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Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

SEMINAR REPORT ON Wireless Video Service in CDMA Systems

Submitted by- ABHIMANYU Roll Number- 0909131004

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida 2011-12

ABSTRACT
Video services are becoming an integral part of future communication systems. Especially for the upcoming 3G-CDMA system wireless networks such as UMTS, video may very well turn out to be the key value addition that achieves the required return of investment. While previous generations of wireless communication systems were primarily designed and used for voice services, next generation systems have to support a broad range of applications in a wide variety of settings. The early market stages were characterized by the needs of early adopters, mostly for professional use. As the market matures from the early adopters to normal users, new services will be demanded. These demands will likely converge toward the demands that exist for wired telecommunications services. Market research finds that mobile commerce for 3G wireless systems and beyond will be dominated by basic human communication such as messaging, voice, and video communication [1]. Because of its typically large bandwidth requirements, video communication (as opposed to the lower rate voice and the elastic e-mail) is expected to emerge as the dominant type of service in 3G/4G wireless systems. Video services obth real-time services and streaming services are gaining a lot of importance and applications in CDMA systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my gratitude to the many people who have helped and supported me during the writing of this seminar. Firstly, I express my thanks to the Head of Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Professor Dinesh Chandra, for extending his support and giving me this important piece of work. I also extend my deepest thanks to Assistant Professor Chhaya Dalela for guiding me and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. She has taken pain to go through the seminar report and make necessary correction as and when needed. I would also thank my Institution and all the faculty members of ECE Department, without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers. ABHIMANYU 0909131004 EC-1 (B1)

Table of content
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ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. INTRODUCTION....6 1.1 Introduction to CDMA .5 1.2 Analog system..5 1.3 Digital system...6 2. TDMA AS MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUE...7 3. TDMA IN MOBILE PHONES.8 3.1 2G System.8 3.2 3G System.8 4. EQUALIZATION IN TDMA.......9 4.1 Adaptive Equalizer.10 4.2 Algorithm for Adaptive Equalization11 4.3 Optimum SpatialTemporal Equalizers.......12 4.4 Parameter Tracking Of SpatialTemporal Equalizer.12 5. ALGORITHMS.13 5.1 Two-Stage Tracking Algorithms13 5.2 TDMA Scheduling Algorithms..14 6. EQUALIZER TECHNIQUES..15 6.1 Non Linear Equalization.16 7. INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION17 7.1 Co channel Interference..17 7.2 Interference Cancellation In Time Domain..18 8. FUTURE WORK..21 9. CONCLUSION.22 REFERENCES23

Wireless Video Service in CDMA Systems

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to CDMA:

CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum communications. In general, Spread Spectrum communications is distinguished by three key elements: 1. The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send the information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to interference and jamming and multi-user access, which well discuss later on. 2. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is independent of the data. The independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum somewhat. 3.The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same frequency band at the same time. In order to protect the signal, the code used is pseudo-random. It appears random, but is actually deterministic, so that the receiver can reconstruct the code for synchronous detection. This pseudo-random code is also called pseudo-noise (PN).

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM

CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. The CDMA system works directly on 64 kbps digital signals.
Three Types of Spread Spectrum Communications:

There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal:

Frequency hopping. The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies within the hopping bandwidth pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows beforehand where to find the signal at any given time. Time hopping. The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows beforehand when to expect the burst. Direct sequence. The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency. The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data.

These direct sequence spread spectrum signals can be digitized voice, ISDN channels, modem data, etc.

Figure 1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System

Figure 1. shows a simplified Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For clarity, the figure shows one channel operating in one direction only.

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2.1 Signal transmission consists of the following steps: 1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and each successive connection. 2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the Information data is spread). 3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier. 4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.

2.2 Signal reception consists of the following steps: 1. The carrier is received and amplified. 2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal. 3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal. 4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it. 5. The received signal is correlated with the generated code, extracting the Information data.

2.3 Better power control

CDMAs capacity is determined by the total noise generated by users. Power control is essential because if there were no power control the MS that were very close to the BS would generate very strong signal and thus very large interference. Good power control reduces the power emitted by an MS that is close to the BS. Thus the noise levels generated by all MSs will be comparable. This in turn reduces power consumption of an MS, and low power consumption is an important feature for mobile devices.

