Passive Devices (3 port network)

S-matrix of 3 port networks

| |
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
(
(
(

=
S S S
S S S
S S S
S
(1) All ports are matched and network is reciprocal
| |
0
0
0
23 13
23 12
13 12
(
(
(

=
S S
S S
S S
S
(2) can be lossless?
| | | | | |?
*
U S S
T
=
1 0 . 0 , 1
1 0 , 0 , 1
1 0 , 0 , 1
2
23
2
13 13
*
12
2
23
2
13
2
12
*
23 12
*
23
2
23
2
12
2
12
*
13 23
*
13
2
13
2
12
= = + + = = +
= = = = +
= = = = +
S S S S S S
S S let S S S S
S S let S S S S
3 Port Network can not be
lossless, reciprocal, and match at all port
Matched, lossless, and nonreciprocal 3 port network
Circulator
| |
0
0
0
32 31
23 21
13 12
(
(
(

=
S S
S S
S S
S
| |
| |
(
(
(

=
= = = = = =
(
(
(

=
= = = = = =
= = +
= = +
= = +

0 0
0 0
0 0
1 , 0 ) 2 (
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 , 0 ) 1 (
. 0 , 1
, 0 , 1
, 0 , 1
3
2
1
3
2
1
31 23 12 13 32 21
31 32 21 31 23 12
13
*
12
2
32
2
31
21
*
23
2
23
2
21
23
*
31
2
13
2
12
u
u
u
u
u
u
j
j
j
j
j
j
e
e
e
S
S S S S S S
e
e
e
S
S S S S S S
S S S S
S S S S
S S S S
Reciprocal, matched, and lossy 3 port network
Reciprocal, lossless, and only 2 ports matched
| | 0
0
33 23 13
23 12
13 12
(
(
(

=
S S S
S S
S S
S
1 . 0 , 1
1 0 , 0 , 1
1 0 , 0 , 1
2
33 33
*
23 13
*
12
2
33
2
23
2
13
2
12
*
23 13
*
33 12
*
23
2
23
2
12
2
12
*
13 23
*
13
2
13
2
12
= = + = + +
= = = + = +
= = = = +
S S S S S S S S
S S let S S S S S S
S S let S S S S
| |
0 0
0 0
0 0
(
(
(

|
u
u
j
j
j
e
e
e
S
Port 3 is isolated
| |
0
0
0
23 13
23 12
13 12
(
(
(

=
S S
S S
S S
S
Lossy power divider
Passive Devices (4 port network)
S-matrix of reciprocal and matched network
| |
0
0
0
0
34 24 14
34 23 13
24 23 12
14 13 12
(
(
(
(

=
S S S
S S S
S S S
S S S
S
For lossless, S-matrix must be unitary matrix
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
0
0 : ) 3 , 2 (
, 0 : (2,4) , 1 : ) 4 , 4 (
, 0 : (1,3) , 1 : ) 3 , 3 (
, 0 : (3,4) , 1 : ) 2 , 2 (
, 0 : (1,2) , 1 : ) 1 , 1 (
23 14
2
34
2
12 23 23
*
34 12
*
14 34 34
*
14 23
*
12 12
2
13
2
24
*
14 23
*
24 13
*
14
*
13 24
*
14 23
*
13
*
24
34
*
24 13
*
12
23
*
34 12
*
14
2
34
2
24
2
14
34
*
14 23
*
12
2
34
2
23
2
13
23
*
24 13
*
14
2
24
2
23
2
12
24
*
14 23
*
13
2
14
2
13
2
12
= =
= = + +
= = + +
= +
= + = + +
= + = + +
= + = + +
= + = + +
S S
S S S S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S S S S S S S
S S S S
S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S
S S S S S S S
| | S
| | | |
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
= = = = = = = =
+ + =
= + = +
= = = =
= +
= = = + = +
= = = + = +


