Urdu literature

Urdu literature (Urdu: "badA udrU" ) has a history that is inextricably tied to the development of that very language, Urdu, in which it is written. While it tends to be dominated by poetry, the range of expression achieved in the voluminous library of a few major verse forms, especially the ghazal and nazm, has led to its continued development and expansion into other styles of writing, including that of the short story, or afsana. Being the national language, Urdu literature is mostly popular in Pakistan. Additionally, it enjoys popularity in India and is widely understood in Afghanistan.

The beginnings

Urdu literature originated some time around the 14th century in North India amongst the sophisticated gentry of Persian courts. The continuing traditions of Islam and Persia marked their influence on the Urdu language given that both cultural heritages were strongly present throughout Urdu territory. The Urdu language, with a vocabulary almost evenly split between Sanskrit-derived Prakrit and Arabo-Persian words, was a reflection of the cultural amalgamation.

[edit] Special contributors

A man who exercised great influence on the initial growth of not only Urdu literature, but the language itself (which only truly took shape as distinguished from both Persian and proto-Hindi around the 14th century) was the famous Amir Khusro. Credited, indeed, with the very systematization of northern Indian classical music, known as Hindustani, he wrote works both in Persian and Hindavi. While the couplets that come down from him are representative of a latterPrakrit Hindi bereft of Arabo-Persian vocabulary, his influence on court viziers and writers must have been transcendental, for a century after his death Quli Qutub Shah was considered speaking a language that might have possibly been Urdu.

[edit] Main prose component: Dastaan/ ()

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Urdu literature was generally composed more of poetry than of prose. The prose component of Urdu literature was mainly restricted to the ancient form of long-epic stories called Dastaan ( )often originally written in Persian. These long-epic stories would deal with magical and otherwise fantastic creatures and events in a very complicated plot. Dastan, as a genre, originated in Iran and was disseminated by folk storytellers. It was assimilated by individual authors. Dastan's plots are based both on folklore and classical literary subjects. Dastan was particularly popular in *Urdu literature, typologically close to other narrative genres in Eastern literatures, such as Persian masnawi, Punjabi qissa, Sindhi waqayati bait, etc., and also reminiscent of the European novel. The oldest known Urdu dastans are Dastan-i-Amir Hamra, recorded in the early seventeenth century, and the extinct Bustan-iKhayal ('The Garden of Imagination' or 'The Garden of Khayal') by Mir Taqi Khayal (d. 1760). Most of the narrative dastans were recorded in the early nineteenth century, representing contaminations of 'wandering', motifs borrowed from the folklore of the Middle East, central Asia and northern India. These include Bagh-oBahar ('The Garden and Spring') by Mir Amman, Mazhab-i-Ishq (The Religion of Love) by Nihalchand Lahori, Araish-i-Mahfil ('The Adornment of the Assembly') by Hyderbakhsh Hyderi, Gulzar-i-Chin ('The Flower Bed of Chin') by Khalil Ali Khan Ashq, and the smaller dastans.[1] Tazkiras, are compilation of literary memoirs that include verses and maxims of the great poets along with biographical information and commentaries on their styles. This is often a collection of names with a line or two of information about each poet, followed by specifics about his composition. Some of this Tazkiras give biographical details, and a little idea of the style or

poetical power is transmitted. Even the large anthologies do not systematically review an author's work. Most of them have the names in alphabetical order, but one or two are order by historical chronology. The majority quote only lyrics, and the quotations, usually are chosen randomly.

[edit] Urdu Poetry

Main article: Urdu poetry Urdu poetry reached its peak in the 19th century. The most well-developed vessel of poetry has turned out to be the ghazal, which has exceeded all other forms of Urdu poetry by its quality and quantity within the Urdu tradition.

