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Jacques
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:
une
critique
de
lconomie
politique
=========================================================
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-------------:

(1)LOUIS GILL/ a lorigine des crises : surproduction ou sous-consomation ?


(2) Franois chesnais/ la nouvelle conomie :une conjoncture propre la puissance hgmonique dans le cadre de la
mondialisation du capital
.01234 56784 9:; 7<;(3)
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2g1 pqr? U]kJ 7C?2W KL`B uQ4 U?784 H UC42G k6 2? Q384 B 4 2ACW3Q4 A] no Ke2D kJ4 .H?7C384 mC:LQ4
K;2 ka .U?784 2? Q3 9:; EFG 2:LF4 U8CJ4 xI2v H u:d? 2 nzQ] b8W4 nqQ] 2d{ H 5v7F4 U42J84 EFG
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.HCC4284 H?7C384 7C?2W84 p`rAD UB` 421 UF\384 27[4 KFW6 uQ4 U8]2L4 b W4 ke -Ur:zA
(5) chesnais/ pas de limites pour le sauvetage des banques
(6) chesnais/ la rcession mondial : moment, interprtations et enjeux de la crise
01234 56784 9:; 7<;(7)
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: chesnais/ la crise financire o en est on et 7<; .2<A4 2C62e f\e m7884 U8CJ4 xI2:4 UCFW:4 UC8d4 HC1 2:4
quannonce t-elle ?
.01234 56784 9:; 7<;(9)
.01234 56784 9:; 7<;(10)
(11) chesnais/ notes sur la porte et le cheminement de la crise financire.
(12) la rcession mondiale : moment , interprtations et enjeux de la crise
KM G uQ4 Xv2A84 ke uIm6 bd[1 K;2 k?k\4] h 7`QW?. bihr X`4 uv FgQ3 7Cq4 U8CJ4 xI2v m6 2A kTJ?(13)
7?X`Q4 Xv2A ke( U8CJ4 xI2v H
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le triomphe catastrophique du nolibralisme.7<; .uv2M 28]74 L84 7Cq4 U8CJ4 xI2v
(14) gill / a lorigines des crises : surproduction ou sous-consommation ?
01234 56784 9:;(15) gill/

"28]74 "uv 92 (16)


94 ... HCAQ4 bC:4 359 kW4 Uv7W84 f42G(17)
" Jean sanuk.UA74 UC428]74 kJAD HCTF4 Hd8? b "2J :544/543 kW4 7`;(18)
"Mandel 3e age du capitalisme tome 2 chp 11"7<; 7 g:84 X CM Q4(19)
(20) chesnais / la crise financire o en est on et quannonce t-elle ?.
(21) chesnais/ notes sur la porte et le cheminement de la crise financire.
(22)inprecor n543/544 nouveau capitalisme chinois par josep maria antentas et esther vivas
2G kW QAD C+dC 28]74 UFQ Pl/2 E4 Pl/1 H U8CJ4 xI2v UC8 bJQAQ4 dC C 28]74 H UFQ 7Q:;(23)
Pl1.7` Pl2 f Pl1/C H 7qB Pl2/(C+dc) 17F4
Mandel / la crise 1974-1978 les faits ; leur interprtation marxiste page 188 (24)
(25) chesnais/ la rcession mondial : moment, interprtations et enjeux de la crise
(26) chesnais/la mondialisation de larme industrielle de rserve
01234 56784 9:;(27)
uD?:2Q; xCv H u;2 bd{ 7gC1 OCr?(28) pour une approche multidimensionnelles des crises de la production capitaliste (
28]74 0CJLD ( valorisation) fCCJD U1 WT4 7<; QA 28] E4 LQ4 uv U1 WB k6 X4 kJA4 28]74 2Q; xCv
.u4284 28]74 f7D U?XqQ4 2Q; 2a uv OP 84
(29) bihr : propos dun excs de plus-value
(30) gill / a lorigines des crises : surproduction ou sous-consommation ?
(31) Mandel / la crise 1974-1978 les faits ; leur interprtation marxiste, 1978 paris.
(32) bihr : propos dun excs de plus-valus
(33) marx/ thories sur la plus-value, tome 2 ; page 587-637 trad . ditions sociales
(34) alain bihr : la croise des chemins
01234 56784 9:;(35)
01234 56784 9:;(36)
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: chesnais/ 7<; .7L4 kW1 2 A] 2? a 8; 2e2D XF4 2ACn4 A] kW1 5] bd[1 28]74( dvalorisation) U8Ca m;
pas de limites pour le sauvetage des banques
7ro UC428] 0JLD UC;2d e 2J; ;(38)
: bihr : la croise des chemins7<; k?m8F4(39)
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(41) Husson, workers liberty ;version franaise ;14/05/2008
(42) husson : la misre du capital une critique du neo-liberalisme

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(44) Michel husson : le dogmatisme nest pas un marxisme
01234 56784 9:;(45)
(46) Mandel / la crise 1974-1978 ; les faits leur interprtation marxiste page 196
(47) Michel husson : le dogmatisme nest pas un marxisme
(48) husson : la misre du capital.
: la misre du capital 12Q uv 2( 23;7v) 1994 UA] insee 2gDkG k6 EFG X D262QAQ] uv ] k8QG(49)
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: les rouages du capitalisme /christian barsoc) )7<; ) b8WF4 u4
(52) husson : capitalisme cognitif
2008/07/29 C4: la marseillaise k?7\4 jean-daniel boyer 5 ] 276 UF12J (53)
(54) husson : finance et conomie rel
(55) husson : vers une rgulation chaotique
(56) Michel husson : le dogmatisme nest pas un marxisme
01234 56784 9:;(57)

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