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wZb eQi ag cPvi Kib| Zvnj BbRxji g~j fvlv
MxK nj wKfve?
AvaywbK mKzjvwiRgi Kzc fve Kz iAvbi c wZ gvby li
Zxe AvKlY we`ygv fvUv AvbZ cviwb| Kbbv
KziAvbi fvlv mivmwi Avjvn& i fvlv| GwU nj Rvb vZi
fvlv| KziAvbi cwZwU evK, k I eY Avjvn& i b~ i
AvjvwKZ| hv wek vmx gymjgvbi `q RMZK
AvjvwKZ Ki| RvnwjqvZi Mvp AKvi `~ ixf~ Z Ki|
welvw`Z A iK mykxZj Ki| gy wgbi `q Kz iAvbi
cfve ZvB AZzjbxq I Awbe Pbxq| hvi c wZ nid
gymjgvb Kgc `kwU Ki bKx cvq| hv Zvi
ciKvjK mg Ki| gvbQ~icy ixi wnmve gZ KziAvbi
megvU nidi msLv 3,46,998wU| wewk Kz iAvb
MelK Kbv cvWDBK ZvB ejZ eva nqQb h,
KziAvb Zvi Abymvixì A i RvM Z| Zvì KvQ GwU
wbQK wKQz k ev K_vgvjv bq| Gjv Avjvn& i b~ i
cwjZ AwMwkLvi R vjvbx| Zz ii ag wbic kvmK
Kvgvjcvkv AwZ Drmvnx nq Aviex Avhvb evwZj Ki
ZzKx fvlvq Avhvb Pvjy Kib| ci Rbivl co cy bivq
Aviex Avhvb Pvjy KiZ eva nb|
. +<|-< |<+|<| || KziAvb GKgv Bjvnx
M hvi ndvhZi `vwqZ ^qs Avjvn wbqQb| wZwb
< +

6
ejb, ` ` ` - ` , , ` , ` ` , = - . Avgiv Kz iAvb
bvwhj KiwQ Ges AvgivB Gi ndvhZKvix (l>< :/>)|
wZwb ejb, . ` , ` ` - ` ` , , . , ` ' , ` _ ` ` ` , .
` , . ` , ` , , Gi msiY I cVb AvgvìB `vwqZ|
myZivs hLb Avgiv Zv (wRe xji gvag) cvV KivB,
ZLb Avcwb mB cvVi AbymiY Kib| Gici Gi
wek` evLv (nv`xQ) AvgvìB `vwqZ (l!! /:-
:>)| AZGe Avjvn Kej KziAvb-nv`xQi ndvhZi
`vwqZ wbqQb| ZvB Zv wKqvgZ Aewa wUK _vKe|
wK Abvb Gjvnx Mi `vwqZ Avjvn bbwb| ZvB
mme nvwiq hZ eva|
c. +<|- + |--|<|-< <
KziAvb hviv gvbb Ges hviv gvbb bv, mKj Kz iAvbi
wewfbgyLx n`vqvZ _KB Avjv wbqQb| eis Avay wbK
vb-wevbi g~j DrmB nj KziAvb| Ab Kvb
agMi GB ewk bB| wevbxì gZ Kz iAvbi
cwZ 11wU AvqvZ wevb enb Ki| Gi viv Zviv nqZ
Kej eMZ wevb mg~ni wnmve KiQb| wK
GQvovI mLvb iqQ mgvR wevb, AavZ wevb,
fvlv wevb, mgi wevb BZvw`| ZvQvov iqQ Rxebi
wewfb kvLv I ckvLvMZ wevb| m wnmve KziAvbi
cwZwU AvqvZB wevb enb Ki| KziAvbx wevbi PP v
KiB gymjgvbiv KqK kZvxevcx wek wevbi bvqK
wQj| AZtci evM`v` I bi ivRbwZK cZbi dj
wevbiI cZb NU Ges ZvìB iL hvIqv wevbi
AbymiY Ki eev`x BDivc AvR g gymjgvbì
k~bvb cyiY Ki PjQ| AvRKi hme evwbK
Avwevi Avgiv `LwQ Zvi meiB Drm iqQ KziAvb|
hv ewYZ nqQ Pk eQi c~e GKRb giPvix wbii
bexi gyL w`q- hv wQj Avjvn& i Kvjvg| hgb D`vniY
îc-
(1) RMZ mwi evwbK Z_ wnmve ejv nq, KvwU
KvwU eQi c~e wekRMZ GKwU gv Roe ic we`gvb
wQj| ci Zvi K` GKwU gnvweviY NU, hvK
Big-Bang ejv nq| mB gnv weviYi dj Avgvì
miRMZ, Qvqvc_, ZviKvivwR BZvw` mw nj Ges webv
evavq me m iY Ki Pjj| A_P KziAvb e c~e B G
Z_ c`vb KiQ| Avjvn ejb, ` , , , ` , , ' ` ,` , . '
` ` _ ` _ ' , . , ` Awek vmxiv wK
`L bv h, AvKvkgjx I cw_ex cii wgwjZ wQj|
AZtci Avgiv DfqK c_K Ki w`jvg (!l! ~:/:)|
(2) cvYi Drm wK? G welq wevbxiv ejQb, cvwb
_KB cvYxRMZi De| A_P Kz iAvb GK_v AvMB
ejQ, - , . .` - ' .,` ` ,` , Avgiv
cvYevb mewKQz mw KiwQ cvwb nZ| ZeyI wK Zviv
wekvm vcb Kie bv? (!l! ~:/: < ~/)|
(3) wevbxiv ejQb, cwZwU cvYmvi ga iqQ
wecixZagx `ywU kwi Rvo| hvi GKwU cRwUf ev
c vUb Ges AciwU bMwUf ev BjKUb| GgbwK
we`yZi bvq cvYnxb ei gaI iqQ GB Rvovi
mK| A_P KziAvb e c~e Gi Z_ w`qQ, . -` `
` ` , , ' ` , ` ` _ ' ` . ` ` , _ ,` _ ' -
. ` , ` ,` ` , . gnvcwe mB mv, whwb f~-Drcb mKj
e Ges gvbyl I Zvì ARvbv mewKQz K Rvovq Rvovq
mw KiQb (! ::/::)| (4) Dw ì Rxeb AvQ,
GK_v wevbx RM`xkP` emy (1858-1937 L:) gv
mw`b Avwevi Kijb| A_P e c~ e B GK_v Kz iAvb
ej w`qQ| ` ,` -` , ` , -` , . ` -` , bivwR I
DwìvwR AvjvnK wmR`v Ki (<! /: <!
:/ < ~/: l)| ^qs ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi mvb
cv_i I e mg~n SuyK co ZuvK mvb RvwbqQ|
2

GgbwK Zuvi Kzg Qvqv`vi e wbRi vb _K DV
Gm Zvi wbKU ùvwoqQ| Avevi Zu vi Kz g ^ vb
wdi MQ|
3
Gjv meB Dw ì h cvY AvQ, Zvi
cgvY enb Ki| (5) GgbwK Gi PvBZ eo Z_ KziAvb
cKvk KiQ, wevbxiv AvRI hv c gvY KiZ cviwb|
Avi Zv nj, AvKvkgjx I c w_exi cvY AvQ Ges AvQ
evakw| hgb Avjvn ejb, , . ` _ , ` ` ,
` , ' ` , ` , ' ` , ~ , ` _ ' , , . -`
` , ~ AZtci wZwb AvKvki w`K gbvwbek Kib,
hv wQj a~g wekl| Ab i wZwb IUvK I c w_exK
ejjb, Zvgiv Dfq Gmv BQvq ev AwbQvq| Zviv
ejj, Avgiv Gjvg AbyMZ nq (!- !>! :/::)|
bfvgj I f~gj I ZbaKvi mewKQz me `v Avj vn& i
YMvb Ki| wK gvbyl Zv ey SZ cvi bv| hgb Avj vn

2. l<l, l! !/>: >! ' |
3. l, !<, l! !/, >~|

7
ejb, . , ` ,, , ` ` _ . , ` _` ` ` . , ` ` ` _` `
` , ` .,` , . . , ` - , ` _` ` , . .` ` ` ` ` ,` , -
` , - . ` , _ m AvKvk I cw_ex Ges Iì
gaKvi mewKQz ZuviB YMvb Ki| Avi Ggb wKQz bB
hv Zuvi cksmv mn cweZv NvlYv Ki bv| wK Iì
YMvb Zvgiv eySZ cviv bv| wbqB wZwb mnbkxj I
gvcivqY (<! :/)| Gwj meB Avjvn&i AvqvZ ev
wb`kb mg~ni A fy| h Z_ Kejgv Kz iAvbB
AvgvìK c`vb KiQ| !l!l !|
e. #|x << t<|- -|| KziAvbB GKgv
Bjvnx M, hv gvbeRvwZK Avjvn c wiZ ^fveag I
c~Yv Rxeb weavb wnmve xb Bmjvg ciYi mymsev`
w`qQ (!! /:)| Abvb agM Gic bvZ e_
nqQ|
. --i |<||
KziAvbi Ac~e mvwnwZK gvb, AvjsKwiK ewk, Abb
eYbvfw Ges Gi AjwKK cfve hKvb gvbylK
gyn~Zi ga gvwnZ Ki dj| cw_exi Kvb agM
Gi Kvb bhxi bB| (1) Avey Rvnj, Avey mywdqvb,
AvLbvm web kvixK-Gi gZ AwZ eo kivI ivZi ejv
GK AciK jywKq Mvcb Gm ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi
Zvnvy` cvV Kiv KziAvb gy gb keY KiZ| cici
wZbw`b GKB NUbvi ci AvLbvm web kvixK jvwV nvZ
nuvUZ nuvUZ Avey mywdqvbi evoxZ Gm ejjb, n
Avey nvbhvjv! gynvvì gyL w`q hv bjvg, m welq
Avcbvi gZvgZ wK? wZwb ejjb, Avwg H Kvjvg ey SZ
ciwQ Ges mLvb hv PvIqv nqQ, ZvI eySwQ|
AvLbvm ejjb, AvwgI Avcbvi mv_ GKgZ| Gevi
wZwb nuvUZ nuvUZ Avey Rvnji evoxZ Mjb I ZvK
GKB ck Kijb| Reve Avey Rvnj ejjb, Avmj K_v
nj, , ,,, - _ eby Ave`
gvbvdi mv_ Avgvì esk ghv`vMZ SMov AvQ| Zviv
ej, Avgvì esk GKRb bex AvQb, hvi wbKU
Avmgvb _K Awn Avm| Avgiv wKfve GUv mn
Kie? AZGe Avjvn&i Kmg! Avgiv KLbv Zvi Dci
Cgvb Avbe bv ev ZvK mZ ej wekvm Kie bv| GK_v
b AvLbvm Pj Gjb|
4
(2) c wm Kzivqk bZv
Drev web ivexAvn GKw`b Avey Rvnj I Ab bZvì

4. <!!, !! < ~/~: !-l<!! :/:|
civgk gZ ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi KvQ Gjb| Bwb GKB
mv_ Rv`y we`v, fwelvYx I KweZvq cvi`kx wQjb|
wZwb Gm ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi AbK c ksmv Kijb|
AZtci ZvK ZvInx` cPvi ei wewbgq bZZ,
`kRb myìx x I wecy j ab-m` `vbi jvf
`Lvjb| ivm~j (Qvt) PzcPvc kvbvi ci ZvK m~ iv nv-
gxg mvR`vn 1-13 AvqvZ ch bvjb| G mgq Irev
AvZxqZvi `vnvB w`q Zvi gy L nvZ w`q KziAvb cvV
e KiZ ejjb| wdi Avmvi ci wZwb bZvì KvQ
ejjb, Avjvn&i Kmg! Avwg Ggb K_v bwQ, hv Avgvi
`ywU Kvb KLbv kvbwb| Avjvn& i Kmg! GwU Rv`y bq,
GwU KweZv bq, GwU Kvb fwelr K_b bq| n
KzivqkMY! Zvgiv Avgvi K_v kvb! Zvgiv G
gvbylwUK Qo `vI| hw` wZwb Avieì Dci wRZ
hvb, Zvnj Zvi weRq Zvgvì weRq| Zvi mvb
Zvgvì mvb| wZwb KLbvB wg_v ejbwb| Avwg fq
cvwQ Zvgvì Dci Avjvn& i Mhe bvwhj bv nq| Reve
Avey Rvnj ejj, Avjvn&i Kmg! AvcbvK m Zvi K_v
w`q Rv`y KiQ|
5

(3) GKw`b Kvev PZi DcwZ gvi gykwiKì
GKRb ev` mKj ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi gy L m~ iv bvRg bZ
bZ wefvi nq m~ivi kl ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi mv_
Avjvn&i Dk wmR`vq co hvq Ges Avj vn&i BQvq
cieZx Z Zviv mevB gymjgvb nq hvq| Beby gvmE`
(ivt) ejb, GKRb e Kej wmR`v Kiwb| m GK
gyw gvwU Zzj wbRi Kcvj VwKq ejwQj, GUvB
Avgvi Rb h_| ci ZvK Avwg Kvdi Ae vq wbnZ
nZ `LwQ| H ewU wQj gvi AbZg bZv DgvBqv
web Lvjvd|
6
(4) m~iv Zvqvnvi AZzjbxq c fve ivm~ j
(Qvt)-K nZvi Dk ewnM Z Igi wbgl Kz iAvbi
Lv`g cwiYZ nq hvb|
7
(5) Rvdi web Avey Zvwjei
gyL m~iv gvwiqvgi KqKwU AvqvZ b nvekvi ev`kvn
AvQnvgv bvRvkx I Zu vi mfvm` agxq bZvì Pz w`q
Aweij avi Ak cevwnZ nqwQj| AZtci g`xbvq
bvRvkx cwiZ cwZMYi mi Rbi GK kvnx
cwZwbwa`j ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi gy L m~iv Bqvmxb b Ku`
AvZnviv nq cob I mLvbB gy mjgvb nq hvb| ci

5. <!!, !! < ~/~:-:|
6. !! !!, l! !/:: <!< l>! '
|
7. <! < l! :/:~-:

8
ev`kvn bvRvkxI gymjgvb nb|
8
(6) Kz ivqk-Gi
mePq eo abx I eo Kwe Ajx` web gyMxivn GKw`b
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi KvQ wMq KziAvb bZ PvBjb|
ZLb Avjvn&i ivm~j (Qvt) ZvK m~iv bvnji 90 AvqvZwU
wbq `b| gyMxivn Avevi bZ PvBjb| ivm~jy j vn
(Qvt) cybivq cojb| AvqvZwU b nqivb nq wZwb
ej IVb, = , . ` - . , . , ` , = . , . ,
` ' ` .` , ` . , ` ` ' ` ` ` , ` , , ` , , Avj vn&i
Kmg! Gi iqQ GK wekl gvay h, Gi ga iqQ
wekl mRxeZv, Gi kvLv-c kvLv mg~n dje| Gi
Ro`k m`v mim| Avi gvbyl KLbv Gic ejZ cvi
bv| Zvi GB cksmvMxwZ b Avey Rvnj Gm ejj,
Avcwb hZY gynvvì wei wKQz bv ejeb, ZZY
Avcbvi KIg Avcbvi Dci Lykx ne bv| ZLb wZwb
ejjb, Qvo! AvgvK GKUz fveZ `vI| AZtci
fewP wZwb ejjb, ', ,,, ,- _ , GwU
Ab _K cv Rv`y! , , . . GwU gvby li
Dw e wKQz bq| eZt Ajxì c_g K_vwj wQj Zvi
gbi K_v| Avi kli K_vwj wQj ivRbwZK| G
cm m~iv gyvQwQi 11-26 AvqvZwj bvwhj nq|
9
(7)
Gi cfve GZ ekx h, 360wU èèxi c~Rvix wbgl
mewKQz Qo GK Avjvn&i Bev`ZKvix eb hvb| Kvb
AvBb gvbZ hviv KLbvB eva wQj bv, mB Aeva gi
Avie wbgl AvBbi mvgb Gm gv_v cZ `q|
cywjk ev Kvb evwnbxi cqvRb nqwb, wbRiv Gm
gZz` MnYi Rb ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wbKU evievi
cxovcxwo Ki| (8) eìi hy e`x Kz ivqk bZv
Ryevqi web gyZBg g`xbvq DcbxZ nq gvMwiei
RvgvAvZ ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi gyL m~ iv Zii AvqvZwj
b `viYfve cfvweZ nb Ges gvUB ìx bv Ki
mv_ mv_ evqAvZ Ki Bmjvg Keyj Kib|
10
(9)
Rvnjx hyMi gyAvjvKv LvZ Kwe jvex` web ivexAvn
Avgix hvi KweZv mK ejv nZ ,-- _ ,
,--, ,, H KweZv wbR M`vbi Dci wjL bvI
Lii Zxavi w`q njI- mB gnvb Kwe Bmjvg
Keyj Kivi ci KweZv jLv e Ki w`jb| Ljxdv Igi

8. !< !!< <! : : < !<, !! ~
!!< !< <! < l! :/:::|
9. !- !<, !-!<!, !! < ~/:>>
10. : ><< <!, <!< l< >! : ::-|
(ivt) ZvK ìevi WvwKq Gb KviY wRm Kij
wZwb ejb,
. ,. ,, , , _ = , ,
.,
Avwg GK jvBb KweZvI Avi ejZ PvB bv hLb _K
Avjvn AvgvK m~ iv evK vivn I Avj Bgivb wkv
w`qQb|
11
Kvev Mn Szjvbv Zvi weLvZ gyAvj vK vi
cvk UvwOq ivLv m~iv KvIQvii c_g AvqvZwU cvV
KiB wZwb ej IVb, Avj vn&i Anx eZxZ Gic iPbv
gvbyli mvai AZxZ| AZtci wZwb gymjgvb nq hvb|
RbK Kwe D AvqvZi bxP wjL `b, ,
, GwU gvbyli Kvjvg bq|
12
(10) Avey Z vjnv
AvbQvix hLb KziAvbi AvqvZ ` , ` , _` - ` , ` `
` ` ,' -` . Zvgiv KLbB KjvY jvf KiZ cvie bv,
hZY bv Zvgvì wcq e Zvgiv `vb Kie (!
<! :/>~) kvbvi ci ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi ìevi Gm
wbRi mevcv g~jevb evwMPv, Zv Avj vn& i ivn `vb
Ki w`jb| AZtci ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi Kzg D evwMPv
Avey Z vjnvi wbKUvZxq Ges PvPvZv fvBì ga eb
Ki Ìqv nj|
13
(11) kvqL Avy j K vwni Ry iRvbx (g t
474 wnt/1078 Lt) ejb, Avieiv Kz iAvbi mevP
AvjsKwiK ewk QvovI Zviv Gi Mfxi Zvrchc~Y
AvqvZ mg~ ni KviY cfvevw^ Z nqwQj| hgb ` , ,
` , ` ` , . . ` , ' , , - . . nZvi e`j
nZvi ga Zvgvì Rxeb wbwnZ iqQ n vbxMY!
hvZ Zvgiv mZK nZ cviv (<!!<! ~/:>)|
14
(12)
1944 mvj wgmii Wt ivkv` Ljxdv (1935-90), whwb
ci gy iZv` I wbnZ nb, wZwb Kz iAvbi Ab GKic
AjwKK gvnvZ Avwevi Kib| wZwb KwDUvii
mvnvh cy iv Kz iAvbi m~iv AvqvZ k BZvw` MYbv Ki
`Lb h, mewKQzB 19 w`q Y Kij wgj hvq| hgb
wemwgjvwni ingvwbi inxg- 19wU eY viv MwVZ| mKj
m~ivi c_g wemwgjvn iqQ| wK m~iv ZIevi iZ
wemwgjvn bB| Gi KviY mUv _vKj m~iv bgji 30

11. <<, !< <! <!!<!< <, :/:>> ^: !-
!< < !l+ <!<|
12. <!< l< >!, : :|
13. !! !!, l! !/:> !!' <!|
14. <!< l< >! : ::|

9
AvqvZi wemwgjvn mn 115wU wemwgjvn nZ| hv 19
w`q Y Kij wgjZ bv| GBfve wZwb cy iv KziAvb
MelYv Kib| Zuvi MelYv mwVK nj mUvI Kz iAvbi
GKUv weqKi w`K ej MY ne, hv wbtm`n
AjwKK| `wY AvwdKvi fviZxq eskv~Z gy mwjg
ZvwKK Avngv` `x`vZ (1918-2005) 19 Zi GKRb
eo cPviK|
hyM hyM wevb hZ AMMwZ jvf Kie, Kz iAvbi wewfb
AjwKK welq Zgwb gvbyli mvgb Lyj hve| Ze
mveavb _vKZ ne, Gi viv hb Kvb v AvKx`v Rb
bv bq| hgb Bivbi evnvCiv BwZgaB 19 Z
evovevwo Ki c_ nq MQ| gb ivLZ ne, we
AvKx`v Kej mUvB, hv Qvnvevq Kivgi hyM wQj|
Zuvì hyM hwU xb ej MnxZ wQj bv, GLb mUv xb
wnmve MnxZ ne bv| eZt KziAvbi cfve Abb I
AjwKK|
. +<|-< ||- x x|-< ||< |
ZIivZ, he~i, BbRxj cfwZ wKZvei Avnvb Kej eby
BmvCj Mvi cwZ| wK KziAvbi Avnvb wRb-Bbmvb
Z_v RvwZ-ag-fvlv-eY wbwekl mKj gvbyli cwZ,
GgbwK mKj cvYxi cwZ| Avj vn ejb, . ,` . ` ,
.` , , ` , ` ` . _ ` ` , ` . ' , - GUv Zv Dc`k I
cKvk KziAvb| hvZ wZwb mZK Kib RxweZìK
(! ::/:>-)|
o. +<|- + || +i|< |<-|-<|
ZIivZ iqQ AvLevi I AvnKvg, he~i Kej cv_ bv,
BbRxj iqQ `v Ges wKQz AvnKvg I Dc`k| A_P
KziAvb iqQ Hmewj QvovI weMZ RvwZ mg~ni
BwZnvm, wevb I mwZ, xbx I `ywbqvex Rxeb
cwiPvjbvi bxwZgvjv I weavb mg~n, RvbvZi weeiY I
Zvi mymsev` Ges Rvnvbvgi weeiY I Zvi fq c `kb,
iqQ Avjvn I AvLivZi cwiPq Ges iqQ AvavwZK
I RvMwZK DbwZi mKj cKvi n`vqvZi mgw|
:. +<|- <|<|< | ^|<<||<| ' x hgb
Avjvn ejb, = ,` , ` . ` , , .` , .,`,` , , '
_ ` - , ,` - , Zviv Kb KziAvb wbq MelYv
Kibv? hw` IUv Avjvn eZxZ Ab Kvi wbKU _K
AvmZ, Zvnj Iiv ZvZ AbK Miwgj cZ (l!
/~)| KziAvbB GKgv M, hv iZB wbRK .
.` , _ ` , mKj c Kvi wU I m`ngy ej NvlYv
KiQ (<!!<! ~/~)|
::. +<|- |<<i||, | #|| -| x<
<-| x + =+ x'<|
weMZ ò nvhvi eQi cw_exZ e wKQz IjU-cvjU
nqQ| wK KziAvbi Kvb ee, AZxZ BwZnvm ev
Kvb fwelvYx wg_v c wZcb nqwb| hgb, (1)
cviwmKiv ivgKì Dci weRqx nj| ivg mg vU
nivwK qvm wmwiqv Qo ivRavbx KbvwUbvcj hZ
eva njb| GZ gvi gy kwiKiv Ly kx nj| Kbbv
cviwmKiv g~wZc~Rvix I AwM DcvmK wQj| cv i
gymjgvbiv GZ `ytwLZ nj| Kbbv ivgKiv Avnj
wKZve wQj| welqwU Avey eKi (ivt) ivm~j (Qvt)-K
ejjb| Reve wZwb ejjb, ivgKiv mZi weRqx ne|
G welq m~iv ig 1-6 AvqvZ bvwhj nj| Gi wei
Kvdi bZv DevB web Lvjvd Avey eKi (ivt)-Gi m
100 DUi evwR aiwQj| `Lv Mj 9 eQi ci eì
hyi w`b ivgKiv weRqx nj (!< < !<)|
Gfve KziAvbi fwelvYx Kvh Ki nj| ZvZ e jvK
gymjgvb nq Mj| (2) AZxZ BwZnvm wnmve j~ Zi
KIgi asmi NUbv, hv Kz iAvb wee Z nqQ (l><
:/, !!< ~:/:)| eZ gvb wdwj xb I RW vb
b`xi gaeZx 7712 e:wK: GjvKv evcx 400 wgUvi
MfxiZvi gZ mvMi hvi ev e cgvY enb KiQ|
15
(3)
g~mvi wei divEbi mvMiWy wei ci Zvi jvk AZ
_vKe ej KziAvb h ee w`qwQj ( :/>~), Zvi
gwgKZ jvk 1907 mvj wmbvB Dcxci cwg Zxi
Rvevj divEb bvgK cvnvo _K Dvi nIqvi ci
GLb Zv wèvjvKi bvq mZ cwiYZ nqQ| hv GLb
KvqivZ AvQ|
16
GwU KziAvbi AKvU I Av mZ
nIqvi Rj cgvY enb Ki|
:>. | i <|| wevb I `k bi e Z I Z_
hyM hyM cwiewZZ nqQ| wK KziAvbi Kvb Z I
Z_i ga ecixZ LuyR cvIqv hvqwb| KziAvbi
kiv kZ Pv KiI G evcvi e_ nqQ|
hgb, (1) GK mgq m~h Nvi, bv c w_ex Nvi, G wbq
wevbxì ga wQj we i gZf`| L c~e 6 kZvxZ
MxK wevbx wc_vMvivm (L: c~: 570-495) ejb, c w_ex
Nvi, m~ h wi| Zvi AvUk eQi ci wgmixq wevbx

15. << !l :/::, !-:::|
16. << !l ~/:: :|

10
Ujgx (90-168 L:) ejb, m~h Nvi cw_ex w i| Zvi
cvq ò nvhvi eQi ci cvwjk wevbx KvcviwbKvm
(1473-1543 L:) ejb, Ujgxi aviYv fy j| eis
cw_exB Nvi, m~h wi| A_P AvR _K c vq ò nvhvi
eQi c~e Lxq mg kZvxZ Kz iAvb NvlYv KiQ,
` , : ` ,` - ` . bfvgj hv wKQz AvQ, meB m
iYkxj (!l! ~:/:: ! ::/)| GLb wevbxiv
mevB GK_v gb wbqQb| (2) mgvR wevbxì
AbK ejb, bvix I cyil me mgvb| GRb PjQ
wekevcx AbK ivRbwZK n P| A_P Rxe wevb
ejQ bvix I cyili ga Av`cB Kvb mgZv bB|
`ywU m~Y wecixZagx mv| Dfqi BQv-AvKvsLv-
Kg meB c_K| A_P KziAvb e c~eB G mZ eYbv
KiQ (l! /: !)| hv wbZv B ev e I wevb
mZ| (3) Kvj gvKm Zvi wecei `kb ejQb, m`v
MwZkxj cvKwZK weavb mvgvwRK cwieZ b NUvq|
hvi dj gvbeRxebI wece I cwieZb Awbevh nq
_vK| G `kb cPvii mv_ mv_B wZwb `ywbqvi gh`yi
GK nI ej WvK w`jb| hv wQj Zvi `kbi mv_
msNlkxj|
17
Kbbv mvgvwRK wece hw` HwZnvwmK
KvhKviYi Awbevh cwiYwZ nq, Zvnj mRb
ivRbwZK msMvgi cqvRb ne Kb? Avi ivRbwZK
msMvgi djB hw` wece AvbZ nq, Zvnj HwZnvwmK
KvhKviYi Awbevh `kb wbZv B Ag~jK MY nq| A_P
KziAvb e c~eB gvbylK Kg`kb c`vb Ki ejQ, .
= ` , _` - ` , , ` ,` , ` , . ' , ,` ,` , ` , , ` Avj vn Kvb
RvwZi Aevi cwieZb Kib bv, h ch bv Zviv Zvì
wbRì Aev cwieZb Ki (<! ::/::)|
KziAvb c` Av`ki mv_ wewfb `vkwbK gZevì
Zzjbvg~jK AvjvPbv Kij G aibi ecixZ I
^weivwaZvi cPzi `v cvIqv hve| A_P Kz iAvb Gme
_K gy|
:. +<|-< <|+ |<+ x| =+- KziAvbB
GKgv Bjvnx M, hvi evnK I cPviK gv GKRb|
whwb njb klbex gynvv`yi ivm~jyjvn Qvjvj v AvjvBn
Iqv mvjvg| gvbQ~icyix ejb, A_P wn`yì agM e`-
Gi ckKvix Fwlì msLv kZvwaK Ges Zvì
ciii ga mgqi eeavb kZvwaK eQii|
evBeji AevI Z_eP| G wKZvei ckKvix wnmve

17. !|! !+< <, !< T! (!! : :>>), : :|
wZwb wkRbi bvgi ZvwjKv w`qQb| hvì ga
nhiZ g~mv, `vE`, myjvqgvb, hvKvwiqv (Avt) cgyL
Avw^qvq Kivg QvovI iqQ Abvb wevbi bvg| hviv
hyM hyM evBej ck KiQb| A_P KvbUvi m
KvbUvi cyivcywi wgj bB| GgbwK nhiZ g~mv (Avt) h
`kwU djK , _,. , , wjwLZ ZIivZ wbq
GmwQjb, Zvi DZ ZvZ c_gB m`n KiwQj|
Abyicfve BbRxji Ae v| mLvb nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-
Gi kvMwi`ì iwPZ wewfb M cvIqv hvq| hvi
KvbwUi m KvbwUi cyivcy wi wgj bB| eis cvq
meUvB Kw_Z mU Z_v mvay ì KcvjKwZ| hvK
Avjvn&i KZve ej Pvjvbv nQ|
DjL h, gmxn Cmv wbRi Rb 12 Rb kvMwi` evQvB
KiwQjb, hviv eby BmvCji eviv Mvi mvgb Zu vi
xbi cPvi Kie| wK GZeo GKRb Kvgj D vì
m _KI Zviv Ggb AhvM c gvwYZ nb h, gmxnK
Zvì Dk GKvwaKevi GK_v ejZ nqwQj h,
Zvgvì ga GK mwilv`vbv cwigvY Cgvb _vKjI
Zvgiv Gic ev Iic KiZ cviZ bv| gmxn ZvìK
evievi wZivi KiZb GRb h, Zu vi m RM _K
Zviv KLbvB `vAv-BMdvi kixK nZ bv| gmxni
Avmgvb DV hvevi ci D eviv kvMwiì ga
AvKx`v I AvgjMZ welq Zxe gZf` mg~n cwijwZ
nq| hgb (1) kixAvZi (ZvIivZi) weavb mg~ n gvb
Kiv hiix wK-bv (2) Ab RvwZi wbKU Cmvqx ag i
cPvi wm ne wK-bv (3) Lvrbv Kiv Kej BmivCjxì
Rb bv Cmvqx ag AvMZ mKji Rb AvekK BZvw`|
Gici Zvì ga Avj vn, gvwiqvg I Cmvi bvg
wZevì cmvi NU| Cmv (Avt) 30 eQi eqm `vIqvZ
i Kib Ges 33 eQi eqm Zu vK Avmgvb DwVq
bIqv nq| wZb eQi gv 12 Rb kvMwi` nq| hvi ga
GKRb Mvvi cgvwYZ nq| Aek wKZvey j Avgvj-Gi
jLK mvay j~K-Gi gZ Zuvi mg_Ki msLv 124 Rb
wQj|
18

cv i Kz iAvb i nqQ hvi gvag, klI nqQ
Zuvi gvag| Gi GKwU k ev eYI Ab Kvb ew hy
bb| Kz iAvb eySvi Rb Ab Kvb mnvqK KziAvbI
bvwhj nqwb| hgb wn`yì FM` eySZ Mj mvg e`,
A_e e` BZvwì gyLvcx nZ nq| Aby icfve
B`x-Lvbì wbD UvgU c~Y Zv cvq bv I UvgU