[edit] Poets
13th-century:

Amir Khusro

16th century:

Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah - wrote poetry primarily in Persian, but also in Hindavi

17th century:

Wali Mohammed Wali Deccani - Introduces "Urdu" Ghazals at the court of Shah Jehan in Delhi. Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan

18th century:

Mir Taqi Mir Nazeer Akbarabadi Khwaja Mir Dard

19th century:

Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer Mir Babar Ali Anis Bahadur Shah II Mirza Sauda Mirza Ghalib Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq Dagh Dehlvi Momin Khan Momin Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish

20th century: 21st century:

[edit] Urdu sonnets

Urdu poets influenced by English and other European poetry took writing sonnets in Urdu language rather late.[2] Azmatullah Khan (1887-1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu Literature.[3] The other renowned Urdu poets who wrote sonnets were Akhtar Junagarhi, Akhtar Sheerani, Noon Meem Rashid, Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi, Salaam Machhalishahari and Wazir Agha.

[edit] Novels

Mirat-al-Urus (The Bride's Mirror)-18681869-is regarded as the first novel of Urdu by Deputy Nazeer Ahmed. After its release in 1869, within twenty years it was reprinted in editions totalling over 100,000 copies; and was also translated into Bengali, Braj, Kashmiri, Punjabi, and Gujarati.It has never been out of print in Urdu from that day of its first publication. In 1903 an English translation was published in London by G. E. Ward. Bina-tul-Nash- (The Daughters of the Bier, a name for the constellation Ursa Major),is another great Novel by Deputy Nazeer Ahmed. It was his 2nd novel after Mirat-tul-uroos. Like Mira-tul-Uroos, this novel is also on education of women and their character building. Taubat-un-Nasuh (Repentance of Nasuh)1873-1874- Deputy Nazeer Ahmed earned a good name in writing novels for developing moral values and guidance of young generation. His entire work is full of teachings of moral values. Fasaana-e-Mubtalaa(1885)- another novel for developing moral values and guidance of young generation

19th Century Urdu Novelists:

Aziz Ahmed Balwant Singh

20th Century Urdu Novelists: ct of themes the Urdu novel initially undertook social life, followed by widening its scope with rural social life. It also covered the changing times under progressive writing movement under inspiration by Sajjad Zaheer. However the horror of partition had great impact and the novel remained under serious grip of questions of identity and migration as can be seen in the major works of Abdullah Hussain & Quratul Ain Haider. Towards the end of the last century the novel took a serious turn towards the contemporary life and realities of the young generations of India.

The most significant novels of the current generation of Indian novelists in Urdu demonstre a new confidence in contemporary life are MAKAAN by Paigham Afaqui, Do Gaz Zameen by Abdus Samad, PANI by Ghazanfer. These Urdu novels, specially Makaan brought the Urdu novel out of the prevailing themes of partition and identity issues and took it into the realm of modern day realities and issues of life in India. In fact the impact of Makaan had an impact on many English writers such as Vikram Seth, who turned to novel writing. These Urdu novels impacted the writing of Urdu novels in such a way that a large number of novels have been written ever since some of which like Andhere Pag by Sarwat Khan, Numberdar Ka Neela by S M Ashraf and Fire Area by Ilyas Ahmed Gaddi have come to significantly contribute to urdu fiction. MAKAAN translated in English is a widely known novel for pre-eminence of a female character in novel and considered to be the best feminist novel in Urdu and probably the first one.

