8

24: -
-

-
-
-
-
25: -
-

24

;
,
, .
(+), .
, ,
.
().

;
,
, () .

;

:
= {..., 3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3, ...}.

*
,
* :
* = {..., 3, 2, 1, +1, +2, +3, ...}.

;
; Q*

298.

, .
Q.
M Q* ( : Q )
, .

;

.

.

;

.

||.

;

.

;
.

;

.
- -
- - -

299.

.
.
.

.

.
.
.

N :
. 300 .
. 2500 .
. 2350 .
. 1850 .
. 333 ..
. 35 ..
- -
- - -

300.

. 4 0C.
. 3 0C.
. 35 0C .
. 1,5%.

. +300
. 2500
. -1850
. 333
. 4 0C
. +3 0C
. +35 0C
. +1,5%

. +2350
. +35

+200, 330, 1000, +550, 0, +2004:

. .
. .

:
. 200 , 330
, 1000 , 550
, , 2004
.
. 200. , 330. , 1000., 550. , (0)
, 2004 .. .
;
3
2
+8, 3,5, +0,33, 0, 0,001, + , - 5
5
7

+8, +0,33, +

3
5

3,5, 0,001, 5

2
7

.
9 0C, +15 0C. x , x.
- -
- - -

301.

x 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3,

+4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9, +10, +11, +12, +13, +14, +15
1
2
N 5, +9, 8, 3,1 +2,5, 3 , + 2 .
5
3

-9

-7 -6

2,5 +3

3,1

-5

-8

-4

-3 -2 -1

-3, 1

1
5
4

9
5

2
3

, , , , .
= +6
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4

A = +0,5

= 2
-3 -2 -1 0

Z
2 3

E
7 8

B = +2,5

8, 4 3,3 6,5 1,9 7,8 2, 7

(2,5), (-4,2), (-4,-3), (7,-3).
,,,.

- -
- - -

302.

3 2
1
3
3, 2, +5, 9, 0, 1,3 , +0.5, - , + , 3 , + 5
5 7
2
8

|3| = 3,
|+0,5| = 0,5 ,

|2| = 2,

3 3
= ,
5 5

|+5| = 5,

2 2
= ,
7 7

|9| = 9,

1
1
=3 ,
2
2

|0| = 0, |1,3| = 1,3 ,

+5

3
3
=5 .
8
8

:
. 3
. 4,2 . 0
. 5

. 3 3 -3
. 4,2 4,2 -4,2
. 0 0
. -5
.
:
. 5.
. 6.

5 :
4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, +2, +3, +4.
6 :
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
5.

5 . :
8, 9,2, +7,3, +12,1, 10, 12,1
:
. |-3| + |-9| - |2|,
. |-1| + |-8| + |+3| - |-5|,
. |-13,1| + |-5,9| - |-3| + |+3|.

. |3| = 3, |9| = 9 |2| = 2 |3| + |9| |2| = 3 + 9 2 = 12 2 = 10

. |1| = 1, |8| = 8, |+3| = 3, |5| = 5 :
- -
- - -

303.

|1| + |8| + |+3| |5| = 1 + 8 + 3 5 = 9 + 3 5 = 12 5 = 7

. |13,1| = 13,1 |5,9| = 5,9, |3| = 3 |+3| = 3 :
|13,1| + |5,9| |3| + |+3| = 13,1 + 5,9 3 + 3 = 19 3 + 3 = 19
.
. 2.32 5,
. 3.52 5.2
. |2.32 5| + |3.52 5.2|

. 2.32 5 = 2.9 5 = 18 5 = 13
. 3.52 5.2 = 3.25 10 = 75 10 = 65
. . . : |2.32 5| + |3.52 5.2| = |13| + |65| = 13 + 65 = 78
:
. 8, 13
. +10, 20 . +30, 0, 13

. 8, 13 |8| = 8, |13| = 13 8 < 13 13 < 8.

. 10 20 (
) 20 < +10.
.
13 < 0 < +30.
: 8, +0,08, 5,
+7, 3,3, +4,8, 0,2, +0,2, 0,3

8, 5, 3,3, 0,2, 0,3

8 < 5 <3,3 < 0,3 < 0,2.
+0,08, +10, +7, +4,8, +0,2, +0,08
: +0,08 < +0,2 < +4,8 < +7
: 8 < 5 < 3,3 < 0,3 < 0,2 < +0,08 < +0,2 < +4,8 < +7
.