18. !<<, <!l !! :/::~|

11
eZxZ| Avevi PviwU BbRxj , ,_' ,-' , wUhy _vK
mU j~K-Gi wKZveyj Avgvj eZxZ| !!l!
KziAvb wbRB mewKQzi evLv ,` .` (!
::/>)| GiciI cqvRbxq I we Z evLvi Rb
KziAvbi evnK ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi nv`xQ mg~n gIRy `
iqQ| hv Avjvn KZK cZvw` (!> :/:- l!!
/:>)|
DjL h, wn`yiv PviwU e`-Gi K_v ejjI gby wZbwU
e`-Gi K_v ejb, hvZ A_e e` bB| msZi
Kvb Kvb cyivbv M cvq 32wU eBqi Dci e`-Gi
bvg eenvi Kiv nqQ| ZvQvov mvaviY wn`yiv e`K
Ckii evYx gb KijI Zvì e wevb GK gvbyli
K_v ej _vKb Ges cvq `yB-ZZxqvsk jvK eZ gvb
e`-K Avmj e` gb Kib bv|
19

:. i < x|- x|| <|-1- KziAvbi fvlv
AZ DuPzgvbi Ges gvwRZ iwP mb| GZ Kvbic
jvKi fvlv I NUbvi k bB| A_P e` I cPwjZ
evBej bvbv hbimvZK Dcgv I iPbvq fiv| hv agxq
cweZv I fveMvxhi m~Y wecixZ| Gi gwjK KviY
nj GB h, Hme cPwjZ Mvejxi iPwqZv nj gvbyl|
Avi KziAvbi fvlv nj mivmwi Avjvn&i| ZvB ev`vi
fvlv KLbvB Avjvn&i fvlvi avi-KvQ hZ cvi bv|
GRbB ejv nq _vK , ,' ev`kvn&i
fvlv nq kvnx fvlv| KziAvbi fvlv ZvB hveZxq gvbexq
`yejZv I AvwejZvi Ea GK AZzjbxq mKhgwZ
fvlv| mB mv_ KziAvbi fvlv AZzjbxq Ges mevP
AjsKvi mg| KziAvb bvwhji mgqKvji eiY Aviex
KweMY hgb KziAvbx evjvMvZ I AjsKvii KvQ
Amnvq wQjb, AvaywbK hyMi Kwe-mvwnwZKMY
GKBfve iqQb Amnvq|
wgmii LvZbvgv gydvmwmi Avjvgv ZvbZvfx RvInvix
(g: 1940) Rvgvb cvPwe`ì m GK weZK
KziAvbi fvlvMZ AjsKvi I Zvi AjwKKZ c gvYi
Rb ZvìK Pvj Ki ejb, Rvnvbvg ck G
evKwUi mevP AjsKvic~Y GKwU Aviex evK ejyb Zv
`wL! Zviv AbK wPv-fvebv Ki KD ejjb, .
-` , ,` , - KD ejjb, ` _ , ,` , - . AZtci

19. <!l !! :/~-|
ZvbZvfx KziAvbi AvqvZ cvV Ki bvjb, ` , , ` ,
,` , - . ' ` ` , , ` ` , , hw`b Avgiv
Rvnvb vgK eje, fi MQ wK? m eje, Aviv AvQ
wK? (! /:)| G AvqvZ b Zviv mv_ mv_
KziAvbi mvgb gv_v bZ Kijb|
20
Avgiv gb Kwi
Gi cieZx AvqvZ RvbvZxì cyivi mK h eYbv
GmQ Zv GKBfve AjsKvic~Y| hgb ejv nqQ ` ,` ,
` , . , . ` , , ` , , ` , , ` mLvb Zviv hv PvBe ZvB
cve Ges Avgvì KvQ iqQ AviI AwaK (!
/:)|
eZt A K_vq myìZg AvwK Ggb AvKlYxq
evKkjx Avjvn eZxZ Avi Kvi c me bq| Avi
GfveB Avieì Dci Kz iAvbi k Z c wZwZ
nqwQj| hviv wQj mhyM fvwlZvq wekmiv| mRb
Zviv wbRìK Avie , ., , A_ vr fvlx Ges
AbvieìK AvRg , ,- , A_ vr evev ej AwfwnZ
KiZ|
Avjvn cvK Zu vi bexìK ^ ^ hy Mi Dci GfveB
kZ `vb Kib| hgb Rv`ywe`vq miv wgmixqì
civ Kivi Rb Avjvn bex g~ mvK jvwV I nvZi Zvjy i
RvwZi gvRhv `vb Kib| wPwKrmv we`vq miv kvg
`ki AnsKvix bZvì civ Kivi Rb Avjvn bex
CmvK AK Pz`vb, Kz ivMxK AvivM `vb, GgbwK
gZK RxweZ Kivi gvRhv `vb Kib| Aby icfve
klbexK gvRhv îc AjsKvigq KziAvb `vb
Kib| hvi mvgb Avie cwZiv KziAvb bvwhji hy M
I ci me `v gv_v bvqvZ eva nq| !l!l !|
:c. =+- <-|| -<|< x|-: <|| KziAvbB GKgv
Bjvnx M hv ZvIivZ BZvwì bvq djK wjwce
AvKvi `y wbqvZ Avmwb| eis mivmwi Dx bex gy nvv`
(Qvt)-Gi gyL w`q ewiq GmQ| mv_ mv_ gy nvv`
(Qvt)-B GKgv bex, whwb ' ` ' ` ' ev wbii bex
wnmve AwfwnZ nqQb (!<! /:, :)| KziAvb
Avjvn&i Kvjvg nIqvi GUvI GKwU eo c gvY h, hvi gyL
w`q `ywbqvevmx KziAvb bQ, wZwb wbR wQjb, Dx
A_vr wbii ew Ges gvbyl nqwQjb wbii mgvR

20. : ><< <!, <!< l< >! (!! <
~:), : ~~:|

12
(>! :~/~)| GgbwK Avjvn ejb, , .` , ` `
` ` . . , ` =` - ` , , , : . . ` _ ` , =` ` . Avi
Avcwb Zv Gi AvM Kvb eB cobwb Ges ^n Kvb
jLvI wjLbwb, hvZ evwZjcxiv m`n KiZ cvi
(!!< ~>/)| wZwb Ab ejb, .` ` _`
` . . , ` , , . Avcwb RvbZb bv wKZve wK ev Cgvb
wK? (<! ~/~)| ZvB KziAvbi fvlv I ee wbRi
_K hvM-weqvM Kivi mKj cKvi m`ni wZwb Ea
wQjb|
eZt gynvv` (Qvt) eZxZ `ywbqvZ Ggb Kvb bex
Avmbwb hvi cwe hevb w`q mivmwi Avjvn& i Kvjvg
ei nqQ| wbtm`n GwU klbex (Qvt)-Gi Rb
kZi GKwU eo `jxj I GKwU eo gyRhv|
gvbQ~icyix ejb, Lvbì mKj G welq GKgZ h,
Zvì PviwU BbRxji , ,_' ,-' , GKwUI gmxn Cmvi
Dci Avjvn&i c nZ bvwhj nqwb| eis Gwj ^ ^
jLKì w`K mwKZ| D cwm PviwU BbRxj nj,
gw_ , ,- , , gviKzm , , , , jyK , , , Ges BDnvbv
, ` -,, , | Gwji cweZvi c L vbì hy w nj GB
h, Gwj cwe in gmxn Cmv (Avt)-Gi mvnvh wbq
jLv nqQ| Zvì G `vex hw` mZ nq _vK, Zvnj
PviwU BbRxji ciii ga GZ Miwgj Kb?
hwji eei ga mvgm weavb KiZ Lvb
cwZMY P~ov fve e_ nqQb| GgbwK Av`g K vK,
b~iwUb I nviY cgyL Lvb wevbMYi HKe wmv GB
h, BbRxjwji ga mvgm weavbi Kvb myhvM
bB| cv`x d ^xKvi KiQb h, BbRxjwji ga
QvU-eo 30 nvhvi fyj iqQ| K_v nj, PviwU
BbRxji wgwjZ cv msLv GKk-Gi ekx ne bv|
21

A_P Zvi gaB hw` wk nvhvi fyj _vK, Zvnj we
KZUzKz AvQ? Avi Hme eBqi MnYhvMZvB ev wK?
GKB Zv ej mvZ bKj Avmj Lv v|
Lxvb agbZvì GBme `yKwZi c wZ BwZ KiB
Avjvn ejb, ` , , , .,` ` , . ` , ,, ` , ' , ` ,
., , , ` ` = ,` , ` , , , ` , , ` ,` , `
` . ` , ,, ` , ' ` , , , ` ,` , ` .,` , asm Hme

21. <!l !! :/~:|
jvKì Rb, hviv ^n cy K iPbv Ki| AZtci ej
h, GwU Avjvn&i wbKU _K mgvMZ| hvZ Zviv Gi
gvag mvgvb A_ DcvR b KiZ cvi| AZGe asm
nK Zviv hv ^n jL Ges asm nK Zviv hv
DcvRb Ki (<!!<! ~/>)|
:e. +< |<|i KziAvbB GKgv M hv Avjvn& i
Kvjvg wnmve Kej bex ch B mxgve _vKwb, eis
DZ gynvv`xi mevB Zv cvV Ki ab nZ cvi|
gvbyl `ywbqvZ Zvi mwKZ v Avj vnK `LZ cve bv
wVKB| wK Zuvi Kvjvg cvV Ki I keY Ki GK
AwbePbxq fvevbyf~wZZ Wy e hZ cvi| wVK hgb
wcZvi iL hvIqv n wjwLZ c ev jLbx cvV Ki wc q
m vb Zvi nvivbv wcZvi gnvb wZZ evKz j nq IV|
ZvB KziAvbi cvVK I Aby mvix DZ gy nvv`xi PvBZ
mfvMevb RvwZ cw_exZ Avi KD bB| g~ mv (Avt)-
Gi mv_ Avjvn K_v ejwQjb wVKB| wK ZIivZ m
K_vi mgw bq| ZvB evBeji Abymvixiv Avj vn& i
mivmwi Kvjvg _K ewZ| Avi eZ gvb evBej Zv
Av` cK Z ZIivZ bq| Abw`K wn`y ì e` Zv
Kej e vYìB cvVi Aby gwZ iqQ, mvaviY wn`yì
bB|
:. ^|| <| KziAvb GKgv Bjvnx wKZve, hv
gvbyli wZZ msiwZ nqQ| KziAvbi c~e Kvb
Gjvnx M gyL Kiv nqwb| Kz iAvb Avj vn KZ K
ndvhZi GwU GKwU eo c gvY| c w_exi cv c v
kni-Mvg, GgbwK wbRb Kviv K em AMwYZ
nvdh Kz iAvbi gyL me`v Kz iAvb DPvwiZ nQ|
Abiv mevB cyiv KziAvbi nvdh bv njI Ggb Kvb
gymjgvb `ywbqvZ LuyR cvIqv `yi ne, Kz iAvbi wKQz
Ask hvi gyL bB| 2005 mvji GKwU wnmve Rvbv
hvq h, cwZ gyn~Z gZzSu y wKi ga emevmKvix
wdwj xbxì ga Pwjk nvhvi wKkvi-wKkvix m eQi
KziAvbi nvdh nqQ| !!l!|
:. x^ <|< <|i Kz iAvb GgbB M hv
mnR gyL nq hvq| GKUz Pv KijB Zv gvby li
wZZ Mu_ hvq| gvZ fvlv evsjvq GKk c vi GKUv
M` ev cì eB e KD gyL KiZ cvie wK-bv
m`n| A_P Qqkvi AwaK cvi cyiv Kz iAvb gyLKvix
evsjvfvlxi msLv wbtm`n jvL jvL ne|
B`x, bvQviv, dvmx, wn`y, e KD wK GK_v `vex
KiZ cvie h, Zvì KD Zvì agM AvMvMvov
gyL ejZ cvi? G `vex Kej gy mjgvbivB KiZ

13
cvi| Avi KD bq| !l!l ! KziAvbK
ndvhZi Rb c` Avjvn&i Iqv`vi GUvI GKwU Rxe
`jxj|
:o. <||<+ | #|| KziAvb cw_exi mevwaK
cwVZ I cPvwiZ Bjvnx M| Avjvn ejb, . ,
` , =` _ . ` _ ` ,` ` _ Kmg H KZvei hv wjwLZ
nqQ we Z c (< ~/~-:)| GLvb Kz iAvb
gRxì wZbwU weklY ewYZ nqQ- wKZve (M),
gvmZi (wjwLZ) Ges gvbk~ i A_vr we Z| e Zt
KziAvb mevwaK we Z M G KviY h, Zv gvbyli gy L
gyL cPvwiZ nqQ| KziAvb cPvii Rb Kvb wcU ev
BjKUwbK wgwWqv Acwinvh bq| hKvb gy wgb KziAvb
gyL Ki me Qwoq w`Z cvi| dj hZw`b cw_exZ
gymjgvb _vKe, ZZw`b cw_exZ KziAvb _vKe
BbkvAvjvn|
>. i -i|< |<| KziAvb GgbB GKwU M,
hvi cwZwU K_vB P~ov mZ I bvqc~Y| cwiwwZi KviY
h mZi Kvb cwieZb nq bv| Avj vn ejb, ` .` ,
` . :` , _ ` . ` , .` . ` ` ,` , ` , ` ` _
` , ` , Zvgvi cfyi Kvjvg mZ I bvq viv c~Y| Zuvi
Kvjvgi cwieZbKvix KD bB| wZwb mek vZv I me
(!! :/::)|
evwZjcxiv wPiKvj mZK fq cvq| ZvB gvi gy kwiK
bZviv KziAvb mZ ej ^xKvi Kivi ciI ivm~ j (Qvt)-
Gi wbKU Gm KziAvb cwieZbi `vex KiwQj| hgb
Avjvn ejb,
` , . ` , , ` , ` , ,` , _ ` ` , ` ,` -` , , . . . .
` , ` , ' . ,` , .` , , ` , , ` ` . . ` ` , ' . '
` ` ,` , . ` _ ` ' . ` ` ` _ - ` ` , _ ` .` , . . ` - '
` , = ` , , . ,
Avi hLb Zvì mvgb Avgvì AvqvZ mg~n cvV Kiv
nq, hv AwZ , ZLb Hme jvK hviv Avgvì
mvvZi Avkv Ki bv, Zviv ej, GUv Qvov Ab KziAvb
wbq Avmyb A_ev GZB wKQz cwieZb Ki w`b| Avcwb
ejyb! wbRi c _K GZ cwieZb Kivi mva Avgvi
bB| Avwg Zv Kej mUviB Aby miY Kwi, hv Avgvi
wbKU Awn Kiv nq| Avwg hw` Avgvi cvjbKZvi
AevaZv Kwi, Zvnj Avwg fqsKi w`bi kvw i fq
Kwi ( :/:)|
>:. $| |+| +|<| gvbyl hZ wmv B M nY KiK, Zv
hyM hyM cwieZbkxj| KviY m Zvi fwelr
gjvgji Lei ivL bv| wK mwKZ v Avj vn gvby li
f~ Z-fwelr gjvgj mK mgK AewnZ| ZvB Zuvi
weavb Av I P~ov | gvby l hZw`b Avj vn& i weavb gZ
Pje, ZZw`b KjvYi ga _vKe| e Zt Kvb
agMB wbRK ` ` ` , ` . wbqB GwU wmv Kvix
K_v (!< :/::) ej NvlYv `qwb| GUv Kej
KziAvbiB ewk| Kbbv KziAvb gvbeRvwZi Rb
Avjvn&i mekl c wiZ wKZve|
>>. <i|+ <|<+ Kz iAvbi AbZg cavb
ewk GB h, Gi Kvb AvqvZ Kvb wekl Dcj
bvwhj njI Zvi A_ nq evcK| hvZ mKj gvbyl mKj
hyM Gi viv Dy I DcK Z nq| hgb (1) m~ iv
AvjvK-Gi 6 AvqvZ _K kl ch gvi gy kwiK
bZv Avey Rvn&j mK bvwhj njI Zvi ee mKj
hyMi Bmjvg`vnx bZvì cwZ evcKfve c hvR|
Agwbfve (2) m~iv AvnK vd 15 AvqvZwU nhiZ AveyeKi
(ivt)-Gi welq bvwhj nq| Avyjvn Beb Avevm (ivt)
ejb, ivm~jy jvn (Qvt) hLb wek eQi eqm nhiZ
Lv`xRvi eemv wbq wmwiqv hvb, ZLb Avey eKi Zu vi mx
wQjb| H mgq Zuvi eqm wQj 18 eQi| G eqmKB D
AvqvZ _ , ` ` ` ' (kw-mvg_ i eqm DcbxZ nj) ejv
nqQ| D mdi Lxvb cv` x ZiY gynvv`-K klbex
wnmve fwelvYx Kij Avey eKi Zu vi c wZ Aviv ekx
Abyi nq cob| AZtci hLb Zuvi eqm Pwj k eQi
cu Q hvq Ges ivm~j (Qvt) Zu vi `yeQi AvMB beyAZ
jvf Kib, ZLb wZwb AvqvZ ewYZ `vAvwU Kib,
_` - _ , ` ` ` ' _ , , ` , ,` _ ' ` . _ ` ` _` , ' . '
, ` ' : ` ` ` ' .` ` _ , ` , . ' , ` '
- . ` .` , ` _ ` . ' , ` ` ` ,` _ ` ` ` .` ` :` , ` ` ,
` , ` ` n Avgvi cvjbKZv! Zz wg AvgvK kw `vI,
hvZ Avwg Zvgvi bgZi Kwiqv Av`vq KiZ cvwi, hv
Zzwg AvgvK I Avgvi wcZvgvZvK `vb KiQ Ges Avwg
Zvgvi cm`bxq mrKg mg~ n KiZ cvwi| Zz wg Avgvi m
vbì mrKgkxj Ki| Avwg Zvgvi w`K wdi Mjvg
(ZIev Kijvg) Ges Avwg Avvenì AbZg (!!

14
:/:)|
GB `vAv Keyj Ki Avjvn ZvK Ggb ZvIdxK `vb
Kib h, 9Rb wbhvwZZ gymwjg xZ`vm Lwi` Ki wZwb
Avhv` Ki `b Ges Zuvi wcZv-gvZv I m vb-m wZ g
mevB gymjgvb nq hvb| Qvnvevq Kivgi ga Kej
AveyeKi (ivt)-KB Avj vn GB mfvM `vb Kib
(< <)| wK AvqvZi Dk nj mKj gymjgvbK GB
wb`kbv Ìqv h, gvbyli eqm Pwjk eQi nq Mj Zvi
ga ciKvj wP v cej nIqv DwPZ Ges weMZ Mvbvn
mg~n nZ ZIev Kiv DwPZ| Zvi m vbvw`K xb`vi I
mrKgkxj Kivi Rb mvagZ Pvi mv_ mv_ Avj vn&i
mvnvh cv_bv Kiv DwPZ| wbw` I evcK A_evaK GB
Z fveaviv KziAvbx fvlv I eYbvfwi GK Abb w`K,
hv Ab Kvb agM bB|
>. <<| + #|| |+|<< i|<-+|<|
KziAvbB GKgv M, hv c~eeZx mKj Gjvnx wKZvei
mZvqb KiQ Ges mwji myì wkvmg~ ni cksmv
KiQ| GRb KziAvbi GKwU bvg nj ` .` ` , ,
` , , c~eeZx wKZve mg~ni mZvqbKvix (<!!<! ~/>
! <! :/:, l)|
>. |- #-|-+ i|a+|<| KziAvbB GKgv M
hv wRb I Bbmvb Dfq RvwZK Pvj KiQ Abyic
GKwU M iPbvi Rb Ges Zviv h e_ ne, m K_vI
AvMvg ej w`qQ| Avjvn ejb, . ` - ` ` ,
' - , _ . ' ` ,` ' , , .` , . ` ,` ' , . , ` , ,
. ` ,` ,` .` , ` ` , , ~ , Avcwb ej w`b, hw` gvbe
RvwZ I wRb RvwZ GKwZ nq cii mnhvwMZvi
gvag KziAvbi bvq GKwU wKZve wbq AvmZ Pvq,
Ze Zviv Zv cvie bv (<! :/)| GgbwK Zviv
Abyic GKwU m~iv (<!!<! ~/~:-~) ev 10wU AvqvZI
( ::/::-:) iPbv KiZ cvie bv| A_ vr GKwUI bq|
Gfve KziAvb gvq gykwiKì Pveivi ( :,
::, <! , !! >) Ges g`xbvq B`x-bvQvivì
GKevi (<!!<! ~:-~) Pvj KiQ| wK H Pvj
MnYi mvnm Kvi nqwb|
>c. <|| ' |-<|- KziAvbB GKgv M, hv
mKj cKvii AmZ I evwZj nZ wbivc`| hgb
Avjvn ejb, . ` , ' , ~ ` ` , , ` , , . , ` -
` , ,` ` ` , - , ` , - Zvi myL ev wcQb w`q evwZj
KLbvB cek Ki bv| GwU gnvvbx I gnv c kswmZ
mvi c nZ AeZxY (! !>! :/~)| KziAvbi
kiv GZ GKwU eYI XyKvZ cviwb ev ei KiZ
cviwb| KziAvb ZvB GK Rxe gyRhv, hv cw_exi mKj
wevbK civwRZ KiQ I AebwgZ KiQ| hgb
Avjvn Zu vi ivm~jK ejb,
` - , , ` ,` ' ` - , , , , ` _ ' . ,` ` ` , , , .
` , , , ` ` ' , _ ` _ . ` ` ` , , ` , ,` .
` ,` , ` , ' . ` ,` ` ,` . ` , ` , ' ` ,` , ` ` _ ` ` ,
` , ,` , ` ,' , - , . . ' ` -` . ` , , , ` , . . -` ` ` , _ . .
` ` , ` , _ ` ,` . . ` ,' , - , , . . ' ` , ` , . ` , , , , ` ,` `
` ,` ` -
Avgiv mZmn G KziAvb bvwhj KiwQ Ges mZmn GUv
bvwhj nqQ| Avgiv Zv AvcbvK Kej mymsev``vZv I
fq c`kbKvix icB ciY KiwQ| Avgiv KziAvbK
LvKvi bvwhj KiwQ, hvZ Avcwb GK jvKì KvQ
g g cvV KiZ cvib Ges Avgiv GK cici
bvwhj KiwQ| Avcwb ejyb Zvgiv KziAvbK wek vm Ki
ev Awek vm Ki, hviv Gi c~ e Bjgcv nqQ, hLb
Zvì KvQ GUv ZjvIqvZ Kiv nq, ZLb Zviv bZg
K wmR`vq jywUq co| Ges ej h, Avgvì
cvjbKZ v gnv cwe| wbq Avgvì cvjbKZ vi
cwZkwZ AekB KvhKi nq _vK| Zviv `b KiZ
KiZ gvwUZ jy wUq co Ges Zvì webq Aviv e w
cvq (< <!^ :/:-:>)|
>e. + <|- + x |<|-||# <:-< +|<
KziAvb _K gyL wdwiq bIqvKB DZi AatcZbi
KviY ej wKqvgZi w`b Avjvn& i ivm~j (Qvt) ^ xq
cvjbKZ vi wbKU Ihi ck Ki ejeb, , ` ,` ` , ,
` . _ . ` , ` , -` .` , ` ,` -` , _ n Avgvi
cvjbKZ v! Avgvi KIg GB KziAvbK cwiZvM KiwQj
(<! ~/:)|
>. |-|v |<+ |< x'<|
Avjvn ejb, , ` , ` ,` ` , ` , ` - ` , ` , , ` `
` ,` , ` Avgvi ivm~j ZvgvìK hv `b, Zv M nY Ki

15
Ges hv wbla Kib, Zv _K weiZ nI (!< >/)|
wZwb ejb, , ` =` , , , . . ,` . ` ` - , ` ,` , _ -
wZwb wbR _K (xb welq) Kvb K_v ejb bv| hv
ejb Anx Kiv njB Ze ejb (!> :/:-)|
mKviY ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi nv`xQ ndvhZi `vwqZI Avjvn
wbqQb| hgb wZwb ejb, ` , . ` , , , ` AZtci
KziAvbi evLv `vbi `vwqZ AvgvìB (l!! /:>
! ::/:)| Ab Avjvn ejb, . :` , ` , ,
.` ,` ... Avi Avgiv Avcbvi Dci KziAvb
bvwhj KiwQ mKj welq evLv îc.. (!
::/>)| Bgvg AvIhvC (int) ejb, Gi A_ ,
mybvn viv (< !<)| A_vr mybvn mn KziAvb mKj
welq evLv îc|
KziAvb msw I gwjK weavb m^wjZ| mKviY Zv
mevi gyL I gyZvIqvwZi| wK nv`xQ nj we Z I
kvLv-ckvLv mn we vwiZ evLv m^wjZ| ZvB Kej
kvZvi wbKUB Zv gyL| kvZvi msLv GKvwaK nj I
mKj hyM ej cPvwiZ nj Zv nq gy ZvIqvwZi| hv me
nv`xQi me bq| KzPxiv ZvB myhvM wbqwQj
Rvj nv`xQ evbvbvi| wK Avjvn m Pv bmvr Ki
w`q Zuvi ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi nv`xQK ndvhZ KiQb|
Bgvg gvjK, Bgvg eyLvix, Bgvg gymwjg cgyLi bvq
Abb cwZfv mw Ki Qnxn nv`xQwjK c_K Ki
wbqQb| dj Rvj-hCdi nvgjv _K nv`xQ kv
wbivc` nq MQ| cw_exi Kvb bex-ivm~ji evYx I
Kgi ndvhZi Rb Ggb wbLuyZ ee vcbv KD KLbv
`Lwb ev kvbwb|
Rvgvb cvPwe` Wt csMvi nvdh Beby nvRvii M
wiwfD Ki Zvi cwiwk ejb, cw_exZ Ggb Kvb
RvwZ AZxZ wQj bv Ges eZgvbI bB, hviv
gymjgvbì bvq wiRvj kvi Abyic Kvb kv mw
KiQ| hvi dj AvR cuvP j Rxeb PwiZ mK Rvbv
hvq| Aek wgkKvZi evbyev`K gvIjvbv b~i gvnv`
AvRgx GB msLv 80 nvhvii ekx ne bv ejQb|
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi nv`xQK ndvhZi Rb weivU msLK
gvbyli GB AZzjbxq cPv wbtm`n Zvi Rxe
gvRhv nIqvi AbZg `jxj|
v$ <|<| -# |-<| ||+^ -
we`vq ni fvlYmg~ni GK vb ivm~jyj vn (Qvt)
ejb, ` . , ` , ` , ` , ,` ' ` ` , . ` ,` ` , , .
= ` ` , ` , Avwg Zvgvì gvS Qo hvwQ `ywU e |
hZw`b Zvgiv G `ywU e Au vKo _vKe, ZZw`b Zvgiv
c_ ne bv| Avjvn& i wKZve I Zvi bexi mybvn|
22

wZwb ejb, bexMY Kvb `xbvi I wìnvg Qo hvb bv|
Qo hvb Bjg|
23
Avi klbex (Qvt)-Gi Qo hvIqv
mB Bjg nj KziAvb I nv`xQ| `xbvi I wìnvgi q
AvQ, jq AvQ| wK Bjgi Kvb q bB jq bB|
Bjg wPi Rxe| h Ni nv`xQi cVb-cvVb nq, m Ni
hb ^qs bex K_v ejb| whwb nv`xQ eY bv Kib, ^ qs
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi evYx Zvi gyL w`q ei nq| Avey ivqiv
(ivt) nv`xQ ejvi mgq fq evievi msv nvivZb|
24

Beby gvmE` (ivt) !! <!! ejZ wMq fq Kuc
DVZb I K_v e nq hZ| Beby Avevm (ivt) ejZb,
!! <!! ejvi AvM fq Ki h (wg_v ejvi `vq)
Zvgvì Dci Avj vn&i Mhe cwZZ ne, A_ev hgxb
we`xY ne, Avi Zvgiv ZvZ wejy nq hve|
25

whwb nv`xQ Abyhvqx Avgj Kib, wZwb ^ qs bexi AvbyMZ
Kib| cv i h ew nv`xQK AM vn Ki, m ^ qs
bexK AM vn Ki| Avjvn ejb, _ ` - , ` , ` , -` , .
` ,` ' . ' ` , .` ` ,` , ` ` , ' ` , .` , ` ,` , ` . ` , ' ` , AZGe
hviv ivm~j-Gi Av`k-wblai weivwaZv Kie, Zviv G
welq mveavb nK h, (`ywbqvZ) wdrbv ZvìK
M dZvi Kie Ges (AvLivZ) hYv`vqK kvw
ZvìK M vm Kie (< ~/::)| ay ZvB bq Zvi mg
Avgj Avjvn& i wbKU evwZj ej MY ne (!|!
/::)| ivm~j (Qvt) ejb, RMvmxK Rvb vZi c wZ
Avjvn&i c nZ AvnvbKvix njb gy nvv`! h ew
gynvvì AvbyMZ Kij, m ew Avj vn&i AvbyMZ
Kij| Avi h ew gy nvvì AevaZv Kij, m ew
Avjvn&i AevaZv Kij| gy nvv` njb gvbyli ga
cv_KKvix gvb`|
26
ivm~ jy jvn (Qvt) ejb, . ' _`
` ., , ' . ` , ` Rb iL, Avwg Kz iAvb cv
nqwQ Ges Zvi bvq AviKwU e (A_vr nv`xQ)|
27

AZGe Kz iAvb I nv`xQ nj ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi iL hvIqv
`y B Abb DivwaKvi, `y B Rxe gyRhv| hv gvbeRvwZi

22. !!, l! !/::|
23. !!, l<l, !<!, l! !/~:~|
24. !^ !! !<<!<!, <! <!< !, !<! : ::|
25. <! <!< !, : :~|
26. <!<, l! !/:|
27. !<!, l! !/:::|

16
gywi w`kv| AZGe me vevq mw`KB Avgvì wdi
hZ ne| Avjvn Avgvì ZvIdxK w`b- Avgxb!!
<| |< <||-|
mvaviYZ: jvKiv bex-ivm~jMYK agbZv wnmveB
fveZ Af | hviv `ywbqv`vix _K me `v `~i _vKb|
Avmj evcviwU wVK Zv bq| eis Zuviv gvby lK Zvi
mvweK Rxeb kqZvbi `vmZ nZ gy Ki Avj vn&i
`vmZ wdwiq wbZ me`v cPv PvwjqQb| wewfb hyM
bex-im~jMY h wbhvwZZ nqQb, Zv g~jZt Zvì
AvbxZ ag wekvmi mv_ cPwjZ wekvm I ixwZ-bxwZ
mg~ni weiva nIqvi KviY| Ze nhiZ g~mv (Avt)-Gi
m divEbi msNl agwekvmMZ nIqv QvovI wbhvwZZ
eby BmvCjì gywi gZ ivRbwZK welqwUI RwoZ
wQj| Kbbv eby BmvCjK divEbi Mv wK eZxiv
`vm-`vmx wnmve eenvi KiZ Ges Zvì Dci
AgvbywlK wbhvZb KiZ| nhiZ g~mv (Avt) ZvìK
divEbi Kej _K gy Ki Zvì Avw` evmvb
kvg dir AvbZ PqwQjb| nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-Gi
`vIqvZi ga ivRbxwZi bvgM bv _vKjI mgmvgwqK
ivRv Zuvi RbwcqZvq fxZ nq ZuvK nZv Kivi cqvm
Pvjvq| ZvQvov ZvIivZi wKQz weavb cwieZb Kivq
B`xiv nhiZ Cmv (Avt)-Gi Nvi `y kgb wQj| g~jZt
Zvì Pv B ivRv w nb| dj Avjvn Cmv (Avt)-
K Avmgvb RxweZ DwVq bb|
cv i klbex gynvv` (Qvt) `ywbqvZ cwiZ
nqwQjb gvbeRvwZi Rb DmIqvq nvmvbvn ev
mevg bgybv wnmve (!!< ::/~:)| mKviY
gvbeRxeb cqvRbxq KjvYgq mKj welq mevg
Av`k wnmve Avjvn ZuvK ciY Kib| dj wZwb
GKvavi agbZv, ivRbwZK bZv, mgvRbZv,
A_bwZK weavb`vZv, mgibZv, wePvi wefvMxq bxwZ I
`kb`vZv- GK K_vq wek cwiPvjbvi mvweK c_c`kK
wnmve wZwb wbRK cwZwZ KiwQjb| mw`K w`q
wePvi Kij gynvv` (Qvt) weMZ mKj bex _K wQjb
^Z ewk, Yvejx I wekl ghv`vi AwaKvix| GKRb
AvavwZK ew Zvnvy`Mvhvi ivm~ jK cveb kZg
AvavwZK bZv wnmve| GKRb ivRbxwZK Zvi c_ LuyR
cveb g`xbvi mb`, nv`vqweqvi mw I gv weRqx
ivm~ji KzkvMeyw ivRbwZK wmv i ga| GKRb
AKzZvfq mbvcwZ Zvi Av`k `LZ cveb eì-
L`K-ZveyK weRZv mbvcwZ gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi ga|
GKRb mgvRbZv Zvi Av`k LuyR cveb Rvnjx
Aviei KzmsvivQb mgvR AvjvKgq g`xbv iv i
cwZvZv mgvRbZv gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi ga| GKRb
wePviK Zvi Av`k LuyR cveb Avjvn& i `wewa Kvh Ki
KiY ` pwP wbic wePviK gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi ga|
Ggwbfve gvbeRxebi mKj w`K I wefvM GKRb
c~Yv Av`k gvbyl wnmve ZuvK Avgiv `LZ cvB|
AZGe Rxebi Kvb GKwU ev `ywU wefvM ivm~ j (Qvt)-
K Av`k gb Ab wefvM Ab Kvb gvbylK Av`k
gvbj c~Y gywgb nIqv me bq| gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi Rxeb
PwiZ ZvB GKRb KjvYKvgx mgvRbZvi Rb Av`k
RxebPwiZ| hv hyM hyM gvbeRvwZK mZ I bvqi
AvjvK ic c_ `Lve| ghj~g gvbeZvK
hvjgì nvZ _K gywi w`kv wè|
gynvv` (Qvt) A wbq gq`vb Avmbwb| wZwb gvby li
NyY aiv wek vm cwieZb GbwQjb| Avi ZvZB m w
nqwQj me vZK mgvR wece| `y wbqvc~ Rvix gvbylK wZwb
Avjvn I AvLivZ wekvmx KiZ mg_ nqwQjb|
ZvInx`, wimvjvZ I AvLivZi wfwZ wZwb mgvRi
Avg~j cwieZ b mg nqwQjb| AvRI hw` mB ` p
wekvm wdwiq Avbv hvq, Zvnj Aveviv mB nvivbv
gvbeZv I nvivbv Bmjvgx LjvdZ wdi cvIqv m e|
GRb cqvRb GK`j wh`vw`j Cgvb`vi gvby l| Avjvn
Avgvì Keyj Kib- Avgxb!
\ mgv \
4/10/2007 gvZveK 21k ivgvhvb 1428 wnRix
enwZevi wèvMZ ivZ eov hjv KvivMvii wKkvi
IqvWi wbR b wUbkW K em hw`b evD eyK LvZvq
klbex gynvv` (Qvt)-Gi Rxebxi Dci 1210 c vi
A jLvwU kl Kwi, mw`b c vYfi Avjvn& i KvQ h
`vAv KiwQjvg, AvR `xN cuvP eQi ci Zv Qvcvi
Ai cKvwkZ nevi vic v GKB c v_bv Kwi, n
Avjvn! wKqvgZi KwVb w`b Zz wg AvgvK Zvgvi
wc qbexi kvdvAvZ jvf ab Ki Ges Avgvi I Avgvi
gin~g wcZv-gvZvi Mvbvn-LvZv gvd Ki| n Avjvn!
Zzwg AvgvK RvbvZ Zvgvi `k b jvf ab Ki Ges
Avgvi mrKgkxj gnvb c~ emy ix I Dimyixì mv_
RvbvZzj di`m GKwZ nIqvi mfvM `vb Ki-
Avgxb!!