[edit] Short Story / Afsanah Nigari

This section does not cite any references or sources. (October 2010) Urdu literature has included the short story form for slightly more than one hundred years. During this period it has passed through some major phases like early romantic period, progressive writings, modernist writings and current phase. Although a number of writers, both men and women, contributed to the Urdu short story literature in the first phase (including both romantic stories and social criticisms), the short story crystallized as a regular part of Urdu literature in the growth of writings of Munshi Premchand. His notable short stories are, among many others, "Kafan" and "Poos Ki Raat". The Urdu short story gained momentum with the phenomenal publication of Angare, a collection of many writers towards the end of the life of Premchand. Writers like Ghulam Abbas, Manto, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Krishan Chander, and Ismat Chughtai, to name but a few, turned the short story into a major genre of Urdu literature. The next generation was Urdu short story writers included Qurratulain Hyder, Qazi Abdul Sattar, and Joginder Paul. The short story tradition continues with younger generation writers like Zahida Hina and Paigham Afaqui, Syed Mohd Ashraf, Salam Bin Razzaq and Moinuddin Jinabade[4] Urdu short stories have dealt with a wide range of the dimensions of life though the most famous stories belong are about the trauma of the partition of the sub-continent and violence generated out of it. Towards the end of the last century, short stories became grounded in the complexity of daily life which can be seen in the unique collection of short stories in Paigham Afaqui's Mafia. An entirely different approach is seen in the collection of short stories T'abir by Moinuddin Jinabade and Taus Chaman Ka Maina by Nayyer Masood. Notable Urdu Short Fiction (Afsana) writers of 19th and 20th century include:

Munshi Premchand Saadat hasan manto

[edit] Urdu Drama

Urdu Drama evolved from the prevailing dramatic traditions of North India shaping Rahas or Raas as practiced by exponents like Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh. His dramatic experiments led to the famous Inder Sabha of Amanat and later this tradition took the shape of Parsi Theatre. Agha Hashr Kashmiri is culmination of this tradition. In some way or other, Urdu theatre tradition has greatly influenced modern Indian theatre. Among all the languages Urdu(which was called Hindi by early writers), along with Gujrati,Marathi and Bengali theatres have kept flourishing and demand for its writers and artists has not subsided by the drama aficionados. For Urdu drama, no place is better than Bombay Film industry otherwise known as Hindi film industry. All the early gems of Urdu Theatre (performed by Parsi Companies) were made into films. Urdu Dramatic tradition has been a spectators delight since 100 years and counting. Drama as a theme is made up of several elements. It focuses on life and different aspects of it. The thing to be noticed here is that drama on stage imitates drama in life. It has been said that, there has always been a mutual relationship between theatre and real life. Great historical personalities like Shakespeare have influenced Modern Urdu tradition to a large extent when Indian, Iranian, Turkish stories and folk was adapted for stage with heavy doses of Urdu Poetry. In modern times writers like Imtiaz Ali Taj, Rafi Peer, Krishan Chander, Manto, Upender Nath Ashk, Ghulam Rabbani, Prof. Mujeeb and many others shaped this tradition. While Prof Hasan, Ghulam jeelani, J.N,Kaushal, Shameem Hanfi, Jameel Shaidayi etc. belong to the old generation, contemporary writers like Danish Iqbal, Sayeed Alam, Shahid Anwar,Iqbal Niyazi and Anwar are few post modern Play wrights actively contributing in the field of Urdu Drama. Sayeed Alam is known for his wit and humour and more particularly for Plays like 'Ghalib in New Delhi' 'Big B'and many other gems which are regularly staged for massive turn out of theatre lovers. Maulana Azad is his magnum opus both for its content and style. Danish Iqbal's 'Dara Shikoh' directed by M S Sathyu is considered a modern classic for the use of newer theatre techniques and contemporary perspective. His other Plays are 'Sahir' on the famous lyricist and revolutionary poet. 'Kuchh Ishq kiya Kuchh Kaam' is another Play written by Danish which is basically a Celebration of the Faiz's Poetry, featuring events from the early part of his life, particularly the events and incidents of pre-partition days which shaped his life and ideals. 'Chand Roz Aur Meri Jaan' - another Play inspired from Faiz's letters written from various jails during the Rawalpindi Conspiracy days. He has written 14 other Plays including 'Dilli Jo Ek Shehr Thaa' and 'Main Gaya Waqt Nahin hoon'. Shahid's 'Three B' is also a significant Play. He has been associated with amny groups like 'Natwa'and others. Zaheer Anwar has kept the flag of Urdu Theatre flying in Kolkata. Unlike the writers of previous generartion Sayeed, Shahid, Danish iqbal and Zaheer do not write bookish Plays but their work is a product of vigorous performing tradition.Iqbal Niyazi of Mumbai has written several plays in urdu.his play"AUR KITNE JALYANWALA BAUGH??"won National award other awards. Hence this is the only generartion after Amanat and Agha Hashr who actually write for stage and not for libraries.

