,-;_,

-
.
0

.
0
W.1
I
I

f
l=
N
II
_.J
\
...
"\
\
.. .
1:..
-oj lo-
T
d=Zo"
l
' .
'-
..
f,
The serviceability of a product or structure utilizing this type of Information Is and. must
be the sole responsibility of the builder/user. Many variables beyond the control of The
James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation or The Lincoln Electric Company affect the
results obtained In applying this type of Information. These variables Include, but are
not limited to welding procedure, plate chemistry and temperature, weldinent design,
fabrication methods and service requirements.
y
I
APPLYING THE SOLUTION GUIDE
The Lincoln Electric Csmpany ,seminars offer an excel-
lent opportunity for engineers to discuss problems that are
common to many different areas of design.
Orner W. Blodgett has compiled solutions to these prob-
lems and others that have been generated for companies in
an attempt to share the ideas that have been gained.
In order to limit this publication to a reasonable number
of pages, only a portion of each design is shown and each
full sheet has been reduced 75% to allow up to four
problems per page.
Inclusion of a design problem does not necessarily mean
approval of the design, in some cases the author was asked
to estimate the capacity of thfl 'iJJ!Idment based upon the
size of existing welds. In other cases, a failure was involved
and the weldment was analyzed to determine the cause and
a correction was suggested. This booklet is not meant to be
critical of any design.
The table of contents lists problems by subject matter
and the end of each problem is noted by a bold rule line.
Readers desiring related information should refer to Design
of Weldments published by The James F. Lincoln Arc
Welding Foundation.
Richard S. Sabo
Manager of Educational Services
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WELD ALLOWABLES- PROPERTIES OF WELD
Permissible Stress on Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Types of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Welds Treated as a Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
AISC Fatigue Allowables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CIRCULAR WELDS
Moment of Inertia & Polar Moment of Inertia of Welds 5
Weld on Trunnion .............. , . . . . . . . . . . 6A
Circular Welds in Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6C
Coupler in Steel Mill Roll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Circumferential Welds in Bending & Torsion . . . . . . . . BD
Butt Weld of Auger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Circumferential Welds in Torsion ................ 10
Circumferential Welds in Tension .............. 11 B
WELD SIZE EXAMPLES
Fillet Welds - Parallel Loading ................. 11 C
Fillet Welds -Transverse Loading ............... 11 D
Base of Signal Tower ........................ 12A
Circular and Elliptical Welds in Tension ........... 12B
Fillet Welds on Gusset Plate . . . . . . . ............ 12C
Circular and Elliptical Welds in Bending ........... 12D
750 Ton Press Frame ....................... 13A
Lugs on Fork of Lift Truck ................... 13C
3 Welds on Storage Rack ............ 130
Bracket$ on 400 Kip; Extrusion Press ............. 14A
Bracket on Rig- 200 Kip Load ............. 14D
Transferring a Moment ...................... 15C.
Welding Attachment to Hold-Down Platten 17A
(temperature difference) .................. .
Sign on Tension Flange of Girder (stress difference) .... 17D
Bracket on a 3 High Steel Mill Roll (stress difference) ... 18A
Critical Fillet Weld Size and Shape ............... 18C
Welds on a 1000 Ton Press ................. 19A
Welds on a Crane Base ....................... 19D
Link Support Bracket of Injection Molding Press ..... 20
Links on Fork Lift Truck .................. 21
Attachment for Ripper Tooth on Bulldozers ........ 23
Welds on Rail for Rollers .................. 24D
Stresses in Shell of Pulley ................... 25
Welding'bf Masonry Plate on Spandrel Beam ........ 30D
Stresses in Double Discs of Roll ................ 31
Welded Pulley Block ........................ 33D
Socket and Shank of Coal Auger ............... 35
Welds in 7,145 Kip Hold Down Box Ring ......... ; 38
Welds in Support Box Ring of Basic Oxygen Furnace .. 41
Flange Welds of Vibrator .................... 43D
Welded Rock Crusher ...................... 45
LONGITUDINAL SHEAR
Crane Runway Girder ............. : ......... 49A
Fabricated Columns with Wind Moments ........... 49D
Plug Welded Cantilever Beam .................. 50A
Platten for Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 50B
Built-Up Ends of Continuous Beam .............. 50C
Outrigger Beam of Mobile Crane ................ 50D
Longitudinal Shear - 6 Sided Section ............ 51
Longitudinal Shear'- 8 Sided Section ............ 52A
Longitudinal Shear -Circular Section ............ 52C
CURVED MEMBERS
Basic Curved Beam Formu Ia . . ................. 53
Curved Beam Problem ....................... 54A
Welded 2 Ton Press ......................... 55D
Transfer of Moment Into Press ................. 56C
Weld Stress in Curved Portion of Lamp Frame ....... 58
TORSION
Torsional Members ......................... 59A
Torsional Resistance- Closed Tubular Sections ...... 59B
Torsional Resistance- Diagonal Bracing ........... 59C
Frames Under Torsion ....................... 59D
Member Failing in Torsion .................... 60
TUBULAR MEMBERS
Welds for Tubular Structures ................. 61
Tubular Structures Fatigue Allowable ............ 63
Dihedral Angle Charts ....................... 64
Example of Tubular Connection ................ 65
SHOCK LOADING
Shock Loading- Basic Information .............. 67
Shock Loading- Basic Formulas ............... 68
Girder to Absorb Energy ................... 69A
Welds on Car Bumper - 5 MPH Shock Load ........ 69B
Ore Striking Bumper Plate .................... 69C
Weld on Trailer Hitch- Shock Load ............. 72
Trailer Hitch - Road Conditions ................ 74
Axle Mounting Bracket ...................... 75D
Welded Eccentric for Vibrator ................. 76
DISTORTION
Distortion of Spandrel Girder .................. 77 A
Diametrical Shrinkage of Butt Weld on Pipe ........ 77B
Angular Distortion- Single Vee Groove Butt Weld .... 77C
Angular Distortion -Single Bevel Groove Butt Weld ... 77D
Distortion of 90 Foot Long Bars ................ 78A
Longitudinal Shrinkage of Girder ............... 78C