17
v||<|< +<|x< | |x|-< +<i
!+< <!! l< !+ l !-<! <
<! !+ ! l< !!<
(c~e cKvwkZi ci)
Avgiv wnRix mvj Abyhvqx eZgvb PZy`k kZvxZ
Aevb KiwQ| QvnvexMYi gvS Ges Avgvì gvS
AbKwj kZvx MZ nq MQ| bex Kixg (Qvt)-Gi
beyAZ cvwi ci _KB Zviv Zuvi mv_ wQjb| me`v
Zviv ZuvK m w`Zb Ges Zu vK mvweK mvnvh-
mnhvwMZv KiZb| myZivs ghv`v I kZi
Zuvì mv_ Avgvì wK Kvb Zyjbv Pj?
Zuviv Cgvb Avbqb, xbi mnhvwMZv BZvw`
AvgvìK eY Qvwoq MQb| wcq bex (Qvt)-Gi
mvnPh jvfi myhvM w`q Avjvn ZuvìK h mvwbZ
KiQb, mI Zuviv AvgvìK Qvwoq MQb|
AZGe Avcwb Zuvì Rb `vAv Kivi mgq Zuvì
AMewZZvi K_v iY Kieb| AvqvZ G welqwUi cwZ
iZvivc Kiv nqQ| Gikv` nQ, ` , , ` , ` , ` , _ .
` , ,` - , , ` , ` , , , . Zviv ej, n Avgvì
cvjbKZv! AvgvìK Ges Cgvb Avgvì AMeZx
vZvMYK gv Kib (!< :)|
GB AMewZZvi KviY Avcbvi cwZ Zuvì AwaKvi
iqQ| Zuvì mvb I ghv`v Dcjwi Dk Avcwb
Zuvì AMewZZvi K_v iY Kib| KviY GB
AMewZZvi KviY Avjvn Zuvì cksmv KiQb|
hvnvK Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt) mK `qK wbjy l
ivLvi AcwinvhZv nj c_g welq| wZxqZt Zu vì
wRnvK gy ivLZ ne| Mvwj-MvjvR, Akxj
K_v-evZv, Awfkvc, wb`v BZvw` wPiZi e KiZ
ne| cv i Zuvì Rb ay cvYLvjv `vAv KiZ
ne| hgbwU m~iv nvkii 10 bî AvqvZ ewYZ nqQ|
gywgbMY wK ZuvìK Mvwj wè? ZuvìK frmbv Kie?
Zuviv wK ZuvìK wb`v Kie? Zuvì gvb-mvb AvNvZ
Kie? KLbB bv, Av` GgbwU Kvb gy wgbi ewk
nZ cvi bv| mRb Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt) mK
Cgvb`viMYi f~wgKv Avgiv AveviI cvVKK iY
Kwiq w`Z PvB :
1. `qK Kjylgy KiZ ne|
2. wRnvK Mvwj-MvjvR, wb`v BZvw` _K gy KiZ
<, ! ! l<l<!, !<<
=.= (<<), =
ne| mwZB Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi c qvRb
cwiQb `q Ges gvwRZ hevb|
v||<|< +<|x (<|:)-=< x< |-| =<t |-<+ ||
-<|< |-|<+|
eyLvix I gy mwjgi GKwU nv`xQ ivm~j (Qvt) Qvnvevq
Kivg (ivt)-K Mvjg` Kiv _K Zu vi DZK mZK
KiQb Ges GKB m Zvì Dk QvnvexMYi
ghv`vi K_v Zyj aiQb| ivm~ j (Qvt) ejb, ` ,' ` .
` , -` . ' ` ' ` , - ' . ' ` , ` ` _ , ` - '
` , . . , ` , - ' ` Zvgiv Avgvi QvnvexMYK Mvwj wÌ
bv| hvi nvZ Avgvi cvY, mB gnvb mvi Kmg Ki
ejwQ, Zvgvì KD hw` Inv` cvnvo cwigvY ^Y
Avjvn& i iv vq eq Ki, Z_vwcI m Zu vì Kvb
GKRbi c~Y GK gy
28
ev Aa gy `vb mgcwigvYI
cuQZ cvie bv|
29

Kvb GKRb Qvnvex hw` GKRb wgmKxbK GK gy
cwigvY Lv`è `vb Ki Avi Avcwb GK Inv` cwigvY
^Y `vb Kib, Z_vwcI Avcwb H Qvnvexi GK gy
cwigvY `vbi avi KvQI hZ cvieb bv| hwÌ GwU
me bq h, Avgvì Kviv Inv` cwigvY ^Y ne Ges
m Zv Avjvn& i iv vq eq Kie| GZ ekx cwigvY
m` hw` Kviv nqI, ZeyI nqZv GB m` Zvi Rb
drbvi KviY ne Ges m KcY nq hve| aiv hvK,
Avgvì Kviv Inv` cwigvY ^Y nj Ges m Zv Avj vn&
i iv vq eq Kij, wK GZ`mI m GKRb Qvnvexi
GK gy Lv`` e `vbi bKx ch cu QZ cvie bv|
Zvnj AvcbvK eySZ ne, QvnvexMYi mvb I gh v`v
KZ ekx|
Zvgiv Avgvi QvnvexMYK Mvwj wÌ bv- G wb` k ^ qs
ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi| GUv mvaviY Kvb gvby l ev Avjgi
Dw bq| GLvb wZwb Zuvi DZK bQxnZ KiQb Ges
Kvb Qvnvexi mvgvbZg gvbnvwbKi Kvb KvR _K
ZvìK mZK KiQb| mv_ mv_ Zuvì gh v`v
mKI DZK mRvM KiQb|
ivm~j (Qvt) _K G welq AmsL nv`xQ ewY Z nqQ,
hwjZ wZwb Zuvi DZi Dk Qvnvevq Kivg
(ivt)-Gi mvb I ghv`v Zy j aiQb| GgbwK KwZcq
Avjg Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi gh v`v welq c_K M
iPbv KiQb; wK GKKfve A_ev mgwMZfve
Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi cksmv m^wjZ nv`xQ AbK

28. gy , ` .` , nj GK Qv-Gi Pvi fvMi GK fvM| A_vr Pvi
gy nq GK Qv| M vgi wnmve cvq 625 Mvg| -Abyev`K|
29. Qnxn eyLvix, nv/3673; Qnxn gy mwjg, nv/2540|

18
ekx nIqvi KviY GK L Zv mgv KiZ mg
nbwb| eis KqK L `xN AvjvPbvi cqvRb coQ|
jv Bjv-nv Bjvjvn! wK gnvb Zu vì mvb! wK DuPy Zuvì
ghv`v! Zuvì cwZ GKRb gy mwjgi `vwqZ-KZeB bv
KZ eo!
gnvb Avjvn Cgvb`viMYK Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi
Rb `vAv Ges gv cv_bvi Av`k KiQb Ges
mwZKvi gywgbMY Zv ev evqbI KiQb| wK KwZcq
jvK KyiAvb I nv`xQ wb`wkZ GB c_ cZvLvb Ki
Pig aZvi cwiPq w`qQ| gv cv_ bvi cwieZ Zviv
ZuvìK w`qQ Mvwj Ges cksmvi cwieZ KiQ
wb`v| Qnxn gymwjg GmQ, Avqkv (ivt) DiIqv web
hyevqi (ivt)-K ejb, ` ,` , ` ` , . ' ` ,` , ' ` ` - ' ` , ,
` . -` . ' ` ,` ` ,' ,, , = _. ` _ n fvM!
IìK Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi Rb gv cv_bv
KiZ ejv nqQ| wK Zviv w`qQ Mvwj|
30

Ze Gi cQb Avjvn& i wekl Zvrch iqQ| Bebyj
AvQxi (int) Zuvi cYxZ RvgDj DQ~ j , ,.. _- ,
M DjL Kib, Rvei web Avyj vn Avqkv (ivt)
_K eYbv Kib, ZuvK wRm Kiv nqwQj, wKQy gvbyl
Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt), GgbwK Avey eKi I Igi (iv)-
GiI wb`v-mgvjvPbv Ki _vK, (Zvì evcvi
Avcbvi g e wK)? wZwb ejwQjb, GZ Avh nIqvi
wK AvQ? Zuvì gZy i ci Zuvì bK Avgj e nq
MQ| wK Avjvn PqQb, Zuvì bKxi c_ hb e
bv nq hvq|
31

GUv wKfve me? nv`xQ _K Avgiv RvbZ cvwi,
h ew webv Aciva Kviv wb`v-mgvjvPbv Kie,
wKqvgZ wèm H wb`vKvixi bKx webv Aciva wbw`Z
ewwUK Ìqv ne| nv`xQ GmQ, GK`v ivm~j (Qvt)
Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-K ejjb,
` ,` _` ' ` , ` ` , ` ` . . , ` , ` _ . `
_ . ` _ ` ' ` ` . ` _ ' , . , , ` , ,
_ , , . , ` _ ' , , ' , , , `
, - ` _ =` ` , . ,. , : ,

30. Qnxn gymwjg, nv/3022|
31. Bebyj AvQxi, RvgDj DQ~j, nv/6366| wK Kvb& gy nvwQ
nv`xQwU eYbv KiQb, Zv Bebyj AvQxi DjL Kibwb| Ze
Beby AvmvwKi Zuvi RMwLvZ M ZvixLy w`gvk&K (44/387)-G
nv`xQwU mb`mn DjL KiQb| Abyicfve LZxe evM`v`x
Zuvi ZvixLy evM`v` (5/147)-G nv`xQwU wbq GmQb|
- ` . - ' ` , _ . ` , . ' ` ` ` - ` . , . ,
` . - , = ` ,` , = - ` _` _ _ , ~ ` , ` ,
Zvgiv wK Rvb, `wi` K? Zu viv ejjb, Avgvì ga
hvi A_Kwo bB, mB Zv `wi`| AZtci ivm~j (Qvt)
ejjb, Avgvi DZi ga H ew `wi`, h wKqvgZ
wèm QvjvZ, wQqvg, hvKvZ wbq Dcw Z ne; wK
mv_ Ggb wKQy gvbylK wbq Avme, hvì KvDK m
Mvwj w`qwQj, KvDK Acev` w`qwQj, Kviv m`
Abvqfve fY KiwQj, Kviv i SwiqwQj, Avevi
KvDK c nvi KiwQj| AZtci ZvìK Zvi bKx
_K Ìqv ne| wK Zvi Dci Pvcvbv `bvcvIbv
kl nIqvi AvMB hw` Zvi bKx kl nq hvq, Zvnj
H jvKwji cvc wbq Zvi Avgjbvgvq Ìqv ne|
Aekl GK chvq ZvK Rvnvb vgi Avb wbc Kiv
ne|
32
Rvnvb vgi Avb _K Avgiv Avjvn& i KvQ
gyw c v_bv Kwi|
GKRb mvaviY gymwjgK Mvwj Ìqvi dj hw` Ggb
nq, Zvnj h ew Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-K Mvwj `q,
Zvi Ae v wK ne?! wKqvgZ wèm hLb Zvi bKx
Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-K w`q Ìqv ne, ZLb wKic
fqven ne H ewi `kv? AZtci Mvwj`vZvi bKx kl
nq Mj huvK m wb`v KiQ, Zu vi g` Avgj _K
ZvK Ìqv ne| AZtci H Mvwj`vZvK Rvnvbvgi
Avb wbc Kiv ne| h ew Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-
K Mvjg` Kie, wec`vcì wK NbNUvB bv bg
Avme Zvi cvijwKK Rxeb? Avey eKi (ivt) Zvi bKx
wbq wbeb, Igi (ivt) Zvi bKx wbq wbeb, IQgvb
(ivt) Zvi bKx wbq wbeb, ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi xMY Zvi
bKx wbq wbeb| Ggwbfve Abvb QvnvexI Zvi bKx
wbq wbeb|
Avh njI mZ h, Dyj gywgbxb Avqkv (ivt)I Zvì
wb`v _K wb wZ cvbwb| A_P BdKi NUbvq hbvi
Acev`Kvixì Acev` _K Avj vn cwe Ky iAvb Zu vK
wbjy l NvlYv KiQb Ges m~ iv b~ i G cm KqKwU
AvqvZI AeZxY KiQb, hwj wKqvgZ ch gymjgvbì
gvS ZjvIqvZ Kiv ne| GZ`mI AvRI wKQy gvby l
ZuvK wb`v Ki _vK; Zvnj wK qvgZ wèm gv Avqkv
(ivt)-Gi fvM KZBbv mycmb ne| wZwb weivU QIqvei
fvMx`vi neb| wK GB nZfvMv wb`vKvix wK qvgZi w`b
wbt^ nq DVe| KviY m Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-K Mvwj
Ìqvi gZ NY c_ eQ wbqQ| GLvbB kl bq, wKQy
jvK mKvj-mv Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-K Mvwj w`q

32. gymwjg, nv/2581|

19
_vK; wKqvgZi w`b Avjvn& i mv_ mvvZi mgq GB
nZfvMvì `kv wK ne!
GgbwK Zvì Kviv Kviv evovevwo Ggb Pigmxgvq
cuQQ h, Zviv Avey eKi I Igi (ivt)-Gi gZ gnvb
ewZK Akxj I AK_ fvlvq Mvwj w`ZI wcQcv nq
bv| Zvì Mvwji bvsiv fvlv Gic : n Avjvn! Zywg
KyivBk eski `yB g~wZ, `yB Avjvn`vnx, `y B wK eZ x Ges
`yB Kbv Avey eKi I Igii Dci Awfkvc elY Ki|
A_P ivm~j (Qvt) gywgb mK ejb, wb`yK,
AwfkvcKvix I Ak xj evKvjvcKvix gywgb bq|
33
ivm~j
(Qvt)-K GK`v ejv nqwQj, n Avjvn& i ivm~j (Qvt)!
Avcwb gykwiKì Dci e``vAv Kib| Reve wZwb
ejwQjb, e``vAv I AwfkvcKvix wnmve Avwg c wiZ
nBwb|
34
GZwKQyi ciI GK kYxi jvwZ gvbyl DZi
k gvbylwjK jvbZ Kivi Rb eQ wbqQ!
v||<|< +<|x (<|:)-=< x| < -|x+ | +i
Avjx Beb Avey Zvje (ivt) ejb, ivm~j (Qvt) ejQb,
Avey eKi I Igi bex-ivm~jMY eZxZ cwiYZ eqmx
mKj RvbvZevmxi mi`vi|
35
AZGe bex-ivm~jMYi
ci Zuviv `yRb hgb RvbvZ k ewZ, Zgwb
`ywbqvZI k ewZ|
Qnxn eyLvixZ GmQ, Beby Igi (ivt) ejb, Avgiv ivm~j
(Qvt)-Gi hyM K ekx Dg, Zv weklY KiZvg| Avgiv
mevg ew wnmve Avey eKi (ivt)-K RvbZvg, AZtci
Igi Bebyj Lv ve (ivt)-K, AZtci IQgvb web Avddvb
(ivt) K|
36
Qnxn eyLvix Qvov Abvb KqKwU nv`xQ M
GmQ, ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi wbKU Ggg Lei cu Qj wZwb Zv
Acm` KiZb bv|
37

Qnxn eyLvixZ GmQ, gynvv` Bebyj nvbvwdBqvn
ejb, Avwg Avgvi wcZv Avjx Beby Avey Zvje (ivt)-K
wRm Kijvg, ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi ci mevg ew K?

33. gymbv` Avngv`, nv/3949; eyLvix, Avj-Av`veyj gydiv`,
nv/312; wZiwghx, nv/1977; nvKg, 1/12| mevB Beb
gvmE` (ivt)-Gi m~ nv`xQwU eYbv KiQb| nv`xQwU eYbvi
ci Bgvg wZiwghx ejb, nv`xQwU nvmvb-Mvixe| Bgvg nvKg
ejb, Bgvg eyLvix I gymwjgi kZ vby hvqx nv`xQwU Qnxn;
nvdh hvnvex nvKgi GB gZK mg_b KiQb| kvqL
Avjevbx nv`xQwUK Qnxn ejQb| `t wmjwmjv Qnxnvn,
nv/312|
34. gymwjg nv/2599|
35. gymbv` Avngv`, nv/602; wZiwghx, nv/3666; Beby gvRvn,
nv/95| GB nv`xQwU Aviv KqKRb Qvnvexi m~ ewY Z nqQ
Ges mewj mbì Dci wfw Ki kvqL Avjevbx nv`xQwUK
Qnxn ejQb| `t wmjwmjv Qnxnvn, nv/824|
36. eyLvix nv/3655|
37. Beby Avex AvQg, Avm-mybvn, nv/993; Avey Bqvjv, Avj-
gymbv`, nv/5604; Zevivbx, gymbv`yk& kvwgBwqb, nv/1764|
nv`xQi AwZwi GB AskUyKy Qnxn, kvqL Avjevbx whjvjyj
Rvbvn M GK Qnxn ejQb, nv/1193|
wZwb ejjb, Avey eKi| Avwg ejjvg, Zvici K? wZwb
ejjb, Igi| Avwg fvejvg, Gevi nqZv IQgvb (ivt)-
Gi bvg ejeb| mRb ejjvg, Zvici wK Avcwb! wZwb
ejjb, Avwg mvaviY GKRb gy mwjg e Avi KD bB|
38

Beby Avex AvQg cYxZ Avm-my b vn bvgK M GmQ,
Avjx (ivt) ejb, ` ` . ` , - ' ` ` ` ` , . ` , ' _ , ,
` ` ` - . , ` , ` , ` ` - Kviv c _K hw` Avgvi
KvQ Ggg Lei Avm h, m AvgvK Avey eKi I Igii
Dci c vavb w`Q, Zvnj Avwg wg_v Acev`Kvixi n
îc ZvK evNvZ Kie|
39
GUv ^ qs Avgxij gy wgbxb
Avjx web Avey Z vje (ivt)-Gi Dw|
AvgvìK RvbZ ne h, Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi
ghv`v I kZi Zyjbvg~jK ZviZg mK vb _vKv
Zuvì c wZ Avgvì KZeiB GKwU Ask| Avi GB
vb _vKj Avgiv Zuvì cZKK Zu vi h_vh_ nK
c`vb KiZ cvie| gnvb Avj vn ejb, . ` , ` ` , ` ,
` ' ` ` ` ` , _` ` , - _ ` , =` ' : ` , '
` , , ` ` , ` ` , ' , _ ` ` - = ` , , = ,
` , ` ` , - . ` , Zvgvì ga h gv weRqi c~ e eq
KiQ Ges wRnv` KiQ, m mgvb bq| Gic jvKì
gh v`v Zvì Pq ekx, hviv ci eq KiQ Ges wRnv`
KiQ| Ze Avj vn DfqK KjvYi Iqv`v w`qQb|
Zvgiv hv Ki, Avjvn m mK mgK vZ (! :)|
GLvb Avj-mbv , _ ` ` - , A_ Rvb vZ Ges Avj-
dvZn , _` , A_ gv weRq ev `vqweqvi mw| AvqvZ
ejv nj, hu viv `vqweqvi mwi w`b MvQi bxP ivm~ j
(Qvt)-Gi nvZ nvZ iL evqAvZ KiwQjb Avi huviv G
mwi ci Bmjvg MnY KiwQjb Ges Avj vn& i iv vq
jovB KiwQjb, Zuviv mevB Cgvb I gh v`vi mgvb
bb| eis Dfq Mci ga cv_ K iqQ; hwÌ Zuviv mevB
Qvnvex, mevB Cgvb`vi Ges mevB Rvb vZx|
eySv Mj, Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt) ghv`vi mevB
mgvb bb| mRb `vqweqvi w`b MvQi bxP
evqAvZKvix QvnvexMY njb me vg| eì hy
AskMnYKvix QvnvexMY Zvi Pq k| wK Zuvì
mevi ga Dg njb, Rvb vZi my msev`c v `kRb
Qvnvex| ivm~j (Qvt) GK eVK H `kRb QvnvexK
RvbvZi mymsev` c `vb Kib| Bgvg wZiwghx I Bgvg
Avngv` cLvZ Qvnvex Avyi ingvb web AvId (ivt)

38. Qnxn eyLvix, nv/3671|
39. nv/1219, Bgvg Avngv`, dvhvqjy Q& Qvnvevn ct 49|

20
_K eYbv Kib, wZwb ejb, Avwg ivm~ j (Qvt)-K
ejZ bwQ, Avey eKi RvbvZx, Igi RvbvZx, IQgvb
RvbvZx, Avjx RvbvZx, Z vjnv RvbvZx, hyevqi Rvb vZx,
Avyi ingvb web AvId RvbvZx, mv` Beby Avex IqvvQ
RvbvZx, mvC` web hvq` web Avgi web bydvBj RvbvZx
Ges Avey Ievq`vn Bebyj Rviivn RvbvZx|
40
DwjwLZ
`kRb QvnvexK bex Kixg (Qvt) GK eVK RvbvZi
mymsev` w`jb| Zuviv f~-c Pjvdiv KiZb A_P
RvbZb, Zuviv wbwZ RvbvZ hveb| wK gnv mfvMi
AwaKvix Zuviv! `ywbqvi gvwUZ Pjvdiv KiQb, A_P
RvbQb h, Zuviv wKqvgZ wèm wbwZ Rvb vZi
Awaevmx|
Avevi GB `kRbi ga mevg njb Pvi Ljxdv Ges
Pvi Ljxdvi ga mevg njb Avey eKi I Igi
(ivt)| wK mKj Qvnvexi ga mevg njb Avey eKi
wQxK (ivt)|
Avey eKi (ivt)-Gi mvnPh i K_v mivmwi cwe Ky iAvb
NvlYv Kiv nqQ, ` , , . - . = . . ,` -
ZLb wZwb Zuvi mxK ejjb, wPw Z nqv bv, Avjvn
Avgvì mv_ AvQb (<! )| wZwb eZxZ wZxq
Avi Kvb Qvnvexi mvnPh i K_v cwe KyiAvb Avmwb|
Avey eKi (ivt) cyilì ga mec_g Bmjvg MnY
Kib| ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi c _K ZuvK hv-B ejv nZ,
wZwb webv evK eq m m Zv wekvm Ki wbZb|
wgivR _K wdi Gm bex (Qvt) hLb gykwiKìK
ejjb h, ivZ ZuvK Avmgvb wbq hvIqv nqwQj Ges
wZwb eyivK-G PowQjb; ZLb Zviv Zv wekvm KiZ bv
ci Avey eKi (ivt)-Gi wbKU Avmj Ges ejj,
Zvgvi mx wK ejQ Rvbv? m Ggb Ggb ejQ...|
Avey eKi (ivt) ejjb, wZwb hw` GK_v ej _vKb,
Zvnj mZB ejQb|
41
mRb ZuvK GB DZi
wQxK ev mZev`x ejv nq| bex (Qvt)-Gi mewKQy K
webv evK eq wekvm Kivi gZ Ggb P~ov chvq Avi
KD cuQZ cviwb| Avjvn ejb, ` , , ` ,` = ,
` , . ` ,` : , ' ` ` _ , ` , . Avi hviv Avjvn I Zu vi
ivm~ji cwZ wekvm vcb Ki, ZvivB Zvì cvjbKZvi

40. gymbv` Avngv`, nv/1675; wZiwghx, nv/3747; bvmvC, mybvb
Kyeiv, nv/8194| `yRbB nv`xQwUK Avy i ingvb web AvId
(ivt)-Gi m~ eYbv KiQb| Avjevbx nv`xQwUK Qnxn
ejQb| `. Qnxj Rvg nv/50|
41. nvKg, 3/65; Avey byAvBg, gvwidvZy Q Qvnvevn, 1/82;
evqnvKx, `vjvqjyb& byeyIqvn, 2/361| Zu viv mevB Avqkv
(ivt)-Gi m~ nv`xQwU eYbv KiQb| nvKg nv`xQwUK
Qnxn ejQb Ges nvdh hvnvex ZvK mg_b KiQb|
Abyicfve AvjevbxI nv`xQwUK Qnxn ejQb| `: wmjwmjv
Qnxnvn, nv/306|
wbKU wQxK ej weewPZ (! :>)| AvqvZ DwjwLZ
GB mvb Ges weklY wekwlZ nIqvi hvM mec_g
ewZ njb Avey eKi (ivt)|
bxPi NUbvwU gbvhvM w`q byb| bex Kixg (Qvt)
GK`v Avey eKi I Igi (ivt)-Gi AbycwwZZ NUbvwU
eYbv KiwQjb| NUbvwU wQj Gic: Avey ivqiv (ivt)
ejb, GK`v bex Kixg (Qvt) dRii QvjvZ kl
Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi w`K gyL Ki emjb|
AZtci ejjb, (ebx BmivCji) GK ew GKw`b GK
Mii wcV AvivnY Kij Ges ZvK c nvi Kij| MiwU
ejj, AvgvìK AvivnY Kivi KvR mw Kiv nqwb;
eis Pvlvevì Rb AvgvìK m w Kiv nqQ| ZLb
DcwZMY ej DVjb, my env-bvjvn! Mi K_v ej!
Gici ivm~j (Qvt) ejjb, Avwg, Avey eKi Ges Igi
GUv wek vm Kwi| nv`xQwUi eY bvKvix ejb, Hw`b Zu viv
`yRb AbycwZ wQjb| (ebx BmivCji) AviK ew
QvMj PivwQj, GgZvevq evN Gm GKwU QvMj wbq
Mj| jvKwU wcQy avIqv Ki evNi nvZ _K
QvMjwUK Dvi KiZ mg nj| ZLb evNwU ejj, GB
jvK QvMjwUK Avgvi KvQ _K Qvwoq wbj? hw`b
Avwg Qvov Ii Avi Kvb ivLvj _vKe bv, mw`b IK K
iv Kie? DcwZMY ej DVjb, my env-bvjvn! evN
K_v ej! ivm~j (Qvt) ejjb, Avwg, Avey eKi Ges Igi
GUv wek vm Kwi| eYbvKvix ejQb, Hw`b Zu viv `yRb
AbycwZ wQjb|
42

GLvb wQxK Ges Zuvi Cgvbx ` pZvi welqwU jYxq|
Abyicfve Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi c~Y n`vqvZc vwi
welqwUI iZc~Y |
Avgiv hw` KyiAvb I mybvn& i AvjvK Avey eKi I Igi
(ivt)-Gi ghv`vi Dci AvjvPbv KiZ hvB, Zvnj
2/1wU ee Zv kl Kiv m e bq|
gnvb Avj vn eZxZ hnZy Avi Kvb nK gve~ ` bB,
mnZy Zu vi myìZg bvgmg~ n Ges my gnvb Yvejxi gvag
Avgiv Zu viB wbKU cv_bv Kwi, wZwb hb Kvb Qvnvexi c wZ
A_ev Ab Kvb gy wgbi cwZ Avgvì `q mg~ n
mvgvbZg wel bv `b| wZwb AvgvìK Ges Avgvì
hme fvB Cgvbi mv_ MZ nq MQb, ZvìK hb gv
Kib| Avgiv Avjvn& i myìZg bvgmg~ n I my gnvb Yvejxi
gvag Zu vi wbKU Aviv c v_bv Kwi, wZwb hb wK qvgZ
wèm bex (Qvt) Ges Zu vi QvnvexMYi mv_ AvgvìK
nvki-bvki Kivb| Aviv c v_ bv Kwi, wK qvgZ wèm wZwb
hb AvgvìK Avey eKi, Igi, IQgvb, Avjx Ges bex
(Qvt)-Gi xMYi mv_ nvki-bvki Kivb| gnv mvb Ges

