Rvqh nZ Zvnj cvwb bv cj Avjvn
ZvAvjv mivmwi gvwU viv Zvqvyg Kivi wb`k w`Zb
bv| eis cvwb RvZxq wRwbm viv Ih~ Kivi wb` k w`Zb|
(N) .- (bvRvm): A_ vr h cvwb wbR cwe bq Ges
AbKI cwe KiZ cvi bv| Ggb cvwb viv cweZv
ARb Kiv Rvqh bq|
||-< | |< <^< |x ' |< + x
cvwb Kg nvK wKsev ekx nvK Zvi mv_ Acwe ei
wgkYi dj hw` is, ^v` I M GB wZbwU Yi Kvb
GKwUi cwieZb nq, Zvnj mB cvwb Acwe nq
hve| GB cvwb eenvi Kiv Rvqh bq Ges Zv AbK
cwe KiZI mg bq| cv i hw` is, ^v` I M

::. Avey `vD` nv/83; wZiwghx nv/69; bvmvC nv/59; Beby gvRvn nv/3246|

17
GB wZbwU Yi mewj wVK _vK Zvnj Zv cwe ej
MY ne Ges Zv viv cweZv ARb Kiv ea|
nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` , ' ` , ` _` ` - ` , , ` ,` _ = ` '` . , `
, , .` , , _ ` , ` , , ` , - ` ` ,` - , ` . ` ` ` ,
. . ` ,` , ~ ` _ . ` ` ` - ` , .`
Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) nZ ewYZ, GK`v ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-
K wRm Kiv nj n Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt)! Avgiv wK
eyhvAv Kci cvwb viv Ih~ KiZ cvwi? A_P Zv Ggb
GKwU Kc, hvZ nvqhi bKov, giv KzKzi I c~wZMgq
AveRbv wbw nq _vK| Di ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejjb,
cvwb cwe, Kvb wRwbmB ZvK Acwe KiZ cvi bv|
64

||-< | |< <^< |x ' |< +x
cvwbi mv_ hw` Kvb cwe ei wgkY nq| hgb-
ei cvZv, mvevb, Kzj ev eiB BZvw` Ges is, ^v`,
M GB wZbwU Yi mejvB wVK _vK Zvnj Zv
cwe ej MY ne Ges Zv viv cweZv ARb Kiv
ea| wK hw` DwjwL wZbwU Yi Kvb GKwU b nq
hvq Zvnj mB cvwb ~ ` , Z_v cwe eU wK Zv viv
cweZv ARb Kiv ea bq|
nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` ' ` , = ` , _ .` . . _ ` ,` ` . - ` ,
` ,` _ = _. = , ,, ` , - ` ,` . , ` ` ` ,
, ` , ' ` - ` , ' , ' ` : . ` ` ` , ' _ :
. , _` , ` - , , -. _, ` , ' ` , ` ` , _
Dy AvwZqvn AvbQvix (ivt) nZ ewYZ, ivm~jyjvn
(Qvt)-Gi Kbv hvqbve (ivt) gZzeiY Kij wZwb
Avgvì wbKU Gm ejjb, Zvgiv ZuvK wZbevi ev
cuvPevi ev cqvRb gb Kij Zvi Pq AwaKevi eiB
cvZvmn cvwb w`q Mvmj `vI| klevi Kcyi ev wKQz
Kcyi eenvi Kie...|
65
A nv`xQ cgvY Ki h,
cwe ei wgkY cvwb Acwe nq bv|
<x ||- |<| |<| -< +x
(K) hw` Kvb Acwe eK Rvjvbx wnmve eenvi Ki
cvwb Mig Kiv nq| A_vr hw` KD Mvav ev Nvovi
cvqLvbv Rgv Ki Ges ZvK Rvjvbx wnmve eenvi Ki
cvwb Mig Ki Ges cvi gyL Lvjv _vK, Zvnj Zv

:. ! !! :/: !< ! !/:: !!^ !/~
l! !/ <>!<!, =!l! ~/::
:. <!< << !!< !l l ^! <!!'
, !/:~:, <!! <!, ! !<l ~/
gvKin ev Acm`bxq| Kbbv Acwe e wbmZ auvqv
H cvwbZ cwZZ nIqvi dj Zvi M cwieZb nIqvi
mvebv _vK cv i hw` cvi gyL e Kiv _vK,
Zvnj ZvZ Kvb mgmv bB|
66

(L) hw` Kvb cwe eK Rvjvbx wnmve eenvi Ki
cvwb Mig Ki A_ev m~ h i Zvc cvwb Mig Ki,
Zvnj ZvZ Kvb mgmv bB|
67

<i<||<+ ||- |<| |<| -< +x
eenvwiK cvwb A_vr Ih~ A_ev Mvmj Kivi mgq Ih~i
Amg~n _K Mwoq cov cvwb viv cweZv ARb Kiv
ea| Ze kZ nj is, ^v` I M wVK _vKZ ne|
nv`xQ GmQ,
,` ,` _ ,` ,` , , ` ` .` , - , ` ,`
` - . , '` . , ' ` _. = , ,, ` ,` ` , , .
_ ` ,` . , .
DiIqv (int) wgmIqvi (int) c gyLi wbKU nZ nv`xQ
eYbv Kib| G Dfq eY bv GKwU AbwUi mZvqb
îc| bex (Qvt) hLb Ih~ KiZb ZLb Zuvi eeZ
cvwbi Dci Zuviv (Qvnvevq Kivg) hb gwo Lq
coZb|
68

Ab nv`xQ GmQ,
, ,` , ' ` ,` _ ' ` _. = , ,, _ , ` ,
. ` , , ` ,` - , , , ` _ , ` , ` , ` , , ,` ` `
, ' , _ ` ,` -` , ` ,` -` , _
Avey g~mv (ivt) ejb, bex (Qvt) GKwU cv Avbvjb
hvZ cvwb wQj| AZtci wZwb Zvi ga Dfq nvZ I
gyLgj aZ Kijb Ges Zvi viv Kzwj Kijb|
AZtci Zvì `yRb [Avey g~mv I ejvj (ivt)]-K
ejjb, Zvgiv G _K cvb Ki Ges Zvgvì
gyLgj I eyK Xvj|
69

AZGe hw` eenvwiK cvwb cwe bv nZ Zvnj
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Ggb wb`k w`Zb bv Ges Qvnvevq
Kivg Ggb KvR KiZb bv| GQvovI ivm~ jyjvn (Qvt)
Ges Zuvi QvnvexMY Zuvì xì mv_ GK GKB cv
nZ Ih~ KiZb| hgb nv`xQ GmQ,

::. !<: !! !l !l :/::-:
:. !<: !! !l !l :/:
:. <!<, < <l* !l <<!<' , !/:>, <!!
<!, ! !<l :/:>
:>. <!<, < <l* !l <<!<' <!, !/:, <!!
<!, ! !<l :/:>

18
` ` = ` , , ` ` ` ' . -` , . ` , ` , ` . , , .
` . _ ` ,` _ = _ . = ` , , , ` , -
Avyjvn Beby Dgvi (ivt) nZ ewYZ wZwb ejb,
Avjvn& i ivm~j-Gi mgq cyil Ges gwnjv GK (GK
cv nZ) Ih~ KiZb|
70

x|-< =<t || < <|vf |< |+z
x : x|-<< <|vf, A_vr LvIqv I cvb Kivi ci
hv Aewk _vK Zv cwe| nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` . ` .` ` . ,` ' ' , ` - ` , ` , ' ` _ `
_. = , ,, ` _ . , ` _ _ .` , ` _ ` . ,` ,
` ` , ' , ` , ' , ` - ` , ` , ' ` _ ` _. = ,
,, ` _ . , ` _ _ .` , ` _
Avqkv (ivt) ejb, Avwg nvqh Aevq cvb KiZvg,
AZtci Zv bex (Qvt)-K w`Zvg, Avi wZwb Avgvi gyLi
RvqMvq gyL iLB cvb KiZb| Avi KLbI Avwg nvqh
Aevq nvoi MvkZ LZvg, AZtci Zv Avwg bex (Qvt)-
K w`Zvg, Avi wZwb Avgvi gyLi RvqMvq gyL iL
LZb|
71
AZGe gvbyli DwQ mevevqB cwe|
||< : < <|vf MncvwjZ c hvi Mvk&Z LvIqv
nvjvj Zvi DwQ cwe| hv Ijvgvq Kivgi HKgZ
viv cgvwYZ|
cv i h mKj ci MvkZ LvIqv nvivg m mKj
ci DwQ cwe A_ev Acwe nIqvi evcvi gZf`
iqQ| Ze Qnxn gZ nj, KzKzi Ges Kzi eZxZ Ab
mKj ci DwQ cwe|
nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` .` , .` ` , : ` . , .` - ` , ` _ , '
. ' , ' - ` . ` ` ,` . , . ` . . - ` , ` . , ,
` ` _ ` . ' , . _` - ` . , , ` . ` _ , ` , =` '
` , ` , -` ' , ` , ` _ - ' ` . ` , . . ,` _
= _. = , ,, ,` ` . ` , - , ,`
` , ` , = ` , ` , . ` , = ,
Kvekv webZ Kve Beb gvjK whwb Avey KvZv`vi
cyea~ wQjb| Zvi _K ewYZ AvQ h, GK`v (Zvi
ki) Avey KvZv`v Zuvi wbKU Mjb| wZwb Zuvi Rb

. <!<, < <l* !l <<!<' , !/:>:, <!!
<!, ! !<l :/:::
:. l, !/:, l!, !' <!, !/~, <!!
<!, =!l! ~/:~
Ih~i cvwb Xvjjb| ZLb GKwU weovj Avmj Ges Zv
nZ cvb KiZ jvMj, Avi wZwb cvwU weovjwUi Rb
KvZ Ki aijb, h ch bv m cvb Kij| Kvekv
ejb, ZLb wZwb AvgvK `Ljb, Avwg Zuvi w`K Pq
iqwQ| GUv `L wZwb ejjb, n fvwZRx! Zzwg wK
Avheva KiQ? wZwb ejb, Avwg ejjvg, nuv| ZLb
wZwb ejjb, ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb, weovj bvcvK
bq| Zv Zvgvì cvk Nb Nb wePiYKvix A_ev
wePiYKvwiYx| (myZivs Gi DwQ bvcvK bq)|
72

Ze cvwbi cwigvY hw` `y y B Kzjv-Gi Kg nq Ges H
mKj ci LvIqv I cvb Kivi dj is, ^v` I M
cwiewZZ nq hvq Zvnj Zv Acwe ne|
nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` = ` , , ` ` . ` , , . ,
` _ . , ` ,` , ` ` , ,` ` . _ ` , ` ,` _ = _ .
= ` , , , _ , . ` , ` , ` ` ` - ` , .`
Beby Igi (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, GK`v ivm~jy jvn
(Qvt)-K wRm Kiv nj mB cvwb mK, hv gvV-
weqvevb Rg _vK| Avi ci ci Zv nZ bvbv aibi
eb Rxe-R I wnsm c cvwb cvb KiZ _vK| Di
wZwb ejjb, cvwb hLb `yB Kz j v cwigvY nq, ZLb Zv
bvcvK nq bv|
73

Avi KzKzi Ges k~Kii DwQ Acwe| KviY ivm~j
(Qvt) ejQb,
` ` _ , ' ,` , ,` ` ,` _ = _. = ` , ,,
` ,` , ~ ` _ . ` , - ' _ , ` , ` . . ' ` ` , _` .` ,
` , ' ` ` . . ,' ,
Avey ivqivn (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~jyjvn
(Qvt) ejQb, Zvgvì Kviv cv KzKzi gyL w`j
ZvK mvZevi aZ Ki Ges c_gevi gvwU viv|
74

AZGe KzKzii DwQ Acwe bv nj ivm~ j (Qvt)
mvZevi aZ Kivi wb`k w`Zb bv| Avi k~Kii
evcvi Avjvn ZvAvjv ejQb, ` ` , ` ` - _ wbqB Zv
Acwe ( !! :)|
/<}

~. !< !, l<$!< l*' , !/, l<l, !/>~,
l!, !/:, <!! <!, =!l ~/::
:. ! !!, ~/~, !< !, !/::, l!, !/,
<!! <!, =!l! ~/::
. <!<, !/:~, l, !/~>, l!, !/, <!!
<!, =!l! ~/:~:

19
||< +<||
< !!
Avjvn GK, AwZxq I Amxg mvi AwaKvix| Avi gvbyl
nj Zuvi mevwaK wcq mw| wZwb gvbylK kqZvb nZ
mveavb _vKvi cybt cybt wb`k c`vb KiQb| KziAvb
Gjvnx M| G M Avjvn BnKvj I ciKvj mK
gvbylK mZK-mveavb KiQb|
cwe KziAvbi evYx mg~ni cwZ Avvkxj I AKwg
wekvmx _vKvi Avnvb Rvbvb nqQ| GZ`mI KD
Kbvcm~Zfve wbZbZzb KgKv ce nj Zvi
cwiYvg ne fqven| GLvb GB fqven cwiYwZ mK
mZKevYxi AeZviYv Kiv nj| gnvb Avjvn ivm~j
(Qvt)-K mZKKvixic cw_exZ ciY KiQb| Zuvi
gvagB gvbylK uwkqvi KiQb| Avjvn ejb, ` ' . .
` ,, . ` , , ` - , ` _ ' ` ` , , , . ` ' ` ` . , ,
- ` , ` , . , ` , Avcwb Zv Kej GKRb mZKKvix|
Avwg AvcbvK mZ agmn cvwVqwQ msev``vZv I
mZKKvixic| Ggb Kvb mc`vq bB hvZ mZKKvix
Avmwb (!l< ~:-~)|
GKB ggv_ Ab AvqvZ gnvb Avjvn ejb,
` ` . ` ` , ` _` ' , ` ' , ` , ` , ` , , ,
` ,` , ` _ ` ' . ` , ' , ` _ - ` , ' ` , `
ejyb, Avwg Zv Kvb bZzb ivm~j bB| Avwg Rvwb bv
Avgvi I Zvgvì mv_ wK eenvi Kiv ne| Avwg
Kej ZviB AbymiY Kwi, hv Avgvi cwZ Awn Kiv nq|
Avwg mZKKvix e bB (!! >)|
Ab wZwb ejb,
, ` _ ' ` ' ` ,' , ' , ` ` , , ,` , . _ , ,
= ` , ' - , , , , , . ` , ` ,` ,` , , = .` ,` , . ' ,
` , ` . , . ` , , _ =` , ` , . ` , ` ,.` ' ` _ ,
= , _ , = _ , , , ` ,
n bex! Avwg AvcbvK mvx, mymsev``vZv I mZKKvix
ic ciY KiwQ Ges Avjvn&i Av`kg Zuvi w`K
AvnvqK ic Ges Dj c`xcic| Avcwb
gymjgvbì mymsev` w`b h, Zvì Rb Avjvn&i c
_K weivU AbyMn iqQ| Avcwb Kvdi I gybvwdKì
AvbyMZ Kieb bv Ges Zvì Drcxob Dcv Kib I
l (<:), l<<!<, l!><
Avjvn&i Dci fimv Kib| Avjvn Kvh wbe vnx ic h_
(!!< -)|
GKB welq Ab ewYZ nqQ,
` ` ' ` ` _ . ` , = ` _.` , ` - , . _ ' .
` , , ` , ` , , , ` _ ' , . , ` ` _ ` ,
ejyb, Avwg Zv GKRb mZKKvix gv Ges civgkvjx
Avjvn eZxZ Kvb Dcvm bB| wZwb Avmgvb-hgxb I
GZ`yfqi gaeZx mewKQzi cvjbKZ v, civgkvjx,
gvRbvKvix| ejyb, GwU GK gnvmsev` (!! :-:)|
gvbylK kqZvbi evcK cfve I AvwacZi eovRvj
nZ ivi Rb ZvìK mZK Ki cig KiYvgq
Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, ` ` - ' , , , ,
` , . =` ,` . ` ,` . . ` . . =` ,` . `,` , ` , , _ ,
` , ' . Avgvi ev`vìK ej w`b, Zviv hb hv Dg
Ggb K_vB ej| kqZvb Zvì ga msNl euvavq|
wbqB kqZvb gvbyli cKvk k (<! <!^ :)|
gnvb Avjvn AviI ejb, ` , ` , ` ,` :` , _` , . =
= , ` ,` ` ` ` , ` . ` ,. ` _ ` , hw` kqZvbi c
_K Avcwb wKQz KzgYv Abyfe Kib, Ze Avj vn&i
kiYvcb nvb| wbqB wZwb mekvZv me (!-
!>! ::)|
gvbyl I wRb RvwZK Avjvn ZvAvjvi Bev`Z Kivi
RbB mw Kiv nqQ| AZtci bex-ivm~jMYi gvag
Rvwbq `qv nqQ Zvì Rxeb-hvcb cwZ I agxq
weavbvejx| ^qs Avjvn c` GB weavbvejxi wecixZ
KvR Kivi Kvb AeKvk bB gvbe mc `vqi| Zb
Avjvn ZvAvjv e mZK evYx viv gvbe RvwZK evisevi
mveavb KiQb Ges Zvì c_c`k K gnvbex (Qvt)-
KI mZK Kiv nqQ Zu vi DZi ^c| Dcii
AvqvZjv Zvi my c gvY| gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi c wZ
AwcZ Acwimxg i`vwqZi c vcU Zu vK cy bt cybt
cZv`k viv cZ mZKKvix wnmve NvlYv Ìqv
nqQ| KziAvb GK I AwZxq Avjvn& i Aw Zi weK
h Kvb cKvii aviYv nZ weiZ _vKZ ejv nqQ|
GB mZKevYxi mwVK g~jvqbKvix gy mjgvbì Rb
Avjvn&i c nZ mymsev` Ges Aeg~jvqbKvix Kvwdi
I gybvwdKì eRb Kivi msevÌ Ìqv nqQ|
AZtci mKj AcKgi nvZv kqZvb nZ mveavb
_vKvi mwekl cZv`k GmQ| kqZvb h Kvb
cwiwwZZ `yej ev`vK c_ KiZ cvi Ges
kwkvjx ev`vKI AvgYi Pv KiZ cvi|

