TRANSMISSION TOWER

R.Saravanan, PGET, L&T, UAE

R.SARAVANAN, PGET, L&T UAE

R.SARAVANAN, PGET, L&T UAE

R.SARAVANAN, PGET, L&T UAE

Power in UAE..?
Production capacity 18.74 GW. (lack in peak seasonal times)

Lack of natural gas

Gulf Cooperation Council UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia & Oman GCC began region-wide power grid demand

UAE has no spare power capacity

Phase 3 of GCC grid to southern system of UAE In Dec2009 $20 billion contract to Korean Electric Power 4 nuclear reactors

1st reactor may 2017 each reactor 1400 MW

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Electric power transmission..?

The bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations Power is usually transmitted through overhead power lines Underground power transmission has a significantly higher cost and greater operational limitations - urban & sensitive areas

Overhead Power lines..?

An electric power transmission line suspended by towers It is the lowest-cost method of transmission for large quantities of electric energy (most of insulation by air) The bare wire conductors on the line are generally made of aluminum R.SARAVANAN, PGET, L&T UAE 5

Transmission tower..?
Tall structure usually a Steel lattice tower, used to support an overhead power line Electricity pylon UK & parts of Europe Ironman Australia Hydro tower in parts of Canada

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TOWER GEOMENTRY

EXTENSIONS BRACINGS

ANATOMY

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Tower Anatomy
Peak - supports G.W Cage - b/w peak & tower body Cross Arm - Support Conductor/G.W Boom supports power conductors (horizontal) Tower body main portion, connects cage/boom to foundation/(leg/body )extensions
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Bracings
Provided for interconnecting the legs To afford desired slenderness ratio for economical tower design Framing angle b/w bracings & main leg members shall not be < 15 degree Patterns are a) Single web system b) Double web or warren system c) Pratt system d) Portal system e) Diamond Bracing system f) Multiple Bracing System

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1.Struts are designed in compression & Diagonals in tension 2.NARROW BASE

1.Tension diagonal give eff.support to compression one @ pt of connections

1.Shear carried by diagonal member(t) 2.Large deflection under heavy loads

3.66Kv single circuit

2.Used in both large and small towers

3.Unequal shears at top of four stubs for design

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1.1half of Horizontal member in T & another C

1. Similar to waran system 2.Horizontal member carry no primary loads designed as redundant supports

1.Increse in strenght reducing member sizes

2.Advantageous to use it in BOTTOM panel

3.Extensions & Heavy river crossing

2.Increase in No.of bolts, fabrication & erection cost,

3.Overal reduction in Wt & cost of steel

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Tower Extension
Body Extension

Body Extension Leg Extension

Used to Increase the height of tower to obtain the reqd min Ground clearance & over road crossings, river crossings, ground obstacles Body extensions upto 7.5m height in steps 2.5m can be used & thus form a part of standard tower Extensions having greater heights (25m) the suitability is checked by reducing span length and angle of deviation. Practice in tower industry is also to specify negative body extension (portion of tower body is truncated)
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Leg Extension
Tower Leg extensions are required when the tower was spotted in the undulated surface / Hilly terrain. While spotting the tower locations in hilly areas requires more benching or revetment

or both are involved , but suitable hill side (leg extensions) can be used to minimize
benching or revetment or both. Two types of Leg extension : i) Universal leg extension ii) Individual leg extension

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Types of Tower
1) Type of Insulator Suspension Tension/Dead end Transposition Type of Support Self Supporting Guyed Shape at the base Square Rectangle kV Rating. Ranges from 33 to 1200 kV HVDC 5) No. of Circuits Single Circuit Double Circuit Multi-Circuit Deviation Angle. Ranges from 0 to 90 deg.