I
I
I
Stress Allowables for Weld Metal
Type of Weld Stress Permissible Stress Required Strength Level I 1 )(2)
COMPLETE PENETRATION ~ R O O V E WELDS
Tension normal to the effective throat. Same as base metal. Matching weld metal must be used. See
Table below.
Compression normal to the effective throat.
Same as base metal. Weld metal with a strength level equal to
or one classification (1 0 ksilless than
matching weld metal may be used.
Tension or compression parallel to the axis Same as base metal.
of the weld. Weld metal with a strength level equal
Shear on the effective throat. .30 x Nominal. Tensile strength of weld metal
to or less than matching weld metal may
(ksi) except stress on base metal shall not
be used.
exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal.
PARTIAL PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS
Compression normal to' effective throat. Designed not to bear - .50 x Nominal Tensile
strength of weld metal lksi) except stress on
base metal shall not exceed .60 x yield stress
of base metal.
Designed to bear. Same as base metal.
Tension or compression parallel to axis of Same as base metal. Weld metal with a strength level equal to
the weld. 131
or less than matching weld metal may be
Shear parallel to axis of weld. . 30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal
used .
lksil except stress on base metal shall not
exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal.
Tension normal to effective throat. (41 .30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal
lksil except stress on base metal shall not
exceed .60 x yield stress of base metal.
FILLET WELDS 13)
stress on effective th.roat, regarle&s of .30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal
direction of application of load. lksil except stress on base metal shall not Weld metal with a strength level equal
exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal. to or less than matching weld metal may
Tension or compression parallel to axis Same as base metal.
be used.
of weld.
PLUG AND SLOT WELDS
Shear parallel to faying surfaces. .30 x Nominal Tensile strength of weld metal Weld metal with a strength level equal
lksil except stress on base metal shall not to or less than matching weld metal may
exceed .40 x yield stress of base metal. be used.
(1) For matching weld metal, see AISC Table 1.17.2 or AWS Table4.1.1 or table below.
(2) Weld metal, one strength level ( 10 KS I) stronger than matching weld metal may be used when using alloy weld metal on A242 or A588 steel
to match corrosion resistance or coloring characteristics (Note 3 of Table 4.1.4 or AWS 01.1 ).
(3) Fillet welds and partial penetration groove welds joining the component elements of built up members (ex. flange to web welds) may be
designed without regard to the axial tensile or compressive stress applied to them.
(4) Cannot be used in tension normal to their axis under fatigue loading lAWS 2.5). AWS Bridge prohibits their use on any butt joint (9.12.1.1 ),
or any splice in a tension or compression member (9. 17), or splice in beams or girders (9.21 ), however, are allowed on corner joints parallel
to axial force of components of built up members ( 9.12. 1.2 ( 21. Cannot be used in girder splices (AISC 1.1 0.8).
MATCHING WELD METAL AND BASE METAL
Weld
Metal BOor 70 70 80 100 110
A36; A53, Gr. B; A106, Gr. B; A131, A131, Gr. AH32, OH32, EH32, AH36, A572, Gr. 60, A614 [over A514 [21/2
Gr.A,B,C,CS,O,E;A139,Gr.B; DH36, EH36; A242; A441; A516, Gr. 65; A537, 21/2 in. (63 in. (63 mml
A381, Gr. Y35; A600, Gr. A, B; A601; 65; 70; A537, Class 17; A572, Gr. 42, Class 2; A63, mmi];A709, and under];
Type of A516, Gr. 55, 60; A524, Gr. I, II; 45, 60, 55; A588 (4 in. and under!; Gr. E Gr. 100, 100W A517; A709,
Steel A529; A570, Gr. D, E; A573, Gr. 66; A595, Gr. A, B, C; A606; A607, Gr. [2-1/2 to 4 in. Gr. 100, 100W
A709, Gr. 36; API 5L, Gr. B; API 5LX, 45, 60, 55; A618; A633, Gr. A, B. C, (63 to 102 [21/2 in. (63
Gr. 42; ABS, Gr. A. B. D, CS, OS, E D (21/2 in. and under); A709, Gr. 60, mmll mml and
60W; API 2H; ABS Gr. AH32, DH32, under]
EH32, AH36, DH36, EH36.
1
J'n.LU IIBUI LOliDI!D IR .111ft' DDIIC'rlOJ!
Shall not overatzeae the baae metal.
PAR'l'IAL PENB'lRATIOII G!!90VB !!1!LDS
SREAII (pulled parallel)
Allowable ahear on weld 30 BXX
Shall not overatreaa baae metal in
shear... .fo 0y
TBIISIOII (pulled aomal)
Allowable cenaioa om weld 30 BXX
Sball DOi: overatreaa base metal 1D
tension. &0 0y
L.ower atrength weld metal may be uaed at ita lower allowalle.
SHEAR PARALLEL TO AXIS OP !!I,D
'

..... d
Allowable shear veld .30 2XX on Uroat.
Lower atrenvth weld metal 11ay be u.secl at lta lower allowUle ..
Shall not overat.reaa the base metal in ehear.
TBHSIOR OR COMPRBSS!O! PAJW.L!L fO AXIS OP tmLQ
p>rtio.l

&llawllble of ... ld ia the .... u l>aee ul.
Lowv eU""9t9> weld -1 Y 1>a uBIId.
- 2.
i!.ll-le- weld 1.8 the .... ae baoe metAl.
llatcbi"'J -ld .... tal ..... t bl lleed.
AllowUle ahear 011 weld .30 EXX om tbroat.
Lover atre119t:h weld: metal may be used at ita lower allowable.
Sball DOt overat.reaa the base metal in abear.
'l'RIJSS JOINT - COMPLE'l'E PBIIBTRATIOII GROOVB NELliS
71\e teDaion COOipOAeftt would
require matahl D9 ""lei 118tal.
AllowUle on ftlcJ is the aame aa baae
-tal.
Ma'tahl119 weld metal 'IIU&t be ueed ..
C9!!PI!BSSIOII IIOlUUIL TO AX.IS OP IIELD
llot reooaended uleaa
absolutely 118CBeaary
blcauee of exce'l.ive
u01111t of welcl metAl.



I
-
A
ot v ldad conneotlaa trettnc \he veld as a ltne
-

)rpl
a 1" -
t_ 'Y
T "=;;'
c!
_l I


Cr
r;. T'
L..:r.JL..)
r
t



rQ d.
L I'
T.Jft
L
y
-:r!
- --{
L <o
,L
-b-tl
II
I
l d
.!!..'
r,. r"l
.1'
s.;-
,.
S,.f

T,-z;-
t.2d
r, !!i'
s, kl
c .&;:{
2.
.I.8' '!lj. .. bel
J. l-Cb'-nd')
LZb b,
vf
.fiN"
I,:"?;"
C. 2.
L' b+d s..-i(n") '>.off:".;t-, r:.Jc,.c,
... ) -s,,.f(t;jf)
&.. !!( .... \ JL "(til!)
J= + "f tll't"d. Cr j .. 't'alttd) 'i " ..
ft(,btc!) s,

- . 2ibtd I
L

sr
c/N:tiif
r, l ;;;;;;r


s, -%(abod)
d'l Zb +<I)
L bzJ
Tid
r.L
r., fz(b+<>d) Sy -l-!bt,d)
3.
"' btZd
c /N.'+O.J'
L r, /t>td) ..
J= Xy J/(bt !.I) Ytlbt"34)

z.
L bud ....
' \. ' d(
r, vf c;..f.a c,
C f<,'+l"t.JL
...-2(,..;)
:r,.. t lt!;lt) '>.,
I
1
;: f. t Gr* .. ) Cot{WJ-)
J f-lwt-)+ t c:. Jc., + l"'>>"
L-:

T,-ll 3b +d) 4!b-td)
r,:f -;, j ib'<d'
C.=-z.--
':>11" r'
L..: 1r r cT r(t-*") Ce ;:
I,' rYlf- Iyr _r;1L
L Z(1tr -t-d)
--


.,jew
r 11"r { ) )
..>y--;r
.r.-n-/(a'+Zit)
.r. "-n:Q.(c!'H o')
7.: 2 Jd'+fJE
-3-
prggnrt;y gt H''ded qonpogym - trutfn - weld .. a line
1
1. 2r(}

,.,_ i. _ .ltr_ _ :z;,= r'(tH
\ 'r

*- Q!.
I.. >.S b' J ZI
e=
.J;. r'(s+ Jy-- r'{a- sl!!p)
e
_ r tin9
-r
L r(1tn)
L t'(1f+2-2 I')
c
M.
TR@

detallsattaahedby
lilletorfiRICM!welds
a<2" c
7'<a<4"or12b Q)
a> 4" or 12b E)



TR
klbe
fillet welded
M (/

friction on gross section
-'"!!on net """'""' M
M
other than M
HSbofts
0
TR@)
M
TR@)
w
set)
to connectton of any rolled sectKlM
Curved arrow indicates region of
application of fatigue allowables
-- Straight arrows indicate applied
forces
Grind in the direction of stressing only
(when slope is mentioned (ex. 1 in 2-1/21
this is always the maximum value. Less
slope is permissable.
AISC allowable fatigue stress (asr and 7
5
rl (kips) -also used by AWS Structural Welding Code (Sect. 8- Building)


A 60 36 24 24

B 46 27.5 18 16

c 32 19 13 Stnm
0 27 16 10 7
r
E 21 12.6 8 5
F 16 12 9 8
Shear "sue..
at toe of stiffener welds on
girder webs or flangea.
but shall not exceed
steady allowables
allowable
fatigue
stress
"max or Tma = maximum allowable
fatigue stress
..
y
O.r or T., = allowable range of stress,
from table
Omin Mmin Fmin Tmin Vmin
K =--=--------
"max Mmax F,.... Vma
S = shear
T = tension
R = reversal
M = stress in metal
W " stress in weld
1 = allowable steady shear stress

-
/
A
nut aoment of inertia of a croas aectlon 1s referenced to an axis vhlch
the aeatton. It ie aa though the plana or tbls sect.lcm t.eDda t.o revole about
tht.a ax,s, aee figure (a)., The basic moment ot tnert18 la a un.lt area mult.lplle4 b7
the square or tho dlet.anee or this al"'!a 1.o the reterer:ace ala, see tlgure (d).
Fisurea (a) and (d) reproeaent t.he moment ot i.nert.la about the (x-x) ax1a, and ripee
(b) aad (e) represent the moment Of ioertl.e about t.be (7-y) axle.
'l'he polar moJIIEillt of tnertla ot a erase sect.lco ls referenced to an axil normal to the
oJ.' the oroos secUcm.. It 11 as tbou.lh the plana ot thLs teads to rotate
about this axis, see figure (c). The baaic polar J1msnt ot inertia is a unit area
the square of tbe rolar dlet.Gnce t.o this area see tltJ"U"8 (t).
Since the SQU.Ve or tbis polar distance la equal to the SWII Of the &q\Y:res or the
d1atances to t.he (xx) and (;y-7) axea
1
lt. can be shown th11t thenpoler moment ot lnertla
is equal t.o the sum or the moments or tnertla taken about cny t.vo axes at 90 to ch
other. S!nce axea (x-x) and Crr) re 90 to etch oth
1
the 8WII or the moment ol
inert.le aboat t.he (x-x) axla and the moaen.t ot lnertla about the (r-r) axlllll 1s equal
to the polar moRent or inertia about axis (s-z)
1
normal 1.o both axes (x-.a:) and ()'7).
or r,... I,. .. r
7
y
I
z : m
\ I J
,
I
1r
/; -!\
: dp
B
\: t'L
___....,...---; ' X
' I
I -

@)
1\ \ :
I \ ' '
I \ ,_,
I .._
--- \
.- \-
y
\
'z
...i----1
K l 1
\ I
' I
I
CD ly
I.,t-I
1
It la possible t.o bave a condttlOQ la vbit:Jb the axU ot revGlutlon neit.her Uu11 tn tha
plane or the section (1110ment or lDertl.a) nor 18 normal to the plrme ot the aect ion (polar
mollldlt or lnertla),
In tbe tollow1ag welcled aGMectt.on., oCOISlatlng or Wo el.ra.WI!'erentl.el velds 3o1n1n1
trunnion ot a abaft t.o tvo end dlsce tbe a.ls (z-z) F&&slns thi'OUSb the center ot snvlt-7
or tbe welda 1s t.ba az1a abou:t vhich the two velds tend to rot.at.e because ot t.be beodlns
act.lon or the t.runnlcD (vartloal bearlns 1"88ctlan X the moment an.). Notice that the
retarence axis {z-z) lies parallel to tbe plane of eaah veld. P'o-.ap, but does not lle
vlthln eltber plane.
U ve cCilSider tbe t.vo clrcumterentll-velds (a) (b) u at t.helt aent.era
or aravity, th8D lt ls seen tb3t the ret'ereaoa uls (z-) Ls ncmu:l to the plane 01' these
'"4&ld groups, therefore ve could. call tbls properf.J' ot the

polar or 1nert1a
- 5-
\
\
',
z
' -
4 ]'.: {de) e
y
-0':
/a .. ts)
1
( Y,
X
e"= a/$t> y: r Sin .I.
So e'&= y ..... sin\Lib
1

IVe .,,;,11 9ef the same resuttif>vr thepqrlle/ aJttr
theorem. First f,h,J a66ut tUI'S{z,-z,) t:hen -shift
para lie I t!J d1ste1ncP or(%.) -ilJ (2-z),
J" r .. + A("A/
Iz,= (2wetcls Y1r "r
1
)
k weldi)(z'llr)
J. C! 1t r "t 'l'lrr( arrr\'!T"rb"-
1 Jz = ..
tt ee DW'S P'!e z.2-8
Dw f'A'Ie z:s-1"
b...t- lle<f lee t (t)
c
D
I
'1