20
GgZvevq Avjvn&i kiYvcb nIqv ev Avjvn&i mgxc
AvZmgcY KiZ ne|
Aciw`K gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi evYx I Rxebv`k mgM
wekevmxi Rb GKBfve AbymiYhvM| A_vr Avjvn&i
Av`k, wb`k I mZKevYxi cvkvcvwk gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi
Av`k, wb`k I mZKevYxiI h_vh_ g~jvqb KiZ
ne| bBj Avgvì Rxebi mKj mrKg mg~n wbj
nq hve| Avjvn ejb, ,` . ` , . ` _ ' `
` , , , . ` ,` ` ,` = , ` ,` _ , ` ,` _` , ` , ` ,` , ,` , ` ` ` ,` -` .` , `
` ,. . ' , ,. ` , Avwg AvcbvK (ivm~j) ciY KiwQ
Aev eKvix ic, mymsev``vZv I fq c`kbKvix
ic| hvZ Zvgiv Avjvn I ivm~ji cwZ wekvm vcb
Ki Ges ZuvK mvb I mvnvh Ki Ges mKvj-mvq
Avjvn&i cweZv NvlYv Ki (!! ->)|
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~ji cwZ Cgvb bv Avbvi cwiYwZ
fqven| hviv Kvdi ZvìK Rvnvbvg wbc Kiv
ne| Avjvn ejb, = , ` ,` , ` , , ` ,` _ , ` ` ' ` ,
` , , ` , , . ` , ` , ` _ ' , . , ` ` : ` , ` .
., -` _ _,. ` . , . , ` . ` , , . , hviv
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j wekvm Ki bv, Avwg mme
Kvdii Rb Rj AwM cZ Ki iLwQ| bfvgj
I f~gji ivRZ Avjvn&iB| wZwb hvK BQv gv Kib
Ges hvK BQv kvw `b| wZwb gvkxj, cig
gnievb (!! ::-:)|
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~ji AevaZvi cwiYvg fvj bq;
ZvìK Avjvn c_Zvq wbcwZZ ejQb| Avjvn
ZvAvjv ejb, , ` ,` . , . = _ .. ` ,`
` , , . ' ,` ' ` ,` _ , , , - ` ,` , . ` = ` , , ` , ,` '
` , ' . . . ` ` ,` _ , Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j Kvb
KvRi Av`k Kij Kvb Cgvb`vi cyil I Cgvb`vi
bvixi m welq wfb wmv i gZv bB| h ew
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~ji Av`k Agvb Ki, m cKvk
c_Zvq cwZZ nq (!!< ::)|
cwe KziAvb Kixgi evLv I ggvbyhvqx GK_v
myfve cgvwYZ h, bvix-cyil wbwekl DZi
cZKi Dci ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi nK me PvBZ ekx|
^qs gnvb Avjvn ZvAvjv wbR Kvjvg Zuvi Av`k gvb
Kivi mv_ mv_ ivm~ji Av`kI gvb Kivi Kzg
w`qQb| AZtci hviv Zuvi I ivm~ji Av`k Agvb
Kie ev ZuvìK Awekvm Kie, Zvì fqven
cwiYwZi welqwUI Dcii AvqvZ DjL Kiv nqQ|
Ze Kvb Cgvb`vi cyil ev Cgvb`vi bvix Avjvn I Zuvi
ivm~ji Av`k cvjb wfbgZ cvlY Ki bv| GKgv
AwekvmxivB Zvq cwZZ nq| G welq nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` _ , ' ,` , ,` . ' ` ,` _ = _. = , ,,
` _ ` ' ` , ` -` , . . ` - . ` _ , ' ` , , ` ,` _ = ` ,
_ , ' , ` ` _ ~ ' - . ` - ` , ` _ . ` _ , '
Avey ivqiv (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~jyjvn
(Qvt) ejQb, Avgvi DZi mKjB Rvb vZ cek
Kie, Ze hviv A^xKvi KiQ Zviv eZxZ| QvnvexMY
wRm Kijb, n Avj vn&i ivm~j (Qvt)! K A^ xKvi
Ki? wZwb ejjb, h ew Avgvi xbi AvbyMZ
Kie, m RvbvZ cek Kie, Avi h ew AvgvK
Agvb Kie mB A^xKvi Ki (<!< !/~)|
Ab nv`xQ GmQ, Avyj vn Beby gvmE` (ivt) nZ
ewYZ wZwb ejb, ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb, evK GKwU,
Avi Avwg ejwQ wZxqwU| wZwb ejQb, h ew
Avjvn&i mgK AvQ wekvm iL gZzeiY Ki m
Avb (Rvnvbvg) cek Kie| Avi Avwg ejwQ, h
ew Avjvn&i mgK A^xKvi Ki gZzeiY Ki m
RvbvZ cek Kie (<!<)|
cwe KziAvb nQ mekl Avmgvbx wKZve, hv gnvb
Avjvn&i Zid _K gnvbex gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi Dci
AeZxY nqwQj| Avi nv`xQ nj gy nvv` (Qvt)-Gi
Kvhvejxi weeiY I Zuvi eei A_ev Avj-KziAvbi
ev e ic| Qnxn eyLvixi DcivwjwLZ nv`xQ `ywU
gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi cZ I civ mZKevYxi cgvY|
cmZ DjL h, gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi hveZxq nv`xQ
msiwZ nqQ| myZivs cwe KziAvb I nv`xQ Dfq
mZKevYxi j I Dk GK I Awfb| Gme nv`xQi
mg_bcy AviI e AvqvZ iqQ|
AvwLivZK wg_v cwZcb Kij mKj Kg evwZj nq
hvq| G evcvi Avjvn gvbylK mZK Ki ejb, ` , ,
` ,` , ` ,` , ` ' ` . = - , -. . , , , . .` , ,` -` ,
` ,` . ` ,. ` , . eZt hviv wg_v RbQ Avgvi
AvqvZ mg~K Ges AvLivZi mvvrK, Zvì hveZxq
KvRKg asm nq MQ| Zgb e`jvB m cve hgb
Avgj m KiZ (!<! :)|
Ab gnvb Avjvn ejb, ~ ' ` = _ , ` ` ,
` ,` ,` -` ` _ ` , . ` ` , , . ` , ' , . AZtci Zvi
Pq eo hvjg K AvQ, h Avjvn&i cwZ Acev`
Avivc KiQ wKsev Zuvi AvqvZ mg~ nK wg_v cwZcb
KiQ? KwbKvjI cvcxì Kvb KjvY nq bv
( :)|

21
Avjvn Zuvi wcq nvexe (Qvt)-K j Ki ejb, _.`
` ` ` ' ` , ' ` , -` , ` _ ` , . ` , . ' , ` . . ,.`
` , . , Avcwb Avgvi ev`vìK Rvwbq w`b h, Avwg
AZ gvkxj I `qvjy Ges GUvI Rvwbq w`b h,
Avgvi kvw B hYv`vqK kvw (l>< >-)| G mKj
AvqvZ Avjvn&i mZKevYx we`gvb|
Avjvn&i iY _K D`vmxb _vKj kqZvb ZvK c_
KiZ Pv Ki| G cm gnvb Avjvn ejb, ` , ` ` ,
` ` , , ` , , ` ,` , =` , ` ` ` , ` ` - ` h ew
`qvgq Avjvn&i iY _K PvL wdwiq bq (fyj
_vK), Avwg Zvi Rb GK kqZvb wbqvwRZ Ki `B,
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gnvb Avjvn ejb,
` , ` , . . _ , ' , , - . , . ` ' _. ` , ` ` _
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Ges Zvi Dci KviI Kvb cwZ`vbhvM AbyMn _vK bv,
Zvi gnvb cvjbKZvi mw A^lY ewZZ, m mZiB
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Aciw`K Avjvnfxi I Avjvn& i mw A^lYKvixì
cyivcywi Afq Ìqv nqQ|
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c_Kfve msiwZ nqQ nv`xQ M| cwe KziAvbi
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hvqdv Bebyj Bqvgvb (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb,
jvKiv ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi wbKU KjvYKi welq
mK ck KiZ| Avi Avwg AKjvYKi welq mK
wRm KiZvg, GZ Avgvi cwZZ nIqvi fq| ZvB
Avwg wRm Kijvg, Bqv ivm~ jvjvn! Avgiv g~L Zv I
AKjvYi ga wQjvg| AZtci Avj vn ZvAvjv
Avgvì G KjvY (Cgvb) `vb KiQb, Ze wK G
KjvYi ci cybivq AKjvY (msNwUZ) ne? wZwb
ejjb, nuv ne| Avwg ejjvg, mB AKjvYi ciI
wK cybivq KjvY Avme? wZwb ejjb, nuv Avme| Ze
Zv a~qvhy (wbfRvj) ne| wRm Kijvg, `yLvb
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KjvYi ci wK cybivq AKjvY Avme? wZwb ejjb,
nuv Avme| Zv GB h, Rvnvbvgi w`K KZK
AvnvbKvix ne, hviv Zvì Avnvb mvov wè,
ZvìK Zviv Rvnvbvg wbc Kie| Avwg ejjvg, n
Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt)! AvgvìK Zvì cwiPq Rvwbq
w`b| wZwb ejjb, Zviv Avgvì gZB ne Ges

22
Avgvì K_vi bvqB K_v eje| Avwg ejjvg, Avwg m
Aevq DcbxZ nj AvgvK wK wb`k `b? (Avgvi
KiYxq wK ne)? wZwb ejjb, ZLb AekB
gymjgvbì RvgvAvZ (msMVb) I gymjgvbì BgvgK
AuvKo ai _vKe| Avwg ejjvg, m mgq hw` Kvb
gymwjg msMVb I gymwjg Bgvg bv _vK (ZLb Avgvì
KiYxq wK)? wZwb ejjb, eg~jK aviY Ki njI
mme (Kzdix) `jK cwiZvM Ki Pje| GgbwK G
Aevq Zvgvì gZz DcwZ nq hve, A_P Zzwg H
AevqB _vKe (A_vr evwZj wdiKv _K weiZ _K
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!/:~)|
ev`vi cwZ Avjvn&i mZKevYxi bvq gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi
mZKevYxiI h cqvRbxqZv iqQ, Dcii AvjvPbvq
Zv my nq DVQ| Avjvn&i mZKevYxK cZ
NvlYv Ges gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi mZKevYxK civ
NvlYv ejv hZ cvi| Ze Dfq mZKevYxi j-
Dk GK I Awfb| AZGe Avgiv mev KiY GK
Avjvn&i Av`k I Zvi ev evqbKvix gnvbex (Qvt)-Gi
evYxi mg^q Avgvì fwelZ Kgcv mywi Kie|
Avjvn Avgvì ZvIdxK `vb Kib-Avgxb!

keeivZ
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nv`xQ ck Kiv nq, Zv wbic: 1. m~ ivq `yLvb-Gi 3 I
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23
` , _ ` ` ` ` _ ` ` , ` _ ` ,` ` . ` , ` , ,` ,
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jvqjvZzj Kì| hgb m~ivq Kì 1g AvqvZ Avjvn
ejb, _` . . ` , ` _ ` ,` ` wbqB Avgiv GUv
bvwhj KiwQ Kìi ivwZ| Avi mwU nj ivgvhvb
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ejb, . .` ,. .` , ,` ' ` . . _ `,` , GB mB
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cgyL mvjvd Qvjnxbi wbKU nZ|
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Iqvjv- Avnv` coZ nq| GB QvjvZwU Mvmj Ki
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wbic:
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` , ` ,` ` , . ` ` .` .` ` , ` . ` ,` ` ,.` . , . ,
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KiZ ejjb|

24
Rgn~i wevbMYi gZ wmivi A_ gvmi kl| D
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wQjb A_ev HUv Zvi gvbZi wQqvg wQj| ivgvhvbi
m wgwkq djvi wblavv jsNbi fq wZwb
kvevbi kli wQqvg `ywU ev` `b| mKviY ivm~jyjvn
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GB QvjvZ Pvjy Kib| Gi gvag Zviv RbmvaviYK
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_vKb, Zviv kli w`KI wQqvg cvjb Kieb|
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KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQi AvjvK wbR wbR Avgj mg~n
cwi Ki bIqvi ZvIdxK `vb Kib- Avgxb!!

25
x|-<||<+|< #|x
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(2q wKw)
#|x< -|f+| x|-<||<+|<< <| x|<+|
gvbevwaKvi (Human Rights) kwU AvaywbK RMZ
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mwi inm wK? KD KD ejQb, gnvwek mw nqwQj
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AvM|
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(Avt) Lc~e 1850 mvji w`K RxweZ wQjb| cv GB
wnmvei mv_ evBeji wnmve hvM Ki wbj `Lv
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ai wbqQb| hw` ZvB-B nq Zvnj G wekRMZi
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wQj 60 nvZ
77
Av`g (Avt)-Gi mgqKvj A_ev
ZrcieZxZ gvbevwaKvii Kvb NUbv Avgvì
`wMvPi nq wK-bv| cKZc gnvb Avjvn ZvAvjv
Av`g (Avt) I wewe nvIqv (Avt)-K cw_exZ
cvwVqwQjb `ywbqvZ gvbevwaKvi cwZvi Rb| Zuvi
ci b~n (Avt), Beivnxg (Avt) cgyL _K kl bex
gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi AvMgb NUwQj| GiKg 315 Rb
ivm~j mn 1 j 24 nvhvi
78
cqMî aivavg cwiZ nb
gvbeZv cwZvi j| hvi cwic~Y BwZnvm I NUbv
KziAvb I nv`xQ weklY Kij Rvbv hvq| hgb-
Kzievbx Keyj nIqvi NUbvK K` Ki kqZvbi
civPbvq Kvwej Zvi mnvì fvB nvwejK wbggfve
nZv KiwQj| ci Kvwej Zvi KZKgi Rb AbyZ
nqwQj| wK Abvqfve nZvKv NUvbvi Rb

75. Agj `vk , gvbyli wVKvbv, 13 I 14 ct|
76. Wt gwim eyKvBwj, evBej, KziAvb I wevb, icv i AvLZvi
Dj Avjg, (XvKv : vb cKvkbx, 1986), 120-121 ct|
77. wgkKvZ, nv/5336|
78. gynvv` Avmv`yjvn Avj-Mvwje, bexì Kvwnbx, 1g L
(ivRkvnx : nv`xQ dvDkb evsjv`k, 2010), ct 9|
cw_exZ msNwUZ Abvq nZvKvi cvci GKUv Ask
Zvi Dci eZve| G mK ivm~j (Qvt) ejb,
Abvqfve Kvb gvbyl wbnZ nj ZvK Lyb Kivi
cvci GKUv Ask Av`g (Avt)-Gi c_g cy Kvweji
Avgjbvgvq hy nq| Kbbv mB c_g nZvi m~Pbv
Ki|
79
wZwb AviI ejb, h ew Zvi fvBqi mvb
nvwb ev Ab Kvb cKvii hyjyg KiQ, m hb Zvi
_K AvRB Zv wgwUq bq| mB w`b Avmvi AvM
hw`b Zvi wbKU `xbvi I wìnvg (^Y I ic gy`v)
wKQzB _vKe bv| hw` Zvi wbKU Kvb mrKg _vK, Zvi
hyjyg cwigvY bKx mLvb _K wbq bIqv ne| Avi
hw` Kvb bKx bv _vK, Zvnj ghj~gi cvc mg~n wbq
hvwjgi Dci Pvwcq Ìqv ne|
80

D gg KziAvb ewYZ nqQ ` - , , _` . ' , ` ,` , ' `
` ,` ` , ` , , ` '` ` , , ` , , ' ` ,` ,. , . Avi Zviv
AekB wbRi cvc fvi enb Kie I Zvi mv_ Abì
cvc fvi Ges Zviv hme wg_vivc Ki, m mK
wKqvgZi w`b AekB wRvwmZ ne (!!< ~>/::)|
AZGe Abvqfve gvbyl nZv Kiv RNb Aciva ev cvc,
hv gvbe mwi c_g w`Ki Kvwnbx _KB eySv hvq|
meZ Acivai wePvi I kvw i ee vi Rb AvBb
Av`vjZ GiB avivevwnKZv Qvov wKQzB bq| AvaywbK
gvbevwaKvii Drcw I aviYv GfveB GmQ m`n
bB| Kbbv gvbyl wkLQ h KD KvDK Abvqfve
nZv Kij, KD KviI Dci hyjyg Kij ev AZvPvi
Kij Zvi Rb wbRK hgb ciKvj P~ ov Revew`wn
KiZ nq, Abyic BnKvjI Zvi KZKgi ìY kvw I
Revew`wnZvi Pig ee v iqQ Ges Zv Kej GKwU
cwZ gvZveK cqvM Kiv nq|
Gw`K `ywbqvex eevcbvi mKj vb Av`gK Ìqv
nqwQj Ges Zvi gvagB cw_exZ c_g f~ wg Avev` I
PvKv PvwjZ cwienYi m~ Pbv nq| Avi me wKQz B m w
nqQ gvbyli mevi Rb| Avi gvbyl mw nqQ
Avjvn& i `vmZi Rb|
81
Ab GK NUbvq weaZ nqQ
KIgi Awekvmx bZviv RbMYK wev Kivi Rb b~ n
(Avt)-Gi wei cuvPwU Avcw Dvcb KiwQj, Gi
ga AbZg GKwU nj Avcbvi Abymvix nj Avgvì
ga wbZv B nxb I Mixe, ZvI Avevi Kg eyw mb,
Avi Avgvì Ici Zvgvì Kvb k ZI Avgiv `LwQ

79. eyLvix nv/3335; gymwjg, wZiwghx, Beby gvRvn, wgkKvZ nv/221 Bjg Aavq|
80. eyLvix, nv/2449; wgkKvZ wkvPvi Aavq, hy jy g Aby Q`, ct 21|
81. bexì Kvwnbx, 1g L, ct 50|

26
bv, Zvì GB Avcwi Reve b~ n (Avt) ejb, ` , , ,
. _. = , ' , = _ . ,` - ' . . ` , ` , '` '
. .` , ,` - ` , ` , _ ' ` . , ` , ,` , _ , ' ,` ,` ,` ` ,
` ` , , , ` ` ,` .` , = . .` ,` , ' ` ,` ,' , ~
Avwg Kvb (Mixe) Cgvb`vi ewK Zvwoq w`Z cvwi
bv| Zviv AekB Zvì cvjbKZvi `x`vi jvf ab ne|
eis Avwg Zvgvì g~L `LwQ| n Avgvi KIg! Avwg hw`
Hme jvKì Zvwoq `B, Zvnj K AvgvK Avjvn&i
cvKovI _K iv Kie? Zvgiv wK Dc`k MnY Kie
bv? ( ::/~>-: !!<! ~:/:::-::)|
Dciv AvqvZ _K nq h, gnvb Avjvn Mixe-
abx ewì ga Kvb cv_K Kibwb; eis Zvì
(xbx Mixe-wgmKxb)-K AbK ghv`v w`qQb, hv cvq
mvo cuvP nvhvi eQi c~e b~n (Avt) gvidZ NvwlZ
nqQ| eZgvb RMZi ivRv-ev`kvn abx-Mixe, DPz-wbPz
ej gvbyl gvbyl Kvb f`vf` bB(?) ej h
AvIqvR Zvjv nq, Zv GiB AwZ cvPxbZg HwZnvwmK
`jxj ej ^xKZ| Lc~e qv`k kZvxZ wgkii
ZrKvjxb mgvU divDb hLb Av`k w`jb, Kvb B`x
cwievi cy m vb RbMnY KijB hb nZv Kiv nq|
cwiKbv Abyhvqx divDb I Zvi gxiv mviv `k
GK`j avx gwnjv I Qzwiavix Rjv` wbqvM Ki|
gwnjviv evox evox wMq eby BmivCji MfeZx
gwnjvì ZvwjKv KiZ Ges cmei w`b nvwRi nq
`LZ, Qj bv gq| Qj nj cyil Rjv`K Lei
w`Z| m Gm Qzwi w`q gvqi mvgb m vbK hen
Ki dj iL Pj hZ|
82
Gfve eby BmivCji Ni
Ni Kvbvi ivj co hZ| G NUbvwU g~mvi c~e wk
Aevq| AZtci g~mv (Avt) eo nj îvPvix kvmK
divEbi Gme jvgnlK nZv, wbhvZb-wbcxobi
cwZev` `xK ejjb, . ` , , - ` ` ,` ,` , `
` , _ ` _ ` ` , :` ,` _ . ' . ` , -, ' ` `
_ ,. , . _ . eby BmivCjì Dci
wbcxob Kiv bv| Avgiv Avjvn&i wbKU _K Anx jvf
KiwQ h, h ew wg_vivc Ki I gyL wdwiq bq
Zvi Dci Avjvn&i Avhve bg Avm (-! ~/-)|
GLvb _K eySv hvq h, m mgqi gvbeZv weivax
Abvq AZvPvii cwZev` Kiv nqwQj|