3,3
0,3 0,2
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

4,8
5

7
7 8

9
9

0,2 0,08

- -
- - -

304.

:
. -6 -3.
. -3,2 -3,1.

. 5,5, 5, 4,5, 4, 3,5 3,8

:
6 < 5 < 4,5 < 4 < 3,8 < 3,5 < 3
. 3, 18, 3,17, 3,15, 3,13 3,12
:
3,2 < 3,18 < 3,17 < 3,15 < 3,13 < 3,12 < 3,1
:
. 20 12
. 5,5 4,5
. 5 4,8
. 0, 1,3

:
. 20 < 12
. 5,5 < 4,5
. 4,8 < 5
. 1,3 < 0

. 2,5 0,1
. 20004 2004

. 2,5 < 0,1

. 20004 < 2004

(...) <, =, >

.
. 7 .....10
. 8......|8|
. 8......3
. 9......|(9)|
. 10......20
. -13......|13|
. 3......|3|
. -0,1......|0,1|

. 7 > 10
. 8 < 3
. 10 > 20
. 3 = |3|
. 8 = |8| ( |8| = 8)
. 9 = |(9)|
|(9)| = |9| = 9
. 13 = |13|

( 13 = 13)

. 0,1 < 0,1

( 0,1 = 0,1)

- -
- - -

305.

1.

3000 ,
5000 , 30.000 , 5 0C, 3 0C,
10cm, 500..

2. +2, 3, +5, 7, 11
.

3.
3, +9, 8,2, +3, 5,

1
,
2

4.
:

. +3

5.

20, 0,

2
5

9, +5, +2, -3 , +9 , +3, 5,6, +7,1

. 2.

1
2
2
3, +2,2, 5,2, 7, +2, 9, 5 , + 7 , 9
3
5
7

6.
(4,5), (2,1) (7,1).

.

7. .

- -
- - -

306.

8. :
2
12
1
1
8, 14, 32, 1,32, +7,2 , , + , 2 , +2
3
5
5
9

9. :

. 8

. 5,1

. 0

. 7

10. :
. 4.
. 4.
. .
. .

11.
3.

12.
8.

13. :
. |5| + |4| |2|,

. |3| + |7| + |2| |5|,

. |1,12| + |4,88| |4| + |+4|.

14. :
.

3
1
1
1
+ +2 3 +
2
5
10
4

. 0,5 + +3, 2 2

. 0,5 + +3

3
1
1
2 +
4
2
3

1
1
+
4
2

- -
- - -

307.

15. .
. 3.22 5.2,

. 5.42 3.52

16. x
. |x| = 2,

. |x| = 3,

. | 3.22 5.2 | + |5.42 3.52|

. |x| = 4

. |x| = 0,3

. |x| =

1
2

17. :
2
2
1
2
+3,2 , 4,8, +8,2, 5, 9, +7, , 3 , + , 3
7
5
7
3

18. ,

.
30 , .

19. :
. 8 15
. 30 2

. 32 20
. 5,1 -5,01

. 22 0

. 15 0

20. :
9, +11, +1,08, 4, +8, 4,3, +5,8, 0,3, +0,3, 0,4
.

21. 3,5, +7,2, 3,1, 0,2, +3,8, 0.

. .
. .

22. :
. 8 4.
. 2,2 2,1.

23. (...) <, =, >

.
. 8 .....10
. 9......7
. 10......30
. 9......|9|
. 6......|(6)| . 12......|12|

24.

. 5......|5|
. 0,3......|0,3|

x |x| < 5,
x.

25. :

. x 3

. 8 < x < 2

- -
- - -

308.

1
. ;
. ;
;

2
. ;
. ,
;

1
(.......) <, =, >
, .
. 7.....3
. 9.....6
. 9.....6
. 0.....|5|

. 3.....|3|

. 13.....0

. 13.....13

. 5.....|5|

2
:

. |5| + |3| + |9|

. |8| |4| + |15|
. |13,5| + |3,5| |3,1|

- -
- - -

25

;
,

.

;


. , .
;
,
.


.

,
;
, x
.

310.