[edit] Urdu Literary Criticism [edit] Progressive Writers Movement

According to The Dawn, the Progressive Writers Movement in Urdu literature was the strongest movement after Sir Syed's education movement. The progressives contributed to Urdu literature some of the finest pieces of fiction and poetry. Undoubtedly, they were the trend-setters for the coming generation of writers, and their role cannot be denigrated or denied."[citation needed]

[edit] Modernism
The modernist movement started in Urdu literature near 1960. The two most eminent names in this movement emerged are Shamsur Rehman Farooqui and Gopichand Narang. Eminent poets like Noon Meem Rashid and Meeraji are related to it. Apart from them a number of other poets like Zafer Iqbal, Nasir Kazmi, Bashir Bader and Shahryar are related to this movement. This movement laid more stress on symbolic and other indirect expressions as opposed to direct and clear expressions Halqa e Arbab e Zauq is a literary movement begun in Lahore, British Raj, India in 1936. Early members included Urdu Language poets Noon Meem Rashid and Meeraji, brought to the meeting by his friend, Qayyum Nazar, an active member of the group. The Halqa is the second modern literary movement in Urdu poetry in the 20th century, founded just a couple of years after the leftist Progressive Writers' Movement and is considered to be the most influential group on modern poetry in the Urdu Language.

[edit] Post-Modernism
The post modernism was introduced in a big way by Gopi Chand Narang. There are many other critics in Urdu literature who are also attached to this approach of criticism. The post modernism does not claim to be a movement and does not demand any writer to adopt a particular style of writing. It generally concentrates on a method of understanding the contemporary literature in the light of its content - mostly to the features like feminism, dalit, regional and other types of literature as opposed to a seeking uniformity in the global literature on the basis of internationally established trends.

[edit] Independent Writers

By the end of the 1980s the atmosphere in Urdu literature became very depressing.The progressive movement was almost dead and the modernist movement had started showing it's complete infertility. But this was also time for upsurge of new creative forces which was basically rooted in the new life that was metamorphosing the socio-economic and political climate in the sub-continent after the days of partition and freedom. It was under this climate that the a new era of fiction started with the publication of Paigham Afaqui's novel Makaan. Almost allergic and fed up with the attempts of various literary movements to influence the styles and

thoughts of the writers and the literary politics emerging out of the commitments to the movements which created a vicious circle of promoting chosen writers and misuse of resources and awards for promoting their own brands by these movements,Paigham Afaqui and other writers refused to be identified by any movement and displayed complete independence in using personally developed styles and technique for writing novel and explored their own philosophy and vision of life that suited their need.It was a serious departure from the theme of partition which dominated writers like Qurtul Ain haider and Abdullah Hussain and the theme of existentialism which was the benchmark of modernism. Writers like Ghazanfer and Musharraf Alam Zauqi have further widened the horizons of new themes and concerned.