82. Zvdmxi Beb KvQxi, KvQvQ 89; bexì Kvwnbx, 2q L, ct 16|
Gi ciB `Lv hvq Beivnxg (Avt) Avj vn& i GKZev`K
ai ivLvi Rb wcZv Avhii Av`k Agvb Kij wcZv
ejjb, n Beivnxg! Zzwg wK Avgvi Dcvmì _K gyL
wdwiq wbQ? hw` Zzwg weiZ bv nI, Ze Avwg AekB
cv_i gi Zvgvi gv_v P~Y Ki è| Zzwg Avgvi myL
nZ wPiw`bi Rb `~i nq hvI (!l<! :>/:)|
wcZvi GB KVvi agwK b Beivnxg (Avt) ejjb,
' , - ` , . ` ` ` ` , _ : ` , ` ` ' :` , ` ` , , ` ' , .
' ' _ ` ` , _ ,` ` ' , = .` ,` ` .` ,` ` , . ` , .` ,
' , ` ` , _ Zvgvi Dci kvw ewl Z nK! Avwg Avgvi
cvjbKZvi wbKU Zvgvi Rb gv c v_ bv Kie|
wbwqB wZwb Avgvi cwZ gnievb (!l<! :>/-)|
GLvb wcZv-gvZvK h mvb I gvbeZv `Lvbv nqQ
Zv my| GQvov wcZvi mnhvwMZvq gykwiKiv
ZvInx`cx Beivnxgi Dci AgvbweK AZvPvi-
wbcxob, wbzi AvPiY, Avb wbc Kivi gZ
jvgnlK NUbv NUvjI wZwb wcZvi cwZ Awfkvc `bwb
eis Avjvn&i ìevi LvjQ A i Zvi Rb `vAv
KiQb| wcZv-gvZvi c wZ Ggb gvbeZv c`kbi bex
Avi LuyR cvIqv hvq bv| Gfve chvjvPbv Kij `Lv
hve hyM hyM bexMY iL MQb gvbevwaKvi cwZvi
`v| Ze mekl kl I wek bex gynvv` (Qvt) ay
H mgqi eei wbzi gvbyli Rb bq mehyM me kYxi
gvbyli Rb gvbevwaKvi cwZvi GK Abycg `v
vcb Ki MQb, hv 631 L v gvZveK Avivdvn
gq`vb `kg wnRixZ c` we`vq ni HwZnvwmK
fvlY DjL iqQ| 8g wnRixZ 1 j 40 A_ev 44
nvhvi jvKi
83
myL ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi fvlY wek
gvbeZv Z_v gvbevwaKvi cwZvi Rb mKj gvbyli
KvQ GUv gnvKvji gnvmb` wnmve ^xK Z|
we`vq ni fvlY wekbex (Qvt) gvbevwaKvi mwK Z
h mb`c NvlYv Kib, `ywbqvi BwZnvm Zv AvRI
AZzjbxq| mw`b wZwb x K NvlYv KiwQjb| (1) n
ezMY! iY iL, AvRKi Gw`b, G gvm Ges G cwe
bMix Zvgvì wbKU hgb cwe, Zgwb cwe Zvgvì
mKji Rxeb, Zvgvì ab-m`, i Ges Zvgvì
gvb-ghv`v Zvgvì ciii wbKU cwe| KLbI Kviv
Dci Abvq n c Kie bv (2) gb iL, xì Dci
Zvgvì hgb AwaKvi AvQ, Zvgvì IciI xì
Zgb AwaKvi AvQ (3) mveavb! kwgKi Nvg Kvevi

83. QwdDi ingvb gveviKcyix (it), Avi-ivnxKzj gvL&Zg, ct 522|

27
c~eB Zvi Dchy cvwikwgK cwikva Ki wè (4) gb
iL h cU fi Lvq A_P Zvi cwZekx yavZ _vK, m
cKZ gymjgvb nZ cvi bv (5) `vm-`vmxì cwZ wbzi
nBI bv| Zvgiv hv Lve, ZvìK ZvB LZ wè;
Zvgiv hv cwiavb Kie, ZvìK ZvB (mgg~ji)
cwiavb KiZ wè (6) Kvb AevZ BqvZxgi m`
AvZmvr Kie bv|
84

Ggwbfve mw`b wZwb gvbevwaKvi mwKZ AmsL evYx
wekevmxi Dk ck Kib| wekbex gynvv` (Qvt)
Zuvi beyAZi 23 eQii Rxeb Aviei GKwU Amf I
eei RvwZK mf I myksLj RvwZZ cwiYZ
KiwQjb| ivRbwZK, A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK
cfwZ Avg~j msvi mvwaZ nqwQj| ivRbwZK
wPivPwiZ Mvxq cv_K Zzj w`q wZwb NvlYv
Kib, Abviei Dci Aviei Ges Aviei Dci
Abviei, Kvi Dci kZvi Ges kZvi Dci
Kvi Kvb cv_K bB| eis Zvgvì ga mB
mevwaK mvwbZ h AwaK gyvKx|
85
A_bwZK
wZwb m~`K m~Yfve wbwl Kib Ges hvKvZ wfwK
A_bxwZi gvag Ggb GKwU A_eev cwZv
KiwQjb hLvb ivi cwZwU bvMwiK Zvì Avw_K
wbivcv jvf KiwQj| mvgvwRK bvixi Kvb
ghv`v I AwaKvi wQj bv| wekbex (Qvt) bvix RvwZK
mevP ghv`vi Avmb cwZwZ Kijb Ges NvlYv
Kijb gvqi cvqi wbKU m vbi RvbvZ|
86
bvix
RvwZK ay gvZZi ghv`vB `bwb DivwaKvii
I Zvì AwaKviK KiQb mgy^Z I mycwZwZ,
hv Ab Kvb ag `Lv hvq bv| KZ`vm Avhv` KivK
wZwb Dg Bev`Z ej NvlYv Kib|
87
agxq
hLvb g~wZc~Rv, AwMc~Rv Ges wewfb ei c~Rv
Avieevmxì RxebK KjywlZ KiwQj mLvb wZwb
Avjvn&i GKZ cwZv KiwQjb| gvvK_v wZwb Ggb
GKwU Acivagy mgvR I iv eev cwZv KiwQjb,
hLvb Kvb nvbvnvwb, ivnvRvwb, weksLjv kvlY, hyjyg,
AwePvi- ewfPvi, m~`-Nyl BZvw` wQj bv|
wek bex (Qvt)-Gi Rxebx wjLZ wMq Lvb jLK
HwZnvwmK DBwjqvg g~i ejQb, 'He was the matter
mind not only his own age but oI all ages' A_vr
gynvv` (Qvt) h hyM cw_exZ Avwef~Z nqwQjb ZvK
ay m hyMiB GKRb gbxlx ejv ne bv eis wZwb wQjb

84. Zè, ct 20|
85. Qnxn AvZ-ZviMxe IqvZ Zvinxe, nv/2963; wmjwmjv Qnxnvn nv/2700|
86. wgkKvZ nv/4939|
87. gymwjg, wgkKvZ nv/2555|
mehyMi mek gbxlx|
88
aygv HwZnvwmK DBwjqvg
g~iB bb, cw_exi eyK hZ gbxlxi Avwef ve NUQ c vq
cZKB gynvv` (Qvt) mK Zu vì Ag~ j evYx
cw_exi eyK iL MQb| cwe KziAvb ejv nqQ,
` - ,` ' = ` ,` _ ` ` , . ` ,.` -` , , .
,.` , = , , , - ` , , , = . Zvgvì Rb Avj vi
ivm~ji ga iqQ Dg Av`k (!!< ~:)|
wek mc`vqi `w AvKlY Ki Dcvcb Kiv hvq h,
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Kej GKRb agxq bZvB wQjb bv;
eis wZwb wQjb mekYxi gvby li Rb GKRb mdj
ivbvqK I gvbevwaKvii cwZvZv| hgbwU gy nvv`
(Qvt) gv _K g`xbvq Gm mgvR msvi KiZt iv
MVbi cqvRbxqZv Dcjw KiwQjb| ZLb wZwb
cwjK, B`x, bvQviv mn mKj agi jvKi mg_b
wbq GKwU HwZnvwmK mb` iPbv Kib| hv g`xbv
mb` ej LvZ| cw_exi BwZnvm GUvB wQj c_g
wjwLZ msweavb ev kvmbZ|
15
D msweavb ivi
cwZwU bvMwiKi AwaKvi, Rvb, gvj I Bh&hZi wbivcv
Ges agxq ^vaxbZvi K_v NvlYv Kiv nq| GB msweavb
weagx I msLvjNyì mv_ wKic AvPvi-eenvi Kie
Zvi my I Dg wb`kbv `qv AvQ| mKj agi
Abymvixì agxq ^vaxbZvI c`vb Kiv nqQ| KD
KviI Dci Rei`w Kivi Kvb my hvM bB| myZivs G
K_v wekevmxi wbKU Pvj w`q ejv hvq h, mKj
gvbevwaKvii Drm, Dg cqvM ee v I msiYKvix
mek wKZve nj KziAvb I Qnxn myb vn|
/<}
15. Zè, ct 20|

88. weki k 100 gbxlxi Rxebx, ct 20|

28
-| ||# | |-v |<
! !!~
evsjv`ki cwg myìeb msjM Zvjcw xcwU
myKkj fviZ f w`Q| evsjv`ki mxgvbvq enr
G xcwU hvZ Avi Mo DVZ bv cvi mRb fviZ
DRvb nvwoqvfvv b`xi mvZ I cwj wbqY KiQ|
dj bZzb Ki cwj RgZ bv ci Zvjcw xc Avi DuPz
bv nq eis mcwZ mLvb fvOb i nqQ| Iw`K
Pvi-cuvP eQi AvM _K fviZ wekevcx cPvi i
KiQ h, Zvjcw xcwU wejxb nq MQ| Gi Kvb
Aw Z eZgvb Avi bB| wK ev eZv nQ, Zvjcw
xci Aw Z GLbv AvQ Ges fvUvi mgq Gi P~ov
mvgvb fm IV| wK Rvqvi cyivcywi Wye hvq|
AvM hZ `Z xcwU Mo DVwQj, eZgvb mfve Avi
MoQ bv| Ze wejxb nqwb| MZ mvnI Mji
mvUjvBU gvbwP Zvjcw xcwUi Aw Z `Lv MQ|
evsjv`ki cLvZ mgy` wevb I f~Mvj wekl, XvKv
wekwe`vjqi f~Mvj I cwiek wevb wefvMi mveK
Pqvigvb cdmi W. Avyi ie Gme Z_ Rvwbq ejb,
xcwU iKWc evsjv`ki| GKvii ^vaxbZvi ci
_K fviZ Rvic~eK Zvjcw `Lj Ki iLQ|
wK cwmWU wRqvDi ingvb GKevi xcwUi `Lj
wbqwQjb| Gici fviZ mgy`mxgv wbaviY msv
weivai gxgvsmv bv nIqvi ARynvZ `wLq weivac~Y
GjvKvq evsjv`ki bevwnbxK vqxfve NuvwU MvoZ
`qwb| Gi ga fviZ GKvwaKevi Rwic Ki `LQ,
Zvjcw cyivcywi RM DVj Ges Av RvwZKfve
mgy`mxgvi dvqQvjv nj Zviv KLbvB Gi gvwjKvbv cve
bv| eis evsjv`k Gi gvwjKvbv jvf Kij mgy`mxgvq
AbK`~i GwMq hve| ZvB fviZ Zvjcw xcwU f
`qvi Kkj MnY KiQ| wekl Ki evcmvMi
mgy`mxgv wbq gvqvbgvii mv_ evsjv`ki weivai
evcvi mgy` AvBb welqK Av RvwZK UvBeybvji
(BUjm) ivqi ci fviZ G evcvi Aviv wnsm nq
DVQ| hvZ Zvjcwi gvwjKvbv KvbfveB evsjv`k
bv cZ cvi GRb GKw`K nvwoqvfvv b`xi gvnbvq
fviZxq Ask Mvqb wbgvY Ki mvZi MwZ
evsjv`ki w`K Vj `qv nQ, Aciw`K b`xi
DRvb euva wbgvY Ki cwj wfb LvZ mwiq w`Q|
G Aevq wgqvbgvii ci Gevi fviZi mv_ mgy`mxgv
wbaviYi gvag `wY Zvjcw xc diZ cvIqvi
evcvi hwÌ evsjv`k cP Avkvev`x nq DVQ, wK
kl ch m Avkvq oevwj coZ cvi ejB AvksKv
Kiv nQ| Gw`K miKvii gwiUvBg wekl I mgy`
Aj mxgvbv iv KwgwUmn mswk gnj Ges DcKjeZx
mKj kYx-ckvi gvbyli ^c, Avv I wekvm `p nqQ
h, mUgvwUbi gZv Zvjcw xcI evsjv`ki
mgy`mxgv ewZ nqZv wekl f~wgKv ivLe| Zvì
`vwe Av RvwZK UvBeybvj AvBbx jovBq Rvivjvfve
Z_-Dcv I hyw Dcvcb Ki `wY Zvjcwmn
wekvj mgy`mxgvq evsjv`ki KZ Z cwZv P~ov Kiv
nvK| `wY Zvjcw `Lj Ki bqvi c Kvb
hwK ev AvBbMZ `vwe bB fviZi| Zviv h GwU
Rei `Lj Ki iLQ `xN w`b, Zvi wecixZ Rvivjv
Kvb c`cI bqv nqwb evsjv`ki c _K|
`wY Zvjcw wewfbfve evsjv`ki ej cgvwYZ
njI fviZ Mvqi Rvi eiveiB Zv A^ xKvi Ki
AvmwQj| GLb Av RvwZK U vBeybvji ivq GUv
diZi c_ myMg nIqvi AvMB fviZ PvjvwK Ki
xcwU asmi c_ eQ wbqQ|
bevwnbx m~ Rvbv hvq, evcmvMii AMfxi mvgyw` K
GjvKvq RM IVv DcKjxq xc `wY Zvjcw|
evsjv`ki mvZxiv hjvi kvgbMi Ges cwgei
24 ciMbv hjv ewminvUi gaj nvwoqvfvv b`x viv
wPwZ mxgv iLv eivei nvwoqvfvvi gvnbvi
evsjv`k Ask AMfxi mgy` xcwUi Ae vb| xcwU
Mv ev cv b`xi wewfb kvLv b`xi cjj AecYi
dj Mo DVQ| nvwoqvfvv gvnbv _K xcwUi `~ iZ
gv 2 wKjvwgUvi| `wY Zvjcw xci mivmwi Di
evsjv`ki g~j f~L Ges me-`wY evcmvMi|
xcwUi eZgvb AvqZb cvq 10 eMwKjvwgUvi| 1970
mvji bfî cjqsKix N~ wYSo Mvq e-xcvji
`wYfvM AvNvZ nvbvi ci ciB xcwU Z`vbx b c~e
cvwK vb miKvii c_g `wMvPi Avm| ZrKvjxb
Lyjbv hjv ckvmb bevwnbxi mnhvwMZvq cv_wgK
Rwic kl ckvmwbK `wjjc bw_fy Ki xcwUi
bvgKiY Ki `wY Zvjcw| fviZ ZLb G evcvi
Kvb DPevP Kiwb| A_P 1971 mvji ^vaxbZv hyi
gvSvgvwS mgq fviZi cwge miKvi xcwU wbDgyi
xc bvg AewnZ Ki ivZvivwZ `Lj Ki bq|
^vaxbZv hyi Awi mgq xcwUi `Lj`vwiZ ZLb Avi
evsjv`k ev cvwK vb KZci c cwZv Kiv me
nqwb| ci 1974 mvj hyiv i BAviwUGm f~-
DcMni gvag ^ I Mfxi mvgy w`K cvwbZ RM IVv
GB Wye f~Li Rwic Kiv nq Ges xcwU evsjv`k
Ask ej cgvwYZ nIqvq iKW fy Kiv nq| Gici
_KB welqwU wbq n P nZ _vK| wK cwZev`
Rvivjv bv nIqvq `xNmgq ai xcwU fviZi Aea
`Lj iq MQ| `wY Zvjcw xci Pvicvk `k
wKjvwgUvi we Z| GLvb DcK jxq mgyì Mo MfxiZv
gv 3 _K mvo 5 wgUvi| xcwU _K mvRv c vq 43
wKjvwgUvi `wY Mfxi mvgyw` K LvZ ev AZjvw K
N~YveZi (mvqvP Ae bv M vD) Aevb| mswk
weklì ee Abyhvqx xcwU I Gi Pvi cvki
f~icZvwZK Aev Ges msjM nvwoqvfvv I ivqgj

29
b`x `ywUi RjZvwZK cwqv _K aviYv Kiv nq, A`~i
fwelZ GwU Di AewZ evsjv`ki g~j f~L
Zvjcwi mv_ hy nq hve| `ki wZxq mgyèì
gsjv I mswk gwiUvBg wekl Ges mgy` m`
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Kivgi hyM _K G hver cw_exi wewfb `k cwiPvwjZ
nq AvmQ| DjL h, Avnjnv`xQ nIqvi Rb i,
eY, fvlv I Aj kZ bq|
Qvnvevq Kivg njb RvgvAvZ Avnjnv`xQi c_g
mvwii mvwbZ `j| huviv G bvg AwfwnZ nZb| hgb
cLvZ Qvnvex Avey mvC` Lyìx (ivt) Kvb gymwjg
hyeKK `Lj Lykx nq ejZb, ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
AwQqZ Abyhvqx Avwg ZvgvK gvinvev RvbvwQ|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) AvgvìK Zvgvì Rb gRwjm c k
Kivi I ZvgvìK nv`xQ eySvevi wb` k w`q MQb|
Kbbv ZvgivB Avgvì cieZx eskai I cieZx
Avnjyj nv`xQ|
89

eo cxi ej LvZ kvqL Avy j Kvì Rxjvbx (gt 561
wnt) bvRx dKv wnmve AvnjmybvZ Iqvj RvgvAvZi
eYbv Ìqvi ci Zvì wei weÀvZxì va eYbv
KiZ wMq ejb, weÀvZxì wb`kb nj
Avnjnv`xQì Mvwj Ìqv I wewfb bvg Zvì m^ vab
Kiv| Gwj mybvZcxì wei Zvì `jxq wel I
A Rvjvi ewntcKvk wfb wKQzB bq| Kbbv Avnj my bvZ
Iqvj RvgvAvZi Ab Kvb bvg bB GKwU bvg eZxZ|
mwU nj AvQnveyj nv`xQ ev Avnjnv`xQ|
90
bi
weLvZ gbxlx wnRix cg kZKi Bgvg Beby nhg
Av`vjymx (384-456 wnt) ejb, AvnjmybvZ Iqvj
RvgvAvZ hvìK Avgiv nKcx I Zvì weivaxì
evwZjcx ejwQ, Zviv njb, (K) Qvnvevq Kivg (L)
Zvì Abymvix k ZveCMY (M) Avnjnv`xQMY (N)
dKxnì ga huviv Zuvì Abymvix nqQb hy M hyM
AvRKi w`b ch (O) Ges cvP I cZxPi mKj Avg
RbmvaviY, hviv Zuvì Abymvix nqQ|
91
Bgvg Beby
Zvqwgqvn (661-728 wnt) ejb, gymjgvbì ga

89. < <!^!, !< !!l< ! : :~ !<!,
ll! ! !/~|
90. !+ !< >!, l!< l! < l! !<
(l< !!, ::: l:), :/> :|
91. < , l!< l!, << :/::|
|-|<|