I-- a"
raoment arm IS
P"'perty of l,<ldd, - bc"d1nq 4b.. .. t oF "fi'<IUity of we/Js
J..= 'IT'r-(zr'+b"") '!r-2"1Z(2j.T-('''"J
horiuntll./ compen .. nt b<rndtnq
(. M c: ... Qo.Dt>olbt lllY2.th) .. DLI()'> d,,.
rh T 2.?(.,5'
1
hl -,-, , 7111
component ef beadmq
r !1ft. jlooorJO 1/nI'SnXJtn) /{)
rv :r. 2'1'-S" " /,'I
5
,;,
vert iea.l 'hea.r
"u .. -l.re for f.'llet welrl1
A
Wid r<lflllt! K<=-1 ,...nol
IS 1'= 'IS'DOp., on thrMt
- bto),!l,C"""' .
c
---

low - 'Ills tnlllnlao tllmo "' 200 IPII ond raqlllrea 100 81' to drlve 1,
T
" c.'!lpoo HP .. 43.oooXtco). '3/ fi'OD !6
R Pfo\ Zoo ' '
1
" $
'ltd 'It 'I
pro pert'( of. weld = T T liO. 27 in..,
. one we(c{ or
J.
u.nit e "" weld
f TC. /1>t,S'OO ,;, ll>s){2 in)_ 6. z 'f 'itt;,
t /OO,fi' /h"S -
r )'!7.'!fl.r,;.
r I'IID.S t;',p
'9'10. "!I,,,;,
f, (.H..ttU.It,;
B
6
r ... r2, +
{i.
A" {z we.lcls)t2'11'r)
I
2
"' Z 'lt't" f 't'rtr(_j}'l.
Tz = 11"1 ( 2 r .. + b")
.,.. , .. e l)W'i> p"-'le "l.Z-8
DLV 'l,"JI'-
ne91er.t'

M .. .. ;
111
In /<ops
i" tu:tr<:& he.au.., pipe
bw 11. 1rr E?Owe/d
A /l.e in" t..!lJin
oD r='f.lur
I in
4

A

It: is cU.ffiCNll: give a dir..,t .,...,.. on the design of thie
welded coupler. Although the ral:ed - of the clriving
land Ua RPHI are given, there is aome quenion in my mind aa
whether this ie th8 11uiJDIIDI or c:oulcl U: raverae inatant:ly?
Could this be a ahoal< loed? COUld thare be any miaalig-nt in
this C011pler7 If so, thia aould introdllaa very high bending
11101181\t& on tbe


I am DDt certain ao the type of applioation of the load -
steady, fatigue, or oboe!<. U fatigue, then the life axpeoted
!..r:r .... ::. :ld of
the wlda, Por erample, with B70 weld metal - going frOID a valaa
of f u,aso v for ateady loads all the way dovn F 3180 v
for a complete reversal fatigue 1oa4 over 2, DOO ,ooo cyale.
On aheat l&l , I have checked the fillet -ld le9 alae for
only. 'fbe aiae,variea from two 3/8 fillet Lor a atea4y
t110 7/8' fillets if complete reveral in fatigue.
On sheet IS) , I haVe aonaiclered the additiQI\81 problem of -
vertical llialignllant 1.010 incbesl if the -. (discs) are
as.- to be -fectly r,id. Of c:ourae, thio aondUion would
:t ';3,, i= ;,
couiderat:ton
Two c.h-cum Ferenz'lq/ fillet wekls IAJ(Jt.ld have c:2
of ;nertti:l of- (treatti79 weld as a /he)
J.,-=2{-"ti'): 7r(:_r.lm zr...sso. ,;.,"
,. .. J} .,.. F. .If:..." _ 't:...., 11;::.
<t 2'-, Sc5"0 - z.:; "" "
--------------------
For steady /()adtt?r and . 70 -,.,efd mdttl, the 'S
"'(.3oY'Io.ooo'f'!"7)-=- 1'/,'ii'.SO 16
1
,;.,
/, O.''
e9 517--e .17o
but because of the z?./dts'c I lASe t 1-1'0
. 7.
M ----...::.-.:.:::
as-sume A,.. 010 ,;,
----
__ .....
M "{3otcX&&9s-){. 010),..
(71) ...
Fortl.l.nQtely the end d1sc<:. arf!" not 100?, r/9/d, t!Jere
\!-Jill be ::.ome in the ana the moment(MJ
V1ill be much lower.
r.a.
-11
,.
"'-r,
F. f, r,ll( f. 'Yr.
14nit force on welcled e<>nnedton
F.ffi
'S = (treated as a ltne)
f ::."1,. pricJ. InCh)
5iart IAnth a Qnd um;rier
ends f ,jc.,cl c:ldermlne end momedt th tut.e
L conclt'tkm
c
D
A
,_,. 111/A>111 end dries 'to s.. there /S nt> 1!'nd
tr10ment lh tde
---'9..1--
1 I
Fz
..., {/JJi 6c1 1$ !lfptJI;?.e oncr
nNJmnll rcac-t,"rr t
'50
.,,., 'l .
,. t)
t>owe\IE'r -To>---;r

A,= 6j,r; and f',_ trr.r-..
A (,F "''
11' r; r ... c b" 7i b + ""'
itA. be.
H;s.
"' ... 'lrr.r. t'E 8..(:2r.t b)
c>r ,Zbl I
,,,.
and t? e. t e.
,.,.., Vft b'
e i7Y + r.lf.""t
or
alt.o <r<>tnq bo.clc l.o the o" o;heef@
M ..
2
:as) bw.t L !Jt A. e r;
bel'<;.:;
a. u.nit lei"CC-i o' ""''d.-d
conneet,On
B
. 8.
example
r,= 13.0,,;
l'.S in
A. r ,()(0 1;,

b/3.5'111
t ,;,
c

h
d t".lc:
.
1. Q-=s-=s_ec_m_e_ ___J_-L.:.._:
,--- dll' 2,... 1
/II.{() /Jyq, h" F'y._,..,_,. '3c>S lbltn f, IC,<t(> !ft .(.._.,.
.. jr;,...;if,' fll'it>'t 305'
0
"' 2.890 16/fir
fa1t'l.""' a/iowa
her>ce k'l -:.ru ..uo .. !d b .. w or@
T __l____ :
d,,. :
J

. ___ IIi.:- .. --'
tnta11t 11n:t fo.-c<." on ""ld
lr' jf,' fb' f,' /.n'+ :::
Al'SC. Fatcjut> Allowabln
life N= lfXJ. 000
E'IO WEld mrtal
cat<'qt>ry@ '"'"
'!i{re-:;, "'"''If! k rna. -0
<11/c>wable 1'.,.., = J$"
51
b.i not fD 21 .,,
le1 -,,z .,f f,'flti ....






