@

@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
@ @
1

@ @
@ @

@ @ja
@ @ba@@la
@ @i@i
@ @
@ @
@Mba@km

ej_

< < 2011

<<
<<
<<
<<
<<

<o^n]<]<I^<<H^e ^]<m<^j<94<]<
< ^e<h^j]<<Je<^e<Hn] ^]<H]<]<h^j<
< <J<]<<1963<^]

<<
<<
<<

<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
3

<<
<<
/ & - # +
.+ * & % #$ !

. ./ 012 ; # 9 * .7 34 4 5 .B % 2 1917 4 5 ?@ ! A5? ! C-
31G12 ?D 5 ?G 5F G 5E A ?D . C1? ! 5 H / 4 CCE. 2 F
M NFO 4 PA 4& 1 1
5KB /1H# QD 2. C
5!. ? 51AI /
4 %4 T H U?V 5 C 1- . O$ . S 4 .B 5B* .! R 5W4 7 !
! + E H 1- XV 2 5 H ; .
H &?

1- - ? VZ

+ , ) ( '&

# !
$
1 3 34!
1! ! ! 2 23 3 82 9 $7
./, .+! 1+.
@ 1A 4 4 (
)
= ! 2 3<
'? 1> 3
7
< 4 72 1 1A F G 1A < ?B
1A & F 3./ D C B$)
H 1J7 GI -1 ! & = 1A L J . 1D 3N M &BI PN H J!O
H > HI# J < H +
> ) JA ( 37 . ! H4
H
G$
!3 & V 7 ) ( S '7 3
3N . ! 2 ' <W L X
.X ! 1A Z' X H 3 > F !' H 3 + & P
>< 1A
9 S 1A
'
F ! 3 HB X 1F ' H 2 F

J 1907I & F 3 X " " F 12 1A ] ": eP

'& 1 A. & 1 ] F 1A
3P
1A Xh FCg
H !? 1A J D. H i #
!3 2 7 3 F
)1F F
1A
' ?B + D = [...]H!3 H 3 + S J ?23! J7 . F F >
1901 .1902 I ?23 M L Hh I CF3 J! l . 4 > M . 8 & 1! J71A
G -! & = & lq 3 .
3 F F 1905-1900 ?B p
!
34 ' h 1A X . C Pg! O GI ! .[1] " F .2 9 ]
1 F HJ
2 1A JA= 1J < J +
S 1905 A3< D ,< q .
h<3
r ]7B H 3 <D. 8 > i #
!3 1 3
g
F G ! & = ) 3W! ( ( <'?! M 3 3
h ": & P
' S H!3 !3 ( 1
H GI ! & = . W
4
3 7
H ( u l > & P '? ! F! G ( B . H + 32 .
= &]. 2] "1 !#

3W 8B 1905
XB > ! .
>3 H G
7! I X J
G$wA
?Bx . A F 7 GI P ! l
>Gl
< ? < J

" 3N " !3 N 3 h ! ! G =, '

A, J . .
. ]7BD ) & <3 ! lF ' ?Bx V ! I
1& P N hI (
3F 7< H & B N ( HuA) H &! I :X P F 1F F > & N
34! ! B
3 h 1 G 3 ' 1
. "3 h " I
I 7h ! B 1!u
! " L J . 3 PD.
l7h & 34 D ! " X N X
. F 3 X 1
4

 F $ .7 .' ! 1 & <3)

! +lW
D . ! ]+ ( B . F BH 2 h
'& .p
1A X 3 + H | B < 8DJ h

B . F3
! + 3

3 {A CF
l.)

B 1914
" <8
D. N 4 ! 2 A ?) D ! + " 3
H2
' ! 1A 1 w C< N
B
) 3P 7 q '? 2 .1 =$ S ! +
< 9 = & G 8
I P
. 1 < 8 A 7
{ Cu 7 . 3 F A q F N '?
! 2 X 4 ! J7 1A !
<>
B A D $9 A : l. 3 ! + B3
Hq F, F & I antennes
N 3 / 1A .1 2 1 F B < A "11 114 " FD
+

" lFI! ?+ ( B
41 1A F H . < 8 A ! 2 "
3
" N ' ! " ' 3 .2 H u
< | B l.<eG 8 <3 1P ! l 7
! + .23 M N.
.
3 #7 .I
< + 8 ]23 & <3(
D ) ! +
32
! @ ! 3 C
! J e+ 1 . 3 4 &3 2I

270 N . @ 8 @ 7 800 H i g
D 1 2. 110 ?+B

.[3] +F .G 472 X 3 +
$P<I 1 ! + ' 8g 36 ' ( lJB!.
$
( ! 2 C ( 7 S ( & A C = 1A { ' !
<&W NB .
.l. I & .
A A
J
! + ' . F3 J! l 1 G 3'< ( p P 1
S 1A <! B 8
+ F I q B$ 1A ! + P9 H/ 1 A . + 9I ' ?+ '