33
Avnjnv`xQì Aevb Ggb ghv`vc~Y, hgb mKj
RvwZi ga gymjgvbì Aevb|
92

fviZi kvn AwjDjvn `njfx (1114-76/1703-
62Lt) ejb, PZz_ kZvx wnRixi c~e Kvb gymjgvb
wbw`fve Kvb GKRb wevbi gvhnvei ZvKjxì
Dci msNe wQj bv|
93
nvdh Bebyj KvBwqg (691-
751wnt) ejb, gvhnvex ZvKjxì GB weÀvZ
AvweKZ nqQ ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi fvlvq wbw`Z 4_
kZvx wnRixZ
94
kvn AwjDjvn `njfx (int) ejb,
Avevmxq Ljxdv nvibyi ikxì LjvdZKvj (170-
93/786-809 Lt) Avey nvbxdv (int)-Gi cavb wkl
Avey BDmyd (int) cavb wePvicwZ _vKvi KviY BivK,
Lvivmvb, ga ZzwK vb cfwZ Aj nvbvdx gvhnvei
we wZ NU|
95
ci nvbvdxiv kvdCì wei
gvjexi nvjvKz LuvK WK Avbj 656/1258 Lv
evM`vì Avevmxq LjvdZ asm nq hvq|
G mgqi wKQz c~e Mhbxi myjZvb gvnvv` Nvixi ZzKx
Mvjvg KzZzeyxb AvBeK I BLwZqvixb gynvv`
eLwZqvi wLjRxi gvag 602 wnt/1203 Lv w`jx
nZ evsjv ch mvgwiK weRq mvwaZ nq| Guiv wQjb
bIgymwjg ZzKx nvbvdx| hvZ wgkY NUwQj ZzKx, Civbx,
AvdMvb, gvMj, cvVvb Ges vbxq wn`y I e AvKx`v
I ixwZ-bxwZ mn AmsL fviZxq Kzmsvi| Qvnvev,
ZveCb Ges Avie ewYK I gynvwQMYi gvag BwZc~e
cPvwiZ we Bmjvgi mv_ hvi Lye mvgvbB wgj wQj|
G mgqKvi Aev eYbv Ki LvZbvgv fviZxq nvbvdx
wevb Avyj nvB jvex (1848-86 Lt) ejb, wdKn
eZxZ jvKiv KziAvb I nv`xQ _K gyL wdwiq
wbqwQj| ...Avnjnv`xQMYK Zviv RvbZ bv| KD KD
wgkKvZ cojI Zv coZ eiKZ nvwQji Rb, Avgj
Kivi Rb bq| ZvnKxKx ZixKvq bq| eis ZvKjx`x
ZixKvq wdKni vb nvwQj KivB wQj Zvì j|
96

myjvqgvb bv`fx (1884-1953) ejb, ZzKx weRqx hviv
fviZ GmwQjb, `yPviRb mbv Awdmvi I KgKZv
ev` Zvì KDB bv Bmjvgi cwZwbwa wQjb, bv Zvì
kvmb Bmjvgx bxwZi Dci cwiPvwjZ wQj| Giv wQjb
Avie weRqxì _K AbK `~i|
97

ZvB ejv Pj h, ga Gwkqv _K Di fviZ nq ZzKx-
Civbx mvaK-ìekì gvag I ivRkwi QQvqvq
cieZxZ evsjv`k h Bmjvg cPvwiZ nq, Zv BwZc~e

92. < !l!, l!> !, << ~/:>|
93. ! l!, :!!l <!l^!, :/:~-:
!+< << << !< <!' |
94. < !l, ! !^ ~/~|
95. :!!l <!l^! :/:: < !!< <
!< ' |
96. !! !!, 5< ll (<!l< :>>~ !,
!.!.<!. :>>:), : ~:|
97. !|
Avie ewYK I gynvwQ Ijvgvq xbi gvag evsjv`k
AvMZ cv_wgK hyMi g~j Aviexq Bmjvg nZ ejvsk
c_K wQj| dj nvbvdx kvmK I bevMZ gigx Q~ dxì
cfve evsjv`ki gymjgvbiv g nvbvdx I cxicx
nq co| Zviv ewea Kz msvi Ges wkiK I weÀvZ
Af nq co| Gfve G`ki g~j kixqZx Bmjvg
cieZxZ jwKK Bmjvg cwiYZ nq| hvi djkwZZ
Nvovcxi, Zbvcxi, Xjvcxi cf wZ AmsL fyqv cxi
evsjvi gymjgvbi c~Rv cvq|
98

kvn AwjDjvn `njfx (int) ejb, nvbvdx gvhnvei
wKqvmx drIqv mg~n Ges wdKn I DQ~j wdK ni bvg
hme gvmAvjv-gvmvqj I AvBbm~ mg~n wjwLZ nqQ,
mwjK Bgvg Avey nvbxdv I Zu vi `yB wkli w`K
m^wZ Kivi evcvi GKwU eYbvI we bq|
99
wZwb
Avnjyj nv`xQ I Avnjyi ivq-Gi cv_ K wkivbvg Zu vi
RMwLvZ M vZzjvwnj evwjMvn& i ga (:/:-~)
Avnjnv`xQ wevbMYi `jxj MnYi bxwZgvjv
we vwiZfve AvjvPbv KiQb| wZwb ghnvecx
gyKvwj`MYi cwZ vf c Kvk Ki ejb, Zviv gb
Ki h, GKwU gvmAvjvZI hw` Zvì AbymiYxq
wevbi ZvKjx` nZ m ewiq Avm, Zvnj nqZev
m gymwjg wgjvZ _KB LvwiR nq hve| H wevb hb
GKRb bex, hvK Zvi KvQ ciY Kiv nqQ|
100
wZwb
ejb, h ew QvjvZ ivdDj Bqv`vqb Ki, H ew
Avgvi wbKU AwaK wcq H ewi PvBZ, h ew
ivdDj Bqv`vqb Ki bv| Kbbv ivdDj Bqv`vqbi
nv`xQ msLvq AwaK Ges AwaKZi ghey Z|
101
nvbvdx I
kvdC gvhnvei wek wdKn M n`vqv, Avj-IqvRxh
cfwZi AgvRbxq nv`xQweivwaZv mK Avyj nvB
jvex ejb, Gwj gIh~ ev Rvj nv`xQ viv
cwic~Y|
102
Bgvg Beby `vKxKz j C` (g: 702 wnt) Pvi
gvhnve cPwjZ Qnxn nv`xQ weivax drIqvmg~ni GKwU
weivU msKjb Zix KiwQjb| hvi f~wgKvZ wZwb
NvlYv KiQb h, GB gvmAvjvwjK Pvi Bgvgi
w`K m^ Kiv nvivg|
103
KviY Pvi Bgvgi cZK
Avnjnv`xQ wQjb Ges Zviv cZK ej MQb,
hLb Zvgiv Qnxn nv`xQ cve, Rb iL mUvB
Avgvì gvhnve|
104
Avnjnv`xQMY Zuvì mK_vB
gb Pjb Ges Zvì mvwe K Rxeb cwe KziAvb I
Qnxn nv`xQ Abyhvqx Mo Zvjvi Pv Kib|
= |-=< <|< x

98. !, : :-|
99. ! l!, :!!l <!l^!, :/::|
100. =, !! !l! :/::|
101. =, :!!l <!l^!, ~/:|
102. !+ ! !<, ! !<< (>! ^<-=< l!,
! :~>: l:), : ::|
103. ! !, ^! l! : >>|
104. !<!, l!< ! (l !!, :~: l:), :/: :|

34
:. '<||+| <+< < : |< |-+ | +
<-|<| -|x+ <i|< x|<ix -|< << '
GwU Wvnv wg_v I wfwnxb K_v| Gi eo cgvY evjvKvU
hyi wmcvnmvjvi Avjvgv kvn BmgvCj knx` (int)
wbRB wQjb Avnjnv`xQ| whwb 1246 wnt gvZveK
1831 mvji 6B g evi c~e v evjvKvU knx`
nb| Zuvi mv_x kZ kZ gyRvwn` wQjb Avnjnv`xQ|
evsjv I wenvii Avnjnv`xQ RbMvxi AwaKvsk Zuvi
bZZ cwiPvwjZ wRnv` Av`vjbi dmj| Avyj nK
ebvimx (1206-86wnt) wQjb Avjvgv knxì mncvwV
Ges wZwb Zvì mv_ GK n Kib| w`jxZ
jLvcov kl Ki wZwb Bqvgb wMq Bgvg kIKvbxi
(1172-1250 wnt) wbKU nv`xQ wkv Kib I mb`
jvf Kib|
105
Gi ekx Zuvi m^ Rvbv hvq bv|
weivaxiv AbK wb`vl gvbylK `vlx evwbqQ| ZuvK
wbq hw` KD wg_v iUbv Ki _vK, mUv Zvì
evcvi| Ze Zuvi gvag Avnjnv`xQ `ji De NUQ
ej h `vex Kiv nqQ, GUv AvKvU g~LivB Kej
KiZ cvi| evsjv`k Ggbvgb esk iqQ, hviv
KqK kZ eQi hver Avnjnv`xQ| hgb eni Lyjbv-
hkvi, 24 ciMbv, Mjx, eagvb Aji Avnjnv`xQ
Av`vjbi bZv gvIjvbv Avngv` Avjxi (1883-
1976Bs) esk| Zuvi 7g EaZb cyil gvIjvbv mq`
kvn bhxi Avjx Avj-gvMiex c_g Avie `k _K
G`k wnRiZ Kib Ges Zuvi eski i _K Ghver
cvq mvZkv eQii AwaKKvj ai mevB Avnjnv`xQ|
ZvQvov GB esk wPiKvj cwZ i A Zt GKRb Ki
hvM Avjg wQjb|
106

>. '=<|# #t< |<<|<| |-|- ||-+ |<|x
< |<| -<'
A_P BsiR-weivax wRnv` Av`vjbi bZZ wQjb
Avnjnv`xQMY| Lv` Avjvgv kvn BmgvCj (1193-
1246/1779-1831Lt) wQjb hvi cavb mbvcwZ|
evjvKvU-c~eeZx cuvP eQi wkLweivax wRnv`
Avnjnv`xQ nvbvdx mKj hy wQjb| wK weivax
Avjgì Pv wekl Ki gvIjvbv gvne~e Avjx
cgyLi civPbvq nvbvdxì AbK wRnv` _K mUK
cob| gjvbv KvivgZ Avjx Rbcyix (1215-
90/1800-73Lt) Zvì AbZg| wZwb evsjv`k Gm
wRnv` weivax gZ cKvk Kib Ges BsiRi c
drIqv `b| 1870 mvji 23k bfî KwjKvZv
gvnvgWvb j mvmvBwUZ c` eZvq ewUk fviZK
`vij Bmjvg NvlYv w`q wZwb ejb, GY gymjgvb
cRviv Zvì (BsiR) kvmKK mvnvh KiZ Ges

105. !<!l> !! ! l, l ! , : ~-:|
106. !ll !!! !! !, ~ < ~:::, :
|
kvmKi mnhvwMZvq we`vnxì (A_vr wRnv`x
Avnjnv`xQì) wei hy KiZ eva _vKe| GB
mgq kxAv bZvivI nvbvdx bZvì bvq wRnv` weivax
drIqv cKvk Kib|
107

Dciv AvjvPbvq cgvwYZ nq h, nvbvdx I kxAv
bZvivB BsiR weivax wRnv` Av`vjbK nvivg
NvlYv KiwQjb| beve, bvBU, Lvbevnv`y i I cxi-
gvkvqL bvgavixiv hLb Avivg-Avqk c vmv` I
LvbKvq em nvjyqv-iwU Avi Iim-gxjv` wbq e
wQjb, ZLb gynvv`x-Avnjnv`xQiv BsiR kvmKì
Rj-hyjyg, duvwm I xcv i AKvZi Rxeb wejvwQjb
`ki ^vaxbZv I Bmjvgi mevP AMvwaKvi cwZvi
Rb| hgb evsjv`ki LvZbvgv HwZnvwmK I MelK
Avyj gI`y` ejb,
Kvjg evOvjx Rnv`xiv Avnjnvw`m, jv-gvhnvex,
gIqvn`, gyn`x, Mvqi gyKvwj` cf wZ bvg wPwZ
nqwQj ... wkL I BsiRì wei wRnv` joZ
evOvjx gymjgvbiv mwqfve AskMnY KiQ Ges
AMwYZ A_ I mb cvwVq wbRì KZe cvjb
Zrci nqQ| mKvjxb evsjv`ki cZK kni
Zvì A_ I mb msMni NuvwU wQj| ... gvj`ni
(eZgvb PuvcvB beveMi cvKv-bvivqYcyi) iwdK wgquv
I Zuvi cy Avgxixbi bvg BwZnvmi AMZ
nqQ|
108
m mgq wenvi I evsjv wQj gyRvwn` I im`
ciYi K`j| Avi mKviY wenvi, cwg e I
evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQi msLv mevwaK| Avnjnv`xQì
mw`bi ZvMi djB ewUk Zvovbv me nq I hvi
djkwZZ ci ^vaxb fviZ I cvwK vb I eZgvb
^vaxb evsjv`k jvf Kiv me nqQ|
Gw`K BwZ KiB KwjKvZv wekwee`vjqi Bmjvgi
BwZnvm I mswZ wefvMi cdmi Wt Imgvb MYx
ejb, GB gnr Av`vjb ^ vaxbZvi c~e Zb exRic bv
iq Mj AvRKi w`bi ^ vaxbZvi mvbvi dmj meyR
kvjeb GZ mZi Av` Avgvì nvZ AvmZ wK? my Zivs
GB Av`vjbi Ave`b I Ae`vb `yB-B AeY bxq I
AweiYxq|
109
AZGe Acc PviKvixì ee Abyhvqx
Avnjnv`xQiv KLbvB BsiRi `vjvjx Kiwb Ges
Lvbì A_ eo IVwb| GwU md g~LZv m~ jf I
welcm~Z cvcvMvv gv|
evsjv`k cPwjZ wkiKx wekvm I weÀvZx img-
iIqvR mg~ni wei evivmvZi mq` wbQvi Avjx
ZxZzgxi (1782-1831 Lt)-Gi cwiPvwjZ gynvv`x
Av`vjb I dwi`cyii (eZgvb gv`vixcy ii) nvRx

107. !!<, l l! !, <! !l!! (!!:
:>~) l<l*-: : >>-: :>|
108. !+ , !< !! (!! :>), : :|
109. !! !!, 5< ll : :-:|

35
kixAvZzjvn (1781-1840Lt)-Gi cwiPvwjZ dvivqhx
Av`vjb wQj g~jZt Avnjnv`xQ Av`vjbiB
cwZic| ZxZzgxi 1822 mvj n wMq mq` Avngv`
ejfxi nvZ evqAvZ Kib| wZwb `k wdi Gm
msvi Av`vjb i Kib| gymjgvbì wei wn`y
Rwg`vii emvbv `vwoi Uv I Abvb wbhvZbi
wei wZwb mvPvi nb Ges AZvPvwiZ wn`y-gymwjg
KlK kYxi c Rvivjv Av`vjb Mo Zvjb|
dj wRnv` I kvnv`vZ bQxe nq| nvRx kixAvZzjvn
1799 _K 1818 Lt ch 19 eQi mE`x Avie
Aevb Kib I mLvb Iqvn&nvex Av`vjbi viv
cfvweZ nb| AZtci `k wdi mvgvwRK Kzmsvi
mg~ni wei Av`vjb i Kib| wZwb G`kK
`vij nie (weagxi ivR) ej drIqv `b| ZvZ
wZwb gvIjvbv KvivgZ Avjx Rbcyix (1800-1873) I
Zvi Abymvix Ges AZvPvix wn`y Rwg`vi I BsiR
KzwVqvjì Pzk~j nb|
110
dj ZuvKI bvbvwea hyjyg I
wbhvZbi wkKvi nZ nq| DjL h, evsjv`ki e
Avnjnv`xQ AvRI gynvv`x dvivhx bvg cwiwPZ|
111

wewZ gv-g`xbvi Avjgì h drIqvi K_v ejv
nqQ mUv wQj BsiRì mg_b nvbvdx Avjgì
c| m drIqv ZvivB GbwQjb Ges ZvivB GUv
Avnjnv`xQi wei evcKnvi cPvi KiwQjb|
hgb Avyj gI`y` ejb, mgy`Z A I AvBb ksLjv
chv bv nIqvq `kcwm Avjgì, GgbwK gv
kixdi Pvi ghnvei cavb gydZxì dZvqv cPvii
ìKvi nqwQj fviZxq weklZt evOvjx gymjgvbì
ageywK cfvweZ Kievi Rb| we`kx I weagxì
kvmbvwaKvi Pj MjI G`kUvK `vij Bmjvg
wnmve gb wbq GLvb kvw Z I wbicè emevm
KiZ agxq Abygv`bI Gme dZvqvi viv jvf Kiv
nqwQj|
112
AZGe Kviv m mgq BsiRi `vjvjx
KiwQj I ewUk miKvii c`jnx wQj, D jLbx
_KB Zv cwivi nq hvq|
AbK Ijvgvq `De`K 1857 mvji wmcvnx
we`vni wniv evbvevi Pv Kib| hvK Av`
wRnv` ejv hve bv| Kbbv Bmjvgx LjvdZ cwZvi
j GB we`vn msNwUZ nqwb| AZtci h NUbvi
wfwZ D `vex Kiv nq Zv GB h, 1857 mvji g
gvm wmcvnx we`vni m~Pbvce mvnvivbcyi hjvi
_vbvfyb ciMYvi AbZg m`vi Kvhx Avyi inxg nvwZ
qi Dk mvnvivbcyi kni hvb| mKvj nvwZ wQj

110. .=. <! l~ !, <!! l! l<! (!!
~:), : :-
111. !! !!, 5< ll, ct 63|
112. !+ , !< !! : :: !l
!l!! l l l! !, !! :>~,
l<l* :, ~, :- < : :>:->|
Avgxi I iCmì kvfv ea bi gvag| wK Kvhx
Qvnei kiv Mvcb BsiR gvwR UK Z_ `q h,
wZwb BsiRì wei hy Kivi Rb nvwZ wKbZ
GmQb| gvwRU GB Lei cqB ZuvK MdZvi
Kib I Kvbic hvPvB-evQvB bv KiB KqKRb
mxmn ZvK nZv Kib| GZ GjvKvi jvK w nq
Ges Zviv we`vnx nq DV|
DjL h, _vbvfyb ciMYvi 35 nvhvi RbmsLvi mvZ
nvhviB wQj BsiR mbvevwnbxZ KgiZ| Zvi ga 32
Rb wQjb DPc` KgKZ v|
113
AZGe Zvì BsiR
weivax nIqvi Kvb KviY wQj bv| eis GwU wQj
cwZkvag~jK GKwU vbxq NUbv gv|
114
Avi m eZt
mKviYB DBwjqg DBjmb nvUvi c` wicvU, hv
AvIqvi Bwqvb gymjgvb&m bvg 1872 mvj c_g
cKvwkZ nq, Zvi me Iqvnnvex I Qvw`Kcy ix
gyRvwn`ì BsiRweivax ZrciZvi AvjvPbvq ficyi
_vKjI Kv_vI mvnvivbcyi ev `Deì gvkvqLì
bvg LuyR cvIqv hvq bv| GgbwK Ijvgvq wn` Kv
kvb`vi gvhx (l! !< ! ' : !
:>:>, << ! :>) eBqi jLK gvIjvbv gynvv`
wgquv Lye evwoq-Pvwoq wjLI Aekl ^xKvi KiZ
eva nqQb h, BwZnvmi GKRb Qv weqi mv_
j Ki h, ^vaxbZv hyi BwZnvm gvjvMo I
diLbMii gZ ALvZ vb mg~ni bvg cvIqv MjI
gyhvddi bMi I mvnvivbcy i hjvi bvg cvIqv hvq bv
(hLvb `De` AewZ)|
115
eis 1875 mvj D
gvìvmv KZci AvgY BsiR miKvii cwZwbwa
wgt cvgvi `De` gvìvmv cwi`k b Ki GB ej
wicvU `b h, GB gvìvmv me `v e wUk miKvii
AbyMZ I mnhvMx|
116

cieZxZ 1913 mvj AmnhvM Av`vjbi mgq gvIjvbv
Ievq`yjvn wmxi civPbvq ZrKvjxb gynZvwgg kvqLy j
wn` gvIjvbv gvng~`yj nvmvb 1914 mvji ci ikgx
igvj loh gvgjvq MdZvi nq wZwb I gvIjvbv
nvmvqb Avngv` gv`vbxmn AvURb gvvq 4 eQi wbevwmZ
_vKb| ejv nq _vK h, GBme njy ` igvj gvIjvbv
gvng~`yj nvmvb Zzii Ljxdv I wnRvhi kvmKì KvQ
ewUk miKvii wei mvnvh Pq wKQz jvKK Hme
`k cvwVqwQjb| GB Mvcb Z_ duvm nj Zviv
MdZvi nb| GZ `De` gvìvmvi cwiPvjbv KwgwU ev
Ab Kvb bZeì mwZ wQj bv Ges G KviY
Ievq`yjvn wmxK 1913 mvj gvìvmvi wkKZvi PvKzix

