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) %( ]Antonio Gramsci, Scritti Politici, a cura di Paolo Spriano, Editore Riuniti, Rome, 1973, 3 3[
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Hambourg, 1970, p. 73.
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t .,9>- v Robert Daniels The Conscience of the Relohltion, Isaac Deutscher , ]6[
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Internationale, pp. 149-163.

: Die Linke Opposition in der Sowjet-Union, tome 1, 1923-1.924, dit par UlfWolter, Berlin,

1923 ,; > 15 " f;p 8> " -,E0] 66[


ditions Prinkipo, 1976, pp.213-214.

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