/ /

)(Highway Construction Stages

)(Earthworks
: :
.

.
1- :


.
2- :




.


.
: :

15..

 / /

: :
1-:
)
subgrade

) (borrow soil ) (
) .(waste soil .

.
.
1-1- :

)/*3(
3 100 .

500
800 300 .
2- :
1-2- :
.
2-2- :
( %12 .
( .
( .
( .
( %10 .
( %70 / .%45
:3- :
-1 )
( ) (maximum dry density
) (optimum water content .
-2 :



:

 / /

.

).(sand cone
:
-1 ) :(Sheep's foot rollers


.
10000-6000 8
75000 15 .

-2 ) :(Pneumatic-tired rollers



.

.

 / /

-3 ) :(Smooth-wheel rollers

.
) (.

-4 ) :(Vibrating rollers


.
.

 / /

-1 ).(water table
-2 ) :(California Bearing Ratio C.B.R.
) (%4
) (%95
:
(
.
( .
( )( ) 20(:


.
5

 / /

:

-1 ) (embankment
.
-2
%95
) (sand cone .
-3 30
%95
1.7/ 3 30
.
-4 3
%93 .
-5 3
%94 .
-6 20-15.
-7 2000
.
-8
:
.
) %12+ .(%4-
.

 / /

)(Modified Proctor
) (
4.5 ) 457( )18(
) (Optimum Water Content
) (Maximum Dry Density.
:
-1
60
.
-2 4 .
-3 2.5.
-4 .
-5
.
-6 101.6 116.4
944 3 ) (
0.5
)457 ( ) 18 ( 25
.
-7
.
-8
100 .

-9 .
7

 / /

-10 :
= 3095 )(. = .3095 = 944) 3(. = ) (944 //.3 - = } )/ .100 * { (100+%

)(Sand Cone


.
:
-1 ) (

15-10.
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5
.
8

 / /

-6 :
)( ) (.
)( ) (.
)( ) (.
:
) (1 + = ...........
) (2 + = ...........
) (3 + = ) (2) (1.
) (4 = )) (3( .
) (5 = )) / (4(.
) (6 = ...........
) (7 = ).(5) / (6
) (8 = }))/ (7 .100 * { (100+%
) (9 )) / (8) } = (%( { * .100

 / /

)(Sub-base
-1
) ( ) (.
) 2 ( ) .(10

) (Wearing test .%45
) ( )2 ( ) (10
) ( .

.%10 )0.425 ( ) (40
:
) (liquid limit .%25 ) (plasticity index .%6 )(D,C,B,A
D .

Type D
100
60-100
50-85
42-72
23-42
5-20

Selected Granular Material-Grade Requirements

Sieve Size
Percent Passing by Weight
mm
Alternative
Type A
Type B
Type C
75.00
3 in.
100
50.00
2 in.
95-100
100
25.00
1 in.
75-95
100
9.50
3/8 in.
30-65
40-75
50-85
4.75
No.4
25-55
30-60
35-65
2.36
No.8
16-42
21-47
26-52
0.30
No.50
7-18
14-28
14-28
0.075
No.200
2-8
5-15
5-15

.
10

 / /

) (CBR %45
A %35 B %30 C %20 D
%95 .
-2 :
3
)(
.
-3 :
) (Subgrade
.
) (Subgrade
.
-4 ):(Subbase Course
20
.
-5 :


.
-6 :
%95
.

.
2000
.
-7 :
) (subbase
4 2 .
1 2 .

%10 .%15
2 30
75 .

. .

.
11

 / /

-8:

) (subbase
.


) (soil cement stabilized subbase ) (lime stabilized subbase
) (bitumen stabilized subbase
R6E R6F R6G
.
)(Curbstone

) (Subgrade ) (Subbase
.
:
( :


) (Bench mark .
( :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 1.
-4 )( ).(1
-5 )( )(
.
-6 ) (1
) (1 ) (1
) (1.
-7 ) (1 ) (8
.
:
-1 ) (Curbstone )10( )30 (
) ):(1 ) :(2 ) ((4

)1(
.
-2
) ) : (1 ) ((3
)3( ) ( )(.
-3 ) ( )1 (
.
12

 / /

0.15 m
0.12 m

Drainage hole through

the curbstone, d=75mm
@ 10 meters.
1.0 m

Cement Concrete shoulder

Expansion joints @ 3 m
1.5 m

0.15 m

0.10 m 0.08m

0.15 m

2%

0.10 m 0.08m

Planted area

0.30 m

10 cm Asphaltic concrete.
Tack coat.
15 cm stabilized base course.
Prime coat.
45 cm granular sub-base coarse (min. C.B.R.=35% @ min. 95% subgrade compaction).
Compacted subgrade (min. 95% compaction).

13

2:1

 / /

-4 ) ) : (1 ).((3

-5 )1(
)2 (
.

14

 / /

15

 / /

)(Prime Coat
:
-1 .
.
-2
-3 .
:
) (100-85 ) (
)1.5 1: (
).(Medium Curing
:
1.2-0.5/
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
:
-1 ).(Prime Coat
-2 .
-3 85-60 .
-4 25


15
.
-5 15
.