113. !! l ! !!< !, <>!<! !!, . !. <!.
~::, /~, |
114. !!:~ , !< l>! (><!!!, !l!
::/:>:), : :-:>|
115. !|! l=!, !! l ! !!< !, !!< !!,
/~> : =, <>!<! !!, /~:|
116. !< l>!, : :|

36
nZ ewnvi Kiv nq| DjL h, Bwb bI gymwjg wkL
wQjb Ges 1909 mvj Bwb `Deì wkK nIqvi AvM
ch GB gvìvmvi Kvb ew BsiRi AvbyMZ weivax
Kvb KvR Ask bbwb|
117
eis 1911 mvj RgCqvZzj
AvbQvi (mvnvhKvixì `j) bvg kvqLyj wn` h
ivRbwZK `j cwZv Kib, Zvi j I Dk MnxZ
c vebv mg~ni ga AbZg c vebv wQj, miKvii
AvbyMZi cwZ RbMYK wb`kbv c`vb|
118

eZt 1913 mvj `kevcx AmnhvM Av`vjbi mgq
`De` gvìvmv KZc me`v BsiR kvmKì mv_
cyivcywi mK iL Pjb Ges Ievq`yjvn wmxK ei
Ki èvi ci Zviv BD,wc-i BsiR MfYiK gvìvmvq
AvgY Rvbvb| MfYi Rg&m wgmUb Lykxgb GLvb
Avmb I eZv Kib| AZtci gynZvwgg nvdh
gynvv` Avngv`K kvgmyj Ijvgv (Avjgì m~h)
DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kib| GB gynZvwgg wQjb gvìvmvi
cwZvZv gvIjvbv gynvv` Kvmg bvbyZzexi cy|
119

1917 mvji 6B bfî gvIjvbv gvng~ `yj nvmvb I
Abì gywi Rb Ijvgvq `De`-Gi c nZ
BsiR miKvii wbKU h Ave`b ck Kiv nq, ZvZ
Zviv ejb h, md m`nek ZuvK MdZvi Kiv
nqQ| bBj weMZ 30/40 eQii AwfZvi AvjvK
Avgiv ejwQ h, wZwb mn mg `De`x RvgvAvZ me`v
wbzc I ivRbxwZgy GKwU RvgvAvZ|
120
GZ eySv hvq
h, 1857-Gi wmcvnx we`vn ev 1914 mvji ikgx
igvj loh KvbUvZB Zviv hy wQjb bv| eis me`v
BsiR ZvlY evcZ _KQb|
. <- |x|- <| (<:) |< |+|-|
Avgxij gyRvn`xb mq` Avngv` ejfx (1201-
46/1786-1831Lt) fviZi Di c`ki
ivqeijxZ RbMnY Kib| wZwb evjKvj w`jxi
gvìvmv inxwgqvZ `yeQi covbv Kib| ci wZwb
UvsKi beve Avgxi Lvb wcvixi mbvevwnbxZ mvZ
eQi PvKzix Kib| wK Avgxi Lvb BsiRi m
Avcvl Kivq wZwb z nb Ges fviZi mxgv Aj
_K BsiRì wei wRnvì cwiKbv Kib| wZwb
ZrKvjxb fviZi Bjgx ivRavbx w`jxi AwjDjvn
cwievii mg_b jvfi Dk mLvb Mgb Kib|
AZtci D v` gvIjvbv Avyj Avhxh `njfxi BwZ
gvIjvbv Avyj nvB I gvIjvbv kvn BmgvCj Zuvi nvZ
wRnvì evqAvZ Kib|
mvBwq` Avngv` ejfxi agxq I ivRbwZK wP vavivi
meUzKzB wQj kvn AwjDjvn I kvn Avyj Avhxhi jLbx
I wkv viv cfvweZ| wZwb evnZ nvbvdx wQjb| GRb

117. !, : |
118. H, ct 73, UxKv-1|
119. !< l>! : -:|
120. =, : >, >|
mhyMi KwVb mvgvwRK KzcgyKZvB meZt `vqx wQj|
wK Zuvi eei mgw wQivZ gy vKxg-Gi ga wZwb
cwivifve ejQb h, mvaviYfve h Pvi gvhnvei
AbymiY Kiv nq _vK, Zv mwVK| wK bex Kixg (Qvt)-
Gi Bj&gK Kvb wbw` GKRb gyRZvwn`-Gi ga
mxgve aviYv Kiv wVK bq| hw` Kvb gvmAvjvq we,
I Mvqi gvbm~L nv`xQ cvIqv hvq, m Kvb
gyRZvwnì AbymiY Kiv Pje bv| gynvwQMYK G
evcvi AbymiYxq MY KiZ ne|
121
GLvb wZwb
ZrKvjxb wbqgvbyhvqx Kvb nvbvdx wevbi ZvKjx` bv
Ki gynvwQ Z_v Avnjnv`xQ wevbi wbKU _K
gvmAvjv Rb bevi wb`k w`Qb| ejv evj, mq`
Avngì Dciv ee Avnjnv`xQ Av`vjbiB
h_v_ cwZawb|
122
AZGe mq` Avng` (int)-K
wkiK I weÀvZcx mvaviY nvbvdx fvev wVK bq|
AbK Zuvì Av`vjbK ZixKvq gy nvv`xqv
Av`vjb ejZ PqQb
123
Ges Avnjnv`xQìK
mB Av`vjbi GKwU wewQb Dc`j wnmve MY
KiZ PqQb| A_P ev e K_v GB h, Zviv c PwjZ
wPkwZqv, Kv`wiqv BZvw` ZixKvi bvq wbqge Kvb
ZixKvi ceZK wQjb bv| eis ZvKjx`-wbfi h Bmjvg
ZrKvjxb fviZxq gymwjg mgvR Pvjy wQj, kvn
AwjDjvn I kvn BmgvCji wkv wQj Zvi wecixZ|
gymwjg mgvRK Avgj wej nv`xQi cwZ Dy Kiv I
wevbì DvweZ ZixKvi e`j mivmwi ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
nv`xQi AbymiYi cwZ AvnvbB wQj kvn AwjDjvn,
kvn BmgvCj, mvBwq` Avngv` ejfx I ejvqZ Avjx-
GbvqZ Avjxi Av`vjbi g~j myi| Zvì GB `vIqvZ
wQj g~jZt Avnjnv`xQ Av`vjbiB `vIqvZ|
124
Avi
mKviYB Zuvì Av`vjbi dj nvhvi nvhvi gvbyl
ZvKjx` Qo Avnjnv`xQ nqQb|
. 3/12/1886 Bs ZvwiLi 1758 bs viK cvve
miKvi Ave`bKvix jv-gvhnvex `jwUi bZv gynvv`
nvmvqb evUvjfxi ìLv gbhy i Kib Ges ZLb _K
Gì bvg Invex ev jv-gvhnvexi cwieZ Avnjnv`xQ
ivLv nq| < |<< <|< |-x <
evjvKvU cieZx wRnv` Av`vjbi bZZ cvUbvi
Qvw`Kcyix Avnjnv`xQ cwievii Dci Avm| dj Gi
cieZx kZelevcx wRnv` Av`vjb g~ jZt

121. l<! !, <! !!, : :::|
122. ll : ~:-, ~:|
123. !< = <!<!< ll ' !l (<:)-=< l! l
!!< <! ' !-, ! !!< < !! !l
<! (!:) =l!< <l =l ! <l <
l !!< l<! !! l< =l ! !l
< <!< l<' (ll : ~:>, : !-~>) =! l<
ll =! <!< >/ ! !!$! <l !l
^ (!!, l<l, l! !/:> l<!' <!|
124. ll, : ~:-|

37
Avnjnv`xQì bZZ cwiPvwjZ nq| BsiRi AbyMZ
nvbvdx Avjgiv ZLb Avnjnv`xQìK Iqvnnvex,
ivdv`vbx, jv-gvhnvex, Mvqi gyKvwj`, exb BZvw`
bvg me Acev` iUvZv| Avi ZvìB wbi i
AccPvi I loh BsiR kvmKiv Avnjnv`xQ cjB
ZvK wRnv`x, Iqvnnvex ej MdZvi KiZ| Avi Zvì
fvM bg AvmZ Rj-hyjyg, duvwm, xcv i BZvw`
bvbvwea wbhvZbi xg ivjvi|
gvIjvbv gynvv` nvmvqb evUvjex (gZ: 1920 Lt)
Zuvi ìLv i gvag Iqvnnvex I Avnjnv`xQ GK bq
mUv eySvZ Pv KiwQjb Ges Gi viv wZwb mvaviY
wbixn Avnjnv`xQìK BsiRi Rj-hyjyg nZ
euvPvZ PqwQjb| wK Gi Rb mg Avnjnv`xQK
BsiRi AbyMZ cgvY Kivi h e_ Pv Kvb Kvb
gnj _K j Kiv MQ, Zv KvbgB wVK bq|
125

gb ivLv AvekK h, GB w_wmmi cixK gjx wQjb
ivRkvnx, XvKv, PMvg I KwjKvZv wekwe`vjqi
^bvgab nvbvdx cdmiMY Ges Zuvì AbK wQjb
cxicx| GiciI Zuviv memwZg D w_wmm cvm
Ki w`qQb| 1996 mvj GwU MvKvi (538 ct)
cKvwkZ nqQ Ges evRvi cvIqv hvQ|
c. '=<| |-||-< x|<+ < |<| +< -|'
<|< hme jvK Keic~Rv Ki Ges Keievmx gZewi
Amxjvq Avjvn&i bKU nvwQj wekvm Ki, mme ew
wbtm`n gykwiK| Aviei gykwiKivI g~wZc~Rvi gvag
Avjvn&i bKU nvwQj wekvm KiZ (!< :)|
evsjv`ki cvq mKj Keic~Rv Kw_Z nvbvdx bvgavix
wKQz wev jvKivB Ki _vK| AZGe ZvìK
gykwiK ejvq Kvbic wav-msKvPi AeKvk bB|
hwÌ ZvìK mivmwi KD gykwiK ejb bv| Ze
K_vq ej, VvKzi Ni K? Kjv LvBwb|
e. '|<| < |-||-< -|x|# < -|'
<|< Gi A_ nvbvdxì QvjvZ ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
ZixKv Abyhvqx nq bv| D`vniY îc: (1) nvbvdxiv
QvjvZi c~eB Rvqbvgvhi `vAv cob (2) Zvnixgv
euvavi ci wbqZi bvg bvIqvBZz Avb cob, hv
GKeviB evbvqvU (3) hCd nv`xQ Rvbv mI md
ghnvei `vnvB co nvbvdx cyiliv bvwfi bxP nvZ
euvab I gwnjviv eyKi Dci nvZ euvab (4) GKB
`vnvB co nvbvdx gyv`xMY m~iv dvwZnv eRb Kib
(5) GKB `vnvB co Rnix QvjvZ m~iv dvwZnv kl
Avgxb bxie cob (6) GKB `vnvB co iKzZ
hvIqv I iKz _K IVv Ges ZZxq ivKAvZ ùvovevi
mgq ivdDj Bqv`vqb- Gi Qnxn gyZvIqvwZi mybvZ
cwiZvM Kib (7) GKB `vnvB co wmR`v _K DV

125. ll : ~|
ùvovevi mgq gvwUZ nvZ fi bv w`q Zxii gZ mvRv
DV ùvovb (8) GKB `vnvB co KvZvi ù vwoq `yB
gyQjxi cvqi gvS duvK ivLb Ges Gfve ivm~ j (Qvt)-
Gi ee Abyhvqx KvZvii gvS Kvjv eKixi bvq
kqZvbK me`v jvjb Kib (9) GKB `vnvB co
Zv`xj AviKvb Z_v axi-my QvjvZ Av`vq bv Ki
`Z QvjvZ cob (10) GKB `vnvB co nvbvdx
gwnjvMY wmR`vq wMq gvwUZ wbZ^ ivLb| dj mviv
Rxeb Zviv mwVKfve wmR`v QvovB QvjvZ Av`vq Kib
(11) GKB `vnvB co nvbvdx gyQj xMY `yB wmR`vi
gvS eVK em mybvZx `vAv cvV Kiv nZ weiZ
_vKb (12) GKB `vnvB co nvbvdx LZ xeMY
RygAvi w`b gyQjxì gvZfvlvq g~ j Lyrev bv w`q
AvMB wgî em evsjvq ZZxq AviKwU Lyrev Pvjy
KiQb| A_P Avjvn&i ivm~ j (Qvt) me `v ^ xq gvZfvlvq
ùvwoq `yB Lyrev w`qQb (13) GKB `vnvB co
nvbvdx gyQjxMY C`vqbi QvjvZ AwZwi 12
ZvKexii j 6 ZvKexi `b| ZvI Avevi `y B
ivKAvZ `yB ZixKvq (14) GKB `vnvB co ivm~ j
(Qvt)-Gi wbqwgZ mybvZ 8 ivKAvZ Zvivexn-Zvnvy`
ev` w`q Zviv 20 ivKAvZ cob| m m Igi
(ivt) I Abvb QvnvexMYi Dci BRgv-Gi bvg
wg_vivc Kib (15) GKB `vnvB co Zviv Rvbvhvi
QvjvZ ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi R jRv mybvZ m~iv dvZnv cvV
Kib bv| A_P hUv ivm~j (Qvt) Kibwb, mB wbqZ
cvV Kib I Qvbv cob (16) GKB `vnvB co Zviv
mdi QvjvZ Rgv I KQi Kib bv| GgbwK ni mgq
AvivdvZi gq`vbI hvni I AvQi Rgv I KQi bv
Ki c_Kfve mybvZ mn cy iv QvjvZ Av`vq Kib|
GmeB Zviv mviv Rxeb Ki hvQb nvbvdx gvhnvei
`vnvB co| A_P gvhnve gvbv dih bq, eis Qnxn
nv`xQ gvbv dih| ZvQvov meB Kiv nQ Bgvg Avey
nvbxdv (int)-Gi bvg| A_P wZwb cwivifve ej
MQb Qnxn nv`xQB Avgvi ghnve|
126
AZGe cKZ
nvbvdx Kej wZwbB nZ cvib, whwb me Qnxn
nv`xQ gb Pjb| Avnjnv`xQMY hUv Ki _vKb|
Avgiv ejZ PvB whwb Rb-b mviv Rxeb evc-`v`v
wKsev gvhnvei `vnvB w`q Qnxn nv`xQK AMvn
Kib, wZwb wK ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Aeva bb? Zuvi QvjvZ
wKfve Keyj ne? wZwb wKfve ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi
kvdvAvZ Avkv KiZ cvib? ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi AevaZv
Avjvn&i AevaZvi kvwgj| AZGe n Aeva gy Qj x!
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi AevaZv Ki Kvb&
AvKvk ZvgvK Qvqv wè? Kvb hgxb ZvgvK Avk q
wè? AZGe mveavb nI! g Zzi AvMB ZIev Ki Qnxn
nv`xQi AvjvK Rxeb Mo| bBj wK qvgZi w`b

126. <!~ !< < !!! !, (<< !< l<,
::>>/:>>), :/:|

38
Avdmvm eZxZ Zvgvi fvM Avi wKQzB RyUe bv
(<!!<! ::)| Kvb Bgvg, cxi ev gyiex Zvgvi Rb
mw`b mydvwik Kie bv|
. =# x<| -|...
<|< Bgvg Avngv` web nv^j, Bgvg eyLvix I Abvb
BgvgMYi ee gZ cKZ Avnjnv`xQ hviv, Kej
ZvivB bvRx dKv| Bgvg Avey`vE` (202-275 wnt)
ejb, GB `jwU bv _vKj Bmjvg `ywbqv _K wgU
hZ| evKx gyZvwhjv, gywRqv, nvbvdx mn mevB givn
`j 72 dKvi A fy| GB fvMwU KiQb nvbvdxì
kq eo cxi kvqL Avyj Kvì Rxjvbx (int)|
127

huvi gZzwèm wnmve Zviv dvZnv Bqvh`ng ev GMviv
kixd cvjb Ki _vKb| AZGe G welq Avgvì wKQz
ejvi bB| Avjvn mevBK cwe KziAvb I Qnxn
nv`xQi Dci h_vh_fve Avgj Kivi ZvIdxK `vb
Kib- Avgxb!
. |< '<-<|| -x- +|x|' ...
<|< K_vq ej A Qji bvg cjvPb| Gfve
wPiKvj weÀvZxivB Avnjnv`xQK wewfb evR bvg
AwfwnZ KiQ| eZ: KziAvb-nv`xQ Qo Kvb ewi
w`K m^ Ki Kvb gymjgvbi bvgKiY KivUvB Zv
Avmj weÀvZ| Gici wbRì ivq-wKqvm I Rvj-
hCd nv`xQ fiv Ges wbRì AvweKZ AmsL
weÀvZ, hgb- gxjv`-wKqvg, keeivZ, KzjLvwb-
Pnjvg, cxic~Rv, Mvic~Rv, Iim, wPjv, AvLix gybvRvZ
Ges ZvhwKqvq bdmi bvg AvweKZ kZ iKgi
gvidZx Kmir I miKvix wnmve gZ `ki Ab~b 2
j 98 nvhvi cxii bZzb bZzb drIqv I wkiK-
weÀvZi RMvwLPzoxK XvjvIfve nvbvdx gvhnve
ej Pvjvbv wK wb`vl Bgvgi Dci Pvjvbv wbKZg
Acev` bq? Bgvg Avey nvbxdv (int) wK Gme KiZb?
wZwb wK Gme KvRi AbygwZ w`qQb? Zuvi gvhnve wK
wQj, m evcvi Zuvi wjwLZ Kvb wKZve `ywbqvZ AvQ
wK? hw` bv _vK, Zvnj Zuvi bvg fvwOq wbRì
nvbvdx ej gvbylK cZviYv Kivi A_ wK? AZGe
e`qvZx `gb KwgwU bv ej gyLvk Lyj dj
wbRìK mivmwi weÀvZx bvg AwfwnZ Ki
mrmvnmi cwiPq ÌqvB fvj ne| Kbbv mw`b ekx
`~i bq, hw`b nK-Gi wbR^ kwZ weÀvZ AcmZ
ne BbkvAvjvn| evbvqvU gvhnve I ZixKvi gvnRvj
wQb Ki nKcx gvbyl mZi mvb QzU Avme Pz^Ki
gZ cwe KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQi w`K|
gb ivLv AvekK h, Avnjnv`xQ cPwjZ A_ Kvb
dKv ev gZevì bvg bq, GwU GKwU c_i bvg| hv
cwe KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQi c_| gvbyli agxq I