0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
, , 0 , 0 , 2 / , 0
) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 1 2 (
0
, , ,
1
1 , 1
, 1 , 1
24 13 34 12 24 13 34 12
34 24 13 12
) ( ) (
34
*
24 13
*
12
24 13 34 12
2 2
2
2
34
2
12
2
34
2
24
2
24
2
12
2
2
24
2
13
2
24
2
12
2
13
2
12
34 24 13 12
24 13 34 12
B A
B A
A B
A B
S
B jA
B jA
jA B
jA B
S
and let and let
Coupler ric Antisymmet Coupler Symmetric
n
ABe ABe S S S S
Ae S Ae S Be S Be S
B A
B S S S S S S
A S S S S S S
j j
j j j j
t u u u u t u u u u
t u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
dB
dB log 20 log 10
dB log 20 log 10
dB log 20 log 10
14
4
1
14 4
3
3
1
C D I
S
P
P
I Isolation
S
A
P
P
D y Directivit
A
P
P
C Coupling
+ =
= = =
= = =
= = =
| |
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
(
(
(
(

=
B jA
B jA
jA B
jA B
S
Hybrid Coupler(3 dB Coupler)
| | | |
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
2
1

0 1 0
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
2
1

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
=
S
j
j
j
j
S
coupler hybrid ric Antisymmet coupler hybrid Symmetric
B A
Even-Odd Mode Circuit Analysis
If circuit can be decomposed into the superposition of an even-mode excitation and
odd-mode excitation
Adding two sets( even & odd) of excitations produces the original excitation
,
2
1
2
1
,
2
1
2
1
,
2
1
2
1
,
2
1
2
1
4 3
2 1
o e o e
o e o e
B T T B
T T B B
I I = =
+ = I + I =
3-Port Network: Power Divider
(1) Reciprocal and Lossless
-> some ports mismatched
Lossless Power Divider:
2 1
P P P
in
+ =
in
Y
Input Admittance at Input Port
2 1
1 1
Z Z
jB Y
in
+ + =
for Input Port Matching, B=0 and
o
in
Z Z Z
Y
1 1 1
2 1
= + =
in
P
1
P
2
P
Port #1
1 2 2 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
: :
2
1
,
2
1
,
2
1
Z Z P P
Z
V
P
Z
V
P
Z
V
P
o o
o
o
in
=
= = = Ex) 1:2 divider (with B=0 & Port #1 matched: )
75 , 150 3
1 3 1 1
2 2
2 1
1 2 1
2 1 1 2
= = = = = +
= =
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z P P
o
o
666 . 0
150 75 50
150 75 50
1
=

= I Reflection at Port #2:

333 . 0
75 150 50
75 150 50
2
=

= I
Reflection at Port #3:
22
S
33
S
0
11
= S
(2)Resistive Divider All ports are matched
- output ports are not isolated
| |
in in
in
o o o
in
o
o
o
o o
o
o o
o
o
o o
in
P P P P
P
Z
V
Z
V
P P
Z
V
P
S
S S
V V
Z
Z
Z
V V V
V
Z Z
Z
V V
Z Z
Z
Z
Z Z
Z
= = +
= = = = =
(
(
(

=
= =
= =
+
= =
=
+
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
1
4
1
8
1
2
1
,
2
1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
2
1

2
1
2
1
4
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
3 3 3
3 2
2
1
2
2
3 2
2
1
31 21
1 3 2
1 1
0
23
= S
Wilkinson Power Divider( equal power division)
Resistive divider -all ports are matched
-out-ports are isolated
Microstrip
Wilkinson Power Divider
Equivalent Circuit
in
P
2
P
3
P
3 2
P P P
in
+ =
Wilkinson Power Divider
even mode
odd mode
2
3 2
= =
g g
V V
2
3 2
= =
g g
V V
Equivalent Circuit in normalized and symmetric form
Wilkinson Power Divider: even mode
e
in
Z
) 0 , 0 ( 2
2
, 33 , 22
2
= = = =
e e
e
in
S S matching for Z
Z
Z
Voltage on transmission line ) (x V
) ( 0
707 . 0
2
1