,,.,::.. c s'""'
f
I l \ I I 1 1,\ ' ) \I\ \ \ \ \ \
AA
. V \J {\/ v If\' 1 J \ 'I 'I V V V V V .
orZ.ill"f.;, ) ,, 3.'15
Ze>.l 'Ytt or
I.U/,,811tr
HH+H::oj
.IE .. 11. ---il
t.."lt:I0"-
1"1, ft1<}:
herc e D
, ... : .. j
=
lt 2L 2(>Da)c(
lbs'
/1,: f f
a, 3 '/ s: ,;, b-.
TN only t.arque an thla waulcf be that portion eppllad to tna
auacnad aacUon, hOwever we 1111111 ue Ule full value af tnat supplied by tha
ddVII unit, aesuln; the ather and 11 stuck,
f-------4--:r
T" "'0()() liP - a 12,8'1:? I.? ll>
RPM '1'1
, .,../,_,,
J
. ,.1!.9...
..,c.. 'f a
unit torce' on weld

tj 2.2,S'?S' :
b 'S.,
tfOO, :6 /!:.,

f = I. (iz,a1o ')(-,,;,) =
t 3'10
I I 3. !;/:
resu.lt Qni
unit force


hv /(+ ....
'"(}()\tiS'
'1/6 16h_.;
A
c
Slnca tnle part ratet U lght ba wall ta u tf'la AWl f et1Que aftiiUlM rar tN
allaweble at tllil fillet weld.
For
lr/00 4J
1- "Yz
3VOO C(J
/2Z
IJJ.o..i baou:e .of the . ml:h {h,C.( P!Re
1
AWS
wo!.l.ld trG>urre a mmmun
lf tnla ware ahaek loading, tnla rarca could double. I believe the biliKiaat
unknown load waul.d be the ar tna IIYJUrlal to be canvaved, lllhleft tPDuld
rorca the ac:rBtu upward ln the central poi'Uon.
....,._ 12.4):
50 ,., - '-..
tnsume an averape t!Jiiness of the tuhe 1! 4>8,/,
and o.D. "r;,o,;, , then :r"' 7 /n-r
It the sc.rew were !A.pward A." /.Chn
/VT"'

3oo. ,;,;6,
(:).Oo)'l..
1
8 D
. 9.
th/r. would <UUtse a unit /;end;na farce on tr .. -::
weld of- ;.7

3s-?;300 ..
.,.., u . ,
the steaclf( alhwable on a 1:::. E 70 IS:
F= //,ZOO W
2
//,:J.OO{f16) ... E 'i>;i;)
-the Fatt9tt(> on 4 F10 1S'

S/00 1.t.>
1-%
As ,a me:d't'er of 1nterest the b(!ndm9.
m t-he ru.6e under tl11's tJt7nd, 'tton tS-
"Jtnce N/ = Rna /if= IZ . ._"I
12.4 E"C.
tr"' L.._
Tn1a would lndlcat:a 'Lhat: two 5/16 inch fillet walda would prabably provide
the raqubad at.rangt:h af tha tullaa far the loa.da involved; hQtQe81' U
aat1111 nt:al'lal al'tould bind end fare. the BC.f'tl up.rard, tor pample juJt: 1 tnch,
the load on the weld as aa tha etraee .1n the tube wauld be varr hlgft.
A
!lJ{ !It CtRC!JMFE!!!:NTlAb FILLET !!:ilo !!!
There ilr methode to clculta the allawMtlle. tcorqua ldi1Lh be
@ tJ'..n&fernd by a ct.rcWDhnnUal fl.llet lftld araunei shaft,. PFi"NP51 the
almpleat h to tnt the weld aa a Una iiMd aaaume thilt U '& ncUu1 1a tha su.e
aa that af the ahaft.
I
t

lenqih o{ 2.1t r
-lorau.e arm : r
llr,it )orce c.n tJ i
1'
.l
trrtnsferted by ..,.td
Dr I /l1r T 1u t I o<
u. obtain the Blllhl: result U' WI' tret the weld lis a line lind usa at ...nG .. rd
design farmul
where
and F .7o7 wT
or = ,?()? 1.u l
Fr0111 thh.we salve dinctly far weld size far tui'QUII and welD
lllcwabh.
ln tnl' above, (A) and (B)
1
we nan 111.etde two assumptions, first we nave assumeD
that tna sneer stress 11 dhtributed tne eatlre tnrollt
ana, sat.and we nave the rddlua or th'l anart EUI the l'ddius or tnr llna or
the ..,.ld. Actually tne anear Eo tress ls sllqntly Qteehr at tne outer flLBI' of
tne tnruat. Tnh meana tnP atresa is than the average 11111 h\o'& used, or
laokirlg at it tne otner ...av, tne lnn.r pnrtlon af t.nr throat has a lower airess
end thtrnfore tne torQue transferred by tne weld will be allgnUy lees tnim
calculated. By ueing th ndlu9 of the &haft far tt\a wa are c:onaervatlve,
ths 11'18 ar tt-e weld 111 at e sllgntly gneter radius.. Thase_ two Bfio&unptlons
tend to offset eacn othl!i'r. As the redlus or the snaft incredt:l!l wltn
to tne sln or the w&ld, the error ln using these two assumptions decreases.
Fer the usual sln of shaft end weld, tl"lls metnad is adequate.
Far 11 &fllall shaft aand rat,_r.large 1t Dd.c,ht be will to uu m-tnoa
....,len Qlvea a IJIDre true picture or tne prabhm. In the next methud, ll!f' .... 111
u&e 4 tetter v111lue far the radi'ua af t we!ld.
@w. C4ft u&e ti'IP ttact radt.ue or tne weld,
or
len'lth of weld e 1T ( rt "'11.)
torQue arm : (r ...
11nit on weld .'to? w r
+ "'f.,V_.7o'l "'T)
-(t_ 'Shaft
but ln order tu obtain thP fillet weld elze (tD) we mua.t be vtlll to sche
the fall0111ng cubld aw. tlan ..
I
Although thh cau!d be Dana, .u mtght be batter ta make .. t"ble or rnalsUrg
taraue ln tl".fll& or &hlllt racllua (r) 11nd leg al.ra ar f"ilht wPla (w).
B
. 10.
In thll next &oathodt we shall J'ACagniu the entln thi'Dilt: ea hevlng dlfferent

redl1 t we shall aaaume a uniform d1strlbut1an of ehear etre11e tnruughaut
the lllltld.
T
w
l
r
c
1-.ho.H ct_
: 2:11"(t-t.?D'IX)
-!Dr<;ue arm :(r1.?11?1t)
,.,.;t stress on aru .,...
ATZV(t+o'lll'l)(dx)T(t+.'/D71C) , 21tT
.... ,,.,au
T 21TT" r'tr'+ Ji rr. t tz.i<')dx

(
rw
T IZ 11-r"' r t -r i-
1
2.
ln thh shall also recoqnln the Vilrlable ahtuilr &treH across thl
\!;_} throot of the ""'10, T
T w
l
_I
IM'Ifh ()I weld 21t (r-t .1o'l><)
torQue arm rt.'IO'P'
unit stres'S at 6<) 'T: =
IlL ,... h_C&)
D

!
tu= ill' W'l'z'' w:.l'' c.u:- tc,
r-Z" rsz" ra Z'" ra z.o''
anJ@ TIZ7rTwra.
?>73,/iJ.) :.:;
--
@ (i. trTw(r+"'4)' 9'1,/(ICJ '10,:,.).) 1,