G u ) 9
W J @ ( ! + ? ' . F ! 1 & <3 .
.7 ] 7 3" " J ! I 3J Hq F
P 7 . J . ( M I 1
. < C : S G J F
+ I 1 = 3A #7
3F G M
$ 1A F 7 8 = 1 F & ! N 1A =,
.<X
+ M q
C
h
X 4 Cg w L < 1A X ! + A . 7
& ! 1= @
=. X
B
& X Cu
= h
. "1 G" Hg
' ?+
= V F
A
3J F H J 3 g .)F F
< 8 >
3! C 9 H H A ( B H @ G ]+! . !3J '? 3 g 1 3 C P
&B 1A "1 2
" H & P
e . A 3
2 q & M ! F
g 1A .= < NB =, 3 7 . X = C
3J HJ)3B = Hu 1 G$
F) h3= 1 i7 17 3 1 & 3 D 2 GI - ! & =
1A l 1912
Ph A 1 G M" ' ! ! & = " ! h J l
( l. ?B<h$P
l.! ! 37 G / . l J ! i ! & .
HJ
J H L 1 G$ ' A HJ A. X '& & 1A H4 ! 1 F H < J , ( B B
3h A< 3P CA ! 1 2I (
1 G 1! & = 1 = H NA 1V 7
?B
5

 ! > . !&3 (
1 3 1& P H9 & P
&B & = 1A <I
>3 G G$
L . 2 . J ! I !3JN< p &'
<I
) JA GI '?.
<1

. pAD
! < / 8 u
!3J ?! &3<
( B 1+. HJ
D ! i F
< H 1

'? GI 1 ! & = 1 1F <> ) <1

D ?!
2 ( h
X X F J + q 3 W$4 ) X $+ XF X 2
S7
X<3 X D 1A V . . +F ! .D ) 3
" ]"
!& X u
&P
& C D S iN ! h H 2]F J '? GI 1 ! & = 1) < 1 =3
" ! ? ! J7
" G$
2 X7 V J! J X G ! C 8 J
< ]uM 4 h . 32! + & C J 17 3 GI J ! I 1 1 ! g J .
1A < 3 M .1< 4
. h3 1A . 3JB
$9 &A 1914 B H J 8'u 3. HN 1 >
& N & C & h & D =3 7 ) <1
' H h .D ! O
1A SF
& ! 8 4< 7! H J
33 7 J A$ . < ! 8
1A ! O '
. B ' H ! V ! 1g 1h
' GI ! & =
33 7 34 H 1J7H h .1B$ ,

GI ! & =
= G$ '? 1 D !3 7 (
1914 '? GI 1 ! & => 1
B
3g3 A
S
. h
1A Xq FD9 ' 7 >
1A GI ! & =
e! H 3 17J! ":! ( ! 8< 8& 9 1 9
H 1J7" ]. ! .[4
! @ H 1J7 ! ( A$9 8 + 1

1 & !3J G l Chliapnikov G$ <3 1A + l. 3 +! GI

2 .7
X N X +
Piatnitski 1J7
! & = ) < 3. l.2 h i
. M HJ X
H > GI ! & = ) < X<e & <I
F 1914 LP7M3 2
. . F F3J F @g G$G
N D X23
'> { 4 " D 7
& l. -H 1J7 ! 3A 33 7 1
! 2
' 1A SG
" <3 ( 8 g3B l D &. PD 2
) 4
! 3N ( 3.2 H!3
V! N ! p GI 1 ! & =1
'? Vorwrts D <
' Cg B ?! X 8 h { ' ) < .
3 X ( F B3 D 3 ( hXB

1A ! < 1A 1917H '? 1

" GI 1 ! & = 1A "1 lF '? .D H< ( ! J! l X ? CgH9
1
< 4 ?B . J I . . A ]MD H!u
C)
> X< 1914 H h J! l X Ph
Xh A< .l.7
( < X 3 F W$W 2 & 1914 LP7M D. N
H 7 . .! 9
1A X J< & 1903! <3<3J! l l. X A M Il
( ' 3 X! <#7 8
( l.q ( ?' B3 <3 !3 e
3 h3< l. M X 3 F &BI 7
6

 HJ 1
# 3F ( ?B 7< + Hh CF
= + ' 8! J l. <.
2
<X
! V ' ": 1J7A3
$2 7
S 3 7 D . 1894 ]
=
M L [...] . 7 2, D 3h H i g H GI ] [... 2 !D
< !3 7 (
! 3 2, l. M (" " { P pq &BD 2, 2 l F A$ X
3P N hI 1
7 [...] F
> l N hI 1 > l N hI
7

. ]. 5] " h3 ! ( X ? + B3 '?
3P 1F 7 3P 1h
GI
.
1A hI e A$ I 1
1A X &W 1A 7 1905 JA
. C + ] 3 1A ":1905$ 9 H9
! & = + h . !37?B H9 ! H4
)?B F 7 . + F X !37 I +7 J !3P u ' F 7 . . X23
< l.! 8 {= 9 ( ]q 9
9 + N A$ 3B ?B S J & <I 1
S .<3 u].6]" . q A
) + ) B ? ! [...] X
D. N &W ! 3P Z G | B pB$ ] l 1A " F 1906: A
.P $ J C . <I! 32! 3 F ( GI ! & = 34! ]]. 7
G
( ) MH9
> 1A ! J7 $A J! l " 1910! ! 3NB 1A S G$
'? 1A I D ) ! .< 1A X+ F 9 P pA . D X F ]+! J G$ ! H
]. 8] " B 1A < p l 1912 ' 3F ( H
D '? X H J L
D X
1 G$ . !3 NDJ ! 7 G " C '?" I hI H J J
!e 1906 7 " GI ! & = 3J F h ( B B 34 GI + < . 9
J W !3 N HJ
3W" ]]. 9< X ih3 D 1A X 8 A H 7! L &: . 3
G 1! & = 1A 1 '? 1A ]+! | B F 1A @ ! ! ( <' 3 34!3
" 3P '
1q .
1
3 B$ ,) 34 B ! .< 1A l7' F P l.
". F 7