2 2
2 2

2
1

1
1
) 1 ( ) ( ) 4 (
1
1
, 1 ) 1 ( ) 0 (
) ( ) (
, 23 , 32
2
1
13 12
1
1
2
open port S S
j j
V
V
S S
j V
j jV j j V V x V
V V V x V
e e V e V e V x V
o e
,e ,e
x j x j x j x j
= =
= = = =
+

= I : =
+ I
I
= I = I + = = =
I +
= = = I + = =
I + = + =
+ +
+ +
+ +

| | | |
Wilkinson Power Divider: odd mode
) ( 0
0
1 0
) 0 , 0 ( 2
2
, 23 , 32
2
1
, 13 , 12
1
, 33 , 22
short port S S
V
V
S S
shorted is port V
S S matching f or r
r
Z
o o
o o
o o
o
in
= =
= = =
: =
= = = =
o
in
Z
All power from Port #2 is delivered to r/2 resister, and all dissipated
No power is delivered to Port #1
Wilkinson Power Divider: input port
in
Z'
in
Z'
( )
0 0 1
2
1
2
11
2
= = I = ' ' =
= = '
S Z Z Z
Z
in in in in
in
Wilkinson Power Divider: S-matrix
| |
(
(
(

=
0 0
0 0
0
j
j
j j
S
All ports are matched
Reciprocal
Lossy
Output ports are isolated
Symmetric
Not Unitary
Wilkinson Power Divider: unequal power division
in
P
2
P
3
P
( )
.
1
, 1
,
1
,
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ = =
+
=
=
K
K Z R
K K Z Z K Z
K
K
Z Z
P
P
K Let
o
o o o
o o
Wilkinson Power Divider: N-way Divider
4-Port Network: Quadrature Hybrid
3 dB Directional Coupler with Quadrature Phase Difference
between two output ports
Reciprocal, Lossless, and all ports are matched.
| |
(
(
(
(

=
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
2
1
j
j
j
j
S
Even-mode
(

=
(

=
(

1
1
2
1
1
0 1

0 2
2 / 0

1
0 1
j
j
j
j
j
j D C
B A
( )
( )
( )
( ) j
j j D C B A
T
j j
j j
D C B A
D C B A
e
e
+ =
+ +
=
+ + +
=
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ + +
+
= I
1
2
1
2 / 1 1
2 2
0
2 / 1 1
2 / 1 1
Odd-mode
(

=
(

=
(

1
1
2
1
1
0 1

0 2
2 / 0

1
0 1
j
j
j
j
j
j D C
B A
( )
( )
( )
( ) j
j j D C B A
T
j j
j j
D C B A
D C B A
o
e
=
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
=
+ + +
+
=
+ + +
+
= I
1
2
1
2 / 1 1
2 2
0
2 / 1 1
2 / 1 1
0
2
,
2
1
2
,
2
1
2
, 0
2
41
31
21
11
=
I I
=
=

=
=
+
=
=
I + I
=
o e
o e
o e
o e
S
T T
S
j
T T
S
S
| |
(
(
(
(

=
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
2
1
j
j
j
j
S
Coupled Line Theory
Propagating Modes on Symmetric Coupled Line
Even Mode Odd Mode
ground
Even Mode
Line Characteristics for even mode propagation
Capacitance per unit length w/o dielectrics:
Inductance per unit length:
Capacitance per unit length with dielectrics:
Characteristic Impedance:
Propagation Constant:
a a ea
C C C
22 11
= =
ea o o
C L / c =
ea
e
eff d d ed
C C C C c = = =
22 11
ed o
C L Z =
e
eff o o e
e
LC c c e e | = =
Odd Mode
Line Characteristics for even mode propagation
Capacitance per unit length w/o dielectrics:
Inductance per unit length:
Capacitance per unit length with dielectrics:

Characteristic Impedance:
Propagation Constant:
a a a a oa
C C C C C
12 22 12 11
2 2 + = + =
oa o o
C L / c =
oa
o
eff d d
d d od
C C C
C C C
c = + =
+ =
12 22
12 11
2
2
ed o
C L Z =
o
eff o o o
o
LC c c e e | = =
(1)Voltage and Current Waves of Even Mode Excitation
( )
e
oe
Z | ,
+ +
= =
e e e e
V V V V
2 1 2 1
,
z j
oe
e
z j
oe
e
z j
e
z j
e
z j
e
z j
e
e e e e
e e
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e I e I z i
e V e V z v
| | | |
| |

+
+
+
= + =
+ =
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
) (
) (
z j
oe
e
z j
oe
e
z j
e
z j
e
z j
e
z j
e
e e e e
e e
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e I e I z i
e V e V z v
| | | |
| |

+
+
+
= + =
+ =
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
) (
) (
(1)Voltage and Current Waves of Odd Mode Excitation
( )
o
oo
Z | ,
z j
oo
o
z j
oo
o
z j
o
z j
o
z j
o
z j
o
o o o o
o o
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e I e I z i
e V e V z v
| | | |
| |

+
+
+
= + =
+ =
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
) (
) (
z j
oo
o
z j
oo
o
z j
o
z j
o
z j
o
z j
o
o o o o
o o
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e I e I z i
e V e V z v
| | | |
| |

+
+
+
= + =
+ =
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
) (
) (
+ +
= =
o o o o
V V V V
2 1 2 1
,
Voltage and Current Waves on Coupled Lines
(1)Voltage and Current Waves on Line #1
z j
oo
o z j
oo
o z j
oe
e z j
oe
e
z j
o
z j
o
z j
e
z j
e
z j
o
z j
o
z j
e
z j
e
o o e e
o o e e
o o e e
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e I e I e I e I z i
e V e V e V e V z v
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |

+
+ +
+ +
+ =
+ + + =
+ + + =

) (
) (
1
1
(2)Voltage and Current Waves on Line #2
z j
oo
o z j
oo
o z j
oe
e z j
oe
e
z j
o
z j
o
z j
e
z j
e
z j
o
z j
o
z j
e
z j
e
o o e e
o o e e
o o e e
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e
Z
V
e I e I e I e I z i
e V e V e V e V z v
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |

+
+ +
+ +
+ =
+ =
+ =

) (
) (
2
2
( ) ( )
o
oo
e
oe
Z Z | | , , ,
) ( ), (
1 1
z i z v
) ( ), (
2 2
z i z v
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

+
+


=
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+


o
e
o
e
L j
oo
L j
oe
L j
oo
L j
oe
oo oe oo oe
L j
oe
L j
oe
L j
oo
L j
oe
oo oe oo oe
o
e
o
e
oo
oe
oo
oe
L j L j L j L j
L j L j L j L j
o
e
o
e
L j L j L j L j
L j L j L j L j
o
e
o
e
L j L j L j L j
L j L j L j L j
I
I
I
I
e Z e Z e Z e Z
Z Z Z Z
e Z e Z e Z e Z
Z Z Z Z
I
I
I
I
Z
Z
Z
Z
e e e e
e e e e
V
V
V
V
e e e e
e e e e
V
V
V
V
I
I
I
I
e e e e
e e e e
I
I
I
I
o e o e
o e o e
o e o e
o e o e
o e o e
o e o e
o e o e
o e o e
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
Impedance Matrix Z
11
= Z
22
=Z
33
= Z
44
0 , 0
4 3 2 1
0
1
1
11
1
= = = = =
=
=
I I I I
I
V
Z
k
k
I
&
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0
0
0
1
u | |
| | | |
| | | |
j L j L j e o
o
e
o
e
L j L j L j L j
L j L j L j L j
e e e let
I
I
I
I
e e e e
e e e e
I
o e
o e o e
o e o e