[edit] Urdu Journalism

The Persian newspapers of West Bengal were fore-runners of the Urdu press. Two prominent periodicals were Jam-i-Jahan-Numa, founded by Lal Sadasukh Lal in 1822 and Mirat-ul-Akhbar (Mirror of News) by Raja Rammohan Roy. After the decline of Persian as an official language, Urdu gained prominence. There was extensive growth in Urdu jurnalism from the 1850s till Independence in 1947. On 14 January 1850, Munshi Harsukh Rai started the weekly Kohinoor, which had a remarkably high (for those times) circulation of 350 copies. In 1858, Manbir Kabiruddin started the Urdu Guide, the first Urdu daily, from Calcutta. Another important paper founded that year was Roznamha-e-Punjab from Lahore. Oudh Akhbar by Munshi Nawal Kishore was the first Urdu newspaper from Lucknow, also begun in 1858. The first Urdu newspapers of Delhi were Fawaid-ul-Nazarin and Kiran-us-Sadai, founded by Rama Chandra in 1852. The Urdu press in Delhi became highly critical of the British government. The best example of them is the Urdu Akhbar, edited by Syed Hasan, which highlighted many civic issues like drainage, sanitation, adulteration of food, and corruption. In 1877, Maulvi Nasir Ali, one of the founders of Anjuman Islamia- the Islamic intellectual and political movement- founded 3 newspapers- Nusrat-ul-Akhbar, Nusrat-ul-Islam and Mihir-eDarakhshan. All three focused on current civil and political affairs and were valuable aids of Muslim empowerment. In 1877, Oudh Punch, the first humour magazine in Urdu was started by Sajjid Hussain. The first womens journal in Urdu was Akhbar-un-Nisa. Urdu journalism took on a strongly nationalistic note towards the turn of the 20th century. Zameendar, was started in Lahore in 1903. It was the first Urdu newspaper to subscribe to news agencies. Zameendar was intensely nationalistic, which boosted its circulation to over 30,000 copies. In 1902, Maulvi Sanaullah Khan started the weekly Watan, meaning motherland. Watan was intensely nationalistic and continued for 33 years. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar started Naqeeb-e-Hamdard in 1912. Another powerful political periodical was the Madina, edited by Hamidul Ansari. The greatest Urdu periodical that time was Al Hilal, started by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. (refer notes).

In 1919, the Pratap was started in Lahore by Mahshe Krishnan. It vigorously supported Gandhis policies and the Indian National Congress. It was a victim of government harassment and suspended publication several times. It had great influence among the Urdu reading Hindus of Punjab and Delhi. In 1923, Swami Shraddhanand founded the Tej with Lala Deshbandhu Gupta as editor. It had a wide circulation in Rajasthan, U.P. and Delhi. It was confiscated several times by the government and banned in a number of princely states. In the same year, 1923, the Arya Samaj started the Milap, a daily in Lahore. It was known for its powerful nationalistic editorials. Jawaharlal Nehru founded Qaumi Awaaz in 1945. Urdu journalism suffered heavily, during and after Partition. Riots in Lahore lead to mobs raiding the office of Milap and burning machines and newsprint. Its Managing Editor, Ranbir was stabbed and the paper was closed for six weeks. It then shifted to Delhi. Due to the unrest, the Pratap also shifted to Delhi. Some of the Urdu newspapers after partition in India are Dawat, now a bi-weekly, started by the Jamat-e-Islami Hind. Maulana Abdul Waheed Siddiqui in 1951 started Urdu Daily Nai Duniya,which had to close its publication with in a decade of its publication due to government seizing its deposit everytime.It was relaunched as a popular Urdu weekly by him in 1973 as its Editor proprietor till his death in 1982,now run by his son Shahid Siddiqui. Founder of Modern Urdu Journalism in post Partitioned India a house hold name Maulana Abdul Waheed Siddiqui [RH] who died in New Delhi Nizamuddin East residence on 19 April 1982 at the age of 84 was born in Ghazipur UP in the year 1898. His father and grandfather were eminent highly educated wealthy rich Muslims of their era.Maulana had his early education from an English Medium school of Western Uttar Pradesh and among his classmates was Dr.Zakir Hussain who till his last remained a family friend. Maulanas father Abdul Aziz was a highly successful man from Ghazipur.He had three sons and two daughters.The eldest son Abdul Hafeez was a partner of world acclaimed OBT carpets which still operates from Mirzapur [UP]. Abdul Aziz during his services in the police department as Chief of Ghazipur is credited to have arrested Sultana Dacoit. Abdul Aziz had a branded life style, loved horse riding and had personal horses in his Haveli.A Haveli which fell to conspiracies. Maulanas Father died when he was studying in school,he was the youngest of three brothers and two sisters.His fathers dream to send Maulana to England for Barrister ship ended with untimely demise of Abdul Aziz. Maulanas families struggle started with the early death of his father.Even Abdul Aziz lost his father at an early age and had to struggle a lot to reach to a status which few Ghazipurians have till this date.