( > 3P 7 r ?! '? 1! 3.
#! F . D ] M # 9 &
C = Z ! A . F W$W '? r ?! I
3P $9 F 4
( S
3 l . FI F, = .l. B 3 Ch . FI 1A + I L 4 !H!3& J !: u
) ?B < u 1A
. .h F '& & l
M 3 4 3P& H +

> F 7
D >3 3N J ! I Xq= X 3P <> X ? X
&P . J
&P
? &3
2 ' !
1904 $2 7 1905 A G H GI 1A '<:" ! 7!!#< u

]
? BD h ! 2 ?B ! < <) ! < I (
3J 3J F .$ A J B S
! & =
? & ! N 32! V ! I. g 7 '& p ! & = 1A J '? [...] .H
3 3 g = B) h3= ' 32! ! 3 ? & ! N
1A 3 B . <> <I
? 3W!
! 1A ]23 7D '> ! F ?B
> " ]]. 10
! & = H/ 1A I & = . & 7 = 7 H4 ! & ( ! N
7

 ] & 1A & Z D@! I H + 3 N ! ": H + ! & = 87 D A H .

( HuA 2 ' X2 < 1A uD
+7
1P < . '?
' H2 & P
F
" ]].11
'> 2 ' '< . X 3 >< 3 ?!
!3 9 ] !&3 G 1A ": J ! F F ! B
# A | 4 ' 34! C7
( <I ]. [... H/ 1A ( B ' lJ p P F3 <( p P
!3J ?B3J Fq h
3A p P H" ?! ! & = "1A
<' 3 CF <I" ]]. 12 h h <
B$ H &
> '? " <I ( P< CF V C { .
( P< CF" .1A
h D { . 7B i < = .<
23 3! !,
D N $2 7 H " : H F '? lM & <I
& ! J X " F 12 1A" F
p P
C < 1A H 4 #
! & = X > 1A
I 1< ! B Z N H
g > " ]].13
.H& 7 H
N X J 1& P
> " LJ ! G$ > " 1A 1 9 '?
P < + .G !D ! J7<3 &! I l. ! & =
X J 1A
X 2 h
C i J > ! + ! :3g 1A +
9 ! 3uA ] 7 ! + H ?+
.
H < H ' ( ?
. A H! 3 'lJ
?+l
&
H2 '?"M" .
H2 H + 23 +
( < l. " '? 23! I

J ]+! [...] . <&3 ] 7 ( '? ?!
3J7
7 G$&B l
+ 3 l.< 7 H F & B ) & [...] .O
F > ?!
G 3! . . !3J ) 72 8 J
M
& @ $ pB
P + H
+ P9 ! 2 1A" iP " .''N 7A 3! A . ) B l . pA .[14] " < >< .2
F < + ":X ! l 34 q F
1A r ! I 3
! J7 (

+ F '? ( 3 h ].15] "X< + 1A

3A ! g l.u
?! > !3P 7 ( <I 3F X ( I
= q$ ! 7
!3 7 i
lN h$
W &
. I<' .
w l. F3 Fh
HJ 1
P
+ ' . 3 + G ! & =
1 G ( g, > !3 F 1A 1912 A3< 15 3 F P .G ]7B:
<].16] 1
! p
I 3u
? I
! ) P l i { #7
' #7 H D
A
!
B & G$
. D 3
< Zh ' X<) u G
D !3 F D C Pu iq /3 1A .+ 7
&A. $ G$< 3+
F ! 1A | B2
1J7 ( > l.
(" " N