+
+


= = =
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2 1
1
1 2
,
1 2
1
1 1
0 1 1
,
. 0
, 0
, 0
,
I
Z Z
e
e
I Z I Z I Z I Z
V V V V V
e
e I
I I
e
I
I I I e I e I
I I e I e I
e I I e I I
e I e I e I e I
e I e I e I e I
I I I I
I I I I I
oo oe
j
j
o oo o oo e oe e oe
o o e e
j
j
o e
j
o e
j
o
j
e
o e
j
o
j
e
j
o o
j
e e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
o e o e
o e o e
+

+
= + =
+ + + =

= =

= = = +
= =
= =
= +
= + + +
= +
= + + +

+ +
+ +

+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u u
u u
u u u u
u u u u
( )
u cot
2
0
1
1
11
1
oo oe
I
Z Z
j
I
V
Z
k
k
+
= =
=
=
Impedance Matrix Z
12
=Z
21
=Z
34
=Z
43
0 , 0
4 3 1 2
0
2
1
12
2
= = = = =
=
=
I I I I
I
V
Z
k
k
I

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0
0
0
2
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

+
+


o
e
o
e
j j j j
j j j j
I
I
I
I
e e e e
e e e e I
u u u u
u u u u
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 1
1
1 2
,
1 2
1
1 1
0 1 1
,
. 0
, 0
,
, 0
I
Z Z
e
e
I Z I Z I Z I Z
V V V V V
e
e I
I I
e
I
I I I e I e I
I I e I e I
e I I e I I
e I e I e I e I
e I e I e I e I
I I I I I
I I I I
oo oe
j
j
o oo o oo e oe e oe
o o e e
j
j
o e
j
o e
j
o
j
e
o e
j
o
j
e
j
o o
j
e e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
o e o e
o e o e

+
= + =
+ + + =

= =

= = =
= = +
= =
= +
= + + +
= +
= + + +

+ +
+ +

+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u u
u u
u u u u
u u u u
( )
u cot
2
0
2
1
12
2
oo oe
I
Z Z
j
I
V
Z
k
k

= =
=
=
Impedance Matrix Z
13
= Z
31
= Z
24
= Z
42
0 , 0
4 2 1 3
0
3
1
13
3
= = = = =
=
=
I I I I
I
V
Z
k
k
I

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0
0
0
3
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

+
+


o
e
o
e
j j j j
j j j j
I
I
I
I
e e e e
e e e e
I
u u u u
u u u u
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3
3
1
3 3
3
3
sin 2
2
,
2
0
,
. 0
,
, 0
, 0
I
Z Z
j
I
e e
Z Z
I Z I Z I Z I Z
V V V V V
e e
I
I I
e e
I
I I I e e I e e I
I I e e I e e I
I I I I
e I e I e I e I
I e I e I e I e I
I I I I
I I I I
oo oe
j j
oe oe
o oo e oo e oe e oe
o o e e
j j
o e
j j
o e
j j
o
j j
e
o e
j j
o
j j
e
o o e e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
o e o e
o e o e
u
u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
+
=

+
= + =
+ + + =

= =

= = = +
= =
= =
= +
= + + +
= +
= + + +

+ +
+ +

+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
u sin 2
0
3
1
13
3
oo oe
I
Z Z
j
I
V
Z
k
k
+
= =
=
=
Impedance Matrix Z
14
= Z
41
= Z
32
= Z
23
0 , 0
3 2 1 4
0
4
1
14
4
= = = = =
=
=
I I I I
I
V
Z
k
k
I

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
0
0
0
4
(
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

+
+


o
e
o
e
j j j j
j j j j
I
I
I
I
e e e e
e e e e
I
u u u u
u u u u
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
4
4
1
4 4
4
4
sin 2
2
,
2
0
,
.
, 0
, 0
, 0
I
Z Z
j
I
e e
Z Z
I Z I Z I Z I Z
V V V V V
e e
I
I I
e e
I
I I I e e I e e I
I I e e I e e I
I I I I
I e I e I e I e I
e I e I e I e I
I I I I
I I I I
oo oe
j j
oo oe
o oo o oo e oe e oe
o o e e
j j
o e
j j
o e
j j
o
j j
e
o e
j j
o
j j
e
o o e e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
j
o
j
e
o e o e
o e o e
u
u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u