42. Qnxn eyLvix, nv/3471|

21
ghv`vi AwaKvix mKj Qvnvexi mv_ hb wZwb AvgvìK
wKqvgZi w`b nvki-bvki Kivb|
v||<|< +<|x (<|:)-=< |<-|< <i<-< |
<| <|< -v|
wcq gymwjg fvB! Avgvì DwPZ, Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-
Gi Rxebx, Zuvì mvb, ghv`v BZvw` welq covbv
Kiv| G KyiAvb gvRx` w`q i KiZ ne|
AZtci ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi nv`xQ coZ ne| Qnxn eyLvix,
Qnxn gymwjg, mybvb AvievAvn, gvmvbx`, gvAvwRg
43
,
AvR& hv BZvw` nv`xQ M DwjwLZ AvQvi Ges Ijvgvq
Kivgi Dw coZ ne| mv_ mv_ Qvnvevq Kivg
(ivt)-Gi dhxjZ welq c_Kfve cYxZ Mmg~ nI
coZ ne| KviY GB Aaqb _K Avgiv AbK
DcKvi jvf ab ne| Zba -
=+. Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi Rxebx coj Zuvì cwZ
Avgvì fvjevmv ew cve| Zuvì cksmv, Zu vì Rb
`vAv Ges gv cv_bvi c_ ck ne| Zuvì mK
memgq fvj AvjvPbvi welqwU mnR ne|
-#. Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi RxebPwiZ coj Zuvì
mv_ mv`k Aej^bi cwZ Avcwb hZkxj nZ
cvieb| Avi Avcwb Rxeb Pjvi c_ Qvnvevq Kivg
(ivt)-Gi mv_ hZekx mv`k eRvq ivLZ cvieb,
KjvYi ZZekx KvQvKvwQ _vKZ cvieb| Kbbv
gnvb Avjvn ejb, ` ` ` . - ,` - ' ` ' ,` , - ` ,`
ZvgivB nj mevg DZ, gvbeRvwZi KjvYi
RbB Zvgvì De NUvbv nqQ (! <! ::)|
bex Kixg (Qvt) ejb, mevg gvbyl njb Avgvi hyMi
gvbyl|
44
hnZy Avjvn Ges Z`xq ivm~j (Qvt) Zu vìK
mek wnmve AvLv w`qQb, mnZy hZekx Zuvì
mv_ mv`k eRvq ivLv hve, ZZekx KjvYi KvQvKvwQ
_vKv me ne|
|-. Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-K Mvjg` Kiv, Zu vìK
wb`v-mgvjvPbv Kiv BZvw` wbK KvR _K Avcwb mevP
`~iZ Ae vb KiZ cvieb| QvnvexMYi Rb gv c v_bv
Kiv, Zu vì cksmv Kiv, Zu vìK mvb Kiv, Zu vìK
fvjevmv Ges Zu vì cwZ k v c`k b Kivi wb`k
AvcbvK Ìqv nqQ| Avi Zuvì Rxebx Aaqb
AvcbvK Dciv wb`kvejx cvjb DrmvwnZ Ki Zy je|

43. gvAvwRg , ` , -. , gvmvbxì gZ| Ze Dfqi ga m~ cv_K
nj, gvAvwRg Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi bvgmg~ nK aygv Aviex
eY i avivevwnKZv Abyhvqx mvRvbv nq Ges KLbI KLbI GKB
eVK RvbvZi mymsev`cv `kRb Qvnvexi nv`xQ mg~ nK mec_g
wbq Avmv nq| wK gvmvbx` Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-K mvRvbvi
KqKwU wfb cwZ iqQ|- Abyev`K
44. Qnxn eyLvix, nv/2652, 3651, 6429; Qnxn gy mwjg, nv/2533|
v||<|< +<|x (<|:)-=< x<i |<<|-|< |<<< =+-
x|x< |x+|
Avgvì AvjvPbvi GwUB kl welq| QvnvexMYi ga
hme gZvbK nqQ, Zwlq Avgvì KiYxq wK?
mvjvd Qvjnxbi GK ewK hLb G welq wRm
Kiv nqwQj, ZLb wZwb fvlvq ejwQjb, ` :
` ,` ,` ,` = ,` , ~ . ' ,` ` ,` , =` GwU wQj GKwU
drbv| Avjvn Zv _K Avgvì ZievixK gy
iLQb| AZGe, Avgiv ZvK Avgvì hevbKI
gy ivLe|
45

AviKRbK G welq wRm Kiv nj wZwb wbg v
AvqvZ ZjvIqvZ Kib, : ` ' , ` . - ` ` .
` , '` ` . , ` ,` ` ` , , ` ,` ` . ` , ` , . Zviv wQj
GK mc`vq, hviv MZ nq MQ| Zviv hv KiQ, Zv
ZvìB Rb| Zviv wK KiZ, m mK Zvgiv
wRvwmZ ne bv (<!!<! ::)|
46

gb Kib, Kvb GKRb Qvnvex fy j KiQb| wK
Avcbvi ZvZ gv_v Nvgvbvi ìKviUv wK! wK qvgZi w`b
wK Avjvn GB fyji Rb Avcbvi KvQ wnmve PvBeb?
Avjvn ejb, Zviv wK KiZ, m mK Zvgiv
wRvwmZ ne bv| Avcwb Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi
ch eK bb, Zvnj Kb Avcwb Zu vì ga weev`xq
welq wbRK Roveb| Avjvn ejb, Zviv wQj GK
mc`vq, hviv MZ nq MQ| Zviv hv KiQ, Zv
ZvìB Rb| Zviv wK KiZ, m mK Zvgiv
wRvwmZ ne bv |
AviKwU iZc~Y welq nj, ai wbwQ, GKRb Qvnvex
fy j KiQb| wK wZwb GB fyjwU BQv Ki Kibwb;
eis BRwZnv` KiZ wMq NU MQ| Avi ivm~ j (Qvt)
ejQb, , . ,` - ' ` . . ' ` , , ` - ` , - , -
` ,` - ' ` ' =` - ' ` , , ` - , - wePviK hw` wePvi KiZ
wMq BRwZnv` Kib Ges mwVK wePvi KiZ mg nb,
Zvnj Zuvi Rb iqQ `ywU bKx| cv i hw` wZwb
wePvi KiZ wMq BRwZnv` Kib, wK fy j wePvi Ki

45. NUbvwU Igi web Avyj Avhxh (int) _K eYbv Kiv nq| `t
wnjBqvZyj AvIwjqv, 9/114; Avj-gyRvjvmvn/1965| GLvb
DwwUi kwj Gfve GmQ, . ,` , = ,` , ~ . :
. ,` , ` .` . - ' _ mwU wQj iv BwZnvm, Avj vn
ZvK Avgvi nvZK gy iLQb| Zvnj G welq K_v
ej LvgvLv Kb Avwg Avgvi wRnvK iwZ Kie?!
46. wZwb njb Bgvg Avngv`| `t Lvj vj, Avm-my b vn, 2/481|

22
djb, Zvnj Zvi Rb iqQ GKwU bKx|
47
mRb
Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt) mK hme gZvbK ev fy ji
K_v DjL Kiv nq, mwji `ywU Ae vt nq mwj
Zuvì Dci wg_vivc| Avi Zuvì mK DwjwLZ
ekxi fvM gZvbK ev fyj GB kYxi|
Avi bqZv mwj mwVK| Avi mwVK Z_i wfwZ
cgvwYZ GB fyjwj mK Avgiv eje, Zuviv BRwZnv`
KiQb| whwb BRwZnv` KiZ wMq fyj Kibwb, Zuvi
`yB bKx| Avi whwb fyj KiQb, Zuvi GK bKx Ges
Zuvi Mvbvn gvd Ki Ìqv nqQ|
AZGe Qvnvevq Kivg (ivt)-Gi ga weev`xq welq wbq
AvjvPbv Kiv Kviv DwPZ bq| Ze hw` KD Zu vì c
jovB Ges Zu vì mvb-ghv`v Zyj aivi Dk Gme
welq K_v ej, Zvnj Kvb mgmv bB|
cwikl, Avwg wbgv `vAvwji gvag GB cyw KvwUi
BwZ UvbZ PvB-
_ .` , . ` -` _ , ` -` _ . ` ,` ,
` , ,` , ` , ,` , _ , , ` , - :` , ` , - ` ` . _ ` _ , ` ,` ,
` , ,` , _ . _ , ` -` _ , ` -` _ , ,
,` , ` , ` , - :` , ` , - ` `
n Avjvn! Avcwb gy nvvì Dci Ges gynvvì
cwievi-cwiRbi Dci ingZ elY Kib, hgwbfve
Avcwb Beivnxgi Dci Ges Beivnxgi cwievi-
cwiRbi Dci ingZ elY KiwQjb| wbqB Avcwb
gnv ckswmZ, gnv mvwbZ| n Avj vn! Avcwb eiKZ
bvwhj Kib gynvvì Dci Ges gy nvvì cwievi-
cwiRbi Dci, hgwbfve Avcwb eiKZ bvwhj
KiwQjb Beivnxgi Dci Ges Beivnxgi cwievi-
cwiRbi Dci| wbqB Avcwb gnv ckswmZ, gnv
mvwbZ|
` _ , ` ' , ` , ` , . ` - ` ,` , ` , ' ` ,` , ` ,
` ,` ` . , , . ` ,` _ , ` , . ` , _` ,' ` . ` , . ` , ' ,
` , - . ` _ , ` , ,` ` , ` , , ` ` ,` ,
` - , . ` _ , :` , . -` , _ ` ` ,` , . ` ` ,` , ` _ ,
_` , ` ,` , ` , :` , , - . . ` , :` , , - . `
. ,` .` , ` , , ` ,` , . ` _ , :` , , - . ` ` ,` ,
` , ` - ' . ` _ , . ` - , , ` ,` , ` ` ` ,` ,

47. Qnxn eyLvix, nv/7352; gymwjg, nv/1716|
n Avjvn! Avcwb Pvi Ljxdv Avey eKi, Igi, IQgvb I
Avjx (ivt)-Gi Dci m nvb| n Avj vn! Rvb vZi
mymsev`c v `kRbi ga Aewk QqRbi c wZI Avcwb
m nvb| n Avjvn! Avcwb Avcbvi bex (Qvt)-Gi
xMYi Dci m nvb| n Avj vn! Avcwb eìhy
AskM nYKvix Ges evqAvZ wihIqvb AskM nYKvix
QvnvexMYi Dci m nvb| n Avj vn! Avcwb Avcbvi bex
(Qvt)-Gi mKj Qvnvexi Dci m nvb| n Avj vn! Avcwb
Zuvì c_i cKZ Aby mvixì Dci m nvb|
` , ,` - , , ` , ` , _ ` , ` , , , ` ` - . , .
` , ` , , ` ,` ` , . _ :` ` , _ ` , -` _ ` ` ,
n Avgvì cvjbKZv! AvgvìK Ges Cgvb Avgvì
AM eZ x vZvMYK gv Kib| Cgvb`viì wei
Avgvì A i Kvb wel Avcwb ivLeb bv| n
Avgvì cvjbKZv! wbqB Avcwb AwZkq `qvjy, cig
KiYvgq (!< :)|
mekl, gnvb ieyj Avjvgxbi cksmv KiwQ| Avjvn
Zuvi ev`v I ivm~ji Dci Ges Zu vi cwievi-cwiRb I
mKj Qvnvexi Dci ì`, mvjvg I eiKZ elY Kib|
21

21. GB cyw Kvi welqe ywU g~ jZt g`xbvi gmwR` KyevZ Dc vwcZ
GKwU ee| KvmU _K eewU Avjv`v Kiv nqQ Ges Avwg
GLvb wKQy mskvabxI GbwQ| Ze eewU ee AvKvi iL
ÌqvB fvj gb KiwQ| gnvb Avj vnB GKK ZvIdxK `vZv (g~ j
jLK)|

-1 || <i<|-|| -<
|x<| <| |-< ||+
* 22, 21 I 18 KviU (wbwZ YMZ gvbi)
^Y vjvi mieivn Kiv nq|
* my ` KvwiMi viv cZ I mwVK mgq Ajvi
mieivn Kiv nq|
* YMZ gvb I cieZxZ Lwiì wbqZv Ìqv nq|
AvaywbK gWji ^YvjsKvi Zixi RMZ GKgv
wbfihvM cwZvb|
>/c |-< x|+, c-t -|+|- (:x < <|x |-+)
||<| dvb : 0471-62544 gvevBj : 01716-181345,
01711-018529, 01917-717995|
E-mail : sahidulislam10@yahoo.com

AL-BARAKA JEWELLERS - 2
|-<|<|+| <| ->

23
|<| - -1|+ |<|<< x||<
!|! < !
(2q wKw)
| |<<<+ x|||
-=< |<|| h cv cvwb A_ev Ab Kvb Lv`
msiY Kiv nq ZvK .,. ejv nq| Gi Avmj ev g~j
nj nvjvj nIqv| Avjvn ZvAvjv ejb, ,` ` -
` , ` _ ' ` , - wZwb hgxb hv AvQ me Zvgvì
Rb mw KiQb (<!!<! ~>)| Avi cv Avjvn ZvAvjvi
mw mg~ni A fy| AZGe cv hZY ch Acwe
nIqvi h_vh_ `jxj cvIqv bv hvq ZZY ch Zv cwe|
^ <i< <| |< <i<|< =<t | <|
||- |<| |<| -< +x
^Y I ici Zix cv aygv LvIqv I cvb Kiv
nvivg| GQvov Abvb KvR eenvi Kiv Rvqh| nv`xQ
GmQ,
` , ` , ' _ ` , ` - , - _ ` , ` - , , ` ` . _ =
, ,, . ` ,` , ,` ` , . . ` . , . ,
` ,` ` , , - , ` ,` , _ ,` , ` ,` , ,` ' ` , ,
, -. .
Beby Avwe jvqjv (ivt) nZ ewYZ wZwb ejb, Avgiv
hvqdv (ivt)-Gi m evBi ei njvg| G mgq wZwb
bex Kixg (Qvt)-Gi K_v AvjvPbv Kib h, wZwb
ejQb, Zvgiv ^Y I ici cv cvb Kie bv| Avi
gvUv ev cvZjv ikg e cwiavb Kie bv| Kbbv
Gjv `ywbqvZ Zvì (Agymwjgì) Rb| Avi
Zvgvì Rb iqQ AvwLivZ|
48
Ab nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` ' _` , _ ` ` _. = , ,, . ' ` ,` _ =
_. = , ,, ` ` . ,` , ` . ` . `
` , -` , -` , ` = , _ ,` , - .
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi mnawgbx Dy mvjvgvn (ivt) nZ
ewYZ, ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb, h ew ici cv

l!, ! ! l<l<!, !<<
. <!<, < != !l ! <!' , !/::: <!!
<!, ! !<l /~>:
cvb Ki m Zv Zvi Dì Rvnvb vgi AwM cwe
Kivq|
49

DwjwLZ nv`xQq ^Y I ici cv ay gv LvIqv Ges
cvb Kivi KvR eenvi KiZ wbla Kiv nqQ| GQvov
Abvb KvR eenvi Kiv Rvqh| Gme cv ivLv cvwb
viv cweZv ARb KivI Rvqh| Kbbv hw` Abvb
I eenvi Aea nZ Zvnj Avj vn& i ivm~j (Qvt)
aygv wbw`fve LvIqv I cvb KiZ wbla KiZb
bv|
50

+||<-< | <i<|< +<|< +x
hw` wbwZfve Rvbv hvq h, Kvwdiì eenvwiK cv
Kvb Acwe e Zvjv nqwb, Zvnj Zv eenvi Kiv
nvjvj| Avi hw` Rvbv hvq h, ZvZ Acwe e Zvjv
nqQ Ges m cv Qvov Ab Kvb cv cvIqv bv hvq,
Zvnj Zv fvjfve aZ Ki eenvi Kiv Rvqh|
nv`xQ GmQ, Avey Qvjvev Ly kvbx (ivt) nZ ewY Z,
wZwb ejb, Avwg ivm~ jyjvn (Qvt)-Gi KvQ Gm ejjvg,
n Avjvn& i ivm~ j (Qvt)! Avgiv Avnj wKZve mc`vqi
GjvKvq evm Kwi, Zvì cv Avnvi Kwi| Avi Avgiv
wkKvii Aj _vwK, wkKvi Kwi Zxi aby K w`q,
cwkYcv Kz Kzi w`q Ges c wkY wenxb KzKzi w`qI|
AZGe AvgvK ej w`b, Gi ga Avgvì Rb Kvb& wU
nvjvj? wZwb ejjb, Zz wg DjL KiQ h, Zzwg Avnj
wKZve mc `vqi GjvKvq emevm Ki, Zvì cv Lvbv
LvI| Ze hw` Zvì cv eZxZ Ab cv cvI, Zvnj
Zvì cv Avnvi Kiv bv| Avi hw` bv cvI, Zvnj
Hjv ayq wbq ZvZ Avnvi Kie| Avi Zz wg DjL
KiQ h Zzwg wkKvii Aj _vK| Zzwg hv Zxi aby K
viv wkKvi Ki, ZvZ Zzwg wemwgj vn coe Ges Zv
Lve| Zvgvi cwkYcv Kz Kz i w`q hv wkKvi Ki,
ZvZ wemwgjvn coe Ges Zv Lve| Avi Zy wg hw`
cwkY wenxb KzKz i viv wkKvi Ki, m hw` hen
Kiv hvq, Zvnj LZ cvi|
51

cv i hw` Rvbv bv hvq h, Kvwdiì cv Kvb
Acwe e Zvjv nqQ wK-bv? Zvnj Zv eenvi Kiv
Rvqh| Kbbv ivm~jy jvn (Qvt) I Zuvi Qvnvexì GKRb
gykwiK gwnjvi gkK nZ cvwb wbqwQjb Ges Zv cvb
KiwQjb I Ih~ KiwQjb|
52

>. <!<, < != !l ! <!' , !/:: <!!
<!, ! !<l /~>:
. !|! l< ! !-!, !<: !! !l
! :/ l: !!<, : :
:. <!<, l!<' <!, !/ <!! <!, !
!<l /~:
~. <!<, !/: <!! <!, ! !<l :/:
l: !!<, :

24
x < |x$| |<| <| | <i<|<< + x
h ci MvkZ LvIqv nvjvj m c gZyeiY Kij Zvi
Pvgov jeY ev Abyic c`v_ viv cvKv Kij Zv cwe
nq Ges Zv eenvi Kiv Rvqh| cv i h ci
MvkZ LvIqv nvivg Zvi Pvgov cvKv Kivi gvag cwe
nq bv Ges Zv eenvi KivI Rvqh bq| G c m nv`xQ
GmQ,
` , ` ` .` ` ,` _ = _ . = ` , , ,
` , , ' , ' . _ ,` ` ,` , ~ .
Beby Avevm (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, Avwg
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-K ejZ bwQ, h Pvgov cvKv Kiv nq
Zv cwe|
53
Ab nv`xQ GmQ, gvqg~ bv (ivt) nZ
ewYZ, GK mgq gvqg~ bvi GK `vmxK Qv`vKv wnmve
GKwU QvMj Ìqv nqwQj| GKw`b mUv gi Mj (Zv
dj Ìqv nj)| ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) GK`v Zvi cvk w`q
hvIqvi mgq ejjb, Zvgiv Gi Pvgov Lyj cvKv Ki
wbj bv Kb? Zvnj cqvRb eenvi Ki DcKZ
nZ cviZ| mevB ejj, IUv gi wMqwQj ZvB|
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejjb, gi Mj Zv Zv LvIqv nvivg
(wK Zvi Pvgov eenvi Kiv Zv nvivg bq)|
54

AZGe h ci MvkZ LvIqv nvjvj, m c gviv Mj
Zvi cvKvKZ Pvgov viv Zix cv eenvi Kiv Rvqh|
kvqLyj Bmjvg Beb Zvqwgqv Ges gynvv` web Qvjn
Avj-DQvqgxb (int) Abyic drIqv c`vb KiQb|
55

|<-|<|-| -1|+ x|||
#|-| | x-x i|< < |<| -
gj-g~ ZvMi ci cweZv ARbi `ywU gvag iqQ|
Zv nj-
1- BmwZbRv : cvwb viv aZ Ki cweZv ARb Kiv|
2- BmwZRgvi : cwe wXjv A_ev cv_i wKsev Abyic
cwe e viv gvmn Ki cweZv ARb Kiv|
DwjwLZ `ywU gvagi hKvb GKwU viv gj-g~ ZvMi
ci cweZv ARb Kiv Rvqh|
' ` ` , : ` , , . ` ,` _ = _. = ,
,, ` -` , . - ` - ' ' ` , ,` - , ` ` ` .
, , _ -` ` , . , .

:. l, !/::: l<l, !/::
. l, !/::: < !>!, !/:::
55. ! ! ! < !l!, !> !!! ~:/::
!<: !! !l !l, :/>~|
Avbvm Beby gvjK (ivt) nZ ewY Z, wZwb ejb, hLb
ivm~jyj vn (Qvt) UqjU c ek KiZb, ZLb Avwg I
Avgvi gZ GKRb Mvjvg GKwU Pvgovi Zix QvU cv
cvwb I GKwU ekv ev ejg wbq hZvg| AZtci wZwb
cvwb viv BmwZbRv KiZb|
56

Avi hw` Kn BmwZRgvi Z_v cv_i ev Abyic Kvb cwe
e hgb- wXjv, wUmy, KvMR BZvw` viv cweZv AR b
KiZ Pvq, Zvnj m hb wZbevii Kg gvmn bv Ki|
` . ` , ` ` ` , ` , ' , _. = , ,,
.` _ _` - . , - . - ' ` , . ' `
` ` , ' ` , , ` , ' . ' _ -` ` ` , , , ` , ' . ' ` _ -`
' , ` _ -` - ' ` , ' . ' _ -` ` ` , - , , _ ` , ' , = , .
mvjgvb (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ZvK ejv nj,
Zvgvì bex (Qvt) ZvgvìK me wKQz B wkv
w`qQb| GgbwK cvqLvbv Kivi wbqgI wkv w`qQb|
wZwb ejjb, nuv, ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) wbla KiQb,
ckve-cvqLvbvi mgq wKejvi w`K gyL KiZ, Wvb nvZ
viv BmwZbRv KiZ, wZbwUi Kg cv_i (wXjv) viv
BmwZbRv KiZ, Mvei A_ev nvw viv BmwZbRv
KiZ|
57
Ab nv`xQ GmQ,
` . ' ` ,` _ = _. = , ,, .
` , ` - ' _ ` . , ` , _ -` - ' ` , = ` , ` . ` , ,
,` , ` ,` -` ` ` .
Avqkv (ivt) nZ ewYZ, ivm~ jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb, hLb
Zvgvì KD cvqLvbvq hve, m hb wZbwU cv_i wbq
hvq| m Zv viv cweZv ARb Kie| Avi GUvB Zvi
Rb h_ ne|
58

|<-|<|-| +<|< x< |+<|< |-+ x <| |
+< <|< +x
Lvjv gvV ckve-cvqLvbv Kivi mgq wKejvi w`K gyL
A_ev wcV wdi emv Rvqh bq|
` ` , ' ` ,' , ' . ` _ .` . . ' ` ` _. = , , ,
` ,` ` , ' , ` . ` . , ` ,` , ,` ` ` ,
` , ` , . ` , ' ` ,` ,` , ` ,` , ' ` ,' , ' . ` '` ` - ,
` , - , ` . , ` , ` ` , -` ` ` , ` , = _ .

:. l, !/~:
. l, !/~:~
. !< !, !< !<! l>! <!' , !/

25
Avey AvBq~e AvbQvix (ivt) nZ ewY Z, bex Kixg (Qvt)
ejQb, hLb Zvgiv cvqLvbv KiZ hvI, ZLb wK ejvi
w`K gyL Kie bv wKsev wcVI wè bv, eis Zvgiv c~e
w`K A_ev cwg w`K wdi eme| Avey AvBq~e
AvbQvix (ivt) ejb, Avgiv hLb wmwiqvq Gjvg ZLb
cvqLvbvjv wKejvgyLx evbvbv cjvg| Avgiv wKQyUv
Nyi emZvg Ges Avjvn ZvAvjvi wbKU ZIev
BmwZMdvi KiZvg|
59

hnZz g`xbvevmxì wKejvn `wY, mnZz Avjvn& i
ivm~j (Qvt) wKejvi w`K gyL A_ev wcV bv Ki c~ e Ges
cwg gyL A_ev wcV wdi ckve-cvqLvbv Kivi wb`k
w`qQb| myZivs Avgvì wKejvn hnZz cwg w`K
mnZz Lvjv gvV ckve-cvqLvbv Kivi mgq Di I
`wY gyL A_ev wcV wdi emZ ne|
cv i hw` Nii ga ckve-cvqLvbv Ki A_ev
wKejvi w`K Kvb `qvj _vK Zvnj wKejvi w`K gyL
A_ev wcV wdi ckve-cvqLvbv Kiv Rvqh|
` ` = ` , , ` ` .` , ` _ ` , ,` , ~ ..` , , .. -
` ` - - ` .` , ' , ` ,` _ = _. = , ,, ` . ,
` - - , ,` ` ` ` ` ` '` .
Avyjvn Beby Igi (ivt) nZ ewY Z, wZwb ejb, Avwg
Avgvi wekl GK cqvRb nvdQvn (ivt)-Gi Nii Qv`
DVjvg| ZLb `Ljvg, ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) wK ejvi w`K wcV
w`q kvgi w`K gyL Ki Zuvi cqvRb c~Y KiZ
(ckve-cvqLvbv) emQb|
60
Ab nv`xQ GmQ,
` . ,` , , ` . . ` .` , ' _ ` , , ` _ ' ` - _ ` `
` ` , - ` ,` , ,` , ` . , , ' ` ` -` , ` , ' `
_ ,` ` _ , ` _ ,` ` : _ . . ,
. : ` , , ` , , , ` .` _ ` ,` ` , ' , .
gviIqvb Avj-AvQdvi (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, Avwg
Beby Igi (ivt)-K Zuvi Dxi Dci wKejvi w`K gyL Ki
em _vKZ `LwQ| AZtci wZwb em ckve KiZ
jvMjb| ZLb Avwg ejjvg, n Avey Avyi ingvb! GB
evcvi wK wbla Kiv nqwb? wZwb ejjb, nu v, GB evcvi
wbla Kiv nqQ, Ze Zv Lvjv RvqMvq| AZGe Zvgvi
gvS Ges wKejvi gvS hw` Ggb wKQz _vK hv ZvgvK

>. <!<, !, ll<! (!<) < l< l<<!< l<!'
, !/:> <!! <!, ! !<l :/~:
:. <!<, ^< < !< !!! <!' , !/:
<!! <!, ! !<l :/>:
Avovj Kie, Zvnj Kvb Amy weav bB|
61

< <+|<|< -i - | +| x
(+) |<|x| < < < +<|
Avjx (ivt) nZ ewYZ, ivm~jyj vn (Qvt) ejQb, ` ,` ` , ,
` - . _` , , ` , - ` , . . ' ` , ` , ,` . ,
= . Av`g m vbi jvvb Ges wRbi gvS c`v nj hLb
m UqjU cek Kie, ZLb eje wemwgj vn|
62

() < << -|'| |
` ' ` , : . _ = .` ` . ' ` _. =
, ,, - . - ` ,` , ` ` ` ,` ' : ,
.` ` - . - , .
Avbvm Beby gvwjK (ivt) eY bv Kib, bex Kixg (Qvt)
hLb cvqLvbvq cek KiZb, ZLb wZwb ejZb, n
Avjvn! Avwg Avcbvi KvQ hveZxq cy il I bvix
kqZvbì _K Avkq cv_bv KiwQ|
63

AZGe UqjU c eki `vAv nj, ,` , = ` ,` , ` `
` ,` ' : , ..` ` - .. - , Avj vni bvg UqjU
cek KiwQ| n Avjvn! Avwg Avcbvi KvQ hveZxq
cyil I bvix kqZvbì _K Avk q c v_bv KiwQ|
() < + << < -|'| | +<|
` _._ = , . ' ` _ ` _. = , ,, .
_ , - : , .
Avqkv (ivt) nZ ewY Z, bex Kixg (Qvt) hLb cvqLvbv
nZ ei nZb ZLb ejZb, :. , Zvgvi KvQ
gv cv_ bv KiwQ|
64

() |-- x||< |-+< | +<|< < +|$ <|- +<|
` , , ` . ' ` _ ` _. = , ,., .. _ '
- - . ` _ ` , , ` ,` , _` - ,` ` , . ` _ .
Beby Igi (ivt) nZ ewY Z, ivm~ ~ jy j vn (Qvt) hLb
(ckve-cvqLvbvi) cqvRb gUvbvi BQv KiZb, ZLb

::. !< !, !/::, !<!, !/:, < !>! =< !l<~
!<! !l !! < : <! ^! !/::
:~. < !>!, !/~> l<l, !/:: !l<~ !<!
!l < : : >! !-!^<, !/::::
::. <!<, !!! << !!' , !/::~~, <!!
<!, ! !<l /
:. !<!, !/:, l<l, !/, !l<~ !<! !l
!! < : : >! !-!^<, !/

26
wZwb gvwUi wbKUeZx bv nq Kvco Dvjb KiZb
bv|
65

(O) UqjU c_g evg cv w`q cek Kiv Ges Wvb cv
w`q ei nIqv| Gi viv evg w`Ki Pq Wvb w`Ki
dhxjZ ew Kiv nq| hgb ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) Wvb w`Ki
dhxjZ ekx nIqvi K_v eYbv KiQb| A_vr ivm~jy jvn
(Qvt) gmwR` c_g Wvb cv w`q cek KiZ ejQb
Ges evg cv w`q ei nZ ejQb| RyZv cwiavb Kivi
mgq Wvb cv w`q i KiZ ejQb Ges Lvjvi mgq
evg cv w`q i KiZ ejQb| Abyicfve UqjU
ceki mgq c_g evg cv w`q cek KiZ ne Ges
ei nIqvi mgq c_g Wvb cv w`q ei nZ ne|
Kbbv UqjUi fZii Pq evwni Dg|
66

|<-|<|-|+|<|< << |<|x +| x
(+) |<+ ||- |< +<|
` , , - ` ` ,` _ = _. = , ,, ` ` ' _. , . '
` , _ . ` , .
Rvei (ivt) ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) m~ eY bv Kib, wbqB
wZwb e cvwbZ ckve KiZ wbla KiQb|
67

Ab nv`xQ GmQ,
` ` , ' ,` , ,` _ ` ,` = _. = , ,,
. ` ,` , ` , ` - ' . , ` . , ` , ` , , - .
Avey ivqivn& (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~jyj vn
(Qvt) ejQb, Zvgvì KD hb e cvwbZ ckve bv
Ki Ges RvbvevZi Aevq Mvmj bv Ki|
68

() |< +<|< x< +|- | |<| <<| ^1 +<|
` ` , ' ` ,` _ = _. = , ,,
. , ` , ` - ' ` , . . , _ ' . -
` , ` , ` , , , . . , ` _` , ` , , , .
Avey KvZv`vn (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb ejb, ivm~jy jvn
(Qvt) ejQb, Zvgvì KD hLb cvb Ki, ZLb m
hb cvi ga wbtkvm bv Qvo| Avi hLb kPvMvi
hvq, ZLb Zvi cyilv hb Wvb nvZ w`q k bv Ki
Ges Wvb nvZ w`q kPKvh bv Ki|
69

Ab nv`xQ GmQ,

:. !<!, !/:, l<l, !/:, !l<~ !<! !l
< : : >! !-!^<, !/:~
::. !<: !! !l ! :/: l: !!<,
: :
:. l, !/~: <!<, !< !l !< <!' ,
!/~:>
:. !<!, !< !l !< <!' , !/
:>. <!<, ! ! l ! <! l<' , !/::
<!! <!, ! !<l :/:
` ` , ' ` ` _. = , ,, ,
` , ` - ' . ` - ' , ` , ` , , , . . , ` -` ` , ` , , , . . ,
` , . .
Avey KvZv`vn (ivt) ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) nZ eYbv Kib,
wZwb ejb, Zvgvì KD hLb ckve Ki ZLb m
hb KLbv Wvb nvZ w`q Zvi cy ilv bv ai Ges Wvb
nvZ w`q kPKvh bv Ki Ges cvb Kivi mgq hb
cvi ga wbtkvm bv Qvo|
70

() <|^ |<, |v< v|<|<, <||- <| |v< -| =<t
||-< |< |<-|<|-| +<|
` ` ` , - _ ` ` , = . _ = ` , , ,
, ` . _ , . _ , . = , _ ,
` , , = .
gyAvh Beby Rvevj (ivt) nZ ewY Z, wZwb ejb,
ivm~jyj vn (Qvt) ejQb, Awfk wZb ew nZ Zvgiv
euP _vK| cvwbi vb gj ZvMKvix, Qvqvq Ges iv vi
gvSLvb gj ZvMKvix|
71
Ab eYbvq GmQ, Avey
ivqivn (ivt) nZ ewYZ, ivm~ jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb,
, ` ` , ` ` , , . ` , ` ,` _ = `
_ - , ` _ ` , , ~ ` ` , ' _ ` , , ~ .
Zvgiv Awfk `yB ew nZ euP _vK| QvnvexMY
ejjb, n Avj vn& i ivm~j (Qvt)! Awfk `yB ew K?
ivm~jyj vn (Qvt) ejjb, h ew jvKRbi PjvPji
iv vq Ges Zvì Qvqvq ckve-cvqLvbv Ki|
72