M I N $ " ].17] "w!3

< F l. J . D g,
) B 4 ' l .
'3N ( 1914
S ! C G
( <' & H& 7 3! l

) 4 g 2 #D9 ( > l X .7 G$ 3J +

1A 7 ( > .l w Vg3) 4D ) . 1JF 3 2 ] P

8

1J7
! J
1
3 #7
X q F3 4
( X 3

< + $ =
x $ 9< ]= G

 F . +. 1A 1910 <8
& N 2 [ ! 7 1A X J 1907 N
<& . 1 3
! = I #7
+ q 7!3F 1A 3 P < > < HN
Matvi 3 F D x $ 9< $ A ]+! J . I $ = F 7 <3 !'3 7
<> '?
F H 7 H 7 ( '? > 17 3 F 3 D ! H.74
! .
3>'! g &4 l.h A 3 h 1A +7 &
1 9 F =
! F 1A
] <&
Malinovski. 1J7A3 D $g
4 3
3 F P 1906 ( 1909 2 P9 > 2 h 9 1A H9 = 1A F 7
& N 3 pB uh 1A g p F lJB ]h . < lu ( 1A G$
1910
A X' G 2 ( L + 3u V F | B Xl
1911 $g X= < H V
C
l > 1A & <I 1A ! p GI 1 ! & = .1 3uM 1A S > < H
] F & !3J
. 3
= F 7 G F g 7 & 2I
1A .1914 H
Rykov < < H h Noguine M3 F 3 Sverdlov F
( < X ( + ?! 1A 1912 ( B X CA g ! . . ( B G
< N 34 8 G ) 9<
. ]q &A. 1914 3! 1A
X & F 9 N
.X A N & &B H ( w' F X B F 3B , l 2 .X
= C @ $ A ]+! 4 I > l X+ X B h X
@ w >
' 1A X & . +B u '& & " :1
D . h .G 8P
< = GH
<7
3 l
1J7A3 ( ( + ?! .
! > ]23) 9< D , J H 9
e ?B 1 J

1J7A3 V B & B 7 7 !3P h 1

S
H =
<' 3 + ! 2 A ! p GI 1 ! & = L + 1A 1 . (
1J7A3 ! &7 h $ A &Fh A
3N & .X &W CF3
)
F 7 !' ( A
1
! ! h J! l X J . ( < ih ?B I ' X lJ X. 23 ID
":$q h @ F 3J
{ I ) A ". Z 9
?! We ( + (
1
< 1
! p

A
1J7A3< X 1A 3 Ch G =
B F @
X V 7) 9< " ]].18
!D < !& 3 3W H
5 M

/%B3

? ( <' 9 3l .
'? 3N 1A J 1 ! ! 123 3 >< 1A I
1A 3 J l Ch
'? + :1F !iN
>

J GI ! & = ) < Hh?! IHh

1J7 .+ Z 1F > GI r!? !I 1A @ GI < iN 7 3 & !
( !3 7 H '?
". h "< u N & P " H J
. 7! 1 3 g " '
V J .i J F
h1
h .+
) < 1 N H 4
( 3.2 H!3
'? 8 3 | B GI ! & = ) <

= 1914
= 1A ' A G$ ( ' H!3 ' ! I ( B
' . 3JB 8
. ' 8 GI ! & = ) < C 8 J h > 1F 7 ?B 1 2I B$
3> ( X X F F 34! .
A B A '? 1 D H/u
9

 D I GI ! & = <3 ! 3 ! 3 g F 1A + &! I & <

3W!
= & 2
7 @ . 3P ] C + H 2 h 1F ! N
1917 1A F B
( <' B 2 3 ] " : < 8 & P
@ ! D N 'F !
3. 1F 7
. J <M 8
]q + ! @ .O ! A + $ I
3W 3P! < . <3 . 8 ' H & 7 l 3 1A " 3P 3
4
[19].

< F
=&
(P 3! 1DA < $ ' 1J7 2 D. > & ":X 3 =
3
{ ! 2 & I > q . !3P 9 pA & ) .
G 1A .&A
A
' u F 7 ! l
1 3& l D 7 l

> 32! . 2 l 3B$

'! l
A q 1@7 7
l. { S !D <3 ! + 1A $ P komitetchiki !D
!D <3 ! 3 . 3 ) F '
! !D <3 1A
<3 ! 3 F ( ) @G l2 1A h) +!. ! F 1A Xh
.3JF3
J F .! Stenka Razine ?.! Pougatchev i M3 h
' A !' & H h
! & 8 F !' H h X ! X + > l> 3 N h (h N
< 3!
N
!D A &4 32! ! X ! I. . p @ & <
! { G l.
F iN I . l. ! I . N D 7 )
?+ X + ! 32 D > 23 3 F37 1A 4 '? .[...] .1 <& = 8
1A C + . ' !3 34! !3 3 C ! P u<I D ! ' !$ l q J 1

! . + 3B H ].20] "
'3A H
. &
g
A FB
1A J! l C + H/ 1A 1F &
= g u37h 1
32 1 G) l. A " !3 G" 4 3& ! !3 N
'&
h= ( B I
]
J ! I . $ 3J W
! X G$)G
C = .
u M $ F +! X7 < C
) Hg D ! ! 1
'
C J i J $7 F 3 B$ L 1 1A @ ' H h
lW { D2 1A ! 2. F / u
7+ 1A + H9 >
' H
F < g {! 2 u ]+!. N 9
1F 7 H + 1 2I
A
' ( > ' ( $N C ) J ! I . &3 q h .!]+
F .
?G ?G
1 3D H g A 1A G$ < J 1914 H hD F ! " B e" >
3< h F 3B 1912 3 <3! 23 g e . H F '? H i g X2 Z & <1<3
3B Hq 7 e pB lW <
G
l > pB2
{ H2 3 ? F !D
& <3 .< ! & X >
! p e 9 ! H 3B Z G FI
1A l. 4

& 1A H
1A 1 G 3'< ( H9 +
J | B B3I# 3 g
.
H C< N
10

 3 & J ! | B 1 1 X23 ( 3 + / ]23 7! 3 A .+!