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2.4 Advantages of CDMA

Can easily handle both voice and data. Has larger capacity. More robust against multipath fading. Uses soft handoff that improves quality. Uses elaborated power control that saves battery life for MS. Provides better privacy.

2.5 Disadvantages of CDMA

DSSS is more complex than techniques used in TDMA/FDMA. Power control in CDMA is more complicated. The bandwidth obtained by each user is limited due to spread spectrum. (The signal will occupy a large bandwidth but the actual spectrum is only a fraction of it. It is fine for voice and low data speed applications but not for 4G.)

2.6 Why real-time video Traffic is difficult to handle:

Video Requires Extremely Large Bitrate Large Bandwidth Requirement for Video Sources vs. Limited Resources of Wireless Networks. High Compression Ratio Bitstreams Extremely Sensitive to Channel Errors and Network Impairments. Stringent Latency Requirements. Compressed Video Requires Error Protection Most Existing Video Compression Standards Originally Not Designed for Lossy Channels. Appropriate Error Protection Schemes: an Important Research Topic.

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SERVICES IN CDMA

Voice: In the form of calls made. SMS: It allows subscribers to send and receive short text messages between mobile stations . MMS: It allows for the transmission of images, audio, video, and rich text using WAP (wireless application protocol) technology and an MMS-capable mobile station. Pocket data ( 144 kbps / 2.4 Mbps ) NIC & EV-DO cards. Prepaid and Postpaid Services VPN(Virtual Private Network) Bank ATM / Branch ATM connectivity

WIRELESS VIDEO SERVICE IN CDMA SYSTEM

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Video Streaming Video Conference Remote Medical Service (Medical image) E-Commerce Mobile TV and Video: Real-World Experiences Video Surveillance, Video Mail, Travel Video on Demand Sports, News Weather 3-D stereoscopic video

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4. 1 Video Streaming over CDMA-Based Wireless Networks::

In video streaming services, the playout begins when the queue length of the receiver buffer is above a threshold. This threshold must be large to reduce the buffer underflow probability and absorb the bit rate variations caused by the wireless channel. On the other hand, it is important to reduce this threshold in order to reduce the initial playout delay and also the size of the receiver buffer. Here a video streaming service is considered, where the last link is a wireless CDMA-based link and it has been shown how a truncated power control allows to reduce the pre-roll delay without increasing the average transmission power and without degrading the video quality. It presents the proposed truncated power control and an analytical model to evaluate the achievable pre-roll delay reduction.

Fig. 2. System model of the video streaming

4.1.1 SYSTEM MODEL The system model consists of a source, a server and a client. As shown in Figure 2, the video streaming passes through a wired network without losses and a lossy wireless link with CDMA-based transmission. The source can be a live program or a prestored program; 14

in the first case the source passes a video frame to the server every t seconds, while in the second case the source passes all of the video frames to the server at the beginning of the session. The server is responsible of delivering video frames from the source to the client through a heterogeneous wired/wireless network; in this paper we refer to a UDP-based transport platform. The UDP protocol does not permit to recover from data losses and this functionality is left to the link. The server encapsulates each video frame within a UDP packet and each packet is enqueued into the UDP transmission buffer. Both at the server side and at the client side a link layer ARQ buffer and a playout/UDP buffer are needed. At the client side, the playout begins when the queue length n of the playout buffer is above a specified threshold Npr. Such a phase is called pre-roll process and it is needed in order to reduce the buffer underflow probability at the expenses of an initial delay (pre-roll delay). At the client side, underflow occurs when n = 0; after the buffer underflow occurrence the receiver temporarily suspends the playout of the video and a new pre-roll process starts. Both the pre-roll delay and the buffer underflow probability depends on the pre-roll threshold Npr and on the channel reliability. Large Npr results in a small underflow probability but increase the pre-roll delay.It is common for streaming media clients to have a 5 to 15 seconds of buffering delay before playback starts.