127. l!< l!, l< !!, :/:: <!, !-l!,
<< !!, :/::
elwqK Rxebi hveZxq n`vqvZ G c_B gIRy`
iqQ| G c_i kl wVKvbv nj RvbvZ| Avnjnv`xQ
Av`vjb mB RvbvZx c_B gvbylK Avnvb Rvbvq|
(>) Avnjnv`xQ Av`vjb evsjv`k I Zvi mnhvMx
msMVb I cwZvb mg~ni gvag Ges mggbv ewMYi
gvag `k I we`k hLb evcKnvi Qnxn nv`xQ
wfwK Rxeb Movi `vIqvZ evw jvf KiQ Ges `j
`j gvbyl evc-`v`vi gvhnve Qo Avnjnv`xQ nQb,
ZLb mgvRi GK`j Kvqgx ^ v_ ev`x ivRbwZK
agbZvi Mv`vn i nqQ| Giv Avnjnv`xQ-Gi
wei bvbvwea MxeZ-ZvngZ I Acev` iUvQb|
weMZ Pvi`jxq RvU miKvii cvUbvi wnmve Gì
GKwU `j Avnjnv`xQ bZeì Dci wg_v Acev`
w`q Rj-hyjygi wkKvi evwbqwQj| GLb Zvì Ab
`jwj gvV Mig KiQ| GBme cu y wRev`x ivRbwZK cxi
Qvneì ew`bi Lv`g I gyixìv hLb ZIev Ki
Avnjnv`xQ nq hvQb, ZLb Gu iv PvL mldz j
`LQb, Avi cjvc eKZ i KiQb| Zviv mcwZ
nvbvdx HK cwil` AvnjmybvZ Iqvj RvgvqvZ
cwil` Ijvgv cwil` BZvw` bvgKvIqv msMVb
Kvqg Ki Avnjnv`xQ bZeì KvQ bvsiv Zvì
eB-c Ges Pvji wPwV I KvMR-c cvVvQb| Giv
KD `k Bmjvgx KzgZ KD Bmjvgx LjvdZ KD
Bmjvgx kvmbZ BZvw` Kvqgi k vMvb w`q
ivRbxwZi gvV Mig Kib| Giv wbRiv gI`~`x-
ZvejxMx, PigvbvB-ÌqvbevMx, AvUikx-gvBRfvvix,
wihfx-Invex BZvw` bvg cviwiK `jv`wj I
nvbvnvwbZ Z-weZ| A_P Avnjnv`xQK ejQb
gybwKi nv`xQ|
128
jv-kigi evjvB _vKj Gic
K_v Zviv wjL cPvi KiZb bv| Avgiv ewj, AwZfw
I AwZ wel cwinvi Kib| cwe KziAvb I Qnxn
nv`xQ Abyhvqx Rxeb Movi kc_ wbb| wbRì wKQz fyj
_vKj Zv mskvab Kib| gy mjgvbì ciii fvB
nIqvi myhvM w`b| Zvì ga cviwiK gneZ
ewi cwiek Zix Kib| Zvnj `k Avj vni wekl
ingZ bg Avme BbkvAvj vn|
Avjvn Zzwg Zvgvi wcq ev`vìK Zvgvi wbfRvj
xbi cwZ Ges Zvgvi c wiZ wQivZ gy vKxgi c wZ
n`vqvZ `vb Ki- Avgxb! (..)|

128. !| !+< <!, < !! <! l
!!< !!l <!! (! ! !
!= !!, !! !^<-<, !! ~:~) : ~~

39

|- <|- =<t ||-|<<|<+ <||-
!><! l< <<!
m vbi cwZ wcZv-gvZvi mePq eo `vwqZ I KZe
nQ- ZvìK Av`k m vb wnmve Mo Zvjv| Avi
Qj-gqK wkwZ I Av`kevb Ki Mo Zvjvi g~j
Dk ne ZvìK Rvnvbvg nZ iv Kiv| gnvb
Avjvn ejb,
` , ,' , ' , ` ,` ` , ` ' ` , ` ' , ` , ` , , _ ` , ` ` `
,` , _ - - , . ` ` ,` ..` , = . .
` , , , ` ,` , ' ` ,` , ` ,` , . .
n Cgvb`viMY! Zvgiv wbRìK I ^xq cwievieMK
Avb (Rvnvbvg) nZ iv Ki, hvi Bb ne gvbyl I
cv_i| mLvb AZ KKk, ip I wbgg ^fvei
dikZv wbqvwRZ _vKe, hviv KLbB Avjvn&i K_v
Agvb Ki bv Ges wb`k Abyhvqx KvR Ki (!< :)|
AvRKvj wcZv-gvZv Zvì m vbìK wkv `vbi
Rb AbK Pv Ki _vKb| GgbwK Zviv m vbK ay
zj cvwVqB v nb bv; eis Kvmi ci cvBfU,
KvwPs BZvwì gvag m vbìK AvaywbK wkvq
wkwZ Kivi Pv Kib| ck nQ AwffveKiv wK
KLbv wP v Ki `LQb h, Zvì m vbi Dci
Avjvn Kvb we`v wkv Kiv dih KiQb?
Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, ` :` , _ ,` , ' , . - co
Zvgvi cfyi bvg, whwb ZvgvK mw KiQb (!! :)|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb, ` . ~ , ` , , . _ , ` `
we`v wkv Kiv cZK gymjgvbi Dci dih|
129
Avi
mUv nj KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQi wkv Z_v xbx wkv|
G wkvq hw` m vbì wkwZ Ki bv Zvjv nq, Zvnj
Zviv c_ nq hve| Kbbv `ywbqvex wkv nQ eev`x
wkv| Avi xbx wkv nQ AvLivZgyLx wkv| h wkv
gvbylK Zvi mvi mvb `q Ges ciKvj P~ov
mdjZvi w`K gvbylK avweZ Ki| xbx wkv wVK iL
Acivci vbvRb Kiv hZ cvi| Ze KLbv xbx
wkvK Dcv Ki Ab Kvb we`v ARb Kiv mgxPxb
bq| GZ eis c`PzZ I c_ nIqvi mvebvB _K
hvq|

* ll!, <l! !l !<!!, >!!<
129. < !>!, !< ^!, l! !/~:|
m vbK mywkvq wkwZ I Av`kevb Ki Mo Zvjvi
Rb wcZv-gvZvB cavbZ `vwqZkxj| Kbbv cvwievwiK
zjB Zvi wkvi nvZ Lwo| mKviY wcZv-gvZvK
`vwqZ mPZb nZ ne| Ab_v wK qvgZi w`b jv
RIqve nq hZ ne| Avyjvn Beby Igi (ivt) ejb,
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb,
. ' ` , _ _ ` , , ` , ` ` _ ` , ` , . ` , ` _
` _ _ ,` , ` , ` ` ` , _ . ` -` , , _ _ _ ` '
` , , ,` , ` , ` ` ,` ,` . '` , , , _ _ .` , , , ` ,
, , _ , ` , ` ` ,` ,` . ` ` , _ _ _ ` , ,` ,
` , ` ` ` . ' ` , _ _ ` , , ` , ` ` ` , _
mveavb Zvgiv cZKB `vwqZkxj| wK qvgZi w`b
Zvgvì cZKi `vwqZ mK wRm Kiv ne|
myZivs kvmK RbMYi `vwqZkxj| wKqvgZi w`b Zvi
`vwqZ mK wRm Kiv ne| cy il Zvi cwievii
`vwqZkxj, ZvK cwievii `vwqZ mK wRm Kiv
ne| x Zvi ^vgxi msmvi Ges m vbi Dci `vwqZ kxj|
wKqvgZi w`b ZvK G `vwqZ mK wRm Kiv ne|
GgbwK `vm-`vmxI Zvi gvwjKi mì evcvi
`vwqZkxj| mBw`b ZvKI Zvi `vwqZ mK wRm
Kiv ne| AZGe gb iLv, Zvgiv cZKB
`vwqZkxj, Avi Zvgvì cZKKB wK qvgZi w`b GB
`vwqZ mK wRm Kiv ne|
130

AZxe `ytLi welq nQ h, AvRKvj AwffveKMY
Zvì m vbì xbx wkvq wkwZ bv Ki `ywbqvex
welq wkv w`Z e nq coQb| Avgvì DwPr
`ywbqvex wkvi cvkvcvwk xbx wkvq m vbìK
wkwZ Kiv| KziAvbi Dciv AvqvZ I nv`xQ Avjvn
Rvnvbvgi fqvenZv ck KiQb Ges cwievii
cavbK KVvifve mveavb KiQb Ges cwieviK
Rvnvbvg _K iv Kivi wb` k w`qQb| my Zivs wcZv-
gvZvi c _K m vb-m wZi cwZ mePq eo AbyM n
nQ, ZvìK mywkv I m`yc`k w`q, Avj vn&i fq
`wLq fvj KvR-Kg Af Kiv Ges Gi gvag
ciKvj Rvnvbvg _K iv Kivi Pv Kiv| G c m
KziAvb DwjwLZ jvK gvb KZK ^xq cy K c`
Dc`kevYx weklfve jYxq| Dc`kjv
avivevwnKfve Dcvcb Kiv nj-
(:) jvKgvb ^xq cyK wkiK _K weiZ _vKvi
Dc`k `b| hv KziAvb Gfve DwjwLZ nqQ-

130. <!<, l, l! !/:|
x||-< ||

40
` , . , . ` ` , , ` = , ,` , =. , ` ,` .` .
` ` , = ` , = ` , ` , .
iY Ki, hLb jvKgvb ^xq cyK Dc`k w`q
ejjb, n wcq erm! Avjvn&i mv_ KvDK kixK Kiv
bv| wbqB wkiK mePq eo hyjyg (!! ::)|
DjL h, wkiKi fqvenZv mK Ab Avjvn
ZvAvjv ejb, ` ` ` ' , = , ` ,` = ` , - ` ` , ` -
` , = , ` _` ` , ' , .` ' ` _ . . wbqB h ew
Avjvn&i mv_ wkiK Kie, Avjvn Zvi Rb RvbvZ nvivg
Ki `b| Avi hvwjgì Kvb mvnvhKvix _vKe bv
(!! ~)| wZwb Aviv ejb, . = ` , ` , . ' ' , ,`
, ` , ` , , ` ,` . : ` ` , . wbqB Avjvn Zuvi mv_
kixK Kivi Mvbvn gv Kib bv| Zv eZxZ Abvb
Aciva hvK BQv gv Kib (l! )| Ab wZwb
ejb, ` , ` , ' - :` , _ , ` , ` : ` ` . ,` '
` = ` - , : ` , , ` ` , , - Zvgvi cwZ I
Zvgvi c~eeZxì cwZ AekB Anx nqQ, Zzwg
Avjvn&i mv_ kixK wi Kij Zvgvi Kg wbj ne
Ges AekB Zzwg wZM ì A fy ne (!< :)|
(>) jvKgvb Zuvi QjK me aibi wkiK cwinvi
Kivi Dc`k c`vbi ci Avjvn&i gZv AewnZ Kib|
Avjvn&i vb Amxg| wZwb mewKQz AeMZ| ZvgvK
mecKvi Mvcb I cKvk Abvq _K weiZ _vKZ ne
Ges ciKvj wePvii w`b AYy cwigvY fvj wKsev g`
KvRi dj fvM Kivi RbI cZ _vKZ ne|
jvKgvb ejb, . ,` ` ` , , ` , - ` ` ` - ` :
` ` ` , ' . , ` ` , ' ,` - . , , . ' , ` _ '
= . = ` , = ` , - ` . ` , . n erm! z` ewU hw` mwilvi
`vbv cwigvYI nq Ges Zv hw` _vK wkjvMf A_ev
AvKvk wKsev gwKvi bxP, Avjvn ZvI DcwZ
Kieb| Avjvn m~`kx, mgK AeMZ (!! :)|
() `ywbqvZ h KvR GKv hiix Zv nQ QvjvZ Av`vq
Kiv| jvKgvb ^xq cyK QvjvZi Dc`k w`q ejb,
` .. ,. ' ` . ` , , n wcq erm! QvjvZ Kvqg Ki
(!! :)| DjL h, G cm Avjvn ZvAvjv ivm~j
(Qvt)-K wb`k w`q ejb, ` ,` ' , : ` ' ` . , ` , =` . ,
. ,` , Avcwb Avcbvi cwieviK QvjvZi Av`k w`b
Ges wbRI Gi Dci AwePj _vKzb (-! ::~)|
Dciv AvqvZ `ywUZ Avjvn ZvAvjv wcZv-gvZvK
m vbì Dg wkvPvi wkv `vbi Dk QvjvZ
wkv Ìqvi evcvi ZvKx` KiQb| Kbbv QvjvZ
Akxj KvR nZ gvbylK weiZ ivL| hgb Avjvn
ZvAvjv ejb, . ` . _ ,` . .` - ,. ` ` ,
wbqB QvjvZ Akxj Ges g` KvR nZ weiZ ivL
(!!< )| hw` KD mwVKfve QvjvZ Av`vq Ki,
Zvnj m mnR g` KvR KiZ cvie bv|
() fvjKvRi Av`k I g`KvRi wbla Kivi
Dc`k w`q jvKgvb Zuvi wc q cy K ejb, ` ,.` ' ,
` ,` ,` , ` ` ` , , fvj KvRi Av`k `vI Ges
Abvq KvR _K wbla Ki (!! :)|
Cgvb`vi ew Kej wbRK wbqB ewZe _vKZ
cvi bv| eis cwievi, mgvR I RvwZi fvj-g` mK
j ivLv Zvi KZe| Zvi AbZg `vwqZ nj mr
KvRi Av`k Kiv Ges Amr KvRi wbla Kiv| Avi
mr KvRi Av`k I Abvq KvRi wbla Kivi KviY
ZvK bvbv iKg `ytL-K I jvbv fvM KiZ ne|
m Zviv hvZ nKi Dci my`p _vK Ges
mvnwmKZvi mv_ Abvqi cwZev` KiZ cvi Ggb
wkv w`Z ne| kwai hvwjgì gy LvgywL ùvovZI
hb Zviv fq bv cvq| AbvqK bxie mn Kivi gZv
KvcilZv hb Zvì wfZi KLbv cek KiZ bv
cvi, G wkvI m vbìK w`Z ne|
(5) Qei ev ah-mwnz Zvi wb`k w`q jvKgvb Zu vi
cyK ejb, ` ,. ` : . : , . ' _ ` , ` . ,
` ,` ' _ Avc`-wec` ah aviY Ki| GUvZv `p msKi
KvR (!! :)| wec`-Avc` gy lo bv co m vbiv
hb ah aviY Ki G `xv ZvìK w`Z ne|
(e) jvKgvb Zuvi cyK gvbyl _K wegyL bv nIqvi
Dc`k w`q ejb, . , ` ` - ` ,` .` Zzwg gvby lK
Aev Kiv bv (!! :)|
g~jZt m vbK G wkv w`Z ne h, Zviv hb
wbRìK mvaviY gvbyl gb Ki| wbRK eo fe
KLbv hb Abi w`K nZ gyL wdwiq bv bq| Kbbv
AbK Aev Ki Zvì _K gyL wdwiq bqv
AnsKvii bvgv i| Avi AnsKvi gvby lK mZ nZ
wegyL ivL| hgb AnsKvii KviY mZ nZ wegyL
nqwQj Bejxm| Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, ,
` ,` ` -` ` ,` - . ` , ` , _ , ' , ` , . , .

41
` , , .. Avi Avwg hLb wdwikZvMYK ejjvg,
Zvgiv Av`gK wmR`v Ki, ZLb Bejxm eZxZ mKj
wmR`v Kij, m AMvn Ges AnsKvi Kij| Avi
Kvwdiì A fy nq Mj (<!!<! :)|
() jvKgvb ^xq cyK AnsKvi bv Kivi Dc`k w`q
ejb, . , ` ` _ ' - , . = . ' . -` , .
` -` ` ,.` - _ hgxbi Dci AnsKvi ek Pjvdiv Ki
bv| Avjvn Kvb AvZMex I `vwKK cm` Kib bv
(!! :)| G AvqvZ viv evSv hvq h, `vwK I
AnsKvixiv Avjvn&i fvjevmv jvf KiZ cvi bv|
AnsKvixì mK Avjvn Aviv ejb, . , `
` _ ' - , :` ` ,` - ` _ ' ` , _ ` - ` , ~ .
Zzwg hgxb ` fi Pjvdiv Kiv bv| Zzwg c`fvi
KLbvB hgxbK we`xY KiZ cvie bv Ges DPZvq
KLbB ceZ cgvY nZ cvie bv (<! <!^ :)|
() jvKgvb Zuvi cyK gacv Aej^bi Dc`k
w`q ejb, ` . , ` . : ,` . Avi Zzwg Zvgvi Pvj
Pjb gag cv Aej^b Ki (!! :>)| gag cvq
PjvPji KviY gvbyl mvwbZ nq| ZvB m vbìK
gag cv Aej^bi Dc`k w`Z ne|
(o) jvKgvb Zuvi cyK wbgî K_v ejvi Dc`k
w`q ejb, ` ` ` . , ` ' . : ` , . . ,.` . ' ,.
.` , - ` .` , .. , Avi Zvgvi Kî wbPz Ki| wbqB
îi ga mePq KKk AvIqvR nj Mvavi AvIqvR
(!! :>)|
DPtî K_v ejv kvjxbZv weivax| mf mgvR
DPtî K_v ejv cm` Ki bv| ZvB m vbìK
big I myì fvlvq K_v ejv wkv w`Z ne|
wcZv-gvZvi `vwqZ nj, m vbK jvKgvbi bvq Dc`k
`qv, hv wZwb Zvi wcq cyK w`qwQjb| G `vwqZ cvjb
Kiv wcZv-gvZvi GKv KZe| nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` _ , ' ,` , ,` _ . = ` ` ` ,` _ = _. =
, ,, ` , ` ` , ` . ` , ` - ` , ` ' ` .
, ` , ' ` , , ` , ,
Avey ivqivn (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~j (Qvt)
ejQb, Av`g m vb cZKB KZv| myZivs cyil Zvi
cwievii KZv Ges bvix Zvi Nii KZx|
131

131. : >! !/: ll! ! !/~:|
G nv`xQ viv eySv hvq h, m vbK Av`k m vb ic
Mo Zvjvi `vwqZ wcZv-gvZvi| wcZv-gvZvi KviY
m vb Av`kevb nq Ges Zvì KviYB m vb `y wii
AwaKvix nq| Zgwb wcZv-gvZvi KviY m vb wewfb ag
MnY Ki _vK| hgb nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` _ , ' ,` , ,` ` ` ' . ` , , ` ,` _ = _. = ,
,, ` ` , ` , . ` ,` , ` _ , = ` , , ' ` , ,` ,
,` . ` , , ` - ` , ,
Avey ivqivn (ivt) _K ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~jyjvn
(Qvt) ejQb, cZK m vb Bmjvgx ^ fvei Dci
RbMnY Ki| AZtci Zvi gvZv-wcZv ZvK B`x,
Lvb I AwM DcvmK ic Mo Zvj|
132

Aciw`K m vbK Av`k evb ic Mo ZzjZ wcZv-
gvZvi AbZg `vwqZ nj Zvì Rb mr mx Ly u R ei
Kiv| hgb ejv nq _vK, mr m ^Mevm, Amr m
mebvk| G cm ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejb,
` ` _ , ' ` ,` _ _._ = ` _ ` _. = , ,,
` , - _ ` . .` ,` , - :` _ ,
` , . , - :` ` . ' . : , ` -` , ` , . ' _ ` .` `
` , . ' - ` ` ` , _ - . ` , ~ ` _ , ` , , ` . ' ,` -` ,
. : , , ` , . ' - ` , _ - ` , -
Avey g~mv (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~ jyjvn (Qvt)
ejQb, Dg mx I g` mxi ` v nQ, wgkK Avî
I nvci Iqvjvi bvq| wgkK Avî Iqvjv nqZv ZvgvK
wKQz `vb Kie A_ev Zvi KvQ _K wKQz q KiZ
cvie A_ev Zvi KvQ _K Zzwg myMw jvf Kie| Avi
nvci Iqvjv Zvgvi Kvco Rvwjq wè A_ev Zvi KvQ
_K Zzwg `yM cve|
133
GB nv`xQ viv cZxqgvb nq
h, mxi KviY m vb wewfb ^fvei nZ cvi| ZvB
GB w`K wcZv-gvZvi weklfve Lqvj ivLv DwPr|
cwikl eje, wcZv-gvZv m vb wbq cwievi| wcZv-
gvZv cwievii g~j| m vbK Av`kevb Ki Mo
Zvjvi `vwqZ ZvìB| ZvB ZvìK G welq hZevb
nZ ne| Avi m vb Av`kevb I Bmjvgx gb-
gvbwmKZvq Mo DV h_vh_ Bev`Z KiZ cvij
RvbvZ hZ cvie| ZvB cZK wcZv-gvZvK KziAvb
I Qnxn nv`xQi Abymvix nq wbRK I Zvi cwieviK
Rvnvbvgi Avb _K iv Kivi Pv KiZ ne|
Avjvn Avgvì ZvIdxK `vb Kib-Avgxb!!