' !u
F 1A C N $ 3 F P h 1A ' 1A
& . . 3J G Chliapnikov
< B
@ X 7 " H2 32 < L . 3 3&! !D L .[21[ " P& H lM
D P&< B3<$P ' ! w 1A 1 & .3= 1A 9
)32 M H {g
39 ' ! w CF ' =$ ' . & 23! I S D = A ] J I <& 1
!
' u p h
JI
C ]+!. S X23 ( D M
C 2 I 1A J
]+!. {2
4 FI B H4 e3. 2 I !3F l. 1A2
& :
& G$
F $9 F = A M 1A B '>
! 1A '>
' u D2I
D<,3J! .
( D ' 3 !3<3J ( F .
( P '
. C ! S
9 C 32 ]+B & X.2 ! HI 1
! 1 e ] P
" u & " J M
' (
X .X ! G3 ( 1 g = C N ! C + 7
! =
$F lu9 1A l. ]+! :l.& A D ' u !3 u BI 9 G3
. h
X W J ih3
! + I Hg
4J

H& A 3
39
3+. ! l e
)3&! | B B 3 h
? ? 5

= ]+! CA & ( P g) JA D. . ! ]+ )
3 3 G3 . ! + 2I 9 8 1A & X<) h !
= q 1A 3! P
HN 1 ( = l> . 2
'3u ! 1A & @ !3
2
S 1A . 7 J! l
' ! 2I 3+ . 3u

( F ] F H 7 . X A LP@ F . 4 l ! IX F
!3J H D < lu ( '?
!@
! 1A Xh A '? B lF 7 1 M
3<3F X #7 &A B3
"(7
M1
u & H u N = 1A W. & 1A @ H C N
" + " 3" . 3& I 3F ] 7 & <I h H 3J! ! 2 3g3 Z'A !& X) u
H h X P& F ( > .l

h 1J7 '? ! 1A! 7 3A: $q h 1905 + & W q

i
#7 ' iq /3 h
g
q + ! ]P& 7 & <I . NB lu .+ H
1A l. W 3 7 )<( ) ( $N 3! & N ( B )<(
3F l.
I
h ]+!. .
>
& N! 3B ?2 HN !# & A ( 7 F & I
' ! H u C
&A W . 3! 1A ! F F
J , 1& ! I 3 g 9 2I
> & 1A . J ! | B 1 & I 1h g B 1A 3Nh + C + .! & 1A 7

3 PF q A q
9 1 3 9 HJ S7 1 > .<) l ]h H g
( g
C< N #7 1 3 + F ! 1
$ ( S P9 H 2I
].22] l. 3B . +
1A 3JF3 1908G
<> 8
.h3A
+ & C< N +
11

& 4! & = 1A 1A 23 | B B &

< W F I h 8' q +
w q

 G 9 C + 1A + 1
+ 1 . C N 1A & 3JF3 +
+ : N + ! J7 #7 X & J lu 1 XA ! IH9
.C< N D +
g ? ! J7 $ & 7 ! + C h$
'? M ] B 9 ] J
! + $= ] J ! g ' ] J ' F i J A J . !3J
]].23
u hI 3! ]7B . ' 2 1A D q S + C N D S +
NN ]+!. ! F
.
] h 1A '? &3 9 + & . . ] P 1
'3N ( 32 FD ) F H HJ . HuA 3+ 1 '& & ) M ?(
. '? ?
X J ." ! ! B" ( 7 M 3+ A3 ! 1
1B Z . G I
& P
iP =
3 lF= X J 17< A
!. X7 . N 3J G $9 ' 32 F
. i B h H9 ! Krylenko 3J ? !3. + V
3=
' !7B ( N
Piatnitski 1J7
X NH
. X P g H4 B . l .+ & 1 D
! :D )
3 + 12 1 A! 3 H&< 1A Avelii Enoukidz< " ) " &
" ' A
J G 3J! | B ]! . "
+ ? ]q &B 1A 2 & J !u
' > 2 ! F F F
! 3 & H g < N <> 3 9 HJ . 7 J G
! .
< 8 C P ! 7 1 P 1 ]+!. H J 1A . h ? ( LJ4
3 h 1A M +u3A < B 3 7 4! I 1 D !, ]+!. <I ? 2
( Cq! l ! . u3 < B! Ph Ph (
P9 1
@ &37 ) M C
G
!? & CP @N ' 7h
C P u '? l
& . lq$ !3J
(
HJ 3 G <& $ 2 H !
! .!4
J l. M $9 {g .G
' &
. ! H4! 3 P
? 3A X
37 ! PM H.7
9 ! l 3 .&q F (P ! B G<
P Cg3! : N g

+ 1A @! {= 9 , p! P l 7 X F 3 7 1A u +! | B 1A . 'F F C .1
! 7 & 3 | B 3
D . B < P! @! I : w P
! #7 3
3 < 3 = 3.G 3F ( . +7
( <' 9 3 ! ] P! F 2
.+ & :1<P9 X
" H ? w ]! h " ! J7
@7
! + 9 1A +
G
23! . L + 1A G$ 2
g . F)
D C l. u l 3 l ( . l $7 3! J 1 3
V+< 1917
1905 1907
/ . & P D 1A &A . F h H '& 34!
( J4 B +(
& B l > 1A G$ ! F H9 + )3PF 2 < 1A q l
l. g C P& 3( B
' (
& 3 J H
1A J4 3. 9
< N l . ! +
" g
+
1905 > 1906 3 + " h 9
1A G$
8 ' F 9
h G g <$ & " & 3 + " :" ' 7 F
&" N
. B " ' . 3 ' 3 1A
. h #
8 l J7 3 + &
12