2)

6)

3)

4)

EDRC-TL Design

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Vertical Configuration
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Horizontal Configuration
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Suspension Tower

Tension Tower
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Guy Towers

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Conductor Configuration

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66 kv

132 kv

220 kv
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400 kv
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66 kv

132 kv

220 kv
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400 kv
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Tower Nomenclature
Sr. No. 1 2 Nomenclature Deviation Remark

A/DA/S/SLC/T0/TDL/QA/SA/V B/DB/AT/DLB/TD2/QB/X

0-20 0-300

Suspension Tower Used Small angle tower. Used as a Section Tower Used as Medium Angle Tower Used as a Transposition Used as a large angle Tower Used as a Dead End Tower
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C/DC/BAT/DLC/TD3/QC/CZ

30-60

D/DD/BAT/DE/TD6/TDT/QD/DE

60900/Dead End
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Height of Tower Structure

Height of tower is determine by-

H h1 h2 h3 h4
h1=Minimum permissible ground clearance h2=Maximum sag h3=Vertical spacing between conductors h4=Vertical clearance between earth wire

and top conductor

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ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
Sr. No 1 2 Type of Clearance Ground Clearance Live Metal Clearance in mm 132 / 220 Suspension insulator 15 30 45 60 Tension Insulator 0 0 Swing 400 / 765 15 30 1530 1370 1220 1070 1530 1980 1830 1675 2130 3050 1860 3050 4400 (25) 1300 (55) 132 kV 6.1 m 220 kV 7.0 m 400 kV 8.84 m 765 kV 15.5 m

Jumper

10
20 30

20
40 -

1530
1070 1070

2130
1675 -

3050
1860 -

4400
1300 -

3
4 5

Mid Span Clearance (m)

Shielding Angle (Deg) Phase to Phase Clearance Vertical Horizontal

6.1
30 3.9 m 6.8 m

8.5
30 4.9 m 8.4 m

9.0
20

12.4
20

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Right of Way
Sr. No 1

:
132 kV 27 m 220 kV 35 m 400 kV 52 m 765 kV 85 m

Type of Clearance ROW width

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DESIGN PARAMETERS
Transmission Voltage

Number Of Circuits
Climatic Conditions Environmental and Ecological Consideration Conductor Earth Wire Insulators Span
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Economic Voltage of Transmission of Power

L KVA E 5 .5 1.6 150

E = Transmission voltage (KV) (L-L). L = Distance of transmission line in KM KVA=Power to be transferred

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Aluminum is used it has about half the weight of copper for the same resistance, as well as being cheaper Types: AAC : All Aluminium conductors. AAAC : All Aluminium Alloy conductors ACSR : Aluminium conductors, Steel-Reinforced ACAR : Aluminium conductor, Alloy-Reinforced
Bundle conductors are used to reduce corona loses & audible noise It consists of several conductors cables connected by non-conducting spacers It is used to increase the amount of current that may be carried in line As a disadvantage, the bundle conductors have higher wind loading Spacers must resist the forces due to wind, and magnetic forces during a short-circuit

Conductor

spacers
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Earth Wire
Earth wire provided above the phase conductor across the line and

grounded at every tower.

It shield the line conductor from direct strokes
Reduces voltage stress across the insulating strings during lightning strokes Galvanized steel earth wires are used Aerial marker balls (>600mm dia) (Red, Orange, White)
Shield angle

25-30 up to 220 KV 20 for 400 KV and above

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Insulators
Insulator are required to support the line conductor and provide clearance from ground and structure. Insulator material High grade Electrical Porcelain Toughened Glass Fiber Glass

Type of Insulator Disc Type Strut Type Long Rod Insulator

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single string

Insulator Strings
Disc insulator are joint by their ball pins and socket in their caps to form

string.
No of insulator disc is decided by system voltage, switching and lighting over voltage amplitude and pollution level. Insulator string can be used either suspension or tension. Two suspension string in parallel used at railways, road and river crossing as statutory requirement. Swing of suspension string due to wind has to be taken into consider.

Double string

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Design Span lengths

1.Basic Span Most economic span Line is designed over level ground The requisite ground clearance is obtained at maximum specified temperature

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2.Ruling Span
Assumed design span that will produce, between dead ends It is used to calculate the horizontal component of tension (which is applied to all spans b/w anchor pts) Tower spotting on the profile is done by means of sag template, (which is based on ruling span)

3.Average Span
Mean span length between dead ends It is assumed that the conductor is freely suspended such that each individual span reacts to change in tension as a single average span

Average span = (L1+ L2+...+L6) /6

Ruling span = ( L1^3 + L2^3 +.+L6^3 / L1 + L2 + + L6)