4.1.2 Rate control for streaming video:

Rate control is an important issue in video streaming applications for both wired and wireless networks. A widely accepted rate control method in wired networks is TCPfriendly rate control (TFRC). It is equation-based rate control in which the TCP-friendly rate is determined as a function of packet loss rate, roundtrip time, and packet size. TFRC assumes that packet loss in wired networks is primarily due to congestion, and as such is not applicable to wireless networks in which the main cause of packet loss is at the physical layer. In this article we review existing approaches to solve this problem. Then we propose multiple TFRC connections as an end-to-end rate control solution for wireless video streaming. We show that this approach not only avoids modifications to the network infrastructure or network protocol, but also results in full utilization of the wireless channel. NS-2 simulations, actual experiments over a 1xRTT CDMA wireless data network, and video streaming simulations using traces from the actual experiments are carried out to characterize the performance and show the efficiency of our proposed approach.

4.2 Video Conferencing

Videoconferencing is a medium where two or more people at different locations can meet face-to-face in real time .Offers new possibilities to connect with guest speakers and experts.Can make relevant learning opportunities more accessible and exciting.

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Videoconferencing is the conduct of a videoconference (also known as a video conference or video teleconference) by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware . Videoconferencing uses audio and video telecommunications to bring people at different sites together. This can be as simple as a conversation between people in private offices (point-to-point) or involve several (multipoint) sites in large rooms at multiple locations. Besides the audio and visual transmission of meeting activities, allied videoconferencing technologies can be used to share documents and display information on whiteboards.

4.2.1 Technologies Involved

Video and Audio signal acquisition. Data Communication. Display and reproduction of transmitted signal

4.2.2 Bandwidth / Data Rate Requirement:

Frame Rate. ( 15-30 fps.) Frame Size. ( QCIF( 176x144) , 4CIF (480x330) etc.) Colour. Mono / Stereo Audio. Sample per second. ( 14 KHZ Audio.) Bit per sample. (8-12 bit for audio, 24 bit for video.)

4.2.3 Data Size: Voice

Band width: ~ 4 KHz Minimum Sampling Frequency: 8 KHz Bits per sample: 8 bits (for 256 levels) Minimum data rate: 8000x8 bits per second= 64 Kbps

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4.2.4 Data Size: Video

Number of frames per second: 15 fps Resolution of a frame: 480 x 640 pixels Bits per pixel: 24 bits (for coloured video) Data Rate: 480x640x15x24 bits per second = 110.6 Mbps

4.3 Mobile TV and Video: Real-World Experiences:

Mobile phones are not just for talking anymore. Todays tech-savvy consumers view their phones as an entertainment center as well as a communication device. There are more than 100 million Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) 3G enabled phones worldwide, the majority of which are ready for sophisticated video transmissions. In Japan alone, NTT DoCoMo already has 15 million W-CDMA subscribers and continues to grow. Almost all W-CDMA-based 3G handsets on the market today support the 3G-324M protocol. There is no need to wait for more handset vendors to introduce this feature or to roll out the service on only a few handsets that can support mobile TV.

4.3.1 Quality of Experience

The characteristics that would determine the overall quality of experiences, users have answered: 1. Video quality 2. Audio quality 3. Time to access the main TV portal 4. Channel tuning speed

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4.3.2 Transporting High Quality Audio and Video

Given the relatively low bit rates available to deliver Mobile TV services, bandwidth constraints and compression quality are key parameters to take into account. The recent explosion of successful user-generated video services for PCs has proven that consumers will watch video that is less than traditional broadcast quality. However, it is also true that in a direct comparison between providers offering similar content, users do value improved video quality. In the case of Mobile TV where many operators are simply rebroadcasting commercial television channels, user expectations for quality are higher than for usergenerated content.

4.3.3 Audio and Video quality

Although network delivery and decoder performance play a part, the video and audio encoder is the single most important component determining the audio and picture quality experienced by the user. For an encoder to provide optimum video quality it needs to combine the following features: Highest quality signal interfaces for broadcast content ingest Optimized audio and video pre-filtering and resampling Best audio and video codecs (MPEG-4 AAC, HE-AAC, H.264 and MPEG-4 Simple Profile) Efficient codec with pre-analysis, look-ahead, advanced toolsets and rate controls Continuous improvements Devices, networks and standards used for Mobile TV are evolving at a fast pace. Screen resolutions, processing capacities, and network interfaces are changing constantly. In order to satisfy user appetence for TV services, the capacity of the encoder must evolve constantly in order to provide: - better quality - larger picture - higher bandwidth - new codes An encoder based on a software compression core addresses the Mobile TV requirements perfectly by providing: - flexibility (choice of codes) - constant quality improvements over time 18

- additional formats and resolutions By comparison, hardware compression cores do not provide anything like the same level of flexibility and functionality and are simply not the right technology choice for this type of service.