=

+
= + =
+ + + =

= =

= = =
= = +
= =
= +
= + + +
= +
= + + +

+ +
+ +

+ + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
u sin 2
0
4
1
14
3
oo oe
I
Z Z
j
I
V
Z
k
k

= =
=
=

tan tan sin sin
tan tan sin sin
sin sin tan tan
sin sin tan tan
2
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

+
+ +

=
(
(
(
(

I
I
I
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
j
V
V
V
V
oo oe oo oe oo oe oo oe
oo oe oo oe oo oe oo oe
oo oe oo oe oo oe oo oe
oo oe oo oe oo oe oo oe
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u | | = = L L Let
o e

( ) ( )
o
oo
e
oe
Z Z | | , , ,
L
4-Port Network: Coupled Line Coupler
Single Section Coupled Line Coupler
o
o
o
o o
Z I V
Z I V
Z I V
Z I E V V Z I E
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
,
,
,
=
=
=
= + =
u
Boundary Condition at each Port
u
ko ke k ko ke k
I I I V V V + = + = ,
o e in
e
o e in
e in
e
o oe
oe o
oe e in
Z Z
V
I
Z Z
Z
V V
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
,
1
,
,
1
,
,
tan
tan
u
u
e in
Z
,
o in
Z
,
o o in
e
o o in
o in
o
o oo
oo o
oo o in
Z Z
V
I
Z Z
Z
V V
jZ Z
jZ Z
Z Z
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
,
1
,
,
1
,
,
tan
tan
u
u
( ) ( )
o o in e in
o o in e in
o
o o in e in
o e in o in o o in e in
o e
o e
in
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z
I I
V V
I
V
Z
2
2
2
, ,
2
, ,
, ,
, , , ,
1 1
1 1
1
1
+ +

+ =
+ +
+ + +
=
+
+
= =
in
Z
2
, ,
1
o e in e in
o in
Z Z Z
Z Z matching: # port for
=
=
2
, ,

o e in e in
Z Z Z for =
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
) 1 (
) 1 (


tan
11
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
, ,
=
=
+ +
+ +
=

+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
+
+
+
+
=
=
S
Z
t Z Z jZ t Z
t Z Z jZ t Z
Z
Z Z Z
t Z Z jZ t Z Z Z
t Z Z jZ t Z Z Z
Z Z
t jZ Z t jZ Z
t jZ Z t jZ Z
Z Z
t jZ Z
t jZ Z
Z
t jZ Z
t jZ Z
Z Z Z
t
o
oo oe o o
oo oe o o
o
oo oe o
oo oe o o oo oe
oo oe o oo oe o
oo oe
o oo o oe
oo o oe o
oo oe
o oo
oo o
oo
o oe
oe o
oe e in e in
u
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
V
jt C
jCt
V
Z Z Z C
Z Z
Z Z
C let
t j Z Z Z
t Z Z Z Z j
V
t Z Z j Z
t Z Z j
V
t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z
t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z
V
Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
V
V V V V V
oo oe o
oo oe
oo oe
oo oe o
oo oe oo oe
oo oe o
oo oe
oo oe o
oo o
oo oe o
oe o
o o in
o in
o e in
e in
o e o e
+
=
+ =
+

=
+ +
+
=
+ +

=
(

+ +
+

+ +
+
=
(
(

+
=
= + =
2
3
2
,
,
,
,
1 1 3 3 3
1
/ 2 1 ,
/ 2
/
2

2 2
u
u
tan 1
tan
2
3
j C
jC
V
V
+
=
,
2 2 2 o e
V V V for + =
z
0 = z L z =
( )
( )
u u
u
u
|
|
| |
| |
cos 2 tan
tan
cos 2

) (
tan
cos 2
) (
,
1
1
e
oe o
oe o
e
oe o
oe o
e
e
oe o
oe o
e
z j
oe o
oe o z j
e
z j
e
z j
e
V
jZ Z
Z Z
V
jZ Z
Z Z
V
V L z V
z jZ Z
Z Z
z
V
e
Z Z
Z Z
e V
e V e V z V
on line
+
+
=
+
+
=
= =