0
-#- ---- ---
T ,ll11'Ti<J(r'tl:jl 1-Jt{} 9'l,:J40 n:J:;tu 9. 387,3-tl
T
I
"fC.SSO
I
J99.fi'IO
Lf!J "1..)1
--- ..
Although method (E) h more involved, 1t gives tne 'bBst picture ar the loading_
ar tnP weld 1 and th11 010st accurate valuaa.
ttethod (D) requires as much worll:, but 1s not quite as accur&te because we hava
assumed a unlfal'ffl stnse dlstribl.lt:lan acrose tha throat ana.
Mtlthod (C) tnats the weld as a line gave al1110st the &881e nsui Ls as
method (D).
Method (A) ar (B) really tha same method) treat the weld aa a line and
the &811111 radlua for the weld as the shttft. Tney QB1Je good u ror
tha diameter shaft and ameller W!Plds. The only problem la ln very smell
ahafte and rather welda, in this case it does nat give tna full va.lue
af thll' taraue because the smaller radius of the ahert is used rather th&n the
larger radlu& ar the line of tM weld.. Pfotica far tt111 2 radius shaft and the
P fillet w.ela, the result 1a a torque or l13
1
10D incn whenee tha villue
should be "ltl, 1)0 inch oaunds





I
...
0
Circum eren rial Weld It!... ""T;cs,'fJn
C-r
K
K .L..
' r.
,. r.
To

1" weld sbe:rr allowable
'If' thtrJQt

_., r 1>- --lw 1'-
T
[i ' tH: ] 'IT
;;r:\ =
(1+ 1<, tKJ- lrl(, +K, 6.{a
T .. r.
r--
[ !',) + (H' ... ) .. (z1 .. )]
v
=
r."'
For minimum of weld rneta.\
1
do no-t bevl.
0 ,01 .01 .o'f OS .o,
0
'7'15'3 '-'1.'1'1'1
.I .tlfsqq S0)88 .ssDO'I .S'i'IS3 ,r.1'U'l .'l'llqq
.z !mi'
U1t.8 /,0,0 t.mr
'
J.I.J'I'-8 I.SS2.'1 u.os'l J.lo5'12 m-ar
'"""
,'I /.'18?'1
1.0'1'15 2.1Sb/ 'l.a'ID:I. 2,'!>3.,8
.5 15',/b 2WD'1 2.8012

2M.?.1
" 3.1'1/7

,,,.,,.,.
'1.3&.11 mn 3.'1'110
.'I 188'11
"""'"
'j-Oq{)h '1.15"1'11
.a 'l.soe'l I ,,SSOI 'f,!.S11 '1-'1'16.!1.. 'f.fl(,'tl
,'1 S.2YtJ3 15.'\IS'f 5,'\'fi<l 5,'1,8'1 :;.5'1153 1 Oo5
I.D ,.ou.'l

,.17'11
'-'-5'8'- &.H'fi "-'1118
M '-113'12
'/.OO,S 'l.O'tS'f .1818 1'-lo&'l '1.35"1
1.2 '1.?/0l. ?.8005' '1.8'11{) '1.'!1111 '6.;1:1'
L\
,,,
'il.'ll"'l
"1,016/
""':1.
q:'1110
J,q .,,,012
"'.?tm, '!.'iO&r. 'f.''IID/ IQ,OI:L IO.IIS to.'-16
loS /ll<i% , 14 'IY'i. /Q.'iSt.
"''"
'' '-etJ
Va/u""" of {_!(,)one! {K,) for minimum
wo.ld m ... tal and a 9/ven
throat area
F terrsi/e T.. A
i., v.eld shau- 41/owa.b/
,{)'I

.'l'llli'
'1,'1'108



,.,.. ..
'li,I!J'Iq
S.Olb'?i




<J,y)'l,t

ll.?><ro
A
.08
.{),
.'fo'IU
,e8'181


l.&'llo'l
2.4'1'10
'M'46o'l 3.1lX!O
148'1,.
't.Wt8
5.tAo6

"-lt'IO&
"'"5'1'1
'1633-S
.,.,,,
i-'111'11
9.5381
'l.'lo80 <?.50'1:1

ID.!i31
1/.500 li.&>ID
B
A weld thrrxd

--1----l-.81 _;

y.eo
"
c
V')
Q
G:l

II
s
Jl ....
V)
c
ell


Ill

"' (.0


L
i
t
t
r

"l
1.1);
<r.
:::jl")
"1.
::)
Lt..
'"!
I

<::
"!
q..
'1 "!

f.;
D
I .
I '
0

.;::
e
ell


Q:
'-
1\J
1.1)
""'

";

'q
-J
-J
VII
;r,

I'<)
.,,
l
<:
0
"'.
<::
-.
!\j

111 "'.

"! ::r: "1 "!

-
----..
31 ....
- 11
A
U. tule\ velA et.ae tor tbe baae ot alpel. tovw, aanme vtnd pressure
!:;.:'..:., V:

..ue per hOUI' Iliad, - tt>l.o mm-

S'"stdl'!. ---;;[5
1
._ l
or
3 .. 0'
0-
!.tal r ..
"r ISOO , IlL
S... ;;- In
ta.mt actt.n.g c tower due to wind presaare
M k;p
S...4111& - Ln pipe
tile. G.
a-y :18./'lln..
Jatlsue aUanlala for veld.
min
)c.=- 1nii 0
1\ISC: <ondttti>r>
1
c&de<jor'l @
N c.'lcfn
B
Volm we(cl il t.Ued O>lcolate.J
?.(.3DJ)'('Io.o6") t 83'? in'
-12-
c

para/lei (orce
r: F. 19.09 3 IG 1;
1
;,
fp:' IT: 2. IS =

-f;aL-
r


}J, t fSt =- 337o 16;1;,
D

YD.Or. ,;,
r ... rrr" rr (,:J' 8'13. '1'1 ,.,
bendit!t f.l/0 ., ..
IP211ze of tt"Het weld li?O -kl meta./

, ..

ert!. b .:1= 01.'1 ,:, ::r;L' GS. 3 30 ....
(7S0Tn2'{13/.9)
"'"' 17.-
(b,.t I) jo-- _n -----..j
r tr;t.
lmtp\Udlllal - ln tho veld clepeDdll - tla value or tho aboar (V) ln \he sbAar
d!.aCI'aiDo Thora \a a ahoar ot V 'ISO lr:ipo \a tho top aNI bot.toa horlsonwl portlons
ot the traM, tnl'\ notice tber'e 11 no abear in ,._ two vertlcal partl.ans. 'l'b.ls lllBBQ8
1
theoreticaU,, no weldlnc b needed in these portions. Bovever t.o be practlcel
1
w will
uae the mln.l111W1J weld sbe
1
vblch in the c:ase ot tbe .1a inch \hick tlance pla\e voul.cl
require llL!J!eb tUlot
(uatul O<Jrtuin")
for t.he port1caa... r-
1/.BO
t.ransverae un1'\ bearlnJ' f'orce (aseWIIB
r p ISOO .:,.
''"L" IZ.so "linch
+ fL '"_ jcu.ao)'"t 'i_'ji,
USC ta'\lpe valuea, 1bear and traAaveraa baartna use eoadU.lat (37)
1
.... 11"1'7 (O), aveHp qcle .. ort S mlmlwo - 12/br. " 8 " 200
:K 20 7Bara 384,000 cycles 01' a Ute ot l00
1
!JOO to S'00
1
000 ct)'ales
.!.. ,z,.,,; ( )
1".,.,. ,_,. 7=0 IZ,