4.3.4 Audio and Video synchronization

Lip synchronization, or audio/video synchronization, is a common problem seen in mobile streaming.The large variety of audio sampling and video frame rates makes the perfect input synchronization of the two media difficult to achieve. Tight output synchronization is achieved using IETF protocols (RTP and RTCP) which are poorly supported in most of entry-level encoders. A high quality Mobile TV encoder should sample audio and video with high precision time-stamps and make efficient use of RTCP.

4.4 Remote Medical Service (Medical image)

. Rapid advances in information technology and telecommunications, and more specifically wireless and mobile communications, and their convergence (telematics) are leading to the emergence of a new type of information infrastructure that has the potential of supporting an array of advanced services for healthcare. The objective of this paper is to provide a snapshot of the applications of wireless telemedicine systems. A brief review of the spectrum of these applications and the potential benefits of these efforts will be presented, followed by success case studies in electronic patient record, emergency telemedicine, teleradiology, and home monitoring. It is anticipated that the progress carried out in these efforts, and the potential benefits of emerging mobile technologies will trigger the development of more applications, thus enabling the offering of a better service to the citizen.

4.5 Video on demand

Multimedia entertainments, such as, DivX downloads, digital TV, video on demand, online games require tens of megabits per second to work in a suitable way. The main obstacle, until now, has been the inadequate access to the network infrastructure and the huge cost of the installations. Further, users ask for mobile technologies which permit to enjoy with multimedia entertainment contents from anywhere. Figure 2 shows the most important network technologies and correlate them with both bandwidth and mobility requirements. Emerging network technologies range from the wired copper enhancements (e.g. ADSL, Ethernet to the home, VDSL) to mobile cellular systems (e.g. 3G CDMA) and Wi-Fi 19

(e.g. WLAN). It is reported that more than the 50 out of 100 American households (up to the 70 out of 100 Korean ones) has a high-speed always-on broadband access to the Internet. In particular, ADSL became the milestone of broadband Internet access speeding up to 40 times faster than the traditional 56Kbps dial-up connection. This technology allows a downstream rate from 1.5 to 9 Mbps and an upstream rate from 16 to 640 Kbps over existing copper telephone lines. Wired post-ADSL network technologies, such as Ethernet to the home or VDSL, has further increased the downstream rate up to 50 Mbps. On the other side, the invasion of mobile post-ADSL technologies has fueled the demand for multimedia entertainment on portable devices. 3G CDMA cellular systems are able to carry out, simultaneously, voice, video and data at a data rate of: i) 144 Kbps for fast-moving mobile users in vehicles, ii) 384 Kbps for slower moving pedestrian users, and iii) 2 Mbps from fixed locations. Unfortunately, the cost of the 3G spectrum and the build-out of 3G network infrastructures are very high. Alternatively, WLAN solutions are cheaper thanks to their low-cost transceivers and to the use of shared unlicensed spectrum. WLANs offer higher bandwidth (2.4 Ghz 802.11 b offers as many as 11 Mbps) supporting a direct access to the Internet, working only within a short range. As consequence, there exists a trade off. Wireless technologies suffer either from low data rates (3G CDMA) or from a short coverage (WLAN). Instead, wired technologies offer high data rates without any mobility support. From these heterogeneous scenarios emerges the need for networking integration aimed at guaranteeing seamless connectivity, transparent vertical handoff and service continuity.