132. !! !!, l! !/>|
133. <!< !/:|

42

|-| <+|<| <|-|< | ||<
+|+-
gywgb Zvi cvci KviY Rvnvbvgi Avb ` ne| wK
Zvi Cgvbi KviY GK mgq m RvbvZ hve| Rvb vZ
hvIqvi c~e Avjvn ZvAvjv I ev`vi ga h
K_vcK_b ne, m mK wbgv nv`xQ-
Ave~ ivqiv (ivt) nZ ewYZ, jvKiv wRm Kij, n
Avjvn& i ivm~j (Qvt)! Avgiv wK wKqvgZi w`b Avgvì
cwZcvjKK `LZ cve? AZtci Ave~ ivqiv (ivt)
nv`xQi evKx Ask Ave~ mvC` Lyìx (ivt) ewYZ nv`xQi
Abyic eYbv KiQb| Ze Ave~ ivqiv (ivt) Avjvn&i
cvqi bjv cKvk Kieb G K_vwU DjL Kibwb| Avi
ivm~j (Qvt) ejQb, Rvnvbvgi Dci cyjwQivZ vcb
Kiv ne| m mgq ivm~jMYi ga Avwg Ges Avgvi
DZB mec_g cyjwQivZ cvi ne| mw`b cyjwQivZ cvi
nIqvi mgq ivm~jMY Qvov Avi KD K_v ejeb bv| Avi
ivm~jMY ay ejeb, mvwjg mvwjg, n Avjvn! wbivc`
ivL, n Avj vn! wbivc` ivL| Avi Rvnvbvgi ga
mv`vbi KuvUvi bvq AvsUv _vKe, mwj mv`vbi KuvUvi
gZ Ze mwj KZ eo Zv AvjvnB fvj Rvbb| H
AvsUvwj gvbylK Zvi Avgj AbycvZ AuvKo aie|
myZivs wKQz jvK wbR Avgji KviY asm ne Ges wKQz
jvK UzKiv UzKiv nq hve, ci Avevi bvRvZ cve|
Aekl hLb Avjvn wePvi kl Kieb, wbRi wekl
`qv viv wKQz gvbylK Rvnvb vg _K gyw Ìqvi BQv
Kieb| Avi hviv mv w`qQ h, GK Avjvn Qvov Kvb
gve~` bB| ZLb Avjvn dikZvì Av`k Kieb h,
hviv GKgv Avjvn& i Bev`Z KiQ ZvìK Rvnvbvg
nZ ei Ki Avb| ZLb Zviv H mg jvKì Kcvj
wmR`vi wP `L wPbZ cvieb Ges Rvnvbvg _K ei
Ki Avbeb| Avi Avjvn wmR`v wPwZ vbmg~ n Avbi
Rb R vjvbv nvivg Ki w`qQb| dj Rvnvbvg wbw
cwZwU gvbyli wmR`vi vb eZxZ Rvnvbvgi Avb MvUv
`nwU R vwjq wbw Ki wè| myZivs ZvìK Ggb
AwM` Ae vq Rvnvbvg nZ ei Kiv ne h, Zviv
GKevi Kqjv nq hve| ZLb Zvì Dci nvqvZ `vb
Kiv cvwb Xj Ìqv ne| GZ Zviv Ggbfve mRxe
nq DVe, hgb Kvb exR cvwbi mvZi avi mRxe nq
DV| m mgq Rvnvb vg nZ mekl Rvb vZ cekKvix
GK ew RvbvZ I Rvnvbvgi gvS _K hve, hvi gyL
ne Rvnvbvgi w`K| m eje, n Avgvi cwZcvjK!
Rvnvb vgi w`K nZ Avgvi gy LLvbv wdwiq w`b| KviY
Rvnvb vgi D nvIqv AvgvK AZwaK K w`Q Ges
Zvi AwMwkLv AvgvK ` Ki djQ| ZLb Avjvn
ejeb, Zzwg hv PvQ Zv w`j Avi Ab wKQz PvBe wK?
ZLb m eje, Avcbvi mvbi Kmg Ki ejwQ, Avwg
Avi wKQzB PvBe bv| Avi m Avjvn& i BQvZB G
cwZkwZ c`vb Kie| ZLb Avj vn Zvi gyLK Rvnvb vgi
w`K nZ Nywiq wèb| hLb m RvbvZi w`K gyL
Kie Ges Zvi PvKwPK I kvgj `k `LZ cve, ZLb
Avjvn hZY Pzc ivLZ PvBeb ZZY Pzc _vKe|
Zvici eje, n Avgvi c wZcvjK! AvgvK RvbvZi
ìRv ch wbq hvb| G K_v b Avjvn ejeb, Zzwg wK
cwZkwZ `vIwb h, Zzwg GKevi hv PqQ ZvQvov KLbI
Avi Ab wKQz PvBe bv| ZLb m eje, n Avgvi
cwZcvjK! Avcwb AvgvK Avcbvi m wK~ji ga
mevcv nZfvM Kieb bv| ZLb Avjvn ejeb, AvQv,
ZvgvK hw` G mg wKQz Ìqv nq Zvnj wK Ab Avi
wKQy PvBe? m eje, bv| Avcbvi mvbi Kmg! GQvov
Avwg Avi wKQzB PvBe bv| m Avjvn& i BQvZB G
cwZkwZ c`vb Kie| ZLb ZvK RvbvZi ìRvi KvQ
wbq Avmv ne| Gmgq m Zvi gaKvi Avivg-Avqk I
Avbì cvPzh `LZ cve Ges Avjvn hZY Pzc ivLZ
PvBeb ZZY m Pzc _vKe| AZtci m eje, n
Avgvi cwZcvjK! AvgvK Rvb vZ cek Kwiq w`b|
ZLb Avjvn ejeb, Avdmvm n Av`g m vb! Zz wg
mvsNvwZK Iqv`v fKvix| Zzwg wK G gg cwZk wZ `vIwb
h, Avwg hv wKQz wè, ZvQvov Ab Avi wKQz PvBe bv?
ZLb m eje, n Avgvi cwZcvjK! AvgvK Avcbvi
mwi ga mKji Pq `y fvMv Kieb bv| GB ej m
Avjvn& i KvQ cv_bv KiZ _vKe| GgbwK Zvi G wgbwZ
`L Avjvn nm DVeb| hLb wZwb nm djeb ZLb
ZvK Rvb vZ ceki AbygwZ w`q ejeb, Gevi PvI
Zvgvi hv PvIqvi AvQ| ZLb m Avj vn&i KvQ gb Lyj
PvBe| GgbwK hLb Zvi AvKvsLv kl nq hve, ZLb
Avjvn iY Kwiq w`q ejeb, GUv PvI, IUv PvI|
GgbwK m AvKvsLvI hLb kl nq hve| ZLb Avjvn
ejeb, G mg wKQzB ZvgvK Ìqv nj| Ave~ mvC`
Lyìx (ivt)-Gi eYbvq AvQ- Avj vn ejeb, hvI
ZvgvK G mg wKQz Zv w`jvg, Gi m AviI `kY
cwigvY w`jvg (<!<, l, l! !/::)|
Avjvn& i cwZ h_v_ Cgvb AvbqbKvix ew Zvi cvci
KviY Rvnvbvg MjI Kvb GK mgq Avj vn ^xq
ingZ gywgb ewK Rvb vZ cek Kiveb| ZvB
Avgvì DwPZ Avjvn&i cwZ GKwbfve Cgvb Avbqb
Kiv Ges h_vmva Avgj Qvjn Kiv| Avjvn Avgvì
ZvIdxK `vb Kib- Avgxb!
!|! !< !!<
l&<, !!!$!, ^!!^&
|-|v<

43

+|| |+|< <|<
Avgxb Abvm-gvvm cvk GKRb UMeM hyeK| Abvb
Qjì gZv ZvK PvKwii Rb vi vi nu vUZ nqwb ekx
w`b| wekwe`vjq _K ewiq Qq gvmi ga PvKwi Ry U
Mj| Lye fvj PvKwi| eo Awdmvi c`| eZbI ek fvj|
wK cwikgUv GKUz ekx| mB mKvj 8-Uv _K ivZ 8-Uv
ch|
^ZtZZv, KgPvj I mRbkxj wP vaviv w`q m A
mgqi ga Awdmi QvU-eo mevi gb Rq Ki dj| m
Awdmi KvR LyeB hZkxj I Av wiK| Zvi nvwhiv LvZvq
Kvbw`b jvjKvwji `vM cowb|
cvwbi mvZi gZv w`b eq Pjj| BwZga PvKwi Rxeb Zvi
cg eQi c`vcY| mdjZvi mv_ G eQiUv PvLi cjK
KU Mj| l eQi PjQ| mw`bwUi K_v AvRv Zvi fvj
iY AvQ| fyj hve wK Ki? w`bwU wQj mvgevi| mKvj 7-
Uvq Nyg fvjv| Rvbvjv w`q evBi mvbvSiv ivyi Pvwiw`K
Sjgj KiQ| `Z weQvbv Qo DV Kvb GK ARvbv Avb`
wbR wbR nvmj Avgxb| Zvici Mvmji Rb ev_ig XyK
mvevb-kvy gL Lye fvj Ki Mvmj Kij| wgwbU `kK
eq nj ZvZ| Gevi wPiYx wbq Avqbvi mvgb ùvovj|
Avqbvq PvL coZB fxlYfve PgK DVj m| `wcUvq
hb nvZzwoi evwo coj| nvZzox cUvbvi k hb m wbRi
KvbI bZ cvQ| wbRi ARv B AvZwPrKvi ewiq Gjv
Zvi gyL _K| Avqbvi KvQ _K 7-8 cv wcwQq Avmj m|
Zvi mg kixi Aek nq AvmZ jvMj| gb nj kixii
wkiv-Dcwkivq i PjvPj e nq hvQ| wbRi PvLK
wekvm KiZ cvij bv| f~Z `Lvi gZ gb nj| mwK! Zve
evcvi|
wbevK cv_ii gZ KZ mgq ùvwoq wQj m Zv ejZ cvie bv|
wbRi ga kw-mvnm mq Ki GK cv `y cv Ki Avqbvi Lye
KvQ Pj Mj m| nvZ w`q fvj Ki `LZ jvMj| ZvBZv
bvK Mj Kv_vq? nvIqv nq Mj bvwK? m gb Kij hb MZ
ivZ KD Pzwi Ki wbq MQ| wK mLvb Zv ii `vM
_vKe| ZvI Zv bB| ZvK KZ exfrm `LvQ| wK Ggb
Zv nevi K_v wQj bv|
GZY wbRK m Avwevi Kij| mg kixi kxZi eid
Rgv wekvj cvnvo| kixi GZ fvix gb nj h cv Zvjvi
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cmvabx KvR eenvi Kiv hvq| c wZw`b 8 _K 24
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47

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(1) Dcgnv`k eveyj Bmjvg KvK ejv nq?
(2) mgM gvbeRvwZi wcZf~wg KvK ej?
(3) eveyj gv KvK ej?
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(5) evsjv`k eveyj Bmjvg KvK ej?
t << <!
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1. c_g wnRix mbK 33 w`q fvM Ki ay fvMdjwU
MnY Kie (fvMkli wP v Kie bv)|
2. Gici wnRix mb _K fvMdjwU weqvM Kie|
3. mekl weqvMdji mv_ 622 (gnvbexi g`xbv
wnRiZi el) hvM Kie| mekl GB hvMdjwUB ne
KvwLZ Lv ev BsiRx mvj|
hgb 1435 wnRixZ Lxxq mb KZ ne? DwjwLZ
wbqgvbyhvqx-
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(L) 1435-43 =1392
(M) 1392+622= 2014
GB hvMdj Z_v 2014B nj KvwLZ Lv| Gfve c~ei
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vbxq ckvmbi KvQ mfv ei Rb `b-ìevi Ki|
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gvbQ~ii ingvb, Kzwqv-cwg hjv Av`vjb-Gi
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mv`K Avyj nvjxg cgyL| mjb Bmjvgx RvMiYx
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t- t<|-
|-|-

52
x|-<< x<i |<^1|<+ x<|-|< =+x|
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Avnjnv`xQ Av`vjb evsjv`k I evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQ
hyemsN mvZxiv hjvi D`vM knii HwZnevnx wPjWb& m
cvK AbywZ hjv mjb cavb AwZw_i fvlY gy nZvivg
Avgxi RvgvAvZ < +: x|-||- ||-| |-||<
Dciv K_v ejb| wZwb ejb, mKj gvbyl GK Av`gi
m vb| Zvì ga cv_K Kej AvjvnfxiZvi| wZwb
ejb, Avjvn PvBj mKj gvby lK n`vqvZ `vb KiZ
cviZb| wK wZwb gvbylK cixv KiZ Pvb| ZvB g Zzi
AvM gyn~Z ch AvgvìK cixv w`Z ne|
wZwb ejb, `k `ybxwZZ fi MQ| gvbyli Rvb-gvj I
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g`Lvi wQj bv| wK `jZx `ytkvmbi KviYB Zviv AvR
gZvi wmuwo wnmve eeZ nQ Ges ^ QvPvix nq DVQ
(G mgq e Qj Zuvi Avnvb mvov w`q `ynvZ Zz j
Avjvn&i bvg ZIev Ki)|
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we`kxì Mvjvgx Qo wbR `ki RbMYi Cgvb-AvKx`vi
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53

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|<, | |t|, -|+ -|+ -<| |<< -< +|<
-|+ -|+ |- -|+ ||- < +< -| |# |-<
< < -| =<t v|| < -| < -|<| |+ |+z
-
!< <!>!<, !!, ^!
<< D `vex mwVK bq| gwnjviv Mnbv I AjsKvi
cwiavb KiZ cvi| ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt) Cì QvjvZ I Lyrev
c`vbi ci gwnjvì wbKU wMq bQxnZ Kijb I Zvì
Qv`vKv Kivi Dc`k w`jb| dj Zviv Kvb I Mjvi Mnbv
Lyj ejvji wbKU w`Z jvMjb (!! !!, l!
!/:~>)| myZivs Mnbv civ hve Ges Zv cwiwnZ Aevq
Ih~ KivI hve| Mnbv Ih~i Kvb wZ Kie bv| KviY
kixAvZ G mK Kvb wb`kbv bB| DjL h, nvZ
AvswU _vKj Ih~i mgq bovPov KiZ ne gg h nv`xQ
ewYZ nqQ Zv hCd (!<!, < !>!, l! !/~>)|
(:>/>) -+ <i| |-|-f +|- x|-<||< -|x
< -| +< <v-, x|-<||< -|x =# |x -|- +<|x
<x|- = <i| < -# =- |< <||<v < |x
N-| <|-| |< =| <|'| -| < |+z
-!|! < !
>^!<, !! <!<^&
<< gvìvmvq `vb Kivi K_v ejvi KviY D Rwg h
Kvb gvìvmvq w`Z ne (l: ! <!' )|

55
gvìvmv ejZ Kej HwjK ejv nq, hLvb cwe
KziAvb I Qnxn nv`xQ Abyhvqx AvKx`v I Avgj wkv Ìqv
nq| cv i xbx Bjgi bvg hLvb wkiK, weÀvZ I
Q~dxev` wkLvbv nq, mwj Av` Kvb gvìvmv bq| eis
Gwj Bmjvg asmi AvLov gv| Avjvn ejb, Zvgiv
bKx I ZvKIqvi KvR ciiK mvnvh Ki Ges Mvbvn
I mxgvjsNbi KvR mvnvh Kiv bv (!! ~)| AZtci
gvìvmv KZci AbygwZ mvc gvìvmvi gvV Cì
QvjvZ Av`vq Kiv hve|
(:/) x| -+ |<|| |+ <<v- <|<|
| <v< |- +<- =<t x< # x<| +<
<|- |+ <|< |,|<-^- =<t <|< |<|< |
<| <|- -| #|x< -|f < x<|<
<^| +| <z
-!< !
l<<, !^&
<< evi evi n I Igivn bv Ki `wi` I Amnvq cvov-
cwZekx, AvZxq-^Rb I BqvZxgì cwZ j ivLv Ges
Zvì gvS A_ `vb Kiv Dg (!!! !, ~:/~ :)|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejb, H ew gywgb bq h cU fi Lvq|
A_P Zvi Zvi cwZekx bv Lq _vK (<!!, !< ^!
!/::: ll! ! !/:> l! !/>>:)
(:/) x'|< v||< < < |< <|+'|
-| $| < | |+ -| x<|e|-|z
-!+ !
>!, 1^!
<< RygAvi QvjvZi c~e Pvi ivKAvZ QvjvZ Av`vq
Kiv mK Beby gvRvnZ ewYZ nv`xQwU hCd (^ <
!>! !/::~>)| Ze LZxe wgî emvi AvM ch hZ
ivKAvZ Lykx bdj QvjvZ Av`vq Kiv hve (l, l!
!/::, ::, )|
(:c/c) <x +|- v||<|< |-|<| < =<t
# |-|<|< v|| + #x|x| +<-z
-! :!
!!<!$!, !<!!, !<!
<< gv`vbx Rxeb c_g Rvbvhvi weavb Rvwi nq| 1jv
wnRixi kvIqvj gvm eì hyi c~e LvZbvgv AvbQvi
Qvnvex AvmAv` web hyivivn (ivt) A eqm gZzeiY Kib
Ges 1g Qvnvex wnmve evKx Mvivb Kei nb| wZwbB
wQjb 1g gvBqZ, Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) hvi Rvbvhv cob
(!-!<! l ::: !!< <! (!:), : :>, !-)|
(:e/e) +|- +|- |< +<| <<z
-!|! < !
!!$, !!$!, <!>!
<< (1) AZvPvixi AZvPvi c Kvk Kivi Rb (2) mgvR
_K Abvq `~i Kiv Ges cvcxK mwVK c_ wdwiq Avbvi
evcvi mvnvh Kivi Rb (3) nv`xQi mb` hvPvB I drIqv
Rvbvi Rb (4) gymwjgìK g` _K mZK Kiv I Zvì
gj Kvgbvi (5) cvcvPvi I weÀvZ wj nj Zv
cKvk Kivi (6) cwm bvg ai cwiPq Ìqvi
(<<, l<! !, ~: , : )|
(:/) <|| v< -i x x|<< |-|<|
-|- +|< ||+ +< t< +<| <|< |+z
-!+!
!!, !! <!<^&
<< hve bv| KviY ivm~j (Qvt) ejb, Kvb Qwe cj
ZvK aywjmvr Ki `vI (l !/>:>)| ZvQvov GZ Kvb
KjvY bB| eis gvqi A`k wZ eyK aviY Ki Zvi
Rb cvYfi `vAv I Qv`vK v Kivi gaB c K Z KjvY
wbwnZ iqQ (l, l! !/~: ' <!)|
(:/) ||x =<t |x|< =+ |,|< =+| |x
< +|< |+ | +< |x| |< -|x -| +<
-< = |x< xi -||< +< | |- ^ |+|< +<
= -1+ -f < = -i -|<| < +z
-l! !<!!<
!< <!>!<, !!, ^!
<< cZviYvKvix ewB `vqx ne| KviY m `ywU Abvq
KiQ| GKwU nQ Abi m` wbR bvg Ki bIqv|
wZxqwU nQ Rwg diZ bv Ìqv| D `ywU AbvqB
ev`vi nKi mv_ RwoZ, hv ev`v gv bv Kiv ch
Avjvn gv Kib bv (<!< !/~> l! !/:~:)|
GY H ewK Rwg diZ w`Z ne ev eZ gvb evRvi
g~j c`vb KiZ ne| AZtci Zvi wbKU gv PvBZ
ne| Ze Dfqi ga mvjvg-gyQvdvnv AevnZ ivLZ
ne (!! !!, l!, !/~)|
(:o/o) |x x|-< -i |<|- -|| +<+
<v< < |x -|- +<- < x|- x|-< t^|< +|
v t+< +|< |x| |<<< |+|
<v |+ |x|< +| |+ -| <|< <|#<< |+
| < +< |v -| =x|<^|< <|<| -|- +<v-,
|-< +|v |<< +<| <|< |+z <| = -i +<|< +|z
-l> ll
!!<, !, ^!
<< gmwRì Rwg hw` KD q KiZ bv Pvq, Ze
gmwR` msvii ^v_ Rwg `vZv wbR Zv q Ki wbZ
cvib (!!! < !l!, ::/~::)|
(>/) << < |<|x| -| < < < |+z