bu:( not to .. e.! steod'f a It> , : ;:.1
t.v /7./'f "lti - f,()fv or use each of b
... lciS) -
A
B
------------- ----------. - ----
Qrog!e voldo AISC f"lau valul, condlt.1al (16)
1
ea'"&Wl' (0)
1'",. .. (ht not to e;u<>d '>ie<>aq alt..,.>l of pL>.t< of 1'16"/<':.i)
r -t
__ l --------l
-13-
She of tlllet nld 011 Ufi1Dc u- of forir -
Tba IIIIIXlOIIII copoolty lo ...-4 w a appllecl tho w\ar tRill of tho torlr,
th1a vbole 11Dl \ tends to pbo\ abcN'\ tbe lonr ooraer vbere 1 '\ been liP apW\
\lui 1- """" bor, Tho -1\batl horloODWl r_. <rb) tho R_. tRill of t1u1
tori< lo takeD b"T \be top - - Tho ., ... - le 11ildo4 to tile vonloal
- ot tiJa ll.f\batl al-t.
T
Fj, Us) P(3d')
/5 fn 2 p Z.(LI 6,0 K\p
l
In th1e case tbe bgriscmt.al toroe (rhl la applled e\ tbe Up ot tbe bar at 808111
ec:oen\rlott (e) w the o8ftter ot pvit;y ot the veld carmeatton.
Tbla eubjaot.l: t.ha aODMOt.inl veld to IOJDit bend.t.na f'OI'Cel as vell as UDlfcmlJ
d1stribvte4 trarmvene forces and. ver"lcal tOJ'Cel.
t-ret.J t weld as o ;,;,,
l
l>b-1
B I
weld
S..bc!+" 7.83 in ..
---- ---- -----
bend.lq Ioree
transverse Iaroe
vert.lcal Iaroe
I

L='"lein--oj
weld d
.
I I

J(6o.+1b+d)
"X"r, (z-z.)
____ o!-_.
d\ .. t M
zd
0 0
---'!..a_

a a'
Zl> Q.
za.b
(z.a+b".!4)
ZC4+b)
'1'tiutw (ver;tt.oall
'ertial bar
:I:
0 0
a
a"'
a a. I>
0

T
/.O?m
r, r:r,-f-'f<ui1b)-
c
D
A 'I MAY I.MY :r,
..
24" /2.()

_!J_Dj ___
-
b

s.s 0 ()
0
"
2'1" 8.0 -Ia -IVY +26'12 /4.7
d S'l'l s.s -lD -110 +:1200
-
tot.. I '3t:o
-
-2'f()
'1"1'17
.!We !!!a
r.7,
..,. ,,
111
x.o) . 06
vohunc IS,S'Ji7"
V.olume:= 8/7 ;,,
1011' cbeak ta aee 1t the tube U cwerat.reaaed: trosa the foJ'Q8:8 or t.ha supports.
shell
realotw-
Pl z.( e + f)+t{f.)"f] (dte){d-1 :ae)_
e=/
l!! l!!!! J!l!l'!!
t. t.fl. I)?.S") IZ "8 1,
'l> (21a '"
as a '?"'de,.,,.
,.J,..I
M sht!ll F,.,.
B
14-
""""
- -. 1, "'loal.p ot pop lo.7)
k -- ... --- - IIIZllllll beldiJic _, --
M K,fr 10.77 ,;,11
-.u. force ID oh8l1 ot -
T= K, t (.sDDX,12.t.'l) '-'34 k
F.
I \_
f: ;.:
0t - ""' braolat u .WI'F thlok IS 1/2)
ODd tbio vi.U opnod tho farce oot lt l.o looo
-\ntod, I doD't lloUon tho bolldi.Da otreoo
In t.ba aheU vlU be 111 bi.ch ae ta4lcaWd abave.
Also tbo tblak .. .- vi.U otUten and
the oholl 1a tbl.o nstaa.
It thNB beDdlDa otreooeo 11'11 hlch, tbea a
oUttCIIDs ri.Da lfllf7 llo oddod, u.p ODd
-d tbo obaU oad
Cbe fobrion!Da probl.oa vW llo ptti.Da a .-
tit.-ap ID tbo 3D1Dt - tho tbiok bracket oad
tbo ........t .-... of tbo olloU. . Tile odp of the
- lfllf7 - t.o llo ... biDod t.o prorlde load
fit.
b z
.:1 ID
m 1'-
n' 'i
- -F,
P ZOOt<
9 'fS"
F,.n
s;-
F.,m
--;;;--.
poper h of weld treat,J liS a h;,e
s . n.H ;, ..
., s T
in
n P CDS6
--r.- . Sit' "
""'
t.;
m P-sin 8
sui
"'/,Z8
"1,;,
c



b-en clrit'f
J?!l""lle I l4
bendnq
l!!!ra!/,/l,a&
,, -str-a.r'tthi u.p
(,.Au F,n
t, ,., '5,. .,., ";
( .!f.
t'l A., ?.'1
f).OO
(, . I f + f; . I 6.00' t f,,.
0
1'/,/C.
F.
n P
li("J.t>O K} I'J()' , - c;, "J,,.:
.
<;...
/Q,OS'S Kf,,'
m V..( ,.oo .
f: =s;-
.

p <'Mb
11>0 I( I"IJS JJO'
- 1)-7
F
"'"'
;1.4
t< ,,;, 130'
+ .:.. 3b' 4
r -;,;,e
i4ad F4 = A..,

I
I
t ... ., "'.ie af fjllet wt'kl !71) luL"!d 1!11!''0:il I.Mtl}
t,'/93/, "r
w f""1fl11<St)
r.M port1a/ penetMf--on 9r""""" weld
t

. ..,.,,; !,Zr.,?,;. or Iff, 1i?d, tlmJa't

'-I
A
- 15.
c
applied
to web pletfe.
Re,.ttu;'l doaqona.l
f::1Jc,
-tv h< kle '"eb

-
hold she.ar to T=.'tooy
IA.nit on wlds (welds on lltJth 51de:. of web plate)
( f .-fh--
r.. u,a, Z. A..
D
TRANSFER OF MDqfNT AROUND CoRNER
USING DIAGoNAL 5T!ffNf/(

d.
that f-e9 tmn5 ferrecl. b'f weld-s ore
f. -!!!.L F. D /WI d..
b d.J d.: tO: .. db/ t!:td:
A
1RANSFER OF MOMENT f1tlm OA!c ,MEMBE-li W I<
F,

e

I
l
di
D
1
II
I
. .
L_ _______ '
----- ==-:::!!::::======f.....S-.
weld@
o.ueld on bDth e>f "'"!> plc..te
r .J.L, li.dv.
ra 1d
1
z.c1, d,
weld @)
B
l'BANS FER Qf MOMENT FROM oN To ANtJTH1?
-16-
Omer W 8/Dd!'J.,.ft April /tJ,I!i'/'1
P
d.d,-zd,d
.a a, zd, . 'J
(P -t d3) d
1
( Zd d t cl,) d,