The family properties and assets were the bone of contention when Abdul Aziz as a child was saved by his caretaker Daai and taken away from his enemy relatives secretly to his maternal uncle to be raised by him. On his return to Ghazipur Abdul Aziz built the largest Haveli.But his death left Maulana Abdul Waheed Siddiqui an orphan at a very young age. Maulana Abdul Waheed Siddiqui never looked back to Ghazipur though his relations called him many times to come and take care of his properties and Haveli in acres.But Maulana was not a materialistic man and never was interested in them.. During this period Maulana had to pursue his studies and support himself also.He worked as Moazzin of a Mosque in Saharanpur where he married Naeema Khatoon Shaikh.He was blessed with Four sons and four daughters. Maulana's wife's family were the known Nawab family of Saharanpur which was known for education and piousness in Saharapur.They also had an Urdu Newspaper Mohafiz from Deoband which was also edited by Maulana Abdul Waheed Siddiqui. He founded the Darul uloom Deobands department of Tanjeem -o-Taraqqi and served as its Nazim.An Orater of fiery class Maulana Abdul Waheed Siddiqui travelled whole of India and addressed Muslims in post partition period when most were even afraid to utter a word against government biases and extorted Muslims to support cause of Madrasas and Urdu. Maulana was the founder editor of Qasmi a monthly publication of Darul Uloom Deoband and also served at Darul uloom Deobands popular Daily Newspaper Al-jamiat as Editor after Maulana Mowdoodi left for Pakistan. In his early years Maulana associated him self with war against British rule in India and supported the cause of Great freedom fighters through his Newspaper from Deoband in 1914 Mohajir. Well before partition Maulana moved to Delhi as Editor Aljamiat and from Ballimaran house which belonged to his brother in law Iftikhar Sheikh he launched Indian Muslims first voice Urdu Daily Newspaper Nai Dunya in 1951 against Discrimination and oppression of Muslims in Congress rule. Maulana was also supported in this venture by his four sons 22, 20, 10 and 4 years old and hosts of relatives and friends. Maulana left Deoband and gifted the house in which he lived for two decades after developing differences with Jamiat Ulema-E-Hinds pro Congress Government stand viv a vis Muslims facing isolation,communal bias and daily hardships.

Daily Nai Dunya was forced to close after hardships faced by it due to the hostile government.His eldest son Ahmed Mustafa Siddiqui was jailed as he was one of the frontline Editor of Urdu Daily Nai Dunya along with his father. Maulanas family again went through the period of Financial hardships,court cases and political witch hunting but Maulana never lost hope and in late sixties he gave Urdu World two more unique gifts Urdu Monthlies HUMA and HUDA. After this success Maulana launched his passion Nai Dunya as a weekly in 1971 as its editor,printer,publisher and proprietor till his death in 1982.Since then it has been the sole proprietorship of his youngest son Shahid Siddiqui. He also owns an Urdu Daily Awaam,Harf e Aakhir,New Shama and Hindi Weekly Nai Zameen from New Delhi.He remains one of the most popular Muslim Editor politician in India with one term as Rajya Sabha MP and several Interviews of National and International personalities.He is a post graduate in political science and a DU topper.For a short period he also taught at Deshbandhu College in South Delhi. Huma,Huda and Nai Dunya have been divided among his sons after Maulana Abdul Waheeds death. His fourth son Tariq Siddiqui had clicked with an Urdu filmi publication Adakar for a short period but made a great name in the Urdu publication world after Maulanas death with Urdu Char Rang,Hazaar Rang,Bhayanak Jaraim,Kubra and Aaj ki Khatoon. After Maulanas death his grandson [Ahmed Sohail Siddiqui] in 1985 launched TAHA ISLAMIC DIGEST in Hindi as its Editor,printer,publisher and proprietor along with his father Maulana Ahmed Mustafa Siddiqui "Rahi" who now manages both the publications HUDA [Urdu] and TAHA [Hindi] Islamic Digests as Chief Editor. Maulana Ahmed Mustafa Siddiqui "Rahi" has served as a Delhi Waqf Board member and a member Delhi state Haj Committee.He remains the only Urdu Journalist to Interview late Prime Minister Mrs.Indira Gandhi besides a close friend late Sanjay Gandhi,Dhirendra Brahmachari and several cabinet Ministers. Anwar-e-Jahan fortnightly, Beti and Paak Daman monthly publications were also launched by this group. Ahmed Sohail Siddiqui also had a very successful popular Hindi and Urdu Weekly "Hamara Qadam" [1990-92] which had to be closed because of conspiracies and government targeting. HUMA managed by Khalid Mustafa Siddiqui has also added popular publications since 1985 like Pakeeza Anchal and Khawateen Digest for the Urdu World,Mahakta Aanchal and Khoobsoorat Andaaz in Hindi are also very popular publications of this group.