() |<-|<|-| +<| <^ |< + <|- |<| +<|
<| +<|- |-< < < +<| KziAvb Avj vn& i
Kvjvg ev K_v, hv Abvb mKj Kvjvg Acv
dhxjZc~Y I mvwbZ|
() ||, |<< =<t |-i |<| ++ +<|
Avey ivqivn (ivt) nZ ewY Z, wZwb bex Kixg (Qvt)-Gi
Ih~ I Bw b&Rvi eenvii Rb cvwb fwZ cv wbq
wcQb hvwQjb, nVvr wZwb ZvwKq ejjb, K? Avwg
ejjvg, Avwg Avey ivqivn| wZwb ejjb, AvgvK
KqKwU cv_i Zvjvk Ki `vI| Avwg Zv w`q Bw b& Rv
Kie| Ze nvw I Mvei Avbe bv| Avwg Avgvi
Kvcoi wKbvivq KqKwU cv_i Gb Zuvi KvQ iL
w`jvg Ges Avwg mLvb _K wKQzUv `~ i Mjvg| wZwb
hLb Bw b&Rv nZ ei njb, ZLb Avwg GwMq Zu vK

. <!<, ! ! l ! <! l<' , !/:
<!! <!, ! !<l :/
:. !< !, !/~:, < !>!, !/:~, !!, <!
^!, :/:
~. l, <!! !<-!!! <! l<' , !/~:>

27
wRm Kijvg, nvw I Mveii evcvi wK? wZwb
ejjb, Gjv wRbi Lvevi| Avgvi KvQ bvQxexb bvgK
RvqMv nZ wRbi GKwU cwZwbwa `j GmwQj| Zviv
fvj wRb wQj| Zviv Avgvi KvQ Lv`` ei Ave`b
Rvbvj| ZLb Avwg Avjvn& i wbKU `vAv Kijvg h, hLb
Kvb nvw ev Mvei Zviv jvf Ki ZLb Zviv hb ZvZ
Lv` cvq|
73

A nv`xQ nZ Rvbv hvq h, cv_i ev Zvi weK wRwbm
h_v- wXjv, wUmy, KvMR BZvw` w`q Bw b&Rv Kiv ea|
Ab nv`xQ GmQ,
, ' ` ,` , ,' , ` ` ' _ , , - ` , , _ , ` ,` _ = _. =
, ,, . ' _` ` , , = , ` , ' ,` , .
Avey hyevBi (ivt) nZ ewYZ, wZwb Rvei (ivt)-K
ejZ bQb, ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) wbla KiQb nvw I
Mvei viv Bw b&Rv KiZ|
74

() xx|--< +<< =<t <||<< x<i |<-
|<|-| +<|
` ` ` , , ` ,` _ = _ . = ` , , ,
. . ` ' _ . ,` - ` , ' . .` , ` , ' . .` - ' ` `
` ` - , , . ' . - ' ` ` . ' ` ' _ ,` . , ` ` , ` , '
` , ' ` ,` _ ` .` , . ` - - . ` , ' , ` ,' .
DKev Beb Avgi (ivt) _K ewYZ, wZwb ejb,
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ejQb, Kvb gymjgvbi Keii Dci
w`q Avgvi nuU hvIqv Acv Rj Avii Dci w`q
A_ev Zievwii Dci w`q nuU hvIqv A_ev Avgvi
RyZvRvov Avgvi cvqi mv_ mjvB Kiv Avgvi wbKU
AwaK wcq| Keivb cvqLvbv Kiv Ges evRvii
gvSLvb cvqLvbv Kivi ga Avwg Kvb cv_ K `wL
bv|
75

|<-|<|-|+|<|< -i x|+< <| --|< +| x
(+) || |<|< <|| <||< |<<| x |<
+< <| Kbbv ZvZ ckve kixi jM hvIqvi
mvebv _vK|
() |<-|<|-| +<| <^|< ||x << -<|
` , , ` . ' ` - _ ` , , ` ,` _ = _. = , ,,
` ,` , , ` , ` ` , , ` , .
Beby Igi (ivt) nZ ewYZ, GK ew c_ PjwQjb Ges
ivm~jyjvn (Qvt) ckve KiwQjb| AZtci H ew

:. <!<, l>< ' , !/:: <!! <!,
! !<l :/::
. l, !/~::
. < !>!, !/::, !l<~ !<! !l
< : <! ^! :/:~
ivm~jyj vn (Qvt)-K mvjvg w`jb| wK ivm~ jyjvn (Qvt)
Kvb Di w`jb bv|
76

() +|- |v- <| |< +<| :
` ` = ` , -` , . ' ` ,` _ = _. = , ,,
_ , . ' ` , _ ,` -` - . ` , ` , ` , ` ,
_ ,` -` - . ` , ,` ` ` - .
Avyjvn Beby mviwRm (ivt) nZ ewY Z, ivm~ jy j vn (Qvt)
MZ ckve KiZ wbla KiQb| wZwb ejb, Zviv
KvZv`vK wRm Kij, MZ ckve Kiv Acmì
KviY wK? wZwb ejjb, ejv nq _vK GUv wRbì
Avevm j|
77
AZGe wRb A_ev Ab Kvb c vYxi
Avevm j nj Zviv K cve|
() +|- <<<| <|- v|$| =x- |+v |-< <
< +<| x|+< <| --|< <| | |< -|x ||
|v Kbbv ZvZ Avjvn bvgi Amvb Kiv nq|
cv i hw` hiix cqvRb KD Avj vni bvg wjLv
AvQ Ggb wRwbm wbq UqjU cek Ki Zvnj ZvZ
Kvb mgmv bB| hgb- UvKvi Dci hw` Avjvn& i bvg
wjLv _vK, Zvnj Zv wbq UqjU c ek Kij Kvb
mgmv bB| Kbbv Zv evBi iL c ek Kij nvwiq
hvIqvi A_ev fyj hvIqvi AvksKv _vK| Ze KziAvb
wbq UqjU cek Kiv Zv cKvk nvK ev Mvcb
nvK, nvwiq hvIqvi ev fy j hvIqvi AvksKv _vKz K ev
bvB _vKz K Zv nvivg| /<}

:. l, !!|' , !/:
. !< !, !/~>, !!^, !/: ! < !>!<
!l < : ! !<< :/::

x||+ |-|<|+
||<| |#-
:-oo
< +|- <| |- <| x||+
'|-|<|+'-=< |< |<|
< +< <||< <||<| +<-
<| -|x-|+|-| ==x= +<-
-x x< --|-- |<- |||<
|< + <|- v| |-|v||+ x|<|-
-|-< i <||x +|< |
x< +| :| + :> |

28
x|-<||<+|< #|x
! !
(3q wKw)
|+|i x|-<||<+|<< <|<|
#<<||< - x cvvZ gvbevwaKvii aviYvwU
AwZ cvPxb I A| gvbevwaKvii welq cvPxb MxKi
w`K j Kij `Lv hvq, mLvb gwbe KZK
`vmìK Pwek Nv KwVb KvR wbqvwRZ ivLv nZ
AZ wbggfve| Avi m `ki MYZ wQj GKv fve
^vaxb-cfvekvjx RbMvxi Rb| mLvb mvaviY
RbMYi Kvb AwaKvi ^xKZ wQj bv|
78
MvUv BDivc
f~-^vgx, mvg c_v I Lvb cv`xì cfve-cwZcw Ly e
kwkvjx wQj| hv Zvì ivxq Kvh vejx cwiPvjbvq
`viY f~wgKv ivLZv| ivxq wKQz eweM I mvgvwRK
eweMi mg^q GKwU mvgvwRK Pz wi gvag gvbyli
gwjK AwaKvimn bvbv AwaKvi msiY I cwiPvjbv
Kiv nZ| hgb- eUb ivRv Rb Ges m`kvjx I abx
f~gvwaKvix ev eviYì ga 1215 mvj GKwU Pz w
nq, hvK HwZnvwmK 'Magna carta' ejv nq| GB
PywZ wbqZv wQj- RbMYi wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì
(Great council) c~evbygwZ eZxZ KvDwji
LvgLqvjxfve RbMYi Dci Ki Avivc Kie bv|
ivRKgKZviv h_Qfve RbMYi f~mw AwaMnY
KiZ cvie bv, RbMY Pzwii wePvi cvevi AwaKvix ne|
Ze 63wU AbyQ` m^wjZ gvMbvKvUv KLbB RbMYi
PvUvi wQj bv| Zv cieZxZ nq hvq Charter of
English Liberties' Ges eZgvb GwU gvbevwaKvi I
gy miKvii BwZnvm mePq iZc~Y gvBj djK|
79

cieZxZ kvmKivB hb ^QvPvix bv nq IV, mRb
Bswjk wecei gvag 1689 mvj cvjvgUi gvag
wej Ae ivBUmK wewae AvBb cwiYZ Kiv nq|
Gfve wcwUkb Ae ivBUm, wej Ae ivBUm Ges
gvMbvKvUv GB wZbwU HwZnvwmK `jxjK GK ejv
nq, Bswjk msweavbi evBej| Ze nem, jK I ikv
QvovI Acivci mKj ivRbwZK wP vwe` I AvBbwe`MY
G mK evcK AvjvPbv KiQb| Zuvì ga
Grotius, Bon, Astim, Bentham, Laski cgyL
cwZMYi wP vi djvdji K_v chvjvPbv KiZ wMq

'. . .
78. gvIjvbv Avyi inxg, Bmjvg I gvbevwaKvi (XvKv : Lvqib
cKvkbx), ct 4|
79. Dr. M. Ersloadul Bari, International concern for the
Promation and Protection of Human Rights, Dhaka
University Studies Part F. vol. 11 (1). 21. gvbevwaKvi
AvBb msweavb Bmjvg GbwRI, Wt nev gj I Wt kvnRvnvb
gj, kvgm cvewjKkbm, XvKv- 2q cKvk ct 8|
cdmi Bwjqvm Avng` ejb, ivRbwZK `kb
KZZK vi vi gwo LZ `Lv hvQ| KLbI GK
ew _K gywgq jvKi nvZ K` xf~ Z nq Ges
KLbI AmsL ewi nvZ, KLbI ewi nvZ _K
mgvRi nvZ, KLbI KLbI msLvjNy ì nvZ _K
msLviì KvQ, KLbI msLviì _K
msLvjNy ì KvQ, KLbI c kvmb _K AvBb cwilì
KvQ, KLbI AvBb cwil` _K wePvi wefvMi KvQ
Ges Aekl mgvRi wbKU _K cybivq iv i GKK
`kKi w`K|
80
bvqwePvi c wZvKvix cLvZ ivgvb
AvBb AwfRvZ I `vm kYxi ga weivU cv_ K m w Ki
w`qwQj| dj m AvBb mvaviY gvbyli Kvb KjvY
Avmwb| Bqv`x ag RvZxqZvev`x kYx cv_K mb
ag| GLvb evBii jvKì mv_ Zvi GKwe`y mK i
welqwU ^ xKZ wQj bv|
Abw`K Lag c gfvjevmvi NvlYv wbq GjI Zvi
g~j wQj gvby l gvbyl gwjK wefw| hgb- BwZnvmi
mKj AavqB MxRv RbMYK ^vaxb wP v I gZ M nY
Ges Zv cKvki AwaKvi _K ewZ Ki iLQ;
cv`xì gZi wecixZ nj RbMYK KwVb I wbgg
kvw cZ nZ| Di BDivc RbMYK Lag `xwZ
Kivi Rb Ges BDivcxq Av`vjy wmqvq gy mjgvbì
Lvb evbvevi Rb h wbggZvi civKvv `wLqQ
gvbeZvi BwZnvm Zvi `v AZ weij|
81
AvRI
`wY Avwd Kvq mv`v Pvgovi Awaevmx Ges Di
Avqvijvi mv`v Pvgovi Awaevmxì mv_ h AvPiY
Kiv nQ, Zv gvbevwaKvi mK BsiRì wgyLxcbvi
Rj cgvY|
82
Lvb wgkbvixiv eZgvb mgqI `y wbqvi
gymwjg `k jvKì L vb evbvbvi Dk bvbv
Kkj mB KvR Ki hvQ| wVK GKBfve GKvji
wewfb gZv`kI gvbyl gvbyl wewfb w`K w`q cv_ K
mwi KvR KiQ, mvaviY I gwjK gvbevwaKvii
AvKvk-cvZvji cv_Ki cvPxi Zzj aiQ|
meZt G j eUbmn BDivcxq BDwbqb AvgwiKvi
mv_ HKefve bvUvi gvag mviv wek gvbevwaKvi
ivi cwieZ gvbevwaKviK c``wjZ KiQ|
|x|<+|< x|-<||<+|< AvgwiKv wQj GKwU e wUk
Kjvbx| KjvbxjvZ PjZ e wUk ivRi kvmb|
BsiR ivRv Kjvbxi kvmbKvh cwiPvjbvq Zvì Kvb
myhvM w`Zb bv; Dci Zvì Ici Uv Avivc
KiZb| Aekl AvgwiKvbiv GB îZ i wei
Rqjvf Ki Ges Zviv 1776 mvji 12B Ryb
fvwRwbqvZ GKwU Bill of Rights M nY Ki, hvi

80. mvjvDxb, gwjK gvbevwaKvi, Aby ev`: gy nvv` Avey j evkvi
AvL` (XvKv : BmjvwgK dvDkb), ct 27-28|
81. Bmjvg I gvbevwaKvi, ct 5|
82. gwjK gvbevwaKvi, ct 29|

29
iwPqZv wQjb RR gvbmb| Gi 21 w`b ci 1776
mvji 4Vv RyjvB enwZevi mvq (^vaxbZv wèm)
wdjv wWjwdqvZ c_g KwUbUvj KsM m AvgwiKvi
13wU Kjvbx NvlYv Kib AvgwiKvi ikv ej LvZ
Ugvm Rdvimb| GB NvlYvq gvbyli mvg, Rxeb,
Pjvdiv, ^vaxbZv mn bvbv AwaKvii welq ^xK wZ cvq|
GZ ejv nq, hw` Kvb miKvi GB AwaKvi w`Z e_
nq Zvnj mB miKviK asm Ki bZzb miKvi MVb
KiZ ne|
83

AvgwiKvi gvbevwaKvi Aev eUb I dv _K gvUI
c_K bq| AvgwiKvi kZv JcwbewkK Mvx H
gnv`ki g~j evwm`v iW Bwqvbì MvUv mc`vqKB
`ywbqvi eyK _K wbw Ki w`qQ| wbRì bZzb
wek Movi I DbwZ mvabi Rb Zviv Avwd Kv gnv`ki
Kv Awaevmxì ci gZ ai wbq wMq wbRì
`vm cwiYZ Ki Ges Rvnvh evSvB Ki AvgwiKvq
wbq hvq| Gme Mvjvg h_vixwZ q-weq nZ|
AvwdKvi h DcKj _K Zvì Rvnvh evSvB Kiv
nZ Zvi bvg nqQ `vm DcKj (Slave Coast)| GB
Avg`vbxKZ Mvjvgì h eskai GLbI Aewk iq
MQ, Zviv AvR ch mgvb AwaKvi cvqwb| Zviv hLbB
AvgwiKvi msweavb c` gvbevwaKvi cybivii `vex
Rvbvq ZLbB Zvì Ici wbgg Ryjyg-AZvPvi Pvjvbv
nq| G welq ievU Wwe frmbv Ki ejb, cu vP jvL
Mvjvg Ges nvhvi nvhvi Avg`vbxKZ k Zv meKì
KjvbxZ em Mvjvgì GK abevb gwbe Ugvm
Rdvimb KZ evMvoî mnKvi AvgwiKvi ^ vaxbZvi
NvlYvi wZPviY KiQ|
84
GB Avf ixY Mvxq
^vZZi K_v ev` w`q GLb ewnwek AvgwiKvi
f~wgKv g~jvqb Kij AviI fqsKi `k wZcU fm
IV| wnivwkgv, bvMvkvwK, Kvwiqv, wfqZbvg,
K^vwWqv, BivK, wdwj xb, AvdMvwb vb I gac vPi
me AvgwiKvi nvZ gwjK gvbevwaKvi c``wjZ
Kivi `qwe`viK `k Avgvì PvLi mvgb fm
IV| GK cwimsLvb Rvbv hvq, AvgwiKv _K c wZ
eQi h cwigvY Lv` I Abvb è mgy` dj `qv
nq, Zv ZZxq weki eyfyz RbMYi 3 eQii cqvRb
c~iYi Rb h_ nZ cvi|
wek bZZi AMbvqK, gvbevwaKvii iK (?) gvwK b
hyivi wfZii Lei AZ kvPbxq| mLvbKvi
A_bwZK Aev, eKvi mgmv I AvBb-ksLjvi Aev
AZ fqven| A_P weki e gvbyl Rvb bv mLvb wK
NUQ? AvgwiKvi wWcvUgU Ae Rvwm-Gi bvkbvj

83. Wt iev gj I Wt kvnRvnxb, gvbevwaKvi AvBb msweavb
Bmjvg GbwRI, (XvKv : mvgm& cvewjKk), ct 10|
84. R.Edewey, Freedom, p.347; gwjK gvbevwaKvi, Ry b, 2004, ct
30|
vBg wfKwUgvBRkb mvif ey iv Ae Rvwm cKvwkZ
wicvU 1996 mvj 3,07,000wU al Yi AwfhvM iKW
Kiv nqQ| m wnmve H eQi AvgwiKvZ c wZw`b Mo
2,713 Rb A_vr cwZ 32 mK 1 Rb gwnjv awlZv
nqQ|
85
A_bwZK BwZga Zvì 331wU evsK
`Dwjqv nq MQ| nvhvi nvhvi Kg Pvix-KgKZ v PvKz ix
nvwiqQb| GgbwK G gvmB Lv` wbDBqK wmwUZ Qq
nvhvi wkK PvKzix nvivZ hvQb| m`k c wZ 7
Rbi ga 1 Rb nZ`wi`| wPieix Pxbi wbKU Zviv
GLb 3 nvhvi gvwK b Wjvi FYx|
86

| x|-<||<+|< d v gvbevwaKvii Rb, aviYv I
cwiw wZI cvq e Ub I AvgwiKvi ch vq| KviY ZrKvj
d vi ga kYx Kviv ivRv KZ K gvivZKfve kvwlZ,
ewZ I wbhvwZZ nqQ| GB wec exivB (gawe kYx I
KlK) 1789 mvj îvPvix ivRvK DrLvZ Ki GKwU
Lmov `jxj NvlYv Ki| hvi bvg Declaration of
Rights of man and of the Citizen. NvlYvwUi Lmov
`jxj Zix Kib Rbvij ` gvi KzBR wW jvdvqZ,
whwb wQjb AvgwiKvi c_g cwmWU RR IqvwksUbi
ez Ges AvgwiKvi ^vaxbZv hy jvdvqZKI ek K
mn KiZ nqwQj| 1789 mvji 26k AvM M nxZ GB
NvlYvq ejv nq, Men are born and remain free and
equal in Rights ( :) Ges c ZK ivRbwZK
msMVbi Dk nj ^vaxbZv, mw, wbivcv Ges
Abvqi cwZev` (-~)| GB NvlYvq AviI
mwbewkZ wQj LvgLqvjx MdZvi _K gy w ( ),
agxq ^vaxbZv ( :), evK I msev` ci ^ vaxbZv
Ges mwi AwaKvi ( ::, :)| ZvB d vi GB
`jxjK American Declaration-Gi Kwb fwM ejv
nq| GB NvlYvi AbyQ` 10-G dvi RbMYi agx q
^vaxbZvi K_v ejv njI Zv eZ gvb kvmKeM i c`Zj
wc nQ| BwZga (2011 mvj) mLvb gymwjg bvixì
wnRve civ wbwl Kiv nqQ| GB AvBb KD Agvb
Kij ZvK Rj-Rwigvbvmn wewfb ` cZ ne|
mc wZ Avie `k _K 3 Rb wnRve cwiwnZvK d vi
GqvicvU _K `k wdi AvmZ nqQ| KviY m
`ki AvBbvbyhvqx eviK v/wnRve wbwl| GqvicvU _K
Zvì wnRve Lvjv Qvov Zviv d v c ek KiZ wè bv|
dj gymwjg gwnjviv wdi hZ eva nq| GUv wbq wek
nP co MQ| ZeyI ZvZ Kvb KvR nqwb| GLvb
gymwjg agxq ^vaxbZvi Ici bM n c Kiv nj hv
RvwZmsN gvbevwaKvii my jsNb| A_P cwgv
kwjv GLb Gme evcvi hb gy L Kzjyc Gu UQ|

85. Wv. RvwKi bvqK, jKPvi mgM, Abyev` I msKjb : gvIjvbv
kixd gy nvv` Avey nvwbd (XvKv : BmjvwgK GKvWwg evsjv`k),
ct 111|
86. gvwmK AvZ-ZvnixK, ivRkvnx, 14Zg el, 9g msLv, Ry b
2011, mv`Kxq|

30
dv gvbevwaKvi mb`K 1791 mvj AvBbi A fy
Kiv njI mLvb cwivi ejv nqQ, hwÌ
Dcwbekjv Ges Gwkqv, AvwdKv I AvgwiKvq dvi
AwaKvify Kvb `k divmx ivi GKwU Ask, wK
GB AvBb Zvì chvR ne bv| Zvnj GLvb
myfve eySv hvQ h, dv h gvbevwaKvi AvBb
cYqb Kiv nqQ, Zv Acwic~Y I jsNbxq I
RvZxqZvevì ivMvm Av-c euvav| ZvB Zv cyivbv
mvgvRbxwZi n mcmviYi bZzb AvgYi wkKvi
nj ga cvPi `kjv Z_v wjweqv AvgY| GKB
bxwZZ eUb, AvgwiKv, dv, Zvì xobK bvUv mn
MvUv cvvZ `kjvi bvi RvUeZv, Z_vKw_Z
MYZi `vnvB w`q Zviv cgvY KiQ- wek
gvbevwaKvi ivi GKgv iK ZvivB (?); GivB Avevi
RvwZmsNi gvbevwaKvi msvK wbqY KiQ|
x|-<||<+|<< x|||+ <|<|
cvvZ gvbevwaKvii aviYvi mv_ mv_ Avgvì
mgvRZvwK gvbevwaKvi mK aviYv _vKv hiix|
KviY gvbevwaKvii D`MviK wnmve Gì `vexi KgwZ
bB| ZvB Gi c_g I cavb D`MviK nj Rvgvb eski
KvjgvKm (1818-1883)| KvjgvKmK cvwievwiK
cwZK~jZvq hyeK eqm Zuvi wcZv nvmKj evwj b
wekwe`vjq cvVvb| mLvb wZwb AvBb, BwZnvm I
`kbi Dci covjLv I MelYv Kib| wekl Ki
wZwb H wekwe`vjqi AavcK nMj-Gi `k bkv,
cKwZ Z cfwZ eB co hyemgvRi Dci GK wecex
PZbvq Dy nb| wZwb kvmK weivax jLvi KviY
Rvgvb _K dv weZvwoZ nb| mLvb AevbKvj
cKvwkZ Vorwart M Zvi fwelZ Rxebi wPv-
fvebvi cKvk NUvZ wMq wZwb ag wbq GK weZwKZ
ee wjLjb, ag cw_exi gvbyli `ytL fvjvevi Rb
^Mi myLi cwZkwZ `q| G Avi wKQzB bq; Avwdgi
gZ gvbylK fywjq ivLevi GKUv Kkj| `vkwbKì
mK wZwb ejb, Zviv ay bvbvfve RMZi evLv
Kiv Qvov wKQzB Kiwb| Avgiv ay evLv KiZ PvB bv,
PvB RMZK cvjUvZ| GLvb Zvi `kbi mv_ i nq
DuPy kYxi msNvZ| Awbevh GB AwwZkxj cwieki
KviY divmx miKvi ZvK `k ZvM eva Ki| GLvb
cbiv gvmi Rxeb cwiPq nq Avi GK msM vgx `vk wbK
dWvwiK Gjm, whwb gvKmi 66 eQi eqm g Zzi ci
Zvi evKx Kgi ev evqb Kib| mgvRZvwK aviYv wbq
1847 mvj c_g Mo DVj Av RvwZK KwgDwb jxM|
hLvb hvM `q ejwRqvg, dv, Rvgvbx, jbi
cwZwbwaiv| GLvbB gvKm Gjmi h_ KwgDwb
gvwbdv NvlYv Kiv nq|
87

87. Mychel H. Heart, THE HUNDRED, P. 124-125.
gvKm 5 m`mi msmvi AZ K Ki gvbeZi Rxeb
hvcb KiZb| `yKvgiv wewk K Kvb iKg Vu vB wbq
euP wQjb| cii w`b LvIqv RyUe wK Ry Ue bv Zv
KD Rvb bv| Rvgv-Kvco, Ry Zvi Ae v Ggb h,
evBi hvIqv `yi| ew`b wMqQ ay GKwU Rvgvi
Afve Nii evBi hZ cviwb gvKm| Afy wkiv
em AvQ k~b nu vwoi mvgb| `vKvbx avi Kvb gvj
`qwb| Ggwb Ki Zvi KZ w`b-iRbx KUQ wb`viY
K| Ze ez Gjm ZvK mnhvwMZv KiQ| m eZ
G AwfZv _K wZwb abx-Mixei eeavb NyPvbvi Rb
Mo Zvjb kYx msMvg, hv AvRI Zvi PZbvq
DxweZ| gvKm gb KiZb, mgM mgvR ee vi g~j
PvwjKv kw nj A_bxwZ| hvì nvZ D A_ mwZ
ne, ZvivB ne mePq gZvevb, mgvRi cfy| hv
1867 mvj Zvi weLvZ Wvm KwcUvj (Das Capital)
eB-Gi gvag cKvwkZ I cPvwiZ nq| GB eBwUB
g~jZt 1917 mvji ik wecei ciYv hy wMqwQj|
88
GB
aviYv gvKmev` Z_v KwgDwbRg ^xKvi Ki bv| hw`
Ggb Kvb DPz-bxPz ev Amg cv_K `L, Zvnj
mgvRZvwK bxwZZ ivxq kvmKeM m kwK wbwgl
PzY-wePzY Ki w`Z cZ| A_vr GB bxwZZ wbRi ej
Kvb m`, A_ _vKe bv| meB _vKe iv i wbq Y|
mgvRZvwK `kbi wP v I aviYv RbMYi ga
Ggbfve Mvw_Z nqwQj, KLbI KLbI hvi gvivZK
cwiYwZ ^qs KwgDwb bZv I kvmKMYKB enb KiZ
nqwQj| G iKgB GK NUbvi weeiY Rvbv hvq,
KwgDwb bZv zf-Gi GK myìx Kzgvix gq wQj|
GK mgq Abymvixiv Zvi gqK Zvi mvgb _K wQwbq
wbZ hvq| ZLb zf ejwQjb, Zvgiv Avgvi
gqK wbq hvQ Kb? ZLb RbMY ejwQj, Avcwb
Zv ejQb, iv Avgvi ewi ej Kvb wKQz _vKe
bv, meB ivi| myZivs G my ìx gq Avcbvi bv, iv i
Z_v RbMYi| ZvB G gqK fvM Kivi AwaKvi
Avgvì mKji| ZLb zf gqK iv KiZ
cvibwb| mw`b ay c_Pq wbe vK wP ù vwoq _vKv
Qvov Zvi Kivi wKQzB wQj bv| GB Zv nj nZfvMv
kvmK Avi KwgDwbRg Kbm ev aviYv|
GKB bxwZ I aviYv wbq ivwkqvq Rb wbj wf. MvB
jwjbi mgvR wecei bZzb aviv| 1903 mvj
ejwRqvgi ivRavbx evmjm kni cy wjki fq GKwU
gq`vi `vg Rb wbj ejwkqvwfK cvwU| `k _K
weZvwoZ nq 10 eQi ci jwjb 1917 mvj 16B Gwcj
`k wdi Mvcb DVjb evb Avbvi evwoZ| Gi ga
cywjk Ui cq ZvK aiZ nb nq Lu y RZ jvMj|
cywjki DcwwZ Ui cq mLvb _K wZwb Pvlxi
Qek cvwjq mxgv i ivRwj kni Qv Kz o Ni

88. Zè, ct 125|

31
em wPwV wjLjb, ejkwfKì gZv `Lj KiZ ne
Ges cwZv KiZ ne gvKmev` I mk Afyvb| mk
Afyvb Qvov gZv `Lj Kiv me bq| m j 1917
mvji 24k Avei i nj ivwkqvq mk wec e| G
wece wQj AZ fqven| hgb- GKgv Kwl
gvKmxq bxwZ ev evqbi Rb 19 j KlKi gv_vi Lywj
Dwoq w`qQ gwkbMvb Pvwjq| `k mKj Qv-
hyeKK fq-fxwZ `wLq Zvì c hy KiZ eva
KiQ| Zv bv Kij Zvì Dci Pvjvbv nqQ Kviv
wbhvZb I AgvbweK AZvPvi| gymjgvbì Dci wewa
wbla Kij m `k _K 30 wgwjqb gymjgvb weZvwoZ
nq|
89
wecei mgq cub 2 KvwU gvbyl wbnZ nq| G
mK ik mgvRZvwK I `vkwbK cdmi wcwUwig
miwbK ik wece gvbyli Rxeb bvki we vwiZ eYbv
w`Z wMq ejb, 1918-22 mvji wece mivmwi msNl
Qq jvL gvbyl cvY nvivq| cwZ eQi Mo jvwaK jvK
wbnZ nq| Mnhy wbnZ Ges civ AvgY wbnZi
msLv ùvovq 1 KvwU 50 jvL _K GK KvwU 70
jvL|
90
jvj wecei Lybx Pnviv `L Rxeb euvPvbvi
Rb `k _K `k jvL jvK cjvqb Ki|
91
Gme NUbv
_K cwivi nq hvq h, cvvZ `kmg~n AwaKvii
aviYv gvbexq bq, eis Mvxq, AvwjK, RvZxqZvev`x I
ZvwK Muvovwgi `vl `y| Zviv Abi AwaKvii cwZ
Kvbic Zvqvv Ki bv|
Gfve mgvRZi Rbi wVK KqK hyM cvi bv nZB
1990 `kK mgvRZi mywZKvMvi mvwfqZ BDwbqb
ivwU f WRbiI ekx iv Zix nj| cw_ex _K
GK cKvi we`vq wbj gvKmev`, jwjbevì mB fqsKi
GKck gZev`| bvbv iO cwieZ b nj mB gZev`|
jwjb ejb, Avgvì bwZK g~jevai Drm nQ Mixe
RbMYi kYx msMvgi ^v_|
92
A_vr jwjbi K_v
Abyhvqx mgvR Kvb DuPy-bxPz gvbyl ej KD _vKe bv|
mevB mvgvwRK I ivxq ghv`vi w`K w`q mgvb| wK ev
e Zv wK me? KD BDwbfvwmwUi cdmi ne, KD ne
myBcvi| ZvB ej A_bwZK I mvgvwRK gh v`vq `yRb wK
GK nZ cvi? Avevi KD abx ne, KD ne dKxi
GUvB ^vfvweK| abxiv MixeìK hvKvZ, `vb Ges bvbv
w`K w`q mnhvwMZv Kie GUvB wbqg| Ze abx-Mixei
ga eeavb Kg ne| Kvb Mixe-wgmKxb hb bv Lq,
webv wPwKrmvq gviv bv hvq, Zvi ee v _vKe GUvB
^vfvweK| hgb- Bmjvgi cg Ljxdv bvg cwiwPZ
Igi Beb Avyj Avhxh (int) ejb, dvivZi Zxi
GKwU KzKziI hw` bv Lq gviv hvq, Zvnj Zvi Rb