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ =
+ =
+
+
+
+
+
( )
oe o
oe o
e
Z Z
Z Z
z
+

= = I 0
( ) u u u u
u u
tan 2 cos tan cos
1
cos tan
1
,
,
1
2
oo oe o
o
o e in
e in
oe o
o
e
oe o
o
oe o
oe o
e e e e
Z Z j Z
Z V
V
Z Z
Z
jZ Z
Z
V
jZ Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
V V V V
+ +
=
+ +
=
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ = + =
+ +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z
t Z Z j Z Z
t jZ Z Z
t Z j Z Z t Z j Z Z
t Z j Z Z
t Z j Z Z Z t Z j Z Z
t Z j Z Z
Z
t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z Z
Z
t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
oo oe o
oe o
oo oe oo oe
oe oo oe
oo oe oo oe oo oe
oe oo oe
oo oe oo oe oe oo oe
oe oo oe
o
oo oe oe
oe oo oe
oe
oo oe oe
oe oo oe
oe
o e in
e in
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+
=
+ + +
+
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+
2
2
,
,
z
0 = z L z =
( )
( )
u u
u
u
|
|
| |
| |
cos 2 tan
tan
cos 2
) (
tan
cos 2
) (
,
1
1
o
oo o
oo o
o
oo o
oo o
o o
oo o
oo o
e
z j
oo o
oo o z j
o
z j
o
z j
o
V
jZ Z
Z Z
V
jZ Z
Z Z
V V L z V
z jZ Z
Z Z
z
V
e
Z Z
Z Z
e V
e V e V z V
on line
+
+
=
+
+
= = =

+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ =
+ =
+
+
+
+
+
( )
oo o
oo o
o
Z Z
Z Z
z
+

= = I 0
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z
t Z Z j Z Z
t jZ Z Z
t Z j Z Z t Z j Z Z
t Z j Z Z
t Z j Z Z Z t Z j Z Z
t Z j Z Z
Z
t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z Z
Z
t Z Z j Z
t jZ Z Z
Z
Z Z
Z
oo oe o
oo o
oo oe oo oe
oo oo oe
oe oo oe oo oe oo
oo oe oo
oe oo oo oe oo oe oo
oo oe oo
o
oo oe oo
oo oo oe
oo
oo oe oo
oo oo oe
oo
o o in
o in
+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+
=
+ + +
+
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
+
2
2
,
,
( ) u u u u
u u
tan 2 cos tan cos
1
cos tan
1
,
,
1
2
oo oe o
o
o o in
o in
oo o
o
o
oo o
o
oo o
oo o
o o o o
Z Z j Z
Z V
V
Z Z
Z
jZ Z
Z
V
jZ Z
Z
Z Z
Z Z
V V V V
+ +
=
+ +
=
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+ = + =
+ +
o e
V V
2 2
= :
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
sin cos 1
1
sin cos / 2
/ 2
sin cos 2
2
tan 2 cos
2 2
2 2 4
2
2
2 2 2 2
= =
+

=
+ +
+
=
+ +
=
+ +
= = + =
o e
oo oe o
oo oe o
oo oe o
o
oo oe o
o
e o e
V V V
V
j C
C
V
j Z Z Z
Z Z Z
V
Z Z j Z
Z
Z Z j Z
Z V
V V V V
u u
u u
u u
u u
0
1
sin cos 1
1
tan 1
tan
,
2
,
4
2
2
2
2
2
3
=
=
+

=
=
+
=
=
V
V
C j
j C
C
V
V
C
j C
jC
V
V
f at
o
u u
u
u
t
u
C
C
Z Z and
C
C
Z Z
Z Z Z and
Z Z
Z Z
C f rom
o oo o oe
oo oe o
oo oe
oo oe
+

+
=
=
+

=
1
1

1
1
,
2