4.6 3-D stereoscopic video (Design of multicode CDMA systems for 3-D stereoscopic video over wireless ATM networks):
Multicode spread-spectrum code-division multiple-access (SS-CDMA) techniques is applied to three-dimensional (3-D) stereoscopic video transmission over wireless asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. Three-dimensional visual communications, made through the use of stereoscopic images, are able to achieve total display realism. Such services allow users to share the virtual reality (VR) world without any geographical restrictions. In order to create a 3-D system with two images (left and right) that should be transmitted over a bandlimited mobile channel simultaneously, a cost-effective motion picture experts group (MPEG)-based wavelet multiresolution coding with a joint motion and disparity compensation is developed to reduce a large amount of information contained in the images to meet the low-transmission rate limitation of mobile channels. However, 20

the rapidly variable bit rate (VBR) characteristics of the MPEG-based 3-D videos seems a weakness to the transmission of such videos via a constant bit-rate (CBR) mobile channel. The ATM technique is especially well suited for VBR MPEG-based 3-D video because of its ability to allocate bandwidth on demand to these services. However, since the mobile radio has a limited channel capacity, the overall capacity of the traditional ATM-based SSCDMA system may not be sufficient to accommodate the MPEG-based 3-D video services requested by the multiple mobile users simultaneously. To tackle this difficulty, a multicode CDMA technique is proposed to provide VBR MPEG-based 3-D video services by varying the number of spreading codes assigned to the 3-D video to meet its dynamic throughput requirement. Powerful forward error correction (FEC) codes are necessary to protect the video data so that it can be successfully transmitted at an acceptable signal power level. Two separate FEC code schemes are applied to the header and payload of an ATM cell containing 3-D video data, respectively. The ATM cell header is protected by a relatively powerful FEC code to ensure correct delivery and low cell loss rate (CLR). On the other hand, the ATM cell payload is encoded for varying degrees of error protection according to the priority of the payload data in 3-D videos. An adaptive FEC code combining scheme is proposed to provide the good protection for payload data with the maximization of its code rate to minimize the extra bandwidth for FEC overhead.

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FUTURE OF WIRELESS VIDEO SERVICE IN CDMA

Terahertz video transfer is foretaste of Future of wireless video service:Video footage has been transmitted using a terahertz wireless signal for the first time. Although the link spanned just 22 meters it marks a significant step towards using much faster chunks of wireless spectrum, by harnessing radio waves oscillating a trillion times per second. The speed at which wireless data can be transferred is limited by the vibration rate of radio waves. Today's fastest wireless technologies, third generation (3G CDMA) mobile networks, operate in the ranges of gigahertz (a billion times per second) and megahertz (a million times a second) respectively. Using terahertz bandwidth - which ranges from 300GHz to 3 terahertz (THz) - could offer a 1000 fold increase in transmission speed and should open up new frequencies for communication. The as yet untapped terahertz band of the electromagnetic spectrum lies between microwaves and visible light. Future advancement in technology is going to take us to new heights in terms of capacities and facilities offered to customers. This will provide for a vast scope of application for wireless video services in CDMA.

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CONCLUSION
In this report we have made a detailed study of various wireless video services over CDMA. Initially we made a brief introduction about cdma and how it works after that we studied how video is transmitted over cdma. Then we plunged strait into the topic and enumerated various wireless video services over cdma. e.g Video streaming,Video Conference,Remote Medical Service, E-Commerce,Mobile TV and Video: Real-World Experiences,Video on Demand etc. After enlisting the various wireless video services a detailed study was made on all the services. The process of video streaming, mobile TV, video on demand, video conferencing and the rest were discussed and explained. This report emphasized upon the various video services on cdma and their future prospective.

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REFERENCES
1. Multimedia over CDMA Mobile Wireless Networks: A Joint Source Coding-Power Control Approach. By- Yee Sin Chan 2. W-CDMA: mobile communications system. By- Keiji Tachikawa 3. A New Medium Access Scheme for Multimedia Service in CDMA Systems. ByMin Kim and Hyung-Myung Kim. 4. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 2, NO. 1, JANUARY 2003 5. CAPACITY AND QOS FOR STREAMING VIDEO APPLICATIONS OVER TCP IN CDMA BASED NETWORKS. By- Frank H.P. Fitzek Robill, Supatrio Adam, Wolisz. 6. Intuitive Guide to Principles of Communications. (www.complextoreal.com).

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COMMENTS

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