89. Bmjvg I gvbevwaKvi, B.dv.ev. ct 6|
90. Sorinik Pitirim A, The Crisis of our Age (New Yourk: E.P.
Duttan & Co., 1951), P. 229; gwjK gvbevwaKvi, ct 30|
91. Zè, ct 31; Encylo. Britannica, 15
th
ed. Vol. 16, P. 71.
92. gwjK gvbevwaKvi, ct 35|
IgiK Avjvn&i KvQ Revew`wn KiZ ne| Ljxdvi G
Dw _K G K_vB AbywgZ nq h, ZLb abx-Mixei
eeavb Ly e GKUv wQj bv| Avi _vKjI H mgqKvi
kvmKMY Mixeì evcvi KZ mZKZv Aej^ b KiZb|
Afy c wZekxi c wZ Rvivj Lqvj ivLv Gme gymwjg
mgvRi `vwqZ I KZe| cw_exZ fvj-g`, myL-`ytL,
QvU-eo _vKe GUvB ^vfvweK| cv i mgvRZvwK
aviYvq Gme _vKv Pje bv| Avmj mgvRZvwK aviYvwU
fyji Dci wbf i Ki cwZwZ nqQ| KviY h aviYvi
bwZK Kvb wfw bB, bB Kvb cvijwKK
Revew`wnZv-mLvb Zv Mj` _vKeB| ZvBZv G mK
wm.wW KviwbM ejb, gwjK AwaKvi iv KZK cYxZ I
ev evwqZ AvBbi gvag Aw Z jvf Ki| c vK wZK
AvBbi wfwZ Zvi Kvb eaZvK GLvb KVvifve
c ZvLvb Kiv nqQ| Gfve ivi wecixZ bvMwiKì
KvhKi ndvhZi MvivwU GLvb Am e Ki Zvjv
nqQ|
16
GLvb c vK wZK AvBb ejZ c KwZMZ Dcvq
Z_v Avj vn KZK c` AvBbK ey Svbv nqQ| GLvb
GKUv K_v my h, gvbyli gbMov hKvb aibi wbqg
ev wewae AvBb viv nK bv Kb, ZvZ gvbe RvwZi
gywi Kvb MvivwU bB, hv AvQ kvkZ weavb Bmjvg|
/<}
16. Zè, ct 32-33|

32
||x ||+| |<|-< -+ +|.
i||-xi|- |< #|x
!. =.=. !+ !l>>
Avwg e_v Rxeb aviY Kwiwb, mg wKQzB cgvY Kie, hv
fvj Zv k Ki aie| wewk MelK nvwgIcvw_
wPwKrmv wevbi RbK Wv. mvgyqj nvwbgvb
Avjvcvw_ wPwKrmv kv jLvcov Ki Wvvi nb Ges
Avjvcvw_ wPwKrmv cwZ Abyhvqx ivMxì mev c`vb
KiZb| wPwKrmv mevi cvkvcvwk wZwb MelYv I
wPwKrmv welqK eBqi Abyev` KiQb| MelYvi GK
chvq wZwb Avjvcvw_Z wZKi mvBW Avd
(cvkcwZwqv) `LZ cvb| GZ wZwb Avjvcvw_K
wPwKrmv cwZ cwiZvM Kib| mvBW Avdi KviY
wbYqi MelYvi gvag nvwgIcvw_ wPwKrmv m~
AvweZ nq| ciwfqvb Kwc ev wmvbv MvQi evKj
wbq MelYv KiZ KiZ nvwgIcvw_K wPwKrmvi De
nq| my gvbe`n Ilya cqvM Ki Wv. mvgyqj
nvwbgvb Ilyai Yvejx cixv KiZb| G aibi
Yvejx hLb Kvb Amy ewi ga `Lv hZ ZLb
wZwb Zv cqvM Kij ivMwU mi hZ| GUvK ej
m`k weavb ev nvwgIcvw_|
GfveB cvKwZK wbqg Ilya cixv, cheY I cqvM
Kivi wPwKrmv weavb cwZv Kib wevbx Wv. mvgyqj
nvwbgvb| wPwKrmv wevbi BwZnvm 1790 mvj
gvbe`n cixvg~jK cwZi cqvM i nq| Wv.
nvwbgvb wbRi kixi c_g cixv Kijb wmvbv|
GK K_vq Avgiv ejZ cvwi 1790 mb nvwgIcvw_i
hvv| nvwbgvb wbRi kixi 99wU Ilya cqvM Kib|
cw_exi KwbZg wPwKrmv cwZ nj nvwgIcvw_| Ilya
cixvi cvkvcvwk nvwgIcvw_ wPwKrmvi wbqg-bxwZ
cKvk Kib 1810 mvj| AMvbb bvg hvi cwiwPwZ
wPwKrmK gnj| Zvi Rxebi kl chvq AMvbb 6
msiY mgv Kib| eBwUi AvaywbK BsiRx Abyev`
cKvwkZ nq 1882 mvj nvwbgvb dvDkb, AvgwiKv
_K| nvwgIcvw_i Rb RvgvbxZ| weKvk dv, ivxq
^xKwZ weUb 1805 mvj| c_g wkv c wZvb w`
cvwim KjR Ae nvwgIcvw_| Wv. nvwbgvb mK
W. `` gv dvi MelYv _K PvjKi Z_ cvIqv
hvq| mvc`vwqK msKxYZvq fxlYfve Avv Avi mZ
Pvcv w`Z AZ cvi`kx cwgv RMr hZw`b m e mgvU
bcvwjqvb, gvgvwWDK Ges wcK_j, gwim evKvBwj,
bxj Avgsmn Aviv AbK gbxlxi Bmjvg MnYi
msev`K Pvcv w`q iLwQj| mZ Kvb w`bB nvwiq
hvq bv| Kvji cevn Kvb GKw`b cKvwkZ nqB|
meZ mePq ekx mgq ai nvwgIcvw_K wPwKrmv
wevbi AvweKZv Wv. mvgy qj nvwbgvbi Bmjvg
MnYi msev`wU Pvcv co AvQ| W. `` gv dv GK
wbe wjLQb AbK K_v| 1998 mvj jb GK
mwgbvi Wv. gv dvi mvvr NU GK Bwwbqvii
mv_| Zvi bvg DBwjqvg nvwbgvb| wevbx Wv. mvgy qj
nvwbgvbiB GK Di-cy il wZwb| wek vm Kv_wjK
L vb| K_v cm wZwb Rvbvjb, nvwgIcvw_K wPwKrmv
wevbx Wv. mvgyqj nvwbgvb MelYvi GK ch vq Bmjvg
M nY Ki gymjgvb nq wMqwQjb Ges wZwb Avg Zz
Bmjvgx wekvmB cwZwZ wQjb| h KviY wZwb wbR
Rbf~wg, ^RvwZ, AvZxq-cwiRb ZvM Ki wZxq x
gv`vg gvjbxK wbq cvwim wnRiZ KiZ eva
nqwQjb| gv`vg gvjbxI ^ vgxi mv_ Bmjvg ag MnY
KiwQjb| nvwbgvbi Abymvb nv AZ c ej wQj|
wZwb wPwKrmv wevb m^ evcK vb AvniYi Rb e
fvlv wkv jvf Kib| cy ivKvji wewfb mfZvi hyM
wPwKrmv eev mK evcK MelYv KiZ wMq
Bmjvgi ^YhyMi Avwevi I wPwKrmv eev mK
fvjfve vb jvfi Rb Aviex fvlvq `Zv AR b,
Z`ycwi Avie ewYK I cwievRKì KvQ _K gac vPi
wPwKrmv eevi cvkvcvwk Zvì ag, mKI AeMZ
nb| Aviex fvlvq `Zvi KviY gnvM Avj-Kz iAvbI
wZwb Aaqb Kib| g wZwb Bmjvgi c wZ AvK nq
hvb| GK fY wZwb Bmjvgi Kvjgv cvV Ki gb
c vY gymjgvb nq hvb| G NUbv RvbvRvwb nq coj
nvwbgvbi AvZxq-^Rbiv Zvi c wZ weic nq cob|
wPi cwiwPZ cwiek Zvi wei Pj hvq| kvw I
wbivcvi ^v_ me mnvq m` DivwaKvix I AvZxq-
^Rbì ga wewjeb Ki w`q wZwb Bmjvg be`xwZ
x gv`vg gvjvbxK wbq cvwimi c_ wnRiZ Kib| G
mgqUv wQj 1835 mvji Ryb gvm| Zviv Zvì Rxekvq
Avi KLbI Rvg vbxZ wdi hvbwb| wnRiZ bexì my bvZ|
Bmjvg MnYi KviY Rvg vb wevbx nvwbgvbKI mB
mybvZiB AbymiY KiZ nq| Bwwbqvi DBwjqvg
nvwbgvb Aviv wKQz gnvg~ jevb Z_ w`q mevBK
wPiKZZv cvk Ave KiQb|
c_gB wZwb Wv. gv dvK ejwQjb jb nvwbgvb
wgDwRqvg hZ| wVKvbv : nvwbgvb wgDwRqvg cvDBR
cvjm, MU Avig w U, jb, WweDwm| mLvb
nvwbgvbi eeZ e wRwbmc AvQ| eB-cy Ki GK
weivU msM nI AvQ| Gi ga gnvM Avj-KziAvb _K
i Ki gymwjg wPwKrmv wevbx Avey Avjx Beb wmbv
weiwPZ Avj-Kvbyb wdZ wZemn kZvwaK Aviex M
iqQ| eeZ wRwbmci ga iqQ gmwRì bKkv
Kiv Rvqbvgvh, g~jevb cv_ii Zmexmn, GKwU UvwKk
Uzwc| eeZ Rvqbvgvh mR`vi wP fve j Kiv

33
hvq| Gme wb`kb W. gv dvi gb Mfxi `vM KvU|
wevbx nvwbgvb mK wZwb jLvcov I Abymvb i
Kib|
Zvi Abymvb I MelYvi Pvi eQi PjQ| egvb ce
wZwb G ch cv Z_vw` msc DjL Kivi Pv
KiQb| G ch wZwb wbgwjwLZ Z_jv mZ I
ev eZvi evcvi wbwZ nqQb|
1. Wv. mvgyqj nvwbgvb Zvi Kvb jLvq Levì
g~jg ZZ (TRINITY) mK KLbI DjL
Kibwb; eis GK mwKZv, God, Creator c fwZ GKK
A_evaK k eenvi KiQb|
2. wiPvW nvj KZK wjwLZ nvwbgvbi Rxebx M
Samuel Hahnemann : His Life and work-Gi
wZxq Li 389 cvq GK ivMxK jLv c DjL
Kib : We feel then we are resting in the
friendship of the only One. Do you desire any
other religion? There is none. Everything else is
a miserable low human conception full of
superstition a true destruction of humanity. wZwb
GKB cvq DwjwLZ Aci GK c wjLQb : I
acknowledge with sincere thankfulness the
infinite march of the One-great giver of all good.
Avevi GKB cy K 387 cvq DjL AvQ :
I shall not become a catholic and I would prefer
not even to limit myself in the creed of the
protestant but rather to hold with you to deism
only a higher sense is rather to hold with you to
deism only a higher sense is taught by the Seet to
that name, as that is the faith which most nearly
satisfies? G ^xKwZ Bmjvg Qvov wK nZ cvi?
3. W. Avi B WvRb KZK msM nxZ nvwbgvb jmvi
ivBwUsm Mi 571, 579 cvq Aviex jLv DwZ `qv
AvQ| hv nvwbgvbi Aviex fvlvq Mfxi cvwZi cgvY
enb Ki|
4. nvwbgvbi Bmjvg MnY Ges Rvgvbx ZvMi ci wZwb
Avi KLbI Kv_vI Zvi wcZ c ` bvg wwqvb
dWvwiK Av` k `ywU eenvi Kibwb| h k `yUv
L agvej^x cwiPq enb Ki| cvwim wnRiZi ci
wPwVcmn me Kej mvgyqj nvwbgvb wjLZb|
mvgyqj BmivBj eskxq GKRb bexi bvg, hv GKRb
gymjgvbi bvg wnmveI MnYhvM| GK_v Zvi L vb ag
ZvMi Avi GKwU kwkvjx cgvY|
5. wewUk wgDwRqvg msiwZ gvMvwRb 254 cvq
fvlvq ewYZ nqQ : gv`vg gvjvbx Zvi ^vgx nvwbgvbi
gZzc~e AwQqZi KviY Kvb AygmwjgK Zvi `vdb
AskMnY KiZ `bwb| wZwb `vdbi w`bY meB
iL Kvb gymjgvbi mvvr cvIqvi Avkvq Acv
KiwQjb| nvwbgvbi g Zz 2 RyjvB 1843 ZvwiL|
Kvb gymjgvbi mvvr bv cq gvjvbx wbR Zvi
mgwek vmx (be`xwZ gymwjg) ` p cZqx `yewi
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eva KiZ ne bRij hvZ Abkb f Ki|
Aekl bRiji gvZmgv weiRvmyìx èx KvivMvi
Gm bRiji Abkb f Kivjb| G hvvq ^w i
wbtkvm Qvo bRij-cgxiv|
Mwj Rj bRijK AbK wKQz w`qQ| hgb, bRij
Mwji Rj _vKvKvjxb e ZiY wecex hye I Qv
mgvR Av`vjbi mwbKic Mwj we`vgwì
^QvmeKic mgeZ nq| Mwj Rj ZLb wewfb
RvqMvq ivRbwZK e`xi mgvMg MgMg KiwQj| Kwe
bRijK cq e`xiv Mvb, AvewZ I nvwmi jvo
n-P Ki KvUvZv| wePviK myBbMv wbR Kwe nqI
we`vnx Kwei ejvZ Kvb kYx wefvM bv KiB ZvK
mvaviY Kqwìc MY KiwQj| WvivKvUv nvd cvvwe
IB Kvcoi Ri| Avi IB KvcoiB MvgQvi gZv Mv
gvQv Pvì, welg dzUdzU LuvPv jvgi K^jmn GB
Acic cvkvK Rj KZc evsjvi RvZxq RvMiYi
KweK mvwRq Kq`xi MvwoZ Qo w`j| KvjKvZv
_K Mwj Rj KweK Avbv nqwQj Kvgi `wo
eua| RjLvbvq XyKB Kwe D`v my i ` Mii Mv
ayBq ej nu vK Qvojb| ivRbwZK e`xiv mPwKZ nq
DVj we` vnx Kwe bRij Mwj Rj c`vcY KiQb|
mKjB Kwei AvMgb e`x`kvi GKNqwgZ ewPi
Aevq Drdzj nq DVjv|
Kwei Mwj Rj Ae vbKvjxb bvbv KviY iYxq nq
AvQ| KweK cq e`xì GKNqwgi Aemvb NU|
evBi _K Qvi `j Mwj weRi Dci DV Rji
Kq`xì `LZ Ges bvbviKg DrmvwnZ KiZv wec ex
ZiY bZv wmivRyj nK, nvwg`yj nK Rbv`b c gyL weRi
Dci _K myhvM eyS Kvco, MvgQv, Zvqvj, mvevb,
wewo-wmMviU, Leii KvMR Quyo w`Zb| e`xivI Zvì
LeivLei cvVvevi Rb wPwV cfwZ wXji mv_ Rwoq
Quyo Gw`K cvPvi KiZb| hZjv Rj wQj Zvi ga
Mwj RjUv mePq Du Pz| Gi Rjvi hgb Af`, Zgwb
AwkwZ| Pvi, WvKvZ, cKUgviì mv_ h eenvi
KiZv, wewk I ivRbwZK e`xì mv_I mB aibi
eenvi KiZv| wPwV jLvi KvMR, Leii KvMR Zv
w`ZB bv, Kjg, cwjI Awdm Rgv wbq wbZv Zviv
Rvi Ki| G evcvi Kwei gbUv AZ z nq
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GK BsiR| bvg AvmwUb| ivRbwZK e`xì `LjB
m KviY-AKviY Zj-eb R j DVZv| e`xivI
gRv `Levi Rb ZvK PUvevi AvqvRb Ki ivLZv|
Kwe GB BsiR Rj mycvii bvg iLwQjb BmUvb|
gvb wcPk Kx| Kwe ZvK PUvevi Rb mycvi e`bv
bvg GKwU Mvb jLb| GB Mvb jLvi ci miKvi
gbvbxZ cwKvjvI e Ki w`j AvmwUb| ay ZvB
bq c~ei wbqg fO e`xì GKUv Ni GKRbK,
Kv_vI `yRbK AvUK iL evBi eovbvI e Ki
w`j| e`xi mv_ e`xiv K_vI ejZ cviZv bv| Kwe
bRij Mvb bv Mq _vKZI cviZb bv| wZwb Mvb
aiZb :
Kvivi H jn KcvU
fO dj Kii jvcvU
i RgvU
wkKj c~Rvi cvlvY e`x|
Ii IB ZiY Ckvb
evRv Zvi c jq welvY
asm wbkvb
Do K c vPxi c vPxi fw`|
MvbwU b wez e`xì wki`vov mvRv nq DVZv|
GB AZvPvii Dchy Reve èvi Rb c Z nZv|
Kwe Ges Aviv KqKRb wewk e`xK nvZKov I cvq
ewo w`q mj e`x Ki Abvb Kq`x _K `~ i

38
mwiq iL w`j| Kwe ZLb wkKj civi Mvb Lvwb iPbv
Ki nvZKov mj jvnvi Mviì mv_ Nv w`q evwRq
MvBjb :
GB wkKj civ Qj gvì G wkKj civi Qj
GB wkKj ciB wkKj Zvì Kiev i weKj|
KvMR bB, Kjg bB, cbwmj bB| Kwe k~b nvZ ay
wZ kwi Rvi GBme Mvb kZ evav mI iPbv Ki
myi I ì` w`q fveveMi mv_ Mq hvb cwZKvii
Rb| cwZivai Rb I Dchy cwZevì Rb AvbK
mswgZ Ki hZ jvMjb e`xì c vY cvY| GB
mgq weLvZ meK KweZvwU iPbv Kib wZwb| D`vm
K Avew Ki wZwb e`xì msMvg-kw evwoq Zzj
wQjb| Kwei mvwba Gm mvaviY Kq`xiv ch `kK
fw KiZ wkLwQj| g Rji Aev Lye Rvivjv
nq DVjv| hZ iKgi dw` wQj meB cqvM KiZ
jvMjv Rj mycvi| Abgbxq e`xiv, Abgbxq we`vnx
Kwe, Abgbxq mvaviY Kq`xiv| GB cwZevì Rb
wjwLZfve mevB Abkb agNUi wmv MnY Kijb| G
mgq Kwe iY-eiY Mvb iPbv Kib| GQvovI e`x
e`bv bvg Aviv GKwU Mvb iPbv Kib| Gici Kwe I
me e`x wgj i njv Abkb agNU| G ag NUK K`
Ki evsjvq I wbwLj fviZi big I Pigcx bZv I
Qv-hyeKiv GgbwK mvaviY gvbylI fxlYfve wez nq
DVwQj|
GgbwK Kwei iex`bv_I Lye wePwjZ nqwQjb| G
Aevq weivRv myìx Gjb Mwj Rj| Kwe ZvK
gvZmg kv KiZb| Zvi Abyiva Dcv KiZ
cvijb bv| Kwe Zvi nvZ jeyi im cvb Ki Abkb
f Kib| Gici KweK enigcyi Rj e`jx Kiv nq|
Kwe D Rj hZB Rj mycvwibUbWU em fwgK
GKwU nvigvwbqvg ZvK cvwVq `b| nvigvwbqvg cq
bRiji Avb` Avi ai bv| bvIqv-LvIqv fyj w`bivZ
Mvb MvBZb| Avi gbi myL KweZv, ce wjLZb|
bRiji KviveiY evsjv mvwnZ GK hyMv Kvix
Aavqi m~Pbv Ki| KvivRxeb Kwe DjLhvM e
Mvb, KweZv, ce iPbv Kib, hv GKw`K evsjv
mvwnZK hgb mg Ki, Zgwb gywmsMvgx Avcvgi
RbZvK Dy Ki Zvj|
gwWKj cwjwU I bRij `wZi wPwKrmv
wkivbvg wewk mvwnwZK Wt Gm.Gg. jyrdi ingvb
mcwZ hv jLb, Zvi mviK_v GB h,
gwWKj Kwcimxi wkKvi nq mvgvRev` weivax
wek-ewZì ga hyex bcvwjqb evbvcvU, hvK
GKUz GKUz Ki AvmwbK wel LvBq axi axi gZyi
w`K Vj Ìqv nq| mvwfqU BDwbqbK evM Avbvi
Rb ewUkiv zfi gvag Wvviì w`q wel Jla
cqvM Ki vwjbK nZvi Pv Ki| Bqvwmi
AvivdvZK BmvCjx Piiv wel Jla LvBq g Zzgy L Vj
`q| Gi mekl bhxi nj (Bmjvg MnYKvix) wekLvZ
AvgwiKvb cc ZviKv gvBKj RvKmb| GKBfve
Avgvì RvZxq Kwe bRij I Zu vi cZx e wUk
mvg vRev`xì gwWKj Kbwiwmi wkKvi wK-bv Zv
`Lv hZ cvi| KviY 1940 mvj cvwK vb c ve cvk
nevi ci mviv `ki cwiek cv hvq| ZLb gy mwjg
ebvg wn`y dvi nq ùvovq| 1942 mvji 8B Ry jvB
KsMmi fviZ Qvo c ve cvm nevi ciw`b
enwZevi mKvj _KB fviZevcx gymjgvbì Dci
wn`yì nvgjv i nq| gymjgvbì evox-Ni, `vKvb-
cvU jyU Kiv nq I ZvZ Avb Ìqv nq| gymjgvb
cywjk I `vivMvì nZv Kiv nq| wVK IB mgq Kwe
bRij Amy nb I (evKi nb) Ges 1976 mvj
gZzeiY Kib| ZvB GZ gwWKj cwjwU-Gi c Z
mshvM _vKv wewP bq|
(l!< ~--~:~)

gvwmK '|-|<|+'-Gi MelYv mnKvix b~ij Bmjvg iwPZ
'|<<| +|+-' kxlK eBwU ei nqQ| 21wU Aavq
myweb Aviex K_vcK_b wkvi myenr Kjeii (224 ct)
G MwUZ megvU 144wU msjvc iqQ| `bw`b cqvRbxq
welqvejx QvovI GZ bMiRxeb, kvw I wbivcv, AvenvIqv,
cwiek `~lY, cvKwZK kw, Av RvwZK evwYR gjv,
wekvqb cfwZ AvaywbK welq msjvc iqQ|
+< -i|-i <#
1. Bmjvgi `wZ cwievi I cvwievwiK Rxeb
2. Bmjvgx cybRvMiY : c_ I cwZ (Abyev`)
3. Bmjvg nv`xQi iZ I ghv`v ( ,, )
4. mgvR msvi bvixi f~wgKv ( ,, )
||^ |-
(1) gvwmK |-|<|+, bI`vcvov, ivRkvnx|
dvb : (0721) 861365, gvev : 01726-995639|
(2) nv`xQ dvDkb eB weq K`, 220 eskvj ivW, XvKv-
1100| dvb : 02-9568289|
(3) Bmjvwgqv jvBeix, mvne evRvi, ivRkvnx|
(4) ZvInx` cvewjKk, 90 nvRx Avy jvn miKvi jb, eskvj,
XvKv-1100| dvb : 7112762| gvevt 01711-646396|
(5) mwgbvi, Aviex wefvM, ivRkvnx wek we`vjq|
(6) mwgbvi, Aviex wefvM, XvKv wekwe`vjq|
(7) mwgbvi, Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ wefvM, Bmjvgx wekwe`vjq,
Kzwqv|
(8) mwgbvi, Aviex wefvM, PM vg wekwe`vjq|

|<<| +|+- << <v

39

+<< |<|<< +|< +|<
gZzi ci gvbylK Kei ivLv nq| wewfb KviY gvbylK
Kei kvw Ìqv nq| Zba wg_v ejv, KziAvb ZjvIqvZ
cwinvi Kiv, m~ ` LvIqv I hbv-evwfPvi Kiv AbZg| G
cmB wbg v nv`xQ|-
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gyL Ki emZb Ges wRm KiZb, Zvgvì KD AvR
iv Kvb ^c `LQ wK? eY bvKvix ejb, Avgvì KD ^ c
`L _vKj m Zuvi wbKU ejZ| Avi wZwb Avjvn& i Kz g
gvZveK Zvi Zvexi (evLv) KiZb| h_vixwZ GKw`b
mKvj wRm Kijb, Zvgvì KD (AvR iv) Kvb ^ c
`LQ wK? Avgiv ejjvg, bv| ZLb wZwb ejjb, wK Avwg
`LwQ| AvR iv `y B ew Avgvi wbKU Avmj Ges Zviv
Dfq Avgvi nvZ ai GKwU cwe f~wgi w`K (m eZ Zv kvg
ev wmwiqvi w`K) wbq Mj| `Ljvg, GK ew em AvQ
Avi Aci GK ew jvnvi muvovwk nvZ ùvovbv| m Zv D
emv ewi Mvji wfZi XywKq `q Ges Zv viv wPi M` vbi
wcQb ch wbq hvq| AZtci Zvi wZxq Mvji mv_ Aby ic
eenvi Ki| BZemi c_g MvjwU fvj nq hvq| Avevi m
(c_g hfve wPiwQj) cy bivq ZvB Ki| Avwg wRm
Kijvg, GUv wK? Zviv Dfq ejj, mvgb Pjy b| my Li w`K
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h Nvoi Dci wPr nq q iqQ, Avi Aci GK ew
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hvq, ZLbB m jvKwU cybivq cv_iwU Zz j AvbZ hvq| m
wdi Avmvi c~e H ewi gv_vwU c~ e i bvq wVK nq hvq
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cuQjvg, hv Z`y ii gZ wQj| Zvi Dci Ask wQj msKxY
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myZivs my Li w`K AMmi njvg Ges GKwU ii bnii
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Ki Ges m jvKwUK H vb wdwiq `q hLvb m wQj|
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evjK| G e wUi mwb KU AviK ewK `LZ cjvg, hvi
my L iqQ Avb, hv m c wjZ KiQ| Gici Avgvi
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Zviv AvgvK eivwRi gvSLvb Ggb GKLvbv M n c ek
Kivjv h, Gic my ì I gbvig Ni Avwg Avi KLbv
`wLwb| Zvi ga wQj KwZcq e , hy eK, bvix I evjK|
Ab i Zviv Dfq AvgvK m Ni nZ ei Ki ei AviI
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nZ mgwaK my ì I Dg| ZvZI `Ljvg, KwZcq e I
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Avgvi gv_vi Dci gNi gZ Kvb GKwU wRwbm iqQ|
Aci GK eY bvq AvQ, GKi ci GK iwewk mv`v gNi
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Avwg ejjvg, AvgvK my hvM w`b Avwg Avgvi Ni c ek Kwi|
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Avcwb Avcbvi evmvb cek Kieb (< !<, <>! <! l!
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Ae vb KiZ ne| Kei Zvi Avgj Aby mvi kvw ev kvw
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40

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nuvUz kixii eo Rvovjvi ga GKwU Ges kixii Ihb
enb Kivi AbZg f~wgKv cvjb Ki| Rvovi wewfb
aibi ivM I BbRywiZ nuvUz Avv nq ekx| nuvUz wZbwU
nvo, PviwU wjMvgU I `yBwU gwbmKvm mg^q MwVZ|
Rvovi fZi I evwnii iZc~Y wjMvgUjv RvovK
myiv Ki Ges `bw`b nuvUzi wewfb bovPovq mnvqZv
Ki| gwbmKvm `yB nvoi gvSLvb Ae vb Ki kixii
Ihb mgfve weZiY Ki Ges nvoK NlY nZ iv Ki|
wPwKrmv wevbi DbwZi G hyM njI Avgvì `k
AZvaywbK hi mvnvh wPwKrmv mxwgZ AvKvi i
nqQ| nvo I Rvovi wPwKrmvi GK mdj I KvhKi
mgvavb GbQ weqKi Av_vvwcK mvRvwi| GwU nj
Av_vcwWK wPwKrmvq eZgvb hyMi me kl I mevay wbK
cwZ| QvU wQì gvag Kvgiv hy h (vc) Rvovq
cek Kwiq Ges hi mv_ hy evwni wUwf wb ev
gwbUi `L Acvikb Kiv nq|
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KiZ nq| nuvUz m~Y fvR ev mvRv Kiv hvq bv|
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||^||+ ||+|
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gvQ, gvsm BZvw`; Dw R cvwUb- Pvj, Wvj, wkg, mqvweb,
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gvbyli kixi _K Zix nq 13 iKgi AvgvBbv GwmW|
evwK 9 aibi AvgvBbv GwmW kixi Zix KiZ cvi bv|
Gjv Lvevii gvag kixi Avm| GB 9wU AvgvBbv
GwmWK Gmbwkqvj AvgvBbv GwmW ejv nq| wWg, gvQ,
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Wvj, kvKmewR I dj meKwU Gmbwkqvj AvgvBbv
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ch vq djv nZ| c vwYR cvwUbi g~ j ekx nIqvq
weavZv Mwieì RbI Ag~ j dv K vm c vwUbi ee v
Ki iLQb| `Lv MQ `ywZbwU wbivwgl Lvevi wVK
gvvq GKwZ Ki ivb v Kij dv K vm c vwUb m~Y
cvIqv hvq| D`vniY wnmve ejv hvq Pvj I Wvj GKmv_
wLPz wo ivbv Ki Lj ev Wvj-fvZ mewR GK Lj Zv
Kvb AskB gvQ-fvZ ev MvkZ-fvZi Pq Kg ne bv|
GKBfve mqvwebi ZiKvwi, Abvb mewR I iwU Lj
DPgvbi cvwUbB kixi hve| cy wgvb wePvi Ki `Lv
MQ MvkZ I gmyi Wvji cy wg~ j c vq mgvb mgvb| me
_K gRvi evcvi nj gvQ-MvkZi Pq `y ai bU
c vwUb BDwUjvBRkb ev NPU AbKUvB ekx| hgb-
gvQ I MvkZi NPU h_vg 78 I 76, mB Zz jbvq
`yai 85| wewfb aibi c vwUb Lvevii ga `ya Ges
`yRvZ Lvì cvwUb DrK | `ya _K Zix `B AZ
DcKvix| `Bqi c vwUb mnRB nRg nq| mqvweb _KI
`ya, `B, Qvbv BZvw` cvwUb RvZxq Lv` c Z Kiv hvq|
hvi cywgvb Mii `ya, `Bqi KvQvKvwQ| wk-e mevi
`ni MVb Ges q c~iYi Rb c vwUb AZ hiix
Dcv`vb| cvwUb RvZxq Lv` LvIqvi ci Zv cvK jxZ
cvPK imi mvnvh f AvgvBbv GwmW cwiYZ nq, hv
kvlYi ci i evwnZ nq c wZwU Kvli cy w hvMvq|
GKRb cv eq jvKi `wbK c vwUbi Pvwn`v 60 M vg
A_ev cwZ KwR Ihbi Rb 1 M vg wnmve M nY Kiv
DwPZ| wkì c wZ cvD Ihb 0.5 M vg ai
`wbK c vwUbi Pvwn`v c~ iY KiZ ne| G mgq cvwUbi
Afve nj wki KvqvwkIiKvi ev gvivmgvmi gZv
Acy wi wkKvi nZ cvi| Mf vevq Ges c m~ wZ gvqì
c vwUbi Pvwn`v ^vfvweKi Pq ekx| ZvB `n MVb Ges
q c~iYi Rb Avgvì `wbK Pvwn`vgvwdK c vwUbhy
Lvevi MnY Kiv DwPZ|
: l :
||+|