The Sahara Group started a weekly-Aalmi Sahara.There are more number of urdu newspapers published in hyderabad, IndiaThe Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily, Indian Etemaad and Rehnuama E Deccan.Bombay now Mumbai also have some good publication of urdu daily The inquilab daily and Urdu Times and from West Bengal Urdu newspapers like The Azad Hind daily, The Akhbaar -e- Mashriq daily, The Aabshaar daily and The rashtriya Sahara daily are also being brought out from CALCUTTA at present Kolkata In Pakistan the Daily Jang is one of the most widely circulated newspapers in the country. Other popular news papers are Daily Imroze, Daily Mashriq, Khabrain, Millat and Nawa-i-Waqt.

[edit] See also

Urdu Urdu poetry List of Urdu language poets List of Urdu writers Progressive Writers' Movement

[edit] References
1. ^ http://www.forumpakistan.net/dastan-t144.html 2. ^ Encyclopedic dictionary of Urdu literature p.565 http://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8182201918 3. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five) p.4146 http://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8126012218 4. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA520&lpg=PA520&dq=Moinuddin+ Jinabade&source=bl&ots=i_n96_QIe&sig=Kzp3PVsVyuhl0tJ96eLhqSjzPak&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WNQKT56_B4LyrQein63yDw &ved=0CEAQ6AEwBTge#v=onepage&q=Moinuddin%20Jinabade&f=false 5. ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA520&lpg=PA520&dq=Moinuddin+ Jinabade&source=bl&ots=i_n96_QIe&sig=Kzp3PVsVyuhl0tJ96eLhqSjzPak&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WNQKT56_B4LyrQein63yDw &ved=0CEAQ6AEwBTge#v=onepage&q=Moinuddin%20Jinabade&f=false

http://www.indianchild.com/literature/urdu-literature.htm

Muhammad Husain Azad: Ab-e hayat (Lahore: Naval Kishor Gais Printing Wrks) 1907 [in Urdu]; (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001 [In English translation] Shamsur Rahman Faruqi: Early Urdu Literary Culture and History (Delhi: Oxford University Press) 2001 M.A.R. Habib: An Anthology of Modern Urdu Poetry in English translation with Urdu text. Modern Language Association (2003). ISBN 0-87352-797-6 Alamgir Hashmi, The Worlds of Muslim Imagination (1986) ISBN 0-00-500407-1. Muhammad Sadiq, A History of Urdu Literature (1984). The Annual of Urdu Studies, 1981-.

Urdu Afsana : Soorat o Ma'na (Urdu) by M. Hameed Shahid National Book Foundation Islamabad Pakistan 2006-1.an eminent poet of moder age akhlaque bandvi.

Biswin Sadi popular literary urdu magazine was started in Lahore in 1937 by Khushtar Girami.He edited the magazine till 1977.It was the most popular urdu magazine in undevided India.After independence it was one of the most popular magazine of India. http://urdunovelsdowload.blogspot.com/

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Eesti Espaol Italiano This page was last modified on 27 July 2012 at 22:34. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view