.
.. (3) (+7) = (3) + (7) = 10. = 3
, = +7
= 10 = +7 = 3

,, ,
:
= + ()

():
. (+3) + (+4)
. (+4 ) + (+8)
. (5) + (7 )
. (8 ) + (3)

. (+3) + (+4) = +7
. (+4) + (+8) = +12
. (5) + (7) = 12
. (8) + (3) = 11
():
.(+4) + (3)
. (+4) + (8)
. (5) + (+7)
. (8) + (+3)

. (+4) + (3) = +1
. (+4) + (8) = 4
. (5) + (+7) = +2
. (8) + (+3) = 5
:
. (+3) + (+4)
. (+2,2) + (+3,1)
. (3,4) + (8,2)
. (10) + (0)
. (+9) + (12)
. (2,5) + (+7,3)

2 6
. + + -
5 5

. (3 ) + (4)

.(3 ) + (4 ) = 7

. (3) + (+4)

. (3 ) + (+4) = +1

. (5) + (8)
. (+5) + (2)
. (0,8) + (+0,8)

311.

. (+3) + (+4) = +7
. (3,4) + (8,2) = 11,6
. (+9) + (12) = 3

. (+2,2) + (+3,1) = +5,3

. (10) + (0) = 10
. (2,5) + (+7,3) = +4,8

. (5) + (8) = 13
. (+5) + (2) = +3
. (0,8) + (+0,8) = 0

4
2 6
. + + - = 5
5 5
():
. (+3) (+4)
. (+4) (+8)
. (3) (4)
. (5) (7)
. (8) (3)

. (+3) (+4) = (+3) + (4) = 1

. (+4) (+8) = (+4) + (8) = 4
. (3) (4) = (3) + (+4) = +1
. (5) (7) = (5) + (+7) = +2
. (8) (3) = (8) + (+3) = 5
():
. (+4) (3),
. (+4) (8), . (3) (+4),
. (5) (+7), . (8) (+3),

. (+4) (3 ) = (+4) + (+3) = +7

. (+4) (8) = (+4) + (+8) = +12
. (3) (+4 ) = (3) + (4) = 7
. (5) (+7) = (5) + (7) = 12
. (8 ) (+3) = (8) + (3) = 11
:
. (+5) (2)
. (+5) (+4)
. (3) (8)
. (3) (+7)

. (+5) (2) = (+5) + (+2) = +7

. (+7) (9) = (+7) + (+9) = +16
. (3) (8) = (3) + (+8) = +5
. (5) (3) = (5) + (+3) = 2

. (+7) (9)
. (5) (3)

. (+6) (+18)
. (7) (+4)

. (+5) (+4) = (+5) + (4) = +1

. (+6) (+18) = (+6) + (18) = 12
. (3) (+7) = (3) + (7) = 10
. (7) (+4) = (7) + (4) = 11

:
1. = +3, = +5
2. = +7, = 10
3. = 8, = +13
4. = 3, = 9

1. = (+3) (+5) = (+3) + (5) = 2, = (+5) (+3) = (+5) + (3) = +2

2. = (+7) (10) = (+7) + (+10) = +17, = (10) (+7) = (10) + (7 ) = 17
3. = (8) (+13) = (8) + (13) = 21, = (+13) (8) = (+13) + (+8) = +21

312.

4. = (3) (9) = (3) + (+9) = +6,

= (9) (3) = (9) + (+3) = 6

x :
( )

. x + (+5) = 8

. x + (5) = 9

. : x + ( +5) = 8

. :

x = 8 ( +5)

x + ( 5) = 9
x = 9 ( 5)

x = 8 + ( 5)
x = +3

x = 9 + ( +5)

x = 14

|x + 3| = 4
|x + 3| = 4 :
x+3=4

x=43

x=1

|x + 3| = 4

x + 3 = 4
x = 4 3
x = 7

, x = , x = x =

313.

1. :
1. ( +3) + ( +7 )

2. ( +9 ) + ( +10 )

3. ( 8 ) + ( 13)

4. ( 12 ) + ( 31)

5. ( 5) + ( 8)

6. ( 9 ) + ( 12 )

7. ( +4 ) + ( +15 )

8. ( 10 ) + ( +8 )

9. ( 12 ) + ( +13)

10. ( +10 ) + ( 7 )

11. ( +8) + ( 3)

12. ( 13) + ( +15 )

13. ( 19 ) + ( +8 )

14. ( 20 ) + ( +15 )

15. ( 9 ) + ( +32 )

16. ( 15,3) + ( +7,5) 17. ( 17, 4 ) + ( +19,1)

2 1
18. + +
3 5

2 7
19. + +
5 3

1
21. + + ( 0,31)
2

2
20. + ( +0, 2 )
3

2. : 3, 5, +6

: +3, +5, -6

3. :
. +10 15
. 10 15
. +8 3
. 12 13
. +7 +4

4. (...)
.
. (+ 4) + (...8) = 12
. (...5) + (...3) = +8
. (...12) + (...10) = 2
. (2) + (...3) = ...1

. (3) + (...4) = 7
. (...4) + (...2) = 6
. (...3) + (...19) = +16
.(+8) + (...5) = ... 3

. (...4) + (5) = 1
. (...9) + (...2) = 11
. (...1) + (...4) = 5
. (+5) + (...12) = ...7

314.