41

|-|x| +- |< |t^ |+ |<|||->:>
|<|||< |<<<
:. |<+ +<|- |<| |-|v x^ +< :
KziAvb ZjvIqvZ : wbevwPZ m~iv mg~n (K) m~iv dvwZnv (L) m~iv AvQi (M) m~iv BLjvQ (N) m~iv ni 23 I 24 bs AvqvZ|
nv`xQ gyLKiY : (mvbvgwY K` KZK wbevwPZ 10wU nv`xQ)|
>. |+|-| (mvbvgwY K` KZK wbevwPZ AvKx`v welqK 27 wU ckvi)|
. |<|< |-
+. '|-+|<-:'-Gi mvaviY vb (1-50bs ck), Bmjvgx vb (1-50bs ck), inm, GKUzLvwb eyw LvUvI/auvav Ges
KweZv (mvbvgwYi BQv)|
. '|-+|<->'-Gi Bmjvgx vb, mvaviY vb (ivRkvnx I Lyjbv wefvM), `bw`b wevb, wk AwaKvi I msMVb welqK|
. |-|x| |<| : (mvbvgwY K` KZK wbevwPZ cuvPwU RvMiYx)|
c. v|< t+- gnvb Avjvn&i mw cvnvo, SYv, Acic myì cvKwZK `kvejx (cvYx wenxb)|
|<i+|< |<<< QvjvZ mwKZ `vAv mg~n (mvbvgwY K` KZK wbe vwPZ)|
|<||-< |<i
1. cwZwU welq cixvi c~Ygvb ne 100| Zba Dby welq 75 I AvekKxq welq 25 bî c`vb Kiv ne| (DjL
h, gwLKfve AbywZ cixvjvZ wZbRb wePviKi cZK Avjv`vfve c~Ygvb 25 Gi ga bî c`vb
Kieb)|
2. cwZhvMxì AekB vbKvl-1 (ZZxq msiY) I vbKvl-2 (c_g msiY) msMn KiZ ne Ges fwZ dig c~iY
KiZ ne Ges ^ ^ hjv cwiPvjK '|-|x|'-Gi mycvwikc m AvbZ ne|
3. cZK cwZhvMx AbwaK 3wU welq cwZhvwMZvq AskMnY KiZ cvie| Ze me AvekKxq welq AskMnY
evaZvg~jK _vKe|
4. mvbvgwY evjK I evwjKvì c_Kfve cwZhvwMZv AbywZ ne Ges cyiviI c_Kfve Ìqv ne|
5. kvLv, GjvKv, Dchjv, gnvbMix I hjv chvqi mKj ii cwZhvwMZv ^ ^ cwiPvjbv cwil` wbR D`vM MnY Ki
cyivi c`vb Kieb Ges cwZwU welq wZbRb evQvBKZ mvbvgwYK cieZx chvq AskMnYi myhvM wèb|
6. cwZwU welqi Rb 3 Rb wePviK gbvbxZ neb|
7. cwZhvwMZvi welqvejxi wgK bs 1, 2, 4 I AvekKxq welq gwLKfve AbywZ ne|
8. eqm cgvYi Rb cZK mvbvgwYK ^-^ Rb wbebi dUvKwc m AvbZ ne (hw` _vK)|
9. wgK bs 5-Gi Qwe AsKbi Rb AvU ccvimn Abvb mivgvw` cwZhvMxK m AvbZ ne Ges hjvi evQvBKZ
wZbRbi wZbwU Qwe mv_ AvbZ ne|
10. K`xq chvq AskMnYKvix cwZhvwMìK wjwLZ cixvi Dic I aygv AvU ccvi K` KZK mieivn Kiv
ne; Ze Abvb mivgvw` cwZhvMxK m AvbZ ne|
11. K`xq chvq AskMnYKvix cZK cwZhvMxK gv 20 (wek) UvKv cixvi wd c`vb Ki cekc msMn KiZ ne|
12. ^ ^ kvLv, GjvKv, Dchjv, gnvbMix I hjv cwiPvjKe` '||-|v |-|- <|t|-' '<|t|-
||-|v <<t'-Gi mfvcwZ/Dc`vi mv_ wekl civgkg cwZhvwMZvi mvweK eev MnY Kieb|
13. welqwfwK cwZhvMxì c_K c_K ZvwjKv cZ KiZ ne| cwZhvwMZvi djvdj ZvwjKv c~Yv wVKvbvmn kvLv,
GjvKvq, GjvKv Dchjvq, Dchjv hjvq Ges hjv K` ciY Kie|
14. cwZhvwMZvi djvdj ZvrwYKfve Rvwbq `qv ne Ges cyivi c`vb Kiv ne|
15. 1g, 2q I 3q cyivi QvovI K`xq chvq AskMnYKvix cZK c wZhvMx mvbvgwYK mv bv cyivi c`vb Kiv ne|
16. cwZhvwMZvi mKj '|-|x| +-|< |t^ |+ |<||| >:>'-Gi cwiPvjbv KwgwUi wmv P~ov ej MY ne|
|<|||< ||<
1. ^ ^ kvLvq : 14 mî (evi, mKvj 8Uv)|
2. ^ ^ Dchjvq : 21 mî (evi, mKvj 8Uv)|
3. ^ ^ hjvq : 28 mî (evi, mKvj 8Uv)|
4. K`xq Kvhvjq : 11 Avei (enwZevi, weKvj 3 Uv)|
DjL h, kvLv, GjvKv, Dchjv I hjvi cwZhvwMZvi cixv MnYi ZvwiL AcwieZbxq _vKe| Ze Awbevh
KviY K`xq chvq cwZhvwMZvi cixv MnYi ZvwiL cwieZb nZ cvi|
AvqvRb : '|-|x|' GKwU Av`k RvZxq wk-wKkvi msMVb)
+-|< +|<|< Avj-gviKvhyj Bmjvgx Avm&-mvjvdx (3q Zjv), bI`vcvov (AvgPZi)
mcyiv, ivRkvnx| gvevBj : 01715-715143|
|-|x| +- |< |t^ |+ |<|||->:>

42

<|x|<|-< ||
!l!< <!
!!<!l$!, !<!!, !<!
Avmjv wQqvg wkv w`Z gvì vi ivgvhvb,
wQqvg mvabvq wkv wbZ cvie wK ZvB meRb?
AvjvnfxwZ wèv-ivw me KvR hvi w`j,
mB Zv cvi wkv wbZ emZ QvIgi gmb`|
wQqvg mvabvi ciI hvì AvjvnfxwZ RvMjv bv,
kqZvbx Avi e` LvQjvZ gvUI `~i nj bv|
meUv Rxeb _vKjv h Rb Avhvwhji cvkZ,
ivgvhvbi H wQqvg mvabv jvMe Zvnvi Kvb LvZ?
kqZvbi H Av`k gb KvUjv hvnvi mewU Kvj,
Kgb ne Zvì ejv wQqvg mvabv cvci Xvj?
mvmx Avi `ybxwZevR ZvivI AvwR ivgvhvb,
Avjvn&i Lykx cvBZ Zviv `ynvZ fi `vb Ki|
cvq hw` di wkv Zviv ZIev Ki wdiZ Pvq,
ivgvhvbiB wkv Zviv k Ki e bq|
nBj Lykx ZIevZ Zvi gnvb inxg ingvb,
KiZ cvib ZvK n_vq Zuvnvi Amxg ing `vb|
ivgvhvbZ wkv cjvg AvjvfxwZ A i,
mwVK ivn Pjev Gevi Kuvèv Gevi Zuvi vi|
Pjev Gevi gyvKxì msM Avwg `j eua,
coev bv Avi Avhvwhji wek cvZv H duv`|
Avjvn&i c_ Pjev Gevi wQqvg mvabvi wkv b,
GUvB nj mwVK wkv wk w`bi ivgvhvb|
***
v|<x v|$ = x|
!+ ! !
!!!, !<!
n Qvqg! Qvo G gvn,
wg_v, MxeZ, ZvngZ
hbv, Pzwi, Acev`,
nvivg ihxi Dì gvr
m~`-Nyl me _vK Zdvr|
n Qvqg! Qvo G gvn,
Kwoi gvn wg_v mv
Akvjxb K_v I KUz evK
ePv-Kbvq Kg-ekx
LI bv wel Mjvq iwk|
n Qvqg! Qvo G gvn,
MvRv, dbwmwWj, nivBb,
Zvm, `vev, Kivg exb
weGd, wfwmAvi, bM Qwe,
gvivgvwi Avi Lyb Lvivwe|
n Qvqg! Qvo G gvn
envqvi gZ Pjv div,
webv c`vq Ni Qvov
dvwKi gZ wP v aviv
wewo, wmMviU, j gviv|
n Qvqg! Qvo G gvn
fvjevmvi cgc,
webv KvR MI bv Mv
`q ZvlY bvixi Mvb
ZeB Zvgvq mBZ ne
jvbv I Acgvb|
***
|v<|x< ||
!: !|! ^!! ~ l!
!< <!>!<, !$!!, l!><
wkv bB wQqvg nZ
KZ eo zavi Rvjv,
GRbB gvì Zi wQqvg
dih Kib Avjvn ZvAvjv|
Dcvl Kwi wbR ^qs
LvIqvB hw` fvBK Avcb,
zavZi KZ Rvjv
ev e eySe ZLb|
wiqvRZ I bdm hw`
ivLZ cvwi Avjvn&i c_
RvbvZi evMvb wMq
dj Lve BQvgZ|
***
<|x|<|-
!
=, ^!!^!$, <!>!
cyYi mgxi eBq w`Z
Gj gvn ivgvhvb
gymwjg DZi gvS
eBQ Avbì evb|
mnm gvmi AwaK cyY
Ggvmi GK ivZ
wQqvg ivLe QvjvZ coe
cyY jvfi Avk|
mviv eQi Lvivc KvR
Avi KiwQ hZ cvc
ivgvhvb wQqvg iL
Kwiq be meB gvd|
`ynvZ Zzj cfyi wbKU
Kie dwiqv`
wQqvg ivLwQ Zvgvi fq
cvc nZ Ki `vI Avhv`|
Adzi cyY wbq
Gj gvn ivgvhvb
mevB wgj ivLe QvIg
GB KiwQ cY|
***
+|<|

43

ti|< |<|< |- (#|x|)-=< |+ <i
1| cvwK vbi wmz c`ki ivRavbx KivPxK|
2| mi`xc ev kjxsKvK (Av`g (Avt)-Gi AeZiY j|)
3| fviZi RivUK|
4| gv _K gynvwQMY GLvb AvMgb Kib ej|
5| PMvg eìK|
| ti|< |<|< |- (#|x|)
1. divEb K?
2. divEb Kvb bexi mv_ mwKZ?
3. g~mv (Avt) KqRb divEbi mvvr cqwQjb?
4. Wye giv divEbi Avmj bvg wK wQj?
5. m~Y AiwZ Aevq divEbi jvk Ke AvweKZ nq
Ges Zv Kv_vq iwZ AvQ?
| ti|< |<|< |- (|<|- <|)
1. G-i gwkbi KvR wK?
2. AvvmbvMvwd gwkb wK KvR eeZ nq?
3. BwmwR-Gi KvR wK?
4. Kvb hi mvnvh icvZ QvovB KwVb AcPvi Kiv nq?
5. WvqewUm-Gi gnla wK?
t << <!
-l<!, !!l
|-|x| t<|-
<| <||<, <<| > =| <|< A` weKvj 3-Uvq
hjv Zjvj _vbvaxb eUZjx evRvi evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQ
hyemsN-Gi hjv Kvhvjq GK mvbvgwY myax mgvek AbywZ
nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ I mvbvgwYi cavb Dc`v
gvnd~hyi ingvbi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D mgvek cavb
AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb mvbvgwY K`xq cwiPvjK
Bgvgyxb| Abvbi ga DcwZ wQjb hjv Av`vjb,
hyemsN I mvbvgwYi wewfb ii `vwqZkxje`| Abyvb
gybvqg mvBbK cwiPvjK Ki cuvP m`m wewk mvbvgwY
hjv cwiPvjbv cwil` cybMVb Kiv nq| Abyvb mvjK wQjb
hjv hyemsN-Gi mfvcwZ I hjv mvbvgwY-Gi Dc`v
Avgxbyj Bmjvg|
|<||, x|-|, -| :| x x<|< A` ev` gvMwie
cvRifvv Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` GK mvbvgwY mgvek
AbywZ nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Avym
mvvi-Gi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D mgvek cavb AwZw_
wnmve DcwZ wQjb mvbvgwY K`xq mn-cwiPvjK Mvjvg
wKewiqv| Abvbi ga hjv Av`vjb-Gi wewfb ii
`vwqZkxje` DcwZ wQjb| Abyvb gynvv` nvdxhyi
ingvbK cwiPvjK Ki 5 m`m wewk mvbvgwY hjv
cwiPvjbv cwil` cybMVb Kiv nq|
- ||x<|, |<|, <||| :o x <|< : A` ev` AvQi
z` Rvwgiv mvbvcvov Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` GK wekl
mvbvgwY cwkY AbywZ nq| GjvKv Av`vjb-Gi mvaviY
mv`K gvIjvbv Avey mvC`-Gi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D
cwkY cavb AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb mvbvgwY
K`xq mn-cwiPvjK ehjyi ingvb| Abvbi ga DcwZ
wQjb hyemsN ivRkvnx-`wY mvsMVwbK hjvi mvwnZ I
cvVvMvi mv`K Lyik` Avjg|
|||-, ||<| >o x x<|< A` ev` AvQi eyanvUv
evRvi Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` GK mvbvgwY myax mgvek
AbywZ nq| Avkvwb Dchjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ
AavcK nvexeyjvn evnvi-Gi mfvwZZ AbywZ D Abyvb
cavb AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb hjv Av`vjb-Gi
mvaviY mv`K gvIjvbv AvjZvd nvmvBb| Abvbi ga
DcwZ wQjb hjv Av`vjb-Gi A_ mv`K Rbve
KivgZ Avjx, hjv hyemsN-Gi mveK mvaviY mv`K
gyhvddi ingvb I eZgvb mvaviY mv`K Avyjvn Avj-
gvg~b cgyL| Abyvb gvIjvbv kwdDj AvjgK cwiPvjK Ki
cuvP m`m wewk mvbvgwY Avkvwb Dchjv KwgwU MVb Kiv
nq| Abyvb mvjK wQjb mvbvgwY hjv cwiPvjK nvdxhyi
ingvb|
<x x|-<
:<! !
^$< !!, <!!, !<!
Rb wbqwQ cw_exZ
nqwQ mwi miv gvbyl
`ywbqvi gvn nqwQ wefvi
GLbI Avgvi diwb uk|
nvjvj-nvivg `Ljvg bv
LvBjvg cvY fi|
wkiK-weÀvZ gvbjvg bv
cyYi Avkv Ki|
Avcb-ci wPbjvg bv
^v_i jvf co
QvjvZ-wQqvg Kijvg bv
kqZvbi `j fxo|
m~`-Nyl Qvojvg bv
`k PjQ ej
Iki-hvKvZ w`jvg bv
A_ Kg hve ej|
Mvb-evRbv Qvojvg bv
bjvg wefvi nq,
KziAvb-nv`xQ cojvg bv
_vKjvg wUwf-wfwmAvi wbq|
cwZekxi m wgkjvg bv
g~L I Mixe ZvB
AvZxqZv wQb Kijvg
cwiPq w`Z jv cvB|
mwi miv Rxe njI Avwg
nZ cvwiwb Avmj gvbyl,
Kg Avgvi bvwgqQ bxP
nqwQ ZvB Aag gvbyl|
***
|-|x|-< ||

44

^-
--|| -< < |<|<
-
`ki meB `ybxwZZ Qq MQ ej ^xKvi KiQb A_gx
Aveyj gvj Avyj gynxZ| wZwb ejb, `ki me RvqMvq `ybxwZ|
wePvi ckvmb, wkv, ^v, f~wg, Ki Av`vqKvix msv _K i
Ki _vbv ch GB `ybxwZ we Z| `k mykvmb bv _vKvi
AbZg `yB KviY nQ `ybxwZ Ges AvBbi kvmbi Afve|
MZ 19 g A_gx GK MvjUwej eVK Gme K_v ejb|
wZwb Aviv ejb, Avwg Aviv wekvm Kwi h `ki wkv Ges
^v G `ywU LvZ evcK `ybxwZM|
<|t|- +|| |+| ||+|< |t
evsjv`k Kvjv UvKvi nvi gvU `kR Drcv`bi (wRwWwc) 37
kZvsk| GB wnmve Kvjv UvKvi cwigvY cvq GK jvL 43 nvhvi
KvwU UvKv| Awqvi Rvnv Kcjvi BDwbfvwmwU Ae wjbRi
A_bxwZ wefvMi AavcK dWvwiK mvBWvii MelYvq
evsjv`ki Kvjv UvKvi GB cwigvYi K_v DjL Kiv nqQ|
wekevcx Qvqv A_bxwZ : 162wU `ki bZzb wnmve bvgi GB
MelYv MZ eQi cKvwkZ nq| Ze A_ gYvjqi GK mgxv
Abyhvqx, eZgvb `k Kvjv UvKv wRwWwci mewbg 46 kZvsk
_K mevP cvq 81 kZvsk| GB wnmve evsjv`ki Kvjv
UvKvi cwigvY mewbg GK jvL 77 nvhvi 47 KvwU UvKv Ges
mevP wZb jvL 10 nvhvi 987 KvwU UvKv|
<<|< ||<|< -||<< |-< +|- |
evsjv`k f~ZvwK Rwic Awaì (wRGmwe) aviYv KiQ
`ki Divjxq hjv RqcyinvUi cuvPweweZ AvweKZ
LwbZ eo aibi Pzbvcv_ii gRy` iqQ| wZb gvmiI ekx
mgq ai Lbb KvR Pvwjq MZ 2 Ryb GB LwbZ Pzbvcv_ii
mvb cvIqv hvq| MZ Gwcj f~ZvwK Rwici wfwZ
RqcyinvUi cuvPweweZ AewZ GB Lwb GjvKvq Abymvb Kc
Lbb i KiwQj wRGmwe| Gi AvM RqcyinvUi RvgvjM I
mybvgMi UKinvU GjvKvZI Pzbvcv_ii mvb cqwQj
RGmwe| cieZxZ cixv-wbixv kl GB `ywU cK _K
Pzbvcv_i Dvjb jvfRbK ne bv ej Rvbvbv nqwQj|
f~ZvwK Rwic Awaìi gnvcwiPvjK gywbiv Avvi Payix
Rvbvb, f~c _K 1 nvhvi 498 dzU Mfxi ch Lbb kl
Pzbvcv_ii eo gRy` mK wbwZ nIqv MQ| GB Lwbi
cyiZ ne cvq GKk dzU| wZwb Rvbvb, Pzbvcv_ii G Lwb
AjwU `N 12 wKjvwgUvi I c 8 wKjvwgUvi|
wmwcwWi g~jvqb
|- <v<< x<i -< -||< <^| << |<|
miKvix I emiKvix Dfq LvZ wewbqvM wei nq AvQ| mcwZ
Drcv`b I idZvbxZ cew KgQ| evwlK Dbqb Kgm~Px
(GwWwc) ev evqb weivR KiQ envj `kv| miKvii Avq-eq
eevcbvqI eo aibi wU iqQ| GZ mvgwK A_bxwZi
m~PKjv eo aibi Pvc coQ| Gme weePbvq PjwZ
A_eQiK eZgvb miKvii mePq `yejZg eQi wnmve AwfwnZ
KiQb emiKvix MelYv cwZvb mUvi di cwjwm WvqvjMi
(wmwcwW) djv W. èwcq fvPvh| wZwb ejQb, iUvj I KzBK
iUvj wekvj fZywKi KviY `ki A_bxwZi Aev bvRyK|
AvMvgx A_eQiI miKvi fZzwKi aviv _K ei nZ cvie bv|
GZ AvMvgx A_eQi ne A_bxwZi wechqi eQi|
>:>-: <v<< |<| <|
A_gx Aveyj gvj Avyj gynxZ MZ 7 Ryb RvZxq msm`
2012-13 A_eQii Rb 1 jvL 91 nvhvi 738 KvwU UvKvi
RvZxq evRU ck KiQb| c vweZ evRU PjwZ 2011-12
A_eQii Zzjbvq 30 nvhvi 535 KvwU UvKv A_vr kZKiv cvq
19 fvM ekx| Gevii c vweZ evRU cvq 6 nvhvi KvwU
UvKvi e`wkK Aby`vbmn miKvii megvU Avq aiv nqQ 1
jvL 45 nvhvi 714 KvwU UvKv| mvgwMK evRU NvUwZ aiv
nqQ 52 nvhvi 68 KvwU UvKv (Aby`vb eZxZ), hv wRwWwci 5
kZvsk| evRU vbxqfve gvU ivR^ Avqi c ve Kiv nqQ
1 jvL 39 nvhvi 670 KvwU UvKv| hv PjwZ A_eQii Pq
cvq 20 nvhvi KvwU UvKv ekx Ges evwlK gvU `kR Drcv`b
ev wRwWwci cvq mvo 13 kZvsk| Gi ga GbweAvii ivR^
`Lvbv nqQ 1 jvL 12 nvhvi 259 KvwU UvKv| GbweAvi
ewnf~Z ivR^ 4 nvhvi 565 KvwU Ges Ki ewnf~Z ivR^ 22
nvhvi 846 KvwU UvKv| evRUi NvUwZ A_vqb e`wkK Drm
_K 20 nvhvi 398 KvwU UvKv (wRwWwci 2 kZvsk) Ges
Af ixY Drm _K 33 nvhvi 484 KvwU UvKv (wRwWwci 3.1
kZvsk) FY Kivi eev ivLv nqQ| Af ixY Drmi ga
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48

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mfvcwZ gvndhyi ingvbi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D cwkY
K`xq cwkK wnmve DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi `dZi
mv`K AavcK Avgxbyj Bmjvg| hjv Av`vjb-Gi
`vwqZkxjMY G mgq DcwZ wQjb|
<|< : x <|< A` ejv 11-Uvq hjvi gwR`cyi
Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` msw cwkY I hjv AwWU mb
nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ I K`xq mvwnZ I cvVvMvi
mv`K AavcK wmivRyj Bmjvgi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D
cwkY K`xq cwkK wnmve DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi
K`xq A_ mv`K evnvij Bmjvg|
|<|< : x <|< A` ev` AvQi hjvi Av`k eqv
Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` hjv Av`vjb-Gi D`vM K`xq
Kgm~Pxi Ask wnmve GK msw cwkY AbywZ nq| hjv
Av`vjb-Gi A_ mv`K gynvv` hn~ij nK -Gi mfvcwZZ
K`xq gRwjm k~iv m`m I hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ
AavcK gynvv` Avyj nvgx`|
x<< > x <<<|< A` ev` gvMwie hjvi mì _vbvaxb
Di kvwjLv Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` msw cwkY I hjv
AwWU mb nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ I K`xq mvaviY
mv`K AavcK gvIjvbv b~ij Bmjvgi mfvcwZZ AbywZ
D cwkY K`xq cwkK wnmve DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-
Gi K`xq mvwnZ I cvVvMvi mv`K AavcK wmivRyj Bmjvg
I evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQ hyemsNi K`xq mfvcwZ gyhvddi web
gynwmb| DjL h, ev` hvni mLvb hjv AwWU mb nq|
Abyvb hjv Av`vjb I hyemsNi `vwqZkxjMY DcwZ
wQjb|
-<|t-| > x <^1|<|< A` ev` AvQi Avnjnv`xQ
Av`vjb evsjv`k biwms`x hjvi D`vM hjvi cuvP`vbv
evRvi Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` GK myax mgvek AbywZ nq|
hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Avgxbyxbi mfvcwZZ
AbywZ D mgvek cavb AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb
Av`vjb-Gi K`xq mvaviY mv`K AavcK gvIjvbv b~ij
Bmjvg| wekl AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb K`xq mvwnZ I
t- t<|-
|-|-

49
cvVvMvi mv`K AavcK wmivRyj Bmjvg| myax mgvek kl
K`xq gngvbMY hjv AwWU mb Kib|
|+| >c x <|< A` mKvj 10-Uvq K`xq Kgm~Pxi Ask
wnmve eskvj XvKv hjv Kvhvjq msw cwkY I hjv AwWU
mb nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ Avjnv gynvv`
Avnmvbi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D cwkY K`xq cwkK
wnmve DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi K`xq mvaviY mv`K
AavcK gvIjvbv b~ij Bmjvg, mvwnZ I cvVvMvi mv`K
AavcK wmivRyj Bmjvg I mgvRKjvY mv`K Mvjvg
gvvwì|
<| x|< GKB w`b ev` gvMwie hjv Av`vjb-Gi
D`vM gv`viUK Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` GK myax mgvek
AbywZ nq| gmwR` KwgwUi mfvcwZ Avjnv Zgxhyxb-Gi
mfvcwZZ AbywZ D myax mgvek cavb AwZw_ wnmve
DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi K`xq mvavivY mv`K AavcK
gvIjvbv b~ij Bmjvg| wekl AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb
Av`vjb-Gi K`xq mvwnZ I cvVvMvi mv`K AavcK
wmivRyj Bmjvg| cavb ev wnmve DcwZ wQjb Avj-gviKvhyj
Bmjvgx Avm-mvjvdx ivRkvnxi fvicv Aa Avyi ivhhvK web
BDmyd| Abvbi ga ee ivLb hjv Av`vjb-Gi
ZvejxM mv`K kvgmyi ingvb Avhv`x cgyL|
|<-| >c x <|< A` ev` gvMwie hjvi Kzjywbqv
Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` K`xq Kgm~Pxi Ask wnmve msw
cwkY I hjv AwWU mb nq| D Abyvb K`xq cwZwbwa
wnmve DcwZ wQjb K`xq A_ mv`K evnvij Bmjvg|
hjv Av`vjb-Gi bZe` G mgq DcwZ wQjb|
+|x| >e x |-<|< A` ev` hvni hjv Av`vjb I
hyemsNi h_ D`vM hjvi eywoPs evRvi Avnjnv`xQ Rvg
gmwRì `vZjvq GK Kgx I myax mgvek Ges ev` gvMwie
hjv AwWU mb nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ gvIjvbv
gynvv` QwdDjvni mfvcwZZ AbywZ D Abyvb cavb AwZw_
wnmve DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi K`xq cPvi I cwkY
mv`K W. gynvv` mvLvIqvZ nvmvBb| wekl AwZw_ wnmve
DcwZ wQjb evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQ hyemsNi K`xq mfvcwZ
gyhvddi web gynwmb, XvKv hjv Av`vjb-Gi mvaviY mv`K
Zvmjxg miKvi cgyL| hjv Av`vjb I hyemsNi
`vwqZkxjMY mn wecyj msLK Kgx I myax Abyvb DcwZ
wQjb|
|#<|+|-|+x > x |x<|< A` ev` hvni hjvi
Mvwe`M wUGwU Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` myax mgvek I
hjv AwWU mb nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ Wvt AvIbyj
gve~ì mfvcwZZ AbywZ D mgvek K`xq cwZwbwa
wnmve DcwZ wQjb eov hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ Rbve
Avyi inxg I RqcyinvU hjv mfvcwZ gvndhyi ingvb|
||<| : x <^1|<|< A` ev` gvMwie hjvi euvKvj
`vij nv`xQ Avngvw`qvn mvjvwdBqvn Kgc gmwR` K`xq
Kgm~Pxi Ask wnmve msw cwkY I hjv AwWU mb nq|
hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Avyj gvbvbi mfvcwZZ
Av`vjb-Gi mgvR KjvY mv`K Rbve Mvjvg gyvwì I
K`xq A_ mv`K evnvij Bmjvg| G mgq hjv Av`vjb-
Gi bZe` DcwZ wQjb|
|x|<| ><| - |-<|< A` ev` hvni K`xq Kgm~Pxi
Ask wnmve hjvi gwnlLvPv evRvi Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR`
GK myax mgvek I hjv AwWU mb nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi
mfvcwZ gvIjvbv knx`yi ingvbi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D
Abyvb K`xq cwZwbwa wnmve DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi
K`xq k~iv m`m I eov hjv Av`vjb -Gi mfvcwZ Rbve
Avyi inxg I RqcyinvU hjv Av`vjb -Gi mfvcwZ Rbve
gvndhyi ingvb|
<t< <| - <|<<|< A` ev` hvni hjv knii LvmevM
Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` myax mgvek I hjv AwWU mb
nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ Rbve Lvqij Avhvì
mfvcwZZ AbywZ D mgvek K`xq cwZwbwa wnmve DcwZ
wQjb K`xq k~iv m`m I eov hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ
Rbve Avyi inxg I RqcyinvU hjv Av`vjb -Gi mfvcwZ
Rbve gvndhyi ingvb|
|--|<-< :c - <|< A` ev` RygAv hjvi cvKzwoqv
Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` msw cwkY I hjv AwWU mb
nq| hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Avyj Iqvnnve kvn
-Gi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D cwkY cavb AwZw_ wnmve
DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi K`xq mvaviY mv`K AavcK
gvIjvbv b~ij Bmjvg| wekl AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb
K`xq A_ mv`K evnvij Bmjvg|
<$| :e - |-<|< A` mKvj 9-Uvq MveZjx cyivZb evRvi
Avnjnv`xQ Rvg gmwR` hjv AwWU mb nq| AwWU Kib
Av`vjb-Gi K`xq mvavivY mv`K AavcK gvIjvbv b~ij
Bmjvg I K`xq A_ mv`K evnvij Bmjvg| G mgq hjv
Av`vjb-Gi `vwqZkxjMY DcwZ wQjb| AwWU kl K`xq
mvaviY mv`K hjv Kgcwil`K Aviv Drmvn I `vwqZkxjZvi
mv_ Av`vjb-Gi Kvhg Pvjvbvi Avnvb Rvbvb|
|<|| |
<|<<, <|<| > x| <|< A` ev` gvMwie hjvi
DwRicyi Dchjvaxb `wY gv`vikx gynvvw`qv Rvg gmwR`
GK ZvejxMx mfv AbywZ nq| gv`vikx Avj-gvnv` Av`-xbx
mvjvwdqv gvìvmvi gynZvwgg gvIjvbv Beivnxg KvIQvi-Gi
mfvcwZZ AbywZ D ZvejxMx mfvq cavb AwZw_ wnmve
DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi K`xq gRwjm k~iv m`m I
wcivRcyi hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ AavcK gynvv` Avyj
nvgx`| Abyvb vbxq wewk mgvRKgx Rbve gynvv` Avqb
Avjx gvviK AvnvqK I Rbve gynvv` Rwmg DwbK hyM
AvnvqK Ki Avnjnv`xQ Av`vjb evsjv`k ewikvj-cwg
hjv (c vweZ) AvnevqK KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| GQvovI 9 m`m
wewk Av`vjb-Gi `wY gv`vikx kvLv KwgwU MVb Kiv nq|

50

<|<<, <|<| > x| <|< A` ev` gvMwie hjvi
DwRicyi Dchjvaxb `wY gv`vikx gynvvw`qv Rvg gmwR`
vbxq Qv, hyeK I myax mgvek AbywZ nq| gv`vikx Avj-
gvnv` Av`-xbx mvjvwdqv gvìvmvi gynZvwgg gvIjvbv Beivnxg
KvIQvi-Gi mfvcwZZ AbywZ D mgvek cavb AwZw_
wnmve DcwZ wQjb Av`vjb-Gi K`xq gRwjm k~iv m`m
I wcivRcyi hjv Av`vjb-Gi mfvcwZ AavcK gynvv`
Avyj nvgx`| Abvbi ga DcwZ wQjb bvivqYM cu vPiLx
gvìvmv Rvgqv mvjvwdqvi Qv nvdh gynvv` Bgivb| Abyvb
nvdh gynvv` BgivbK AvnvqK I gynvv` Avyj nKK hyM
AvnvqK Ki evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQ hyemsN ewikvj hjv
AvnvqK KwgwU Ges 5 m`m wewk `wY gv`vikx kvLv
Kgcwil` MVb Kiv nq|
-||, ||# -<|<a :: - |x<|< A` ev` AvQe
evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQ hyemsN PuvcvB beveM hjvi D`vM
eMg gynwmb dvwhj gvìvmv wgjbvqZb GK Kgx I myax mgvek
AbywZ nq| hjv hyemsN-Gi mfvcwZ gynvv` gyLZvii
mfvcwZZ AbywZ D mgvek cavb AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ
wQjb hyemsN-Gi K`xq mn-mfvcwZ b~ij Bmjvg I wekl
AwZw_ wnmve DcwZ wQjb K`xq cPvi mv`K Avy j
nvjxg| mgvek Abvbi ga DcwZ wQjb bvPvj wWMx
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Gi mvsMVwbK mv`K gvIjvbv b~ij `v, hjv hyemsN-Gi
mvsMVwbK mv`K gvkviid nvmb cgyL|
x|<||, |x|<| :c - <|< A` mKvj 10-Uvq
evsjv`k Avnjnv`xQ hyemsN jvjgwYinvU hjvi D`vM
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mfvcwZZ AbywZ D cwkY cwkK wnmve DcwZ wQjb
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51

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hvi`vi ( !ll!, ::)| nvbvdx wdK n Kvbhy`
`vKvqK-Gi UxKvKvi Avnmvb bvbyZzex ejb, bex Kixg
(Qvt) wek ivKAvZ Zvivexn cobwb; eis AvU ivKAvZ
coQb (!l! ! !!, ::: = ! l< !l<
!!! ! !l<~ !<! !! !<!<
! <: ^ !!< <! (!:) <, : ::-
)|
(>/e>) v|| <| |||< < |-<|< |x|-
<| <|< |+z
-!+ !, !^!
<< QvjvZ m~iv dvwZnvi ci wZbevi Avgxb ejv
|<
!< !
! ! <!!