 + l. !3 &7 ! 34
! " 3<3J!" !D ? 1A
( & B & g
SJ > 1A 1 '? " . h < I# )< N boiviki 1J A3 H '! !D !3J
<? 32" J < = l. <8
l. P W I +F B H9 '? &A. <" 8
B
F
X I.
P9 C &A '?
g
3P ( P9<' P ' P&
& !
&A H!3< P '? ! P $J 7 J l ) u 3! 1A ! . A
.H 9 !3 ! 1J7A$F
q
3
3 ( < w 1A 8 JG . Hh
+
] C Iaroslavski [24 + H4 ' < + S! <3A-3A3< S7 7 3 + H4 | B 7
F
7 >
!3J N & l7) > l H!3
. H 9M
q
<50 7
< W N
( D ' r ( 3
. HNB h G$
9
8' &4+ h
G$
. F B G ?
3
3 PF3M l 7 1 H2 N
< ' = ] < N < 8 B 39 X
$9 3B '? r XW
e < h G
1 ]. 25] 3!3 G g l 3 3< 3 ] P p A
D X 32
!p
" <? HJ " J !D@ 1A
[26]. 9 F w 8
3 3 3 +
'? 1A J . H/ H + '? < Zh H!3 34!3 ' 3A !&3u 3.G < B 1A
3 30 1A ! .G H].27]. B (Nh
! ]7B 1J7A$F
< > 2 h
J H h 34
B$
( ' i B$ H > 1
e lM G$
. B G F 2 3! 1A CP& HJ . &
3 + w ?
.
= 3+
$P
1 < ] J . 8 G ! & = 9
H l+B 1 $P 1A +

i $ J : W G$ <3 !3 P& 7 <3
3 + G 3 ! | B3 g X2
! 3 & B 1A J 1A .D $ 1907 G 3 + 8 & G$ 93!
3F3J 3 Sokolnikov ( #= $P 1 GI ! & = . h 8 D > 1A
( B . 1917
23 3! !, P
$= > H J
7 &B$ W J l '
. ( h > G 3W &
! S 1A ! J7 : M <B 8
" ! 3 l.& 9 @ " 3!
< l.7! < = 8 l. J P9 D > HuA
.N 9
' 1A . 7 Cg 7! 1FDJ 3N >3 > G
?

.B

G 1 A
g ' 2 A +
> ] h " G$ J ' ! ! "
l
. H&! G
1A) F

=$ &B 1A h C + 3 P X A V
HW
. H3 = H M 3 P 1F 7 1 + ? 3 $
(
! Fl
C u .1
F 25 S D 4 F (uh lM
= H 1J7 3 D H9 '?
4 I#
u . 1F 7 V
3 F
) M ! 9
3 F 1 A . ?BI $g
. F <lu

3 H F Piatakov F 32! 1A <

] P
13

 H H4 F 19 ! G
] P< Rosenfeld 3 i ( '?
H ! ! Bakaiev i
F 18< lu ( '? H
1J < J! 3< F .1A
$P 93! ! Krestinski 1J7 7 1A JFI Kaganovitch. A3< M 7
1 ! ! ! F3 Srbriakov 3 A3 &A Loutovinov '3 G$
! i A3
H4 F 16 Di !3
u
1<I
. F 17 F 3 @$
1A
F 15
Kouibychev. H9 1A JFI Drobnis L Smilga @ F D '? 1A
. F 14
1A 1J7
17

I# F & I h '3 h g ( = F F . 3
!l
" X @N ".
F > GI ! & = 3F 1A 3A3 X F h = 4B

!3J F 24
] q '? .3JF3
3F3J 3 F Sokolnikov 18
1A 1
1A" lF &= < " < + H9 + ?! . ! 33. i A #7
22 i
. F 24
H9 + ?!
3 F P ' ! +
.3A ! ! F3 1 > B > 1A ! 7 F B
( <

F
. F 24
! ( 1912 1A
.
N g A ' 34! . & ( u 3B 1
2 I# 23 1A
< | W H 2 lu ( '?

1903 D 2 l 1905 H 2 7
1898 '3 G$
3 F +F F H JB .1A

. 1912-1911 < B 8 I# g
1J7 ? 1882 u .1896 & H 1902 < lu ( >

( B 1905 ( 1A FD ! O< u 1A!7

" lW " ! J7!I . 2 < Hg
& H < & H ( < | B
1906 ( .1908 & H
( B 3JF3 1A lW 1906
iq /3 C Pg 1A .+ & ( B 1 .1913
C N 1A $ &H
1913 2
$9 S . l 8h3 .1q .J ! F ( F
!3
1 < lW ! 2 .1914 F W 4 W : F 1A Mratchkovski 1J7A3 +7
r
& F F H h $ = X A ! 3 X 7' @ X D . 1J7 3
3 F 10 C 2 h W$4 +7 ( . 3 & 8 H +7 X lJB
7
. (uh 3 F 6 L 1A +7 3 X lJB ,.
5 < 1
H
!
<l.
!& l.
< !3 8 I# 3A g ' H 3 HuA
l > H2
F 19
< J l.q 1 q ( ID ' .3 F H9 3 ! 7
1A F3 ] ( ! @ iF ":$q h p < 3@A3<-1 + 1 J 7 I 2 @ 1<) .
8 H 8( '7
=$ 1B 2 & B 2 3@A3< 1A.
J
( H 7 1A
3h"] .[28 ! 3 1J7 2
+ HCF
& $ ' . B ' X ! 1J7< J l. ]W
I &B 1A 2
< + 34 i '?
X 34 . = < X ' . J&A
X ( #7
X h
. h3
> F 18 N h!
1AD Hg ' D
14