5. :

6. (...) :
. (+3) + (+... ) = ... 10
. (...) + (+5) = 7

. (... ) + (9) =... 17

. (...) + (+20) = +5

7. + :
i. = +2, = +3
iv. = 4, = 13

ii. = 5, = 6
v. = +8, = 8

8. :

iii. = 7, = +5

315.

9. x = (+3) + (8)
A = x + y,

10.

y = ( 7) + (4), :
= 2x = x + x ,
= 2y = y + y,
= + y,
E = B +

2 3
1
1 1
x = + , y = 3 + 4 z = 2 + +3
5 5
2
2 5

: A = x + y,

11. :

B = x + z,

=y+z

. (|2|) + (+|9|) ,
. (+|+8|) + (|10|)

12. :
. (3) (5)
. (4) (12)
. (1) (4)
. (12) (12)

. (13) (4)
. (9) (+7)
. (3) (0)
. (13) (+13)

. (14) (5)
. (+12) (+10)
. (0) (7)

. (+5) (+3)
. (3) (19)
. (0) (+6)

. (3,9) (2,1)
. (5,3) (5,3)

. (+4,02) - (+2,13)
. (+14,82) (0)

13. :
. (2,5) (+3,2)
. (5) (+6,2)
. (0) (9,15)

. (7,3) (+8,1)
. (7,6) (+7,6)

14. :
2 1
. + +
5 5

7 1
. + +
2 2

2 4
. + +
3 3

1 1
. + +
5 5

6 3
.
7 8

2 3
.
5 8

1 2
.
2 3

2 1
.
5 7

2 5
. +
3 7

1 2
. +
5 3

1 7
. +
8 5

3 5
. +
8 4

1 7
1
5
2
2
. + 3 . + + ( 0, 2 ) . 2 + (0,1) . +3 + . 0 +
2
2
5
7

7
5

15.

40C
10 0C. .

316.

16. 10m,
3,70 m. .

17. N :
. x + (2) = 5
. 8 x = 9

. x (3) = 8
. (3) + x = 8

. x (+6) = 8
.(5) x = 5

. 4 + x = 7

18. 4 :
. 5

. 6

.10

. 0.6

. 2,1 (2,2)

. 16

1
( 0, 2 )
2

1 3
2
2 5

19. (5)
. 2

. 3

. +7

20. = 1 , = ( 0, 2 ) , = 2 3
2

1
( 0, 2 )
2

1 3
2
2 5

: ( + ) = +( )

21. :
1) = +5, = +8
3) = 11, = +16

2) = +9,
4) = 7,

= 12
= 12

22. :
. (+4) (...8) = 4
. (...5) (3) = +8

23.

. (3) (...4) = +1
. (...4) (+2) = 6

. (... 4) (5) = +1
. (9) (...2) = 11

:
. (+3) (... ) = ... 10
. (... ) (+9) = ... 17
. (... ) (5) = 7
. (...) (20) = +5

24. :
i. = +4, = +6
iv. = 8, = 17

ii. = 4, = 5
v. = +10, = 10

iii. = 17, = +15

317.

25. :

26. x = (+3) (+2)

A = x y,

27.

y = (7) (+2), :
= 2y = y + y,
= B

2 3
x = ,
3 2

1
y = 3 ( 2 )
2

:
A = x y,
B = y z,

28. :

= z x,

. (|3|) (+|8|),
. (+|5|) (|4|)

1 1
z = 3 2 ,
3 4
= + + .

318.

1
. ;
. ;

2
. ;
. ;

1
:
. (+3) + (+4)
. (+5) + (8)
. (3) +

1
3

1 2
. 2 + +3
3 5

. (8) + (9)

. (10) + (+18)

2 1
. +
5 4

. (0,33) + (+1,22)

2
:
. = 3 = 5
. = +7 = 4

. = 0,5 = +0,7

3
(...)
.
. (+4) (...9) = 5
. (...4) (+3) = 7
. (...4) (9) = +5
. (...5) (4) = +9

4
(...) .
. (+3) (...) = ... 8
. (...) (+9) = ... 12
. (...) (5) = 1