56
-!< <!
!!, ^!
<< Ih~i iZ h wemwgjvn eje bv Zvi Ih~ ne bv
(!<! !/:: < !>! !/:>, !! )|
(>:/:) |<< <| +|- <x|< -|- ||+ +<|
<|< |+z ||- -| |+ <|'| -| <z
-!!!
!! l<l<!
<< weq Abyvb wfwWI Kiv hve bv| KviY GwU md
mL gv| agxq Abyvb wfwWI Kiv hvq mLvb _K agxq
Dc`k jvfi Rb|
eZgvb wUwf PvbjwjZ cvci AskB ekx| ivm~j (Qvt)
ejb, Av`g m vbi Dci ewfPvii GKwU Ask wbavwiZ
AvQ| PvLi hbv `Lv, Kvb hbv keY Kiv, gyLi hbv
K_v ejv, nvZi hbv k Kiv, cvqi hbv Pjv Ges A
ii hbv Kbv Kiv (l !/:>~ l! !/:)| Akxj
Qwe `Lv, Mvb evRbv keY Kiv Ges gyL ejv BZvwì
gvag hbvi gZ bvsivwg QovQ| AZGe Gme _K
euP _vKv KZe|
(>>/>) -| -|< <x x|-<||< x|
||<| |-<v- <, 'xe|< <|<| x+|x |<| +<
x-|-|-|<||-x<-|||< x< x v|| $< =<t
+v< +< |<< -| (||<| |x|<| :x :o
:. -|<| :x :ee :. x|x|-<| :x eo :)
< ||<| |+ |+ <vz
-=.=. >, !
<< D drIqv mwVK bq| KviY ivm~j (Qvt), AveyeKi
(ivt) Ges Igi (ivt) wgbvZ QvjvZ KQi Ki KiZb|
gvi vbxq ewivI Zuvì mv_ KQi KiZb| Ze
IQgvb (ivt) Zuvi LjvdZi c_gw`K KQi KiZb Ges
cieZxZ cyiv coZb (<!< !/:~ l !/::~ l!
!/:: << !!' )| GwU wQj IQgvb (ivt)-Gi
ewMZ Avgj| Avjvn ZvAvjv Gikv` Kib, Zvgvì
gvS hw` Kvb welq gZvbK nq, Zvnj Zvgiv wdi hvI
Avjvn I Zuvi ivm~ji w`K (l! >)| Ave`yi ingvb web
Bqvhx` ejb, Avwg hLb Ave`yjvn web gvmD` (ivt)-K
IQgvb (ivt)-Gi cyiv QvjvZ covi welq wRm Kijvg,
ZLb wZwb ejjb, Avgvi Rb `yB ivKAvZ Avjvn&i ìevi
Keyj nIqv Pvi ivKAvZi PvBZ ewk cm`bxq (!
!!, ! !l < l :/:~)|
DjL, ivm~j (Qvt) gv weRqi mdi gvq `yB ivKAvZ
QvjvZ covi ci ejjb, , ' , ., .,_ ,. .
` , . , n bMievmxMY! Zvgiv Pvi ivKAvZ co| KviY
Avgiv gymvwdi (!<! !/:~~> l! !/::~) eYbvwU
hCd| Gi mb` Avjx web hvq` web Ry Àvb bvg
GKRb hCd ivex AvQb (!: <!< / l!< <!!, l
~, /~:)| we`vq ni mgq ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Avivdv
gq`vb AevbKvj GK Avhvb I `y B BKvgZ hvni I
AvQi Rgv ZvK`xg Kib| gy K xg-gymvwdi mKj Zu vi mv_
GKBfve QvjvZ Av`vq Kib (<!<, l! !/~:: '
<! !<! !/:>::)| gy h`vjdvZI gvMwie I Gkv
Rgv ZvLxi KiwQjb| AvM-wcQ Kvb myb vZ cobwb
(<!<, l! !/~: l !/:~)| Bgvg Beby
Zvqwgqvn (int) ejb, GwU dK xn wevbMYi ga BRgv-
Gi bvq (!<!, !!l ! <! : ~> !-:)|
(>/) +|- || ||- <|< <|< =+# |+
|<| +|x| - +<| < <|- ||+ -||-|< <i<^|
<<v = -i |+ f |+- =|< <|-|<
+ |<-f< +|< ||- <|-+ || < +|v
<|<|-| +< < |+--| ||-< <||< +<<-
-!|! !+ >
l>! <! l! >
l<!> <
<< hw` cwZvbi MVbZ wewfb gqv` c_K c_K
wkK _vKvi welqwU AvewkK _vK, Ze cwZvb cavb
`vqx neb| Avi Zv bv _vKj KwgwUi civgk cavb wkK
hvK hvM gb Kieb Zvi bvg c ve KiZ cvib| GZ
GKB wkK GKvwaKevi AvmZ cvib| Avi hw` c wZvb
cavbi GZ Kvb cZviYv ev KvimvwR _vK Ges wZwb
hvMZvi g~jvqb bv Kib, Zvnj AekB Zu vK Revew`wn
KiZ ne (<!< !/~> l! !/:~:)| Kbbv ivm~j
(Qvt) nK`viK Zvi nK w`Z ejQb (<!< !/:>:)|
(>/) |-|<|+ |+- < >:: ti|<
'|< +<|- <| >c - -<|< +||-|' <+ <<<|
x| +<| <| <v |, <<<| =+|
x|< -|x <|< | -#, || |< | -# |'
|- < - x||+ <|<< | -- =<t ||
+< - | | |+ |vz
-!|! !+ !
!!^, l<!><
<< IUv bvix wRb wQj| Dhhv g~wZi ic ai gwnjv wRb
g~wZc~Rv Kivi Rb Drmvn w`Z| GRb ivm~j (Qvt) D
bM bvix wRbK cKZ Dhhv ejQb (!!^ <<! !/::)|
DevB Beby Kve (ivt) ejb, c ZK g~wZ i mv_ GKRb
Ki bvix wRb _vK (!! !/~:~:>)| h gvby lK Zvi
w`K cjy Ki|
(>c/c) |x<| ||- :> |-- | x| <
x| = < + -<| < =< < <+|-
x|<ix = = |- |-| < |+z

57
-!: l
!^!>!!$!, <!^!<!, <!>!
<< Awf Wvvii civgki AvjvK hw` gvqi
Rxebi gwK _vK Zvnj MfwZ Y dj `qv Rvqh|
Ab_vq kixAvZi `wZ MfcvZ Kiv nvivg (<!!<!
~)| Avi `vwiì fq m vb nZv Kiv nj Zv ne
Aviv eo cvc (< <!^ ::)|
(>e/e) -+| x|| + |< <|<
|# ^|x|< | <| +< =x|<^|< +<|< |+z
-!^
l<, ^!><
<< GRb ZvìK ZIev KiZ ne Ges GK `xbvi ev
Aa `xbvi Qv`vKv KiZ ne (Avey`vE` nv/264; wgkKvZ nv/553)| GwU wQj
bex hyMi ^Ygy`vi bvg| GLb mLvb Zv bB| AZGe ^ ^
`ki gy`vq wKQz Qv`vKv Kiv Dg| Bgvg Avngv` (int)
ejb, wb`kwU gvb`~e chvqi| IqvwRe chvqi bq (wgiAvZ
3/251)| AZGe KwVbfve ZIev KivB KZe|
(>/) |+|< <|+| |-<||< < |+|<z |<^
||< ||-< <||< +<<-
-!+!
!< <!>!<, <!>!
<< mvbv-Puv`xi wbQve Abyhvqx UvKvi hvKvZ wbavwiZ
ne| A_vr eZgvb Ihb Abyhvqx 85 Mvg mvbv Ges 595
Mvg Puv`x| cqvRbxq LiP ev` hv Aewk _vKe Ges GK
eQi Zvi Dci AwZevwnZ nj mwZ UvKvi Dci hvKvZ
IqvwRe ne| kZKiv AvovB fvM wnmve (< !>!
!/:)| ^Yi g~jgvb icv Acv wwZkxj Ges
wekevcx MnYhvM weavq AwaKvsk wevb ^Yi wnmve
Abyhvqx hvKvZ Ìqvi c gZ cKvk Kib|
(>/) -| |<<|| |<- ^|x|< xi|< +|<
|- v -| =x|<^|< ^|x|< |-+ + ||+ |-<
-i |<<| +<| <|< |+z
-< >!!
!!<, !!
<< ^vgx-xi wgjbi gvag m vb Avm| wK wgjb
njB m vb ne GgbwU bq| KviY GUv m~Y Avjvn&i
nvZ (<! >-)| ZvQvov Ab weevn nj m vb neB
gg Kvb wbqZv bB| KvRB ahaviY Ki ^vgxi mv_
Rxeb-hvcb KivB fvj ne| KviY bex Kixg (Qvt)
ejQb, h gwnjv Zvi ^vgxi wbKU _K AKviY ZvjvK
Pvq Zvi Dci RvbvZi myMwI nvivg nq hve (!<!
!/~~:, l! !/:~>)|
DjL h, wPwKrmvi gvag hw` ^ vgxi `ye jZv bv mvi,
Zvnj x ^vgxi wbKU _K Lvjv-i gvag wbRK
wewQb Ki wbZ cvi (<!<, l! !/:~)|
(>o/o) |x<| (e) v< <|- |< () |#
<|<|-x| <<# < |v |<|< -|x > x|<<
-|x > |<| x| >e |<| |x |v |#<<| |x
<|--<+ |- |v -| x|<< |x + |- |v
< -1|< x<i + + + |<z || < |<<|- -<|<|
<9- -| +< |< |<|x +| ||-< <||< +<<-
-!! !
!><!<, <!>!
<< IqvwiQMY K KZUzKz cve Zv ^qs Avj vn wbavib
Ki w`qQb (l! , ::)| wK mUv cve gZyi ci,
AvM bq| Ze KD hw` RxweZ Aevq eUb KiZ Pvq,
Zvnj AekB me IqvwiQK Ask gZ w`Z ne| Ze
GUv nZ ne mvgwqK wfwZ Kej gwLKfve| KviY
P~ov fvMeUb ne gZzi ci Bmjvgx kixAvZ gZ|
ck DjwLZ welq QjìK gqì wY bxwZi
wfwZ gv I evc Dfqi 26 weNv Rwg 14 fvM fvM Ki
Qjiv cve `yB fvM, Avi gqiv cve GK fvM Ki|
evbìK Zvì cvc nK _K gvnig Kiv wbtm`n
Kvexiv bvn Ges Zv Abi nK AvZmvZi kvwgj| Zviv
gv bv Kij Avjvn ZvAvjv D cvc gv Kieb bv
(<!< !/~> !!< !/!' <! :, : )|
(/c) +|- xv | x||<<< v|| |< <|-
- #x|x >< <|+'| <| || < +< -i <|
| +<v- < <^|< = x v | |+ < <| ||
$<z -| v|-| | +< <| || $<z <| <
<|+'| <v #x|x< ||x< < =+ <|+'|
+< $<, -||+ -'<|+'| =+ | $<z
-!!!<, <<
<< D Aevq kyay m~ iv dvZnv coe (<!< !/
l !/)| Avi Bgvg mvjvg wdivbvi ci ùvwoq GK
ivKAvZ co eVK Kie| AZtci AviK ivKAvZ co
eVK kl mvjvg wdive| wcQb Avmv ew Bgvgi mv_
h ivKAvZ cve mUvB Zvi c_g ivKAvZ ej MY ne
(<!< !/:: l !/::>)|
(:/c:) |-|| x|- v|| |-|< +<
#x|x< - $|< +|< v|| =+|| | -|
|v|$| <, <|<, |v< v|| |<| -+ -<|
$ = =+|+| |<<| <| v|| |-|< +<|
<|< |+z
-!: !, ^!
<< G aibi gmwR` QvjvZ Av`vq Kivi KviY
QvjvZ GKvMZv b nj Bgvg cvcx ne| Ze gyv`xi

58
QvjvZ nq hve (<!< !/:> l! !/:::: !< <'
)| Avi QvjvZi mgq nq Mj GKvKx AvDqvj
Iqv QvjvZ Av`vq Ki wbZ ne| ci Zvì mv_
coZ mg nj kvwgj nIqv hve| Ze cieZx QvjvZwU
bdj ej MY ne (l !/:>)|
(>/c>) <-|<< <i<| +<| |+ <|'|
-|z x||-< x||< |$|-| < |<-| <
< | |<< +<| <|< |+z
-!! !!<
!^<, !<!
<< Pzj q-weq Kiv kixAvZ mZ bq| KviY hv
mshy _vKv Aevq wew Kiv bvRvqq, Zv c_K nIqvi
ciI bvRvqh| gvbyli Pzj Zvi AbZg| Gi viv gvbyli
ghv`vi nvwb nq (<<, !-!> >/~ :)|
(/c) |<+ =<t |<-'|+|<|+ ||
|'|| |+<|x< |-- +x- ||^ |-<-z |<+
|<-'| <||< <|< |+z
-!|! !<<< <!
<!!!l, =!<, l<!>^&
<< wkiK I weÀvZ `yBwUB RNb Aciva| hw` D
cvc nZ ZIev bv Ki KD gviv hvq, Zvnj Avjvn ZvK
Rvnvbvgi Avb cywoq kvw wèb| hgb wkiK mK
Avjvn ejb, wbq h Avjvni m wkiK Kie Avjvn
Zvi Rb RvbvZK nvivg Ki wèb| Avi Zvi vb ne
Rvnvbvg| Avi mxgvjsNbKvixì Rb AvLivZ Kvb
mvnvhKvix _vKe bv (!! ~)| AZtci hviv weÀvZx
Zviv ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mybvZK cwiZvM Ki gvbyli Zwi
weavbi AvbyMZ Ki| hviv Avjvn&i ivm~ji weavb gvbe
bv, Zviv gywgb nZ cvie bv (l! :)| weÀvZxiv nvDh
KvIQvii cvwb cvb Kivi myhvM cve bv Ges ivm~j (Qvt)-
Gi kvdvAvZI cve bv (l !/~:)| Aekl Zviv
Rvnvbvg wbw ne (!!^ !/:)|
AZGe hveZxq Kg Ges Bev`Z aygv Avjvn&i mwi
Dk Kij wkiK _K euvPv me| Abyic `jxjwenxb
I Rvj-hCd nv`xQwfwK Avgj ZvM Ki ay Qnxn `jxj
wfwK Avgj Kij weÀvZ _K euvPv me|
(/c) <|| (v|:) +|- =|+|< #x|x-<
<- |-<v- |+z #x|x <- |- ||< <-
|+z || <-, +<|-+ ^ xi <-|<< +< -|
=< |<| +| <|-| <vz
-!|! <!
<!>!, !!!, <!^<!
<< KziAvb wkv w`q, BgvgwZ Ki, Avhvb w`q, xbx
Zvjxg w`q wewbgq MnY Kiv Rvqh AvQ| Ze A_ MnY
hb Dk bv nq| Dk nZ ne Avjvni mw| KviY
ivm~j (Qvt) ejQb, h ei Dci Zvgiv cvwik wgK M nY
Kie mjvi ga mevcv ekx nK`vi nQ Avjvn& i
wKZve (<!<, l! !/~>)| D nv`xQ m~ iv dvwZnv
cvV Ki SvoduyK Ki QvnvexMY Lv` wnmve wewbgq M nY
KiQb m K_vI DjL iqQ|
ivm~j (Qvt) Ave~ gvn&h~ivK Avhvb kl GKwU icvi _wj
c`vb Ki Zvi Rb eiKZ Kvgbv Ki `vAv Kib (!!^
!/::~ < !>! !/)| Ab nv`xQ ivm~ j (Qvt)
Avhvbi wewbgq h cvwikwgK M nY Kie bv ZvK
gyqvhwhb wnmve MnY KiZ ejQb (!!^ !/:~ l<l
!/~>)| Gi A_ nQ, h wbw` cwigvY A_ MnY Kivi
kZ wè| hgb ejj, G cwigvY UvKv bv w`j Avwg
BgvgvwZ Kie bv, Avhvb wè bv, KziAvb covev bv| wK
KZc wbRì BQvq c `vb Kij ZvZ Kvb `vl bB
(! , !<: ! !l >/:>)|
GwjZ wewbgq MnY Kiv Kz iAvbK ^ g~ j weqi A
fy welq bq| B`x-bvQviv agbZviv Zvì ^v_ wmwi
Rb Zvì wKZvei k ev A_ cwieZb Ki djZ Ges
Zvi wewbgq jvKì wbKU _K A_ DcvRb KiZ|
Avjvn GK ZvwQjfi ^g~j weq ej AwfwnZ
KiQb (Zvdmxi KziZzex, D AvqvZi evLv `t)| AZGe Bmjvgx kvixAvZi
Kvb weavbK cwieZb Kivi j hw` KD Ny li gvag
A_ MnY Ki Zvnj Zv G AvqvZi A fy ne|
(c/cc) =x- +|- |x |v |+ <|< |<|
+<<< | + x| |<| <|<z ||-< <||< +<<-
-!
!<, <!>!
<< Keii gvwUi Pvc _K mr Amr, gymwjg Agy mwjg
KD iv cve bv (!! !/~:~ ll! !
!/::>)| Ze mevi Pvc GKB aibi ne bv| gy wgb ew
GB Pvc kvw Abyfe Kie|
(e/ce) |x<| =|-- <|< '- # |-|<' x|<
-|'| -|<< $ ||v |+ '| ||- -' x
<<, >/-c#t |+- <-|-<|<| ti| :-: |<
||-< ||+ | <v - # |-|< x|< -|'|
<< $ < =<t | |-|||<| <|<|x-|...'
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59
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wèm ch ('l :)| wK qvgZi ci _K AvLivZi
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!!< <!!)| Zvici hvi bKx ewk ne m hve
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