 P 1A
3 D ] '3B 4 @ F
I# 3 g ! 3F h 4
. H &4 9 lM< l. ! M3 < Hh3F
< 1A 1918 93! &4
X A l & ! X A V NH
( + .&A M
F
3 J ) '? J! l

D H 1 ] J D !
Hg F ! & B X 3B C +! L <& 3N9 7! .
g
3B h < B '? ( " < < J " 23 3 F37 2 u' $ A !3J
3B W$W . N hI 1F 7
1A F)= | B 3 3+<3 1A3 F < 3 h 45 F &
F
@
3B e7 ? 3B F ! O '? 1F ! O '

3A $ A l. 1h l. A &W J $
1
LH
1A & <3 ) & H =. 1 'N
w l.A3 1 &4 C & SG I . '? ! Xq u e (h
3 7 + F3 F
' ?.
( B H L 34 ' S h= 1 2 M X
" :$q h <3 A 8
] l. 1J7 D l.A l. B l. F h !3J J! l X<) l.
18 . F 30 )
l
g
. <&B S 8
H + 34 N 3 A '
3 3 ! <.
! ( ) C ! . 93 G < 8 ' 3 9
H & 7 W J! l . 'u PN r I B I B 7 I. P9 ] F

D2 4
< 8 " " + "?B" ? I . ! 2 C . ! P .
u . .G $4
. ! lu ( > ! l +7 1A 1< >
! J
uh 1A =3 H h & I N 3u' $N l A & 4
?
1A ] J +7 1A F 8h ( ' I
!J
h 4
! 39 ( { F H 34 . 34!3 ' 3A !3 # ! 3 X J! l
1G W ( l.4'! h 9< . = ! p ' ! ]29] .

]7J 1P lW p N

! 7 HuA< N
I!] W L
93! !" l. 7 q '? " < 4 Hq F, F & I 1A X A '& 34!
J !D
34! 1 > & + '? Ph & ? P
'? l. $9 <I 1A & P h . .I# ! (7 ! O F 1A l H ' I .
1A u 1917! H/ X &W .
= ! " 3 H D ( 9
!"l. 7)=
I#.
" l.A J ! I ?+"

Z D X7F h ( B
3
! H J i X '? 1 ' I
!3J A A X 2 B
C '? 2 ! @ X J . J! I
( <'3
HW ! = .X A
B
. G X= g
< h
<3 D ! F J 3
< X u)H4 Hq
h X! 7 H4 ! G
) ( H4 F 23<3 . < &B 1A
<D F 42
. F 30
! i A3 i F 3 < M3Hh
1A &
D $
H h H 2! J7 H 2 . 7 G 3
G$ B3
).
15

 ! XX ' PA
! J X A &W h ( X H F
L & ' h H
. 4 ! 1 '? Xq 1A H7 F
u ) !
&A ( < X
3> p <. X
? $ 1A
$9 =3 S B . F ( >3 P B + ( &W
3P! < >
N 23 3! !, ] ( ":$q h F
Bp
' X .XF B
3 ! X
3$" . & N h,&
u H H9 + ?!
3P 8 4 F 1F 7D 3N . D 1A H h) 1 9 9 ?! h# . h3 . 1 1
3W ! < L J F . l 1A .l.D A <I Cu9
X23 1905 # 1A < +
? 3h
) & F< & 7 H h X J . q 7 '
H2 ?' B3
g
'3N 1A '? ( B3< + ?! pA H 4 + $ 1 7 .
X J 1A l. ! .
1906 i g 1910 3.+ h, &

