ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Kartik Gupta of class XI-C of Kulachi Hansraj Model School would like to report my sincere thanks to my mathematics teacher MRS. AARTI who acted as my guide and mentor and without whose help completion of this project would have been impossible.

About His Life

Aryabhatta (476-550 A.D.) was born in Patliputra in Magadha, modern Patna in Bihar. Many are of the view that he was born in the south of India especially Kerala and lived in Magadha at the time of the Gupta rulers; time which is known as the golden age of India. Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, some of which are lost.

1.)The surviving text is Aryabhata's masterpiece the Aryabhatiya which is a small astronomical treatise written in 118 verses giving a summary of Hindu mathematics up to that time. Its mathematical section contains 33 verses giving 66 mathematical rules without proof. The Aryabhatiya contains an introduction of 10 verses, followed by a section on mathematics with, as we just mentioned, 33 verses, then a section of 25 verses on the reckoning of time and planetary models, with the final section of 50 verses being on the sphere and eclipses.

2.) A problem of great interest to Indian Mathematicians since ancient times has been to find integer solutions to equations that have the form ax + by = c, a topic that has come to be known as diophantine equations. This is an example from bhaskaras commentary on Aryabhatiya: Find the number which gives 5 as the remainder when divided by 8, 4 as the remainder when divided by 9, and 1 as the remainder when divided by 7 That is, find N = 8x+5 = 9y+4 = 7z+1. It turns out that the smallest value for N is 85. In general, diophantine equations, such as this, can be notoriously difficult. They were discussed extensively in ancient Vedic text Sulba sutra, whose more ancient parts might date to 800 BCE. Aryabhata's method of

solving such problems is called the kuttaka method.

Kuttaka means "pulverizing" or "breaking into small pieces", and the method involves a recursive algorithm for writing the original factors in smaller numbers. Today this algorithm, elaborated by Bhaskara in 621 CE, is the standard method for solving first-order diophantine equations and is often referred to as the Aryabhata algorithm.The diophantine equations are of interest in cryptology, and the RSA Conference, 2006, focused on the kuttaka method and earlier work in the Sulbasutras.

3.) Hindu - Arabic number system is consdered to be a universal human language, without which mathematics, science and commerce would be almost impossible. Russian mathematician Michel Ostrogradski stated invention of the Hindu - Arabic number system is the greatest discovery after writing. Aryabhatta worked on different place value notations and finally developed the decimal place value notation and the place holder. He calculated the value of pi. This number system and mathematics went to Europe and was known as "Modus Indorum" or "method of the Indians" during the middle ages. This method of the Indians is none other than our arithmetic today.

4.) Our sine and cosine functions come from Aryabhatta' Ardha Jya and Kotti Jya which were translated to Arabic as Jiba. Arab mathematicians added tangent function. Jiba was translated to Latin as Sinus. It is widely accepted that Aryabhatta obtained Ptolemy's full chord method and transformed it to much easier half chord method. He was the first mathematician to give the 'table of the sines', which is in the form of a single rhyming stanza, where each syllable stands for increments at intervals of 225 minutes of arc or 3 degrees 45'.

Alphabetic code has been used by him to define a set of increments. If we use Aryabhatta's table and calculate the value of sin(30) which is 1719/3438 = 0.5; the value is correct. His alphabetic code is commonly known as the Aryabhata cipher .

Sl. No

Angle ( A ) (in degrees, arcminutes)

Value in ryabhaa's numerical notation (in ISO1 5919 transliteration)

Value in Arabic numerals

ryabhaa's value of jya (A)

Modern value of jya (A) (3438 sin (A))

224.8560

03 45
07 30 11 15 15 00 18 45 22 30 26 15 30 00 33 45 37 30 41 15 45 00 48 45

makhi
bhakhi phakhi dhakhi akhi akhi akhi hasjha skaki kiga ghaki kighva ghlaki

225
224 222 219 215 210 205 199 191 183 174 164 154

225
449 671 890 1105 1315 1520 1719 1910 2093 2267 2431 2585

448.7490

670.7205

889.8199

1105.1089

1315.6656

1520.5885

1719.0000

1910.0505

10

2092.9218

11

2266.8309

12

2431.0331

13

2584.8253

Sl. No

Angle ( A ) (in degrees, arcminutes)

Value in ryabhaa's numerical notation (in ISO 15919 transliteration)

Value in Arabic numerals

ryabhaa's value of jya (A)

Modern value of jya (A) (3438 sin (A))

14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

52 30
56 15 60 00 63 45 67 30 71 15 75 00 78 45 82 30 86 15 90 00

kigra
hakya dhaki kica sga jhaa va kla pta pha cha

143
131 119 106 93 79 65 51 37 22 7

2728
2859 2978 3084 3177 3256 3321 3372 3409 3431 3438

2727.5488
2858.5925 2977.3953 3083.4485 3176.2978 3255.5458 3320.8530 3371.9398 3408.5874 3430.6390 3438.0000

5.) In Aryabhatiya Aryabhatta provide elegant results for the submission of series of squares and cubes. FOR SQUARES:-

12+22+..+n2 = n(n+1)(2n+1) 6 FOR CUBES:1 3+ 23 +.+ n3 = (1+2++n) 2 = (n(n+1) )2 4

6.) He already knew that the earth spins on its axis, the earth moves round the sun and the moon rotates round the earth. He talks about the position of the planets in relation to its movement around the sun. He refers to the light of the planets and the moon as reflection from the sun. He goes as far as to explain the eclipse of the moon and the sun, day and night, the contours of the earth, the length of the year exactly as 365 days. He even computed the circumference of the earth as 24835 miles which is close to modern day calculation of 24900 miles.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
in.answers.yahoo.com wikipedia.org www.mapsofindia.com hubpages.com wiki.answers.com aryabhatta.net.com www.trueknowledge.com