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4.Wind Span
Half the sum of the two spans, adjacent to support It is assumed that the conductor is freely suspended such that each individual span reacts to change in tension as a single average span

5.Weight Span
Horizontal distance between the lowest point of conductor, on the two spans adjacent to the tower The lowest point is defined as point at which the tangent to sag curve It is used in design of cross-arms

Wind span = 0.5(L1 + L2)

Weight span = a1 + a2

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Determination of Base Width

The base width(at the concrete level) is the distance between the centre of gravity at one corner leg and the centre of gravity of the adjacent corner leg. A particular base width which gives the minimum total cost of the tower and foundations.
Ryle Formula

The ratio of base width to total tower height for most towers is generally

about one-fifth to one-tenth.

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Determination of Weight of tower

Rough approximation From knowledge of the positions of conductors & ground wire above ground level & overturning moments Ryle gives empirical formula in term of its height & maximum overturning moment at base

Approximate values 132 kv 1.7 metric tones 220 kv 2.5 metric tones 400 kv 7.7 metric tones 765 kv 14 metric tones

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LOADINGS
Loads are applied in all three directions namely Transverse ( FX ), Vertical ( FY) and Longitudinal (FZ) direction. Transverse loads consists of Wind on Conductor Wind on Insulator Component of Wire Tension in Transverse Direction (Deviation Load) Wind on Tower Body Vertical Load consists of Weight of Wire Weight of Insulator Weight of Line man & Tools Self Weight of Tower

Longitudinal Load Consist of Component of Unbalanced pull of the wire in the longitudinal direction.
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Loads on Tower
Normal Condition

Broken Wire Condition

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Loads are calculated as per the guide lines furnished in specification/standard. Standards for Calculation of Loads IS 802 1977 IS 802 1995 DIN VDE 0210 ASCE Manual IEC 826 The loads are calculated for following Conditions. Reliability / Working condition Security / Broken wire condition Safety / Erection & maintenance Condition

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ANALYSIS & DESIGN

Analysis is carried out by finite element software STAAD

Required FOS is provided in input file to find out ultimate force

The critical compression and tension in each member group is found out Members and Connections are designed for these forces. Iterations are carried out for the optimum usage of tower.

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Data's for foundation design

FOUNDATION
It costs 10-30 % of overall cost of tower It is the last step in designing process but precedes the construction Overload factors assumed in designs are 2.2 under Normal condition & 1.65 under broken-wire conditions

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 0.5 to 2m dia Shaft depth 3 to 15m Skin friction between ground & shaft resists uplift Used in usa, acceptance for wide use in India

Uplift loads are resisted by undistrube material Develop uplift load of 2 to 3times that of an iidentical footing without undercut

Non-cohesive soil For non-cohesive soils such as uncemented sand or gravel Provide pad footing without undercut Usually followed in INDIA at present

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 Adopted in firm cohesive soils Undercut on the pads Experience shows that this type of footing develop resistance to uplift 2 to 3 times that given footing without undercut

Hybrid design Large uplift force are to be resisted SBC is low

Augered footing with more than one bulb is used to increase the uplift capacity 35m long under reamed to 2.5 times dia of shaft Clayey black cotton soils & medium dense sandy soils
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 In usa ,canada Steel corroded, periodic excavation & maintanence Medium dry sand, clay or sandy caly soils (no special precautions necessary) The steel is treated with one coat of bituminous paint & top coat of asphalt

Suitable in areas with rock out crop Based on uplift, the anchor be single bar or group of bars welded to tower leg Vertical bars below stub angle form cage for footing Grouted to a depth of about 50 times dia into the rock R.SARAVANAN, PGET, L&T UAE

Special circumstances River crossing towers & towers on embankments The raft at bottom makes the foundation substantially rigid to minimize differential settlement

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Pyramid chimney type foundation Raft foundation

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Stub-setting
Important steps in tower erection The stubs are set with the help of stub setting templates Excavated pits are lean concreted to correct level Stubs are placed on lean concrete pad Alignment is carried by four plumb bobs hung from centre of the horizontal bracing If any pit over excavated by mistake, the extra depth should be filled by concreting After the stub is set, the heel distance of four faces of the tower and two diagonals should be checked

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