1A 1910<' ( " F F " & A3 1 . CA 1J7 A D >

. +
! F X h

& . P
H e! W $g

H
1A N H Hq 7 ! 1 - F F H > 1 G$ B ' J C P 34
32 1A Cg ]+! | B h !3J h 1A
! C2 ! 3&A L pA
-1 u
u<I D !3J! B X ] P 1A Cg L . M XA !3J ( pB C H B) 1
X V F 1A H9 N 1& P !3J ( pB! P< ( " " !$ ! 1J :
! = 3 F ! > ! i ( B 1 ' ! i
!' X J ( A ( g !
1 ! I X J < ! X 1A 1G H ! X 3N9 L 1A . F F +7 123 3! !,
h 'P7.2
uh . ! .< ( B &3N
! 1F 7 DB G ?! A
.lJ.< . ] F ' 1 7 ( N L
<> X N9 & ( B! 4 .> 1A
32
7 ( X N9 JA S J H 2 h (g @ ! I X J . C + 3.7 3. H
$9 ' $9 1A 93 C! 3B
.
! N 1A l. H
' (
e7 X ] = ] J! I <3B Z 3g3 lh ! I 1 A$ 3B 3 ! $
.+ J.
' 2 ( ?!
1 7 ( h, ( X<) D ' 3 h . M
!' 2 ! ' 1 ( ! I J < B
! X 9 X g .l.<3 D
p&B 3< N X X J q h V D
! J !&3
A $7 ]' A ":) G = 3
! ! $<? ( l.& & !D ?
>
9 ! $2 7 9 ! <' < :] +
9 ! < & h 9
e3 :
! 2 + F 3J l B h G ! & = 3W! " ]].30
1 p A F l! h Hg O
( We Xh A We H g I
D We J! l J
H XA X + D
! ( i J $ + 4 ?< H X B X & !
( 3h JA
H J '?3&! . We
( ! O & !] D ! l C +<X
! h J W
? X2 & 1 3 1A X +7 ?< ( L 4 < u . N F ( 93!
C l. J .l. 7 S <3 ! 3g ) X )
Fe g
Xh A C l.g
+ ! l (
" ]2 2 34 > " ! & h 3J! :X F) ! ! 2 D $
16

! l S
?B 3W .
. {= 9 C L 3 ! J
' >< .2
] ( 93! = ) G ) 1 h J u<I M 1& ! ) M P u
N
# F ( 9 '? .D H 2! O '? ! O H J 1903 D 1
3 |B X J
! D. ] N!. NHNA
! ! ! I 23 3 N . H & I
<& X G3F lq 3B Hq 7 J S J '> .
B
g
! = Cq
JA
( !C +
.2 SG I 9 h
H h! i A3 F i F 3 ! 31J7 2
uh
3
g
93! 1A 7 ! 1 +< ! . X > : " 1 J ' ! ! 1 ! .<3J '? 1
& H Z D 9 S
< $ A . " S ! " + . l J 1!
. .q p! P
J! l . I 2 '? 3 7 1A h :X 7 X D $
JD ! 7!? u
!lHh
X N G 7 .<J! l X
A ! X J 3F C 1J7 D
g G$ & ( I $2
h ( &A 7 .D H + F
3<
. 1917
S7 ! q h ". AD )< X h
! 3 lM< X h ! 3 1J7 2 " l' ! F J4
93 C! < N '? <3 8 ( " X $ " 7 ( " < X " J JD
1.2) l. X uh G$
B
G$ & ( ]+ A -! u I
?. lq J ! ' 3 . ' '& 34! & 1A X 8 ! O D X N
3 C 8h3
" !$ X V l " !$ H 2 !3J 8h ! h. A / 3'< ( XgD 3 AI D
D J 32 ! q M" M
A 8B 3
! X 1B3! O '? ( B A
" 1 . .& ! i
" J H' F 1 "

!]

-Hg

2011 3

<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
17

<<
]
[1] Cit par Brian PEARCE, Building the bolschevik party dans Labour Review n1, 1960, pp. 28-29
[2] Cit par P.PEARCE, ibidem, p. 27.
[3] YAROSLAVSKI, Histoire du P.C. de lU.R.S.S., p.197.
[4] LENINE, uvres choisies, t. I, p. 464.
[5] LENINE, Selected Works, vol. IX, p. 92.
[6] LENINE, uvres Compltes (en russe), 3 d., vol. VIII,pp. 13-15.
[7] Ibidem, vol. X, p. 170.
[8] KROUPSKAIA, Ma vie avec Lnine, p. 142.
[9] Cit par TROTSKY, Ecrits, t. 1, p. 322.
[10] Cit par ZINOVIEV, Histoire du P.C. B., pp. 103-104.
[11] Ibidem, pp. 105-106.
[12] Cit par John DANIELS, Labour Review n, 2, 1957, p. 48. (13) Cit par Brian PEARCE, op. cit., p. 29.
[13] Cit par Brian PEARCE, op. cit., p. 29.
[14] Cit par John DANIELS, Op. cit., p. 48.
[15] KROUPSKAIA, Op. cit., p. 77.
[16] BADAiEV, Les bolcheviks au Parlement tsariste, p. 49. (17) PIATNITSKI, Souvenirs dun bolchevik, p. 148.
[17] PIATNITSKI, souvenirs dun bolchevik, p. 49.
[18] BADAiEV, op. cit., p. 215.
[19] DEUTSCHER, The prophet armed, p. 163.
[20] PREOBRAJENSKI, op. cit.
[21] CHLIAPNIKOV, A la veille de la rvolution , Bull. com., dc. 23, p. 958.
[22] PIATNITSKI, op. cit., pp. 100-101.
[23] Ibidem, pp. 136-138.
[24] YAROSLAVSKI, op. cit, p. 163.
[25] SCHAPIRO, The communist Party of the soviet union, pp. 107-108.
[26] Ibidem, p. 130.

18

[27] YAROSLAVSKI, op. cit., p. 164.

[28] cit par BOBROVSKAIA, Le premier prsident de la rpublique du travail, p. 14.
[29] TROTSKY, Staline, p. 77.
[30] LENINE, uvres Compltes (en russe), 3 d., Vol.XII, p. 393.

<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<

19