-6 ) (Prime Coat 24 .
-7 )(Base Course

.
-8
) (Prime Coat
.
)(Tack Coat
) (Base Course
) (Binder Course ).(Wearing Course
:
) (100-85 )(Motor Spirit
)2 (Motor Spirit1: ) Rapid
.(Curing
:
0.5-0.15 /
.
16

 / /

:
-1 15
.

-2
.
-3 85-65 .
-4
.
-5 ) (Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete
) (Tack Coat
.
-6
) (Bleeding .

) (Stabilized Base Course

) ( Binder Course ) ( Surface or wearing Course
-1 :
.
) ( Clay
) ( Gypsum ) .( Organic Matter
( ) :( Coarse Aggregate ) (4
) 4.75( . ) ( Crushed
) ( Crushed Stone ) ( Crushed Gravel
. .
%90 )4.75) (4 (

) (5 : 1 .%10
%12
) ( Sodium Sulfate %18 ) .( Magnesium sulfate
( ) :( Fine Aggregate )4.75) (4 (

.
( ) :( Mineral Filler
. .
:
)Sieve Size (mm
% Passing by weight
)0.600 (No. 30
100
)0.300 (No. 50
95-100
)0.075 (No. 200
70-100

( :
180 . :
17

 / /

Requirements for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cement

(Grading Base on Original Asphalt)
Viscosity Grade
Property
AC-40
AC-30
AC-20
Viscosity, 60C, poises
4000800 3000600 2000400
o
Viscosity, 135 C, Cs-minimum
400
350
300
o
Penetration, 25 C, 5sec., 0.1mm minimum
40
50
60
o
Flash point, C minimum
232
232
232
Solubility in trichloroethylene, percent-minimum
99
99
99
Tests on residue from thin-film oven test:
Viscosity, 60 oC, poises-maximum
20000
15000
10000
o
Ductility, 25 C 5cm per minute cm-minimum
25
40
50

Requirements for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement

Penetration Grade of Asphalt
Property
40/50
50/60
60/70
o
1- Penetration at 25 C, 100gm, 5sec., (1/10mm)
40-50
50-60
60-70
o
2- Ductility at 25 C, 5cm/min., (cm)
>100
>100
>100
o
3- Flash Point, C
>232
>232
>232
4- Solubility in trichloroethylene, (%)
>99
>99
>99
5- Residue from thin-film oven test:
- Retained Penetration, % of Original
>55
>53
>52
o
- Ductility at 25 C, 5cm/min. (cm)
>25
>40
>50
:(
.
:
Asphalt Mixture Grading
Type I
Type II
Type IIIA
Type IIIB
Binder or
Sieve Size
Sieve Size
Base
Surface or Wearing
Leveling
(inch)
(mm)
Course
Course
Course
% Passing by Weight of Total Aggregate + Filler
1
37.5
100
1
25.0
90-100
100

19.0
76-90
90-100
100

12.5
56-80
70-90
90-100
100

9.5
48-74
56-80
76-90
90-100
No. 4
4.75
29-59
35-65
44-74
55-85
No. 8
2.36
19-45
23-49
28-58
32-67
No. 50
5-17
5-19
5-21
7-23
300m
No. 200
2-8
3-9
4-10
4-10
75m
18

 / /

4-6

4-6

3-5.5

4-6

Asphalt Cement (% by
)Weight of Total mix

:
Job Mix Formula Tolerances
Tolerance
Aggregate Passing Sieve 4.75mm (No.4) or larger
6.0%
)Aggregate Passing Sieve 2.36mm (No.8) to 0.3mm (No.50
4.0%
)Filler Passing Sieve 0.075mm (No.200
2.0%
Asphalt Cement
0.3%
Mix Temperature
15oC
75 :

Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures

Surface
Course

Binder
Course

Base
Course

8
2-4
3-5
14

7
2-4
3-5
13

5
2-4
3-6
12

70

70

70

Property
Resistance to Plastic Flow (ASTM D1559),
75Blows/End
- Marshal Stability (KN), Minimum

)- Marshal Flow (mm

)Voids in Marshal Specimen (%
Voids in Mineral Aggregate (%), Minimum
)Immersion-Compression (ASTM D1075
Index of Retained Strength (%), Minimum

-2 :


.
4 10
.
-3 : )(Spreaders or Pavers
.
:

19

 / /

*
)( ).(Loaders
* 120
130
10 . .
* .
*
).(Tack Coat
*
.
* .
* 6-3/
.
* 10 .
*
.
*
%20
.
*
.
*
.
*
12 .
* :
. . . .*
.
* ) ( )
(Low Workability .

.
20

 / /

*
.
*

.
-4 :
: ) ( Paver 12-2 )
( 20-10 )
5-2 7-3 (
6 5-3 /
100
100-50
16-3 ) (
2.5


10-6 / 120-80

6.
. 70
.
) ( Oil ) ( Grease .

.

) ( Hand Tamper
2
15 30 .
) (
.
.

20-15
.
) ( Core . ) ( %97 75
.
. -5 :
21

 / /

. . 5 .
-6 :
( :

.
( : 3
3 10
10
.
( :
.
( : :

Tolerance
4.0mm
6.0mm

+8mm to 20mm
+10mm to 20mm

Course
Surface Course
Binder Course
Base Course
Sub-base Course

( : 4

3.
( %0.3 .
-7 :
.

.
) ( Flash Point .
- .

22