52
mK ZvevivYxZ h nv`xQ ewYZ nqQ Zv hCd
/.:| D eYbvi mb` Avey BmnvK I mv` Beby
QvjZ bvg `yBRb wUc~Y ivex AvQb| gynvwQMY
ZvìK hCd ejQb . -s:s| GQvov GwU
Qnxn nv`xQ mg~ni weivax| ZvB m~iv dvwZnv kl
GKeviB Avgxb ejZ ne / ' /-:|
(/e) x|-< x|<| |< << x|<|
+|x-| +<| < | x<i|< - ||^ <, -| <z
-!< !
>!! !l!, <l
<< g~jZt gZewi Zvi in kvw nq| Ze KD
KD ejb, `ni Dci kvw nq| GK_vi Reve ejv
hvq, `n AvZv vcbi ci in I `n DfqiB Avhve
nq| Kbbv gvbyli kixii PvwjKv kwB nj in|
inwenxb `n g~jnxb| ZvQvov gvjvKzj gDZ gZi Rvb
Keh Kivi ci BwjBqxb ev wmxb Zvi in wbq hvb|
ZvB ini DciB kvw nq| mKviY ini gvMdivZ
Kvgbv KivB h_ (!!! ! :/:: :)|
(/e) #x|x |<|| (<:) '=#<|< <|x+|-'
<#< |v- '|<< < |x<|+ -| +<| <|<|<
-|' < <<i |+ |+z
-!<, <, <!>!
<< D ee mwVK bq| eis mevevq wgmIqvK
Kiv mybvZ| PvB Zv w`bi c_g fvM nvK wKsev
wcnii ci nvK| Avwgi web ivexAv (ivt) ejb,
Avwg ivm~jyjvn (Qvt)-K wQqvg Aevq AmsLevi
wgmIqvK KiZ `LwQ| bex Kixg (Qvt) ejb, Avwg
hw` DZi Rb KKi gb bv KiZvg Zvnj cZK
QvjvZi mgq wgmIqvK Kivi Av`k w`Zvg .
' /:. '' | D Kzg viv wQqvg cvjbKvix ev
wQqvgnxb KvDK LvQ Kiv nqwb '' . '
' ' - . .|
(c/ec) || +<|-< =+ |<| <v-,
||- <|+v v<|-- |f +<v- |<|< -i |<|
||--< +| <v- =< <i|i| -|- <||< +<<-
-< !
l<^!!, !<
<< KziAvbi Kv_vI mvZ w`bi K_v bB| Avjvn
ZvAvjv mewKQz Qq w`b mw KiQb, hv KziAvbi mvZ
RvqMvq GmQ : : :s :
' ' ' . --|
(e/ee) -+ x||-| <-, ' <| |<<| +
<| -| < <|| v|| $|< x
<|+'| < <| $| < <<| <|+'| |<
<<| $< =+| <|- |-< |< <<| $|
x|+< <|- |-< $ +x -'| <|- |- <
< <<i< i| ||-< <||< +<<-
-!!l<!, <!^<!
<< D ee mwVK bq| Kbbv ivm~ jy jvn (Qvt)
wb`k w`qQb h, Zvgiv QvjvZ m~iv dvwZnv cvV Ki
Ges Kz iAvb _K hv mnR gb Ki (!<! !/:,
~)| Ze avivevwnK cov Dg|
(/e) -+ |x <-, |-|<| v||<
< |< -<| <|< +|< <| (v|:) |< |-<
+<<< <^| <-| +<v- < -|<| |+ |+z
-!|! ! !
!!, !! <!<^&
<< D `vex mwVK bq| ivm~ jy jvn (Qvt) Rvbvhvi
QvjvZi c~e D fvlY `bwb| eis Kei Lbb Kij
wZwb AbwZ`~ i em Keii eY bv w`wQjb /.::
/...| eZgvb Rvbvhvi c~ e avivevwnKfve
GKi ci GK fvlY Ìqvi h ixwZ mgvR Pvjy AvQ Zv
kixAvZ mZ bq| Kej Bgvg Dcw Z ewìK
j Ki Cgvb ea K wKQz msw K_v ejZ cvib Ges
DivwaKvixì wbKU gvBqZi FY cwikva welq
ejZ cvib . ' /-ss . ./-:: |
(/e) || |'|| <-, ' x|x-
|x<| <| +< -|, | +- <z' , | < <i|
v||-|v<|x |- +< -|, |+ |< v-x< <|
-i+ v|| |-|< +<|< +| < |<< -|z
-!+< <!<
!<!!, !<!
<< Kvb welq Av`k I wblaKvixi Rb `ywU welq
IqvwRe| GK : wbR mr KvR Kiv| `y B : Amr KvR
_K weiZ _vKv| G c_gwUi wUi KviY
wZxqwUi dviwhqvZ evwZj ne bv| Kbbv Zvi Rb
kixAvZi wewa-weavb cwic~Y ic cvjb Kiv kZ bq
' ./-.: .: '
'' | AZGe hKvb m`yc`k hKvb ew w`Z
cvib Ges Gi dj wZwb bKx cveb|
: (o/eo) |<| |+ |v<|x< | -1 z <|- |# <
| <|<| |v<|x |- +< -|, |-< |<| -<| <|< |+z
-! !
l^!, <!!, <!>!
<< hviv wQqvg cvjb Ki bv, ZvìI wdriv Av`vq
KiZ ne| KviY ivm~jy jvn (Qvt) c ZK gy mwjg bi-
bvixi Dci wdriv dih KiQb (<!<, l, l!
!/::, !!! l<' )| ivm~jyj vn (Qvt) ejb,
wdriv nQ dK xi-wgmKxbì Lv` (!<!,
>!l, l! !/::)| my Zivs hvìK gy mjgvb ejv
hve Zvì wbKU nZ wdriv M nY Kiv hve|

53
: (:/) |-|<|< v||< -|'|| <<
x||< -i |+i +<| <|< |+z
-! !
!!, !! <!<^&
<< cyil I gwnjvi gvS cv_K Kivi Rb `vAvi
mebvg cwieZb Kivi cqvRb bB| KviY GLvb
Dk nj gvBqZ| Avi gvBqZ (.,) kwU x I
cyil Dfq wj eeZ nq (! !< !/::-=<
! />: ! /~, !!< <! (!:) : ~~:)|
(::/:) || |'|| +<|- <v-,
<| x|<< +| |v ||- v|$| +< |- -|
|+ <x|- ||-|||< x|<ix |-| <|v
+<|-< < |<|< |+ <i|i| +|z
-<!!, <!!!, l
<< cwe KziAvb gvqi cUi K_v ejv nqwb| eis
ingi K_v ejv nqQ (!! :)| Avjvn ZvAvjv
gvbylK Zvi gvqi Mf wZbwU AKvii ga mw
KiQb (!< :)| wZbwU AKvi ejZ c_gwU ing,
wZxqwU gvkxgv , ,' , ev Mfdzj Avi ZZxqwU nj cU
| Avi ing Zvi AvKvi-
AvKwZ wKQzB Zwi nq bv| Kej iwc Qvov|
(:>/>) <| -< : : -t |<|
|-|<|| ||-|x|-< <i||< <| <v, |<| -
+| |- |+<, < < |x|- <x|- ^|<| |+<
< || -i |+v |# |- +|' < |<| +
<| <|< <, =+ x< ||-|x< ||^ + <|#+ <|#
-<| < |<^|<||< +|<+ ||-|x |+ < -|
< |<|< <i|i| ||-< <||< +<<-
-!+ !
^$<!, l!<!l$, <!>!
<< D AvqvZ _K AbK ey SQb h, Rvnvbvg
Kvdiì kvw vqx ne bv| GKUv wbw` mgq ch
kvw ne| A_vr hZw`b Avmgvb I hgxb we`gvb _vKe
ZZw`b Zvì kvw ne| D aviYv mwVK bq| KviY
Avieì ixwZ wQj, Kvb wRwbmi vwqZ eySvbvi Rb
Zviv ejZ _., .,. , , Avmgvb I
hgxbi bvq GUv wPivqx| Avieì GB fvlvixwZB
KziAvb gvRx` eeZ nqQ| A_vr Kvdi-gykwiKiv
wPivqxfve Rvnvbvg _vKe| G welq KziAvbi e
AvqvZ ewYZ iqQ| hgb evKvivn 161-62, Avj
Bgivb 88; ZIev 68; Avnhve 64-65; hy gvi 72
cfwZ| GQvov AbK Qnxn nv`xQ Rvnvbvgxì wPi vqx
kvw i K_v ejv nqQ| hgb- gZzK mv`v-Kvjv
wgwkZ isqi GKwU `y^vi AvKwZZ nvwhi Ki RvbvZ I
Rvnvbvgi gvS hen Kiv ne| AZtci ejv ne, n
RvbvZevmxMY! gZz nxb vqx Rxeb hvcb Kiv| n
Rvnvb vgxiv! g Zznxb vqx Rxeb hvcb Kiv /:
' ' /-s| wZxqZt Avmgvb I hgxb _K
wRbm Dk| A_vr `ywbqvi Avmgvb I hgxbi asmi
ci ciKvj Avjvn h Avmgvb I hgxb m w Kieb Zv
ne wPi vqx| hgb Avjvn ejb, hw`b cwiewZZ Kiv
ne G c w_exK Ab cw_exZ Ges cwiewZ Z Kiv ne
AvKvkmg~nK (<<! )|
D AvqvZi klvsk Avj vn hw` Ab wKQz Pvb viv
cvcx gy wgbì ey Svbv nqQ| hviv wbw` mgq ch
Rvnvb vg kvw fvMi ci Rvnvb vg _K gy w cve
(!< < !< : : !!< <!! :)|
DjL h, GKwU Rvj nv`xQ GmQ h, GKw`b
Rvnvb vgi Aev Ggb ne h, mLvb GKRb Av`g m
vbI Avi Aewk _vKe bv (< >!, l!< !!
:/~: >!!! !l !!' )| D Rvj nv`xQ
viv `jxj MnY Kiv hve bv| gvUK_v, Kvdi-gykwiKiv
wPivqxfve Rvnvb vg _vKe| Ze Cgvb`vi cvcxiv
Zvì cvci kvw fvMi ci ivm~ j (Qvt)-Gi
kvdvAvZg Rvnvbvg _K gyw cve|
(:/) |-|<|< v|| < +|- |-+ ||x
|<|-| <|< |+z
-!< !
<!^!l!$!, !!<
<< hve (!! < !< !<!, <! !/:, :/::)|
(:/) -+ |x <-, |#< < (|:)-=<
<|< |+| <|< |< |<<|< |+ v$ <|<
|x<|| |+ |x< <|#< |< -|^ |
=+x| ^| <|x| |+ v$ <|<|- ||- x|- << <||$
+| +< |+ |<|- =+|-- |-i t +< -|
< x||< |<| +< |-i t +<- <
|#<< (|:) |< << -$|$| |<| +<-
|-- |< | +< |<- -| - ||- <-,
||x |+ -:-+f | <|v - <|- = |+
<, |-|< ^| <-| +< <<| $|< |< x||<
+ |-<v, - ||- <- |+ ||x -|<<|
x|<<| =# ||<< i| |- |#
-!|! !<<< <!
<!!!l !<!!, l<!>^&
<< D NUbv m~Y wg_v I evbvqvU| GKRb bexi
x mK Gaibi K_v iUbv Kiv gnv Abvq| wewfb
Zvdmxi M I BmivCjx eY bvq Gjv cvIqv hvq|
kqZvb Gm ZvK ejj, Avcbvi x hbv Ki aiv
covq Zvi gv_vi Pzj KU wbqQ D K_vi Kvb wfw
bB| Ze Zvi (xi) LqvbZi evcvi m`n cvlY
KiwQjb gg wKQz ee cvIqv hvq (!< < !+
!! :/>>> : << !l :/~-)|

54
(:c/c) <- |<|-< <|< -<| < < -
||< |-+ |-| +<, | |x|+ -|- +<| <'
(|<-|6-) '|<|- #+|x< x|< -|'| < -<| <
-|' (|x|-) =<t x'|< |-- =+| x< <<v x<
|+v |# || |+ -|- +<- (<|<|, x|x) <
^|-| | -| x- x- <|t|< |<| <|< |+z
-! , l<!>^&
<< QvjvZi evBi D mgq KziAvb I Qnxn
nv`xQ ewYZ `vAv mg~n QvovI wbR wbR fvlvqI gb
gb `vAv cov hve (!!< <! (!:) < : :::)|
(:e/e) v||< x< <|< x| $ x|<|
<|< +|-| <|< +|z -+ v|| -||$< =|-+
|-+ |+|< = v||< | < |+z
-!+! !-!!
>!$!, <!^!<!, <!>!
<< gkv mn wZKi ev K`vqK KxUcZ gviv hve
(<!<, l, l! !/~:>)| Ze Zv hb ekx Kiv
bv nq| KviY Zv QvjvZ web nIqvi KviY nq ùvove|
GQvov QvjvZi ga Gw`K-Iw`K ZvKvbv LyeB
Acm`bxq KvR| ivm~j (Qvt) ejQb, QvjvZi ga
ZvKvbv nQ kqZvb KZK ev`vi gbvhvM wQbZvB Kiv
(<!<, l, l! !/>~)|
(:/) <|<| |- -f +< -< |+<|x< |--
|-< +| <^| <z
-!|! <!!
<<, !<, <!>!
<< m vb nZv Kiv gnvcvc (<! :/::)| evm~ j
(Qvt) GK eo bvn& mg~ni A f y KiQb (l
!/:) myZivs ZIev bv Ki gviv Mj KwVb kvw i
myLxb nZ ne (!< :/->)|
(:/) -+ |- ||-x||< x||< |
< +x +< =| |+ <|'| -|z
-! !, !!<
<< wcZv-gvZvi gv_vq nvZ iL A_ev m vbi gv_vq
nvZ iL Kmg Kiv wkiK| ivm~j (Qvt) Gfve Kmg
KiZ wbla KiQb Ges Avjvn& Qvov Ab Kvb wKQzi
viv Kmg KivK wkiK A_ev Kzdix AvLv w`qQb
(!<! !/:~, :~:)|
(:o/o) |-|v -<| (v|:)-=< << <| <|
-<- | +< <| <v =| -<- #<<||x|, -|
-i +|- -<-z |+|< +- |< << -<- ||x
+< <z <| (v|:) |-# |-< << |+|<
+|- -<- $-z
-!!!, l<!>^&
<< QvjvZ eZxZ Ab h Kvb mgq bex (Qvt)-Gi
bvg wbR coj A_ev Ab Kviv KvQ bj AekB
msw `y i` Qvj vjv AvjvBwn Iqv mvjvg cvV KiZ
ne| ivm~j (Qvt) wbRi Dci ì` Beivnxgx cvV
KiZb Ges Zv QvnvexMYK wkwLq w`qQb (l,
l! !/>:)|
(>/) <i<| i< x|$+ |<|- v|< -<| |+
=x|<^|< +<|< |+z = + i |+ |<| +<| <|<z
-!|! !!
<^&, <<^&, <<
<< Gic Qwe m^ wjZ cY wew Kiv hve| g~ jZt
QweK mvb `Lvbv I hZ Kiv Dk nj Zv nvivg
ne| GiciI Zv I weZv DfqK Pv KiZ ne
cvYxi Qwe _K `~i _vKv Avj vn ejb, Zvgiv mvagZ
AvjvnK fq Ki (!^!< ::)|
(>:/:) <|<| v|| |-|< +< -| |-< |-<
+<< |$| <|< |+z
-!|! !^
<<, !<, <!>!
<< Bev`Z wnmve gyQj x ew viv Lei Lbb KivB
DwPZ ( !<^< !/:>~)| Ze cqvRbi ZvKx` Kei
Lbb Ges jvk enbi KvR QvjvZ co bv Ggb ewi
mnhvwMZv bqv hve| wK Kvdb civbv, Kei bvgvbv
Ges `vdbi KvRjv Zvì viv Kiv DwPZ bq|
(>>/>) v| |-|v |<| |- |< < |+
-i|-i |-|v< << |x +<|< <|- |v |+z
<x- ||-, <N, | #i||-
-=. <!, ^!<
<< cwe Kz iAvb I Qnxn nv`xQi gvag xb
cwic~Y nqQ (!<! ! !/::)| Qnxn Ges nvmvb
Dfq nv`xQB M nYhvM| Abvb nv`xQ ejZ hCd, Rvj
I evbvqvU nv`xQ KvbgB M nYhvM bq| Gaibi
nv`xQi Dci Kvb AevZB Avgj Kiv hve bv
(!! !, : :::) KviY ivm~ j (Qvt) evbvqvU
nv`xQ eYbvKvixì _K wbRìK iv KiZ
DZi cwZ wb`k w`qQb (l, l! !/:)|
(>/) <||$< | < |<x +<< |v <|<
<<| xi| < =<t +<<< << i||<
< =x|<^|< +<< |<^ |- ^ |-| < +<| <|< |+z
+<< |$ <|- -| |+ | |+ +< <z -- +<
|-|<| +< < |+z
-< !, <!l, !!
<< D Kei hw` cyivZb nq Ges gZ ewi nvomn
Kvb wPB hw` bv _vK, Zvnj m vbK Pvlvev`mn
cqvRb h Kvb DcKvi M nYi Rb eenvi Kiv hve
(l: ! :/~ : !<!, ! !!l >!!,
: >:)| ZvQvov mgmv nj vbv iI Kiv hve| GZ
nvonvw cvIqv Mj mjvK Kei vb GKwU MZ

55
Ki cyuZ wè| cybivq Rvbvhv coZ ne bv|
Ze webv KviY Kvb KeiK vbv i I b Kiv hve
bv| gymwjg ewK Zvi Rxekvq hgb K Ìqv hvq
bv| Zgwb gZzi ciI K Ìqv hve bv| ivm~j (Qvt)
ejb, gZ gymwjgi nvo fvv RxweZ Aevq Zvi nvo
fvvi gZB (: >! !/:~:)| ZvQvov kixAvZ
Kei whqviZi iZ mgwaK|
(>/) <|x|<|- x| +|- <i| ||<| |<|<
-i x + - <, x<| x||<+ |<
x| : |x|- <||+ |v <i| |v<|x |-< |-<
=+ | ||- |- +< |- = ||<| -| |<|<
+|< |< |v<|x -f < |+z
-!!!, !<!, l!
<< mvnvixi mgqm~Pxi 1 wgwbU evKx _vKjI m mgq
GK jvKgv Lv` ev GK XvK cvwb cvb Kij mvnvix
Av`vq nq hve Ges mvnvix LvIqvi dhxjZ cvIqv
hve| ZvQvov mvnvix LZ bv cvijI wQqvgi wbqZ
Kij wQqvg Av`vq nq hve (<!<, !: <!< /:
!/:>~~-=< !!! : !!< !l>< ' !
!!< ~/~~~)|
(>c/c) <<< -|+|- |<|- +|< << |v
=< | x|-<< <|-|< |<|- +|<< -, |<<|+<
|<< +<| < =< <-|<< +<| |+ <<z
-!: !|! < <!
<!! <!>!<, !<!
<< RbwbivaK wKQz eenvi Kiv gZz ev ^ vMZ wZi
AvksKv eZxZ Bmjvg wbwl| wK y eZgvb mgvR
Rbwbiva GKwU ^vfvweK welq nq `vwoqQ| GgZvevq
Gic Jla weq Kiv bvni KvR mnhvwMZvi A fy
ne| Avi bvni KvR mnhvwMZv Kiv wbwl (!! ~)|
(>e/e) -+ <i| |- <v< | <+ |-<
|<< +<v ^|< x|<|-| |<|< +<|- <x|-
<+ =<t x|<|-| <+|- =+| |<|< +<
x =- +|- | | |<|< +<<z
!!< <!
<!>! >, <!>!
<< c_g hZzK cwikva Ki wbRK `vqgy
KiZ ne| gvnivbv cwikva KiZ ìx njI ZvZ
Kvb wZ bB|
(>/) v|| |-|< +<| <^|< x|<|#
|- < < +<|< +|z
-!!!, <!<< <!, !!
<< QvjvZ ceki AvMB gvevBj e KiZ ne|
hw` fyj hvq Ges QvjvZi ga gvevBj dvb eR
IV, Ze Zv m m e Ki w`Z ne|
(>/) ^ | ^1f -< +<v <, |< ^|x|
<< <|- +<v = ^ |< +<|< +|z
-!+ <
<!, !>!
<< GgZve vq xi DwPZ ne ^ vgxK evav c`vb
Kiv| KviY GwU GKwU Abvq KvR Avi Abvqi c wZev`
Kiv cZK gywgbi Cgvbx `vwqZ '. ' /:.:|
(>o/o) ++ |<<|< -| <|< |<<< x<
<+ -| +< |<<< < -|-| <+x +f -<
<<|$|< + |x|#< <|$| <|x|<|- x|
|+x+ #|<, N- < x i<|- |<|+,
+|<<|-|< x< +|<<|-|< , |x-+||< |-- |x-
+ || || < =| |+ <|'| -|z
-< !
!^!, l!
<< D AvPiY hy jygi A f y | GB hyjyg wK qvgZi
w`b Zvi Rb Nb AKvi wnmve `Lv wè (!!
!!, l! !/:~:)| Ze Bmjvg ciiK nvw`qv
w`Z DrmvwnZ KiQ| ciii gvS fvjvevmv
mwZ Zv mnvqK f~wgKv ivL ( !-!!< <!
!/>)| AZGe nvw`qv wnmve wefb mgq x I
RvgvBK Dfqi ki evwoi c _K ^ Qvq wKQz
`qv nj Zv AekB bIqv hve|
(/o) -+ <i| <v-, ||< |f | | <
<< < <|f <<| <|< -|, |<| <|< -| =|
++ iz
-!!, <, !<!
<< D K_v mwVK bq| KviY AwZ ew Kvb Kvb
mgq Mhe wnmve `Lv w`Z cvi| wK Zv mI m
cvwb cvb Kiv ev eenvi Kiv wbla bq| Aby icfve
wkjvewI aiZ Ges LvIqvZ Kvb mgmv bB| KviY
Avjvn& ZvAvjv me wKQzKB gvbyli DcKvii Rb m w
KiQb (<!!<! ~>)|
(:/o:) <+|<+ <| -| +< -i -<
i |x-||- +< <i<| +< << < |+z
-!, <!, !!
<< h cY AvbZ miKvix AbygwZi c qvRb nq, m
cY miKvix Uv duvwK w`q wbq Avmj m cYi
eemv Aea wnmve MY ne|
(>/o>) <|x|<|- x| |v<|x <^ |< |+| <|
#-+- -<| <|< |+z
-!, l<, ^!<
<< hme wUKv ev BbRKkb Lv` wnmve eeZ nq
bv, mjv wQqvg Aevq ivMgy wi Rb wPwKrmv wnmve
MnY Kiv hvq| Beby Avevm (ivt) ejb, bex Kixg (Qvt)

56
wQqvg Aevq (ivM gywi Rb) wkv jvMvZb .
/s:- ' ./. ' | Abyic nuvcvbx ivMi
Rb wQqvg Aevq Bbnjvi bIqv hvq|
(/o) <- x|- <| ||- |<|- <,
- x|| x||< $-| <| +|$ -<
<|'| =<<-< +|- |<<|- |v |+z
-!l
!l<!, !!!, <!^<!
<< Bmjvgx kvixAvZ Avhvbi mgq gv_vq Kvco `qvi
Kvb weavb bB| Bmjvg cicyili mvgb gv_v XvKvmn
m~Y kixi AveZ Ki c`v Kivi wb`k w`qQ (< ::)|
AZGe aygv Avhvbi mgq Gic KivUv Kzmsvi gv|
(/o) ||< -<| ||< -| |+ ||x
-- +||<z
-!+ <!<, !!<, !!
<< bex (Qvt) RxweZ bb eis wZwb gviv MQb|
Avjvn ejb, cZK cvYxK giYi ^v` MnY KiZ
ne (!l! :)| Avjvn Ab ejb, wbqB Avcwb
giYkxj I ZvivI giYkxj (!< :)| Avgvì bex
(Qvt)-K giYi ^v` MnY KiZ nqQ . '. '
/:s... .| mvjvg bIqvi welq ivm~j (Qvt) ejQb,
Avgvi wbKU AvZv diZ `qv nq . ' /s-:| A_vr
mvjvgi welqwU ZvK Rvbvbv nq (l<! ~/:)|
ciKvji NUbvejx gvbyl Abyfe KiZ cvi bv| AvZvi
RMZi welqwUI Abyic (l< ! :/~:)|
(c/oc) <x|- <+|< < <<^ || -< =#
|+| +|-< -i <<z <-| |+<| |-< |<|-|-||<
-i =# |+| +< |<< |+z
-!+ >!<!<, l!!, !l<!
<< miKvi eq fvZv Hme jvKì RbB c`vb Ki
hviv Amnvq Ges hvì Kvb Aej^b bB| GY Kvb
m`kvjx ew hw` miKvii `w Gwoq G fvZv Zvi
wcZv-gvZvi Rb MnY Ki Zv Zvi Rb KLbvB ea nZ
cvi bv| eis m vb ^qs wcZv-gvZvi fiYcvlYi ee v
Kie| KviY m vbi m` g~jZ wcZv-gvZviB m`|
nv`xQ GmQ Zzwg I Zvgvi m` Zvgvi wcZv-gvZvi|
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Zvgvì m vbì cwe DcvRb nZ Zvgiv LvI
(!<!, l! !/::, )|
(e/oe) || |'|| <|- | |x|-< <<
|+-, | |x<| | |x|-< -| |<| +|<
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+< #<|- < |+z |<|< <|| +|- x| +
=+|< -||$< | +<|+ |-<| |+ x- +< -|
| |+ |x<| ||< |<|+ |-| +|<z ||
|+< | |+ |< x||-z
-!, 1^!
<< Avjvn ZvAvjv Avik _vKjI wZwb vb I
` wi w`K w`q ev`vi Mxev`ki iM AcvI wbKU
_vKb (! ::)| Avi Cgvbi DP i nj, Bev`Z mg~ n
GB wek vm wbq Kiv h, hb ev`v Zu vK mvgb `LQ|
Zv bv nj Avjvn hb ev`vK `LQb| GUv Cgvbi
mewbg i /: ' /.- ' /-| my Zivs Avj vn
ZvAvjvK Pbvi Rb g~wZ mvgb ivLv Kz dix KvR| Avi
wn`yi wekvmi mv_ GKRb gy mwjgi wek vmi wKfve
Zzjbv nZ cvi? Avjvn ZvAvjv Gikv` Kib, Zu vi
Zzjbxq wKQzB bB| wZwb mewKQz kvbb I `Lb (<!
::)| wn`yiv h Zjv _KB c~ Rv KiK bv Kb, Zvì
g~ wZ KvbI b bv PvLI `L bv; Kvi DcKvi ev
wZ KiviI gZv ivL bv (!l< :: :)| A_P
Avgvì Avjvn A` k _K ev`vi mewKQz `Lb I
kvbb| e Zt Cgvb wej-Mvqe gy vK xì Db ZZg Y
(<!!<! :)| AZGe wekvm ivLZ ne h, ev`v Avj vn&i
mvgb ù vwoq Bev`Z KiQ|
(/o) |+| <|< +- + <| <v,
|<| (<|:)-=< << <- <v<, - |<<+< (<|:)
x x< (<|:)-=< , :< vx|- (<|:)-=<
|<<< ^ |< -- |+ |<| -|| |-|-
:< <| (v|:)-=< | |<<< ^ |< -- <
<-| |+ |+z +|< |-|v |v, | | |'|| x|
|<| (<|:)-+ -+ < # ^<| <| (v|:)-=<
| |<< |-<|v-
-!|! !!< <!
!<!$, <!!!$!, ^!
<< D ee mwVK bq| Avj vn ZvAvjv AvMB
^chvM ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mv_ Avqkv (ivt)-Gi weevni
mymsev` w`qwQjb (<!< !/:> l !/:::)|
weevni D c ve Avqkv (ivt) bq, eis Igi
(ivt) Zuvi gq nvdQv (ivt)-Gi weevni c ve c_g
IQgvb (ivt)-K `b| AZtci Avey eKi (ivt)-K `b|
wK Zuviv ivhx bv nj ivm~j (Qvt)-Gi mv_ weqi c ve
`b (<!< !/)| Avqkv (ivt)-Gi weevni evcvi
eyLvixi eYbvq iqQ 6 eQi KqK gvmi K_v| Avi
gymwjgi eYbvq 7 eQii K_v iqQ (l<! !!
:/:)| 9 eQi eqm ^ vgxi evoxZ hvb (<!< !/::
l !/::)|
(/o) #<| <|-+ <|-< <-|<
+<| <|v +-z
-!> :!, l!<, ^!
<< Bejxm dikZvì mi`vi wQj GK_v wVK bq|
Ze Bejxm KvR-Kg dikZvì mv_ wgk wMqwQj
Ges Bev`Z Zvì m` k nqwQj| GKviY ZvK
dikZvì mv_ m^vab Kiv nqQ .

57
: | GZ m AnsKvi Ki| ZLb Avj vn
ZvK RvbvZ _K ei Ki `b|
(o/oo) <| x|| +|| |<| <
|- +|| < =x-|+ ^|x| -|| << +<
|+| |-< x < < +|< +|- || |v |+z
-!<!
!!!$!, ^!!^&
<< Gjv mvgvwRK Kzmsvi| eis D eYbv Qnxn
nv`xQi weivax| Avey ivqiv (ivt) ejb, ivm~j (Qvt)
ejb, KvjvwRiv gZz eZxZ mKj ivMi Jla (<!<,
l, l! !/~)|
(/) -+ x||-| <-, | | |'||
-<| (v|:)-+ |f -| +< -|-<| |f +<- -|
-<|+ |f +< x<<< |v <|| < |< <|<<
|| |x |<| |f +<| < |< |<| |v
|| |<| <| |f +<v- +|-| |+z
-!< !+!
!!$!, <!>!
<< D `vex cyivUvB wg_v I evbvqvU| Avjvn
bexK mw bv Kij cw_ex mw KiZb bv G gg ewYZ
nv`xQwU Rvj (ll! ^! !/~~)| gq~ iic MvQ ivLv
nq Ges kixii 7 dvUv Nvg nZ c w_ex m w Kiv nq
Gjv me evbvqvU K_v| cw_exK 7 avc m w Kiv
nqQ GK_v wVK bq eis cw_exK 6 w`b mw Kiv
nqQ (!<! )|

Avcwb wK Rywbqi `vwLj cixv_x? Avcwb wK KvwLZ
mvdji cZvkx? Zvnj-
AvRB msMn Kib! Diei HwZnevnx wkvcwZvb
Avj-gviKvhyj Bmjvgx Avm-mvjvdx-Gi GK SuvK gavex
Qv KZK iwPZ I Awf wkKgjx viv mvw`Z KvwLZ
mvdji GKgv w`K wb`kK '|-|<| JDC ckc
mvRkv 2012| wfwc hvM mvRkv cvVvbv nq|
Avcbvi Kwci Rb AvRB hvMvhvM Kib|
<||<|< |+|-|
'|-|<| |-<< -|| || <- +|x|
Avj-gviKvhy j Bmjvgx Avm-mvjvdx
bI`vcvov, cvt mcy iv, ivRkvnx|
gvevt 01945-137727, 01764-938722|
<< << <<

'||-|v |-|- <|t|-'-Gi ccvlKZvq 2008
mvji bf^ i nZ `ki 8wU gviKvh cuvPkZ BqvZxg
(evjK-evwjKv) cwZcvwjZ nq AvmQ| eZ gvb BqvZxg wefvM
`viY A_ msKU cwZZ nqQ| ZvB cwe gvn ivgvhvb
BqvZxgì Rb Avcbvi `vbi nvZ cmvwiZ Kib|
gb ivLeb Avcbvi Ìqv A_ GKwU wQbg~ j AwffveKnxb
evPvK Si cov _K euvPvZ cvi| AKvi _K Avjvi
c_ AvbZ cvi| Qnxn AvK x`vq Mo DV Zvi wbRi I
Avcbvi RvbvZi Amxjv nZ cvi|
|+| ||-|< |+|-| c_i Avjv dvDkb BqvZxg c K,
wnmve bs 0151220002761, Avj-Avivdvn Bmjvgx evsK
wjt, Kc viU kvLv, gwZwSj, XvKv|
#<||x + -|- +<-

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