T4!tke tn<>ments a6C>ut pD/nt
- z f-. d, + z v ...l =o
wel4sancl
we.td
f4 fb zero
(_
rb: z d,- 4ct,
v MJ,.
f.," " d,d..d,
shear 5tres'3 ,;, wei> p/4te.
c



/
weld "ide taffa.<.hment
,_.-- au11.me at:
T
L.
1
"""" ... !.
__
IDo:roaoe 1n le,.tb of platten over laqtb (L) duo to a dltferiiiC8 of 300"r
e, L T ,.n;-
We am.st place a loqi tu.dtnal u:lal eccentric force em this att.achmeat to equl
t.ble maveant
QX 'a/ stress
RIOf oet IIQDOl to ..,;. Ia l.enc\b of tbe platten ...... tbe l.eiiPI> (L)
e, e.,
F-L. (j_ t3W) J. T
Et W t'"
A
B
Notlao tbot tblo 10118ltwllael force (J'J) ...... tbe attachlnl plate to bond ... ord Cesl,

17)oment
<ll"gra!\1
F
....(8'
: T
I 1..
', l
-; f'e,

liow W8 f'lnd tbe t1'8D8Yerao !'<roo (Fr) Daoded to poll tho attachln& plate baclc to I
straight poeitlao, aaBWD1n1 a oanoantrated bearlns: fane.
l 1
e (z F.,.)l .5..L.
,. z.,e-r
"'"
r.,. z. L.
HGV resolve tbeae forces toaetber
I_ fr jF.. + F/
- 17-
c
:1ft tbla .,..,.la
L= 4o''
f. ('JOo'F)(lOm')(ltBY,"I().:j. 1 'f,l70. lbs or I q,l1 l<tps
, .!o/1 X')
F, I 'p J ('io)' + \(4)' I 'f.' 5"' lq ps
f c c.. 11:1.4,1; J<tP r ;o. '17 K 1/n
t 1"/e In
f1J,'17Itffio
1brD<tt t,. .'t"'i 1n
Tbla aJIOOI1t ot nldla& OD tile enda abODld ho adiiQuate to tranofOJ' tho for .. doe to tbo
....,..., boltlag ot tbo platt... and attaehl.nc plata, addl tlooal valcla 111117 bo nee e....,.
trw other 1oadl!l.
It ea:n ba abam. 1t the burl..nc npport la eeSWDid to be
ID1ltDrmJT dletrlbutad OVOJ' - tblrd \he leDatll, tbat.-
Fr f. j L'-+ Z, 'S w
or 1n tbla IIZIIIIPla Fr I"/, '7 !<.,p ..
.. . s-o ,,;ch
... be ohom lt tbo boOJ'lna aupport la IHUIIad to be
IDilf.....tT distributed ... r tho ontlM lanatb, tbot.-
F,. j L'-+ s:?4 w
01' 1n tblo UOI!Iple
Fr ao,4.l<tp's
t,., .. 18mch
mornent
dio<jrnrn
It la - 1n tbla ""''IPla, tbat tbo ezact botrlnl boo
lnt1uoltce on tbo ruultlna force IDd 11814 alae,
A alp 1a attoobad to tho tana1oo lenp ot a plata alrdor hotoro OJ'eotion. otarllllao
tbo force on tbe OODDeotln& volda at tho OPCI ot tbe olgn, boldtna lt to tba girder
- tbe 111nt... 1a etreooad to zo kill,
(.4) u.ni form loo..c!

mp11ement' of Slfft
F
u"A""
/19'9 te..t equq.l
r b = ..... .. ... Yb')
AI!' . >EL' ,.
or ... ..
0
It ia nOOOOIIII'J to rid - ._unc bl'ackeloo to the ... 111
!r'"":.

..
"l'here 11 very little l.Dad en the bnciiAt, bUt t.ba elesttc
IIICJI'emaDt of tbe fl'ame vtll caue &OJDB ra"'e to enter ttae
braakat tbi'Cqh tha cCIII'Iecttna vel.de. StAoe the comaect1ng
welda I"WW across the tall vt.d.th of the braoket, we vtll
cCID81del" cmlJ a 1 inc:h thick aecttcn. We vtll neglect 8lf7
reet.raiDiDI aat1Cil ot the bracket u.paa the main h'ame.
c.anatclar tbe eannectlng Velda to be eDt eo tbs fraM ta fTee
to 1111:n1e, lt
1
e llaal.de face wtU elAstlaallJ' al.oDgat.e
f
Bow the IGZ'Ce ot the cOJmeottng veld to the brncket,
Ptrat oona:tdar the effect or the Yertlclll torce-
Vert.tcal llovnt
--au. lii"iiii'""axlRl lDad
o-}-\:: Efft
duo to bonc11D1
- Ef* 6'dW
total Aa .O..""Ab

Tbe d1sUnee of point (a) or the med;Jer to the
taqont of point (b) of the ...-r equals tba
lllOJII8D't. or the a rea 'Wider t.he mC'Illl8llt diagrara
tokan about polllt (a) dlvlded 1>7 EI.
see 2,97 Deatp of \faldiiBDU
Rw ve vUl PQ.t all or tnt.s together-
Example
0 ,6,-L:Ir
h-a.-. bra.<.lle't
or
or
A, = ,o.-
ha.me. br-A. .. krt
.....
tT= 3.1; I<.Si
b IB ,;,
d. ;,
i, ta-b -t{U r '" MJfr,
(. '32,'1
-,cr- 7 '0
r jJ'-'+32.'1' 'fB.'-1 "'It;.
t r.
ihrot:c
1 ta-b

A
8
tr= ..&...,. 'P eo.e
t . f:"
11ormal sifrj$ {tensile)
p
____.,..
i
- ...:._- E..Ji.!!.i_
- t -
'iJiur stre n
It ve CGDI1del' the IIII%1Dum cCIIIblned et.Haau, t.blll becaa.e-
{:.{+ }<fl'vr&,. +
o;..,., J.[ cos 9 + j co, .. 9 + '{sin"B]
(!) or
i =-p- [ C..s 8 + + Sin" al = Q_f.
2 o-..,, o;;. ..
. 18.
(
PCos9)\ (Psip(/ = .1_ j cose +'I si/1"6
2T"" t- l Zt- -
ai.P
'f..,.
co>& + &'eH SJn'e
e
Jib'!:! iqs.:.'e
2
"
3o' zo 10' 6'


8ot-
cl. ('>
-
0 000

0 .!10
--
"'ff --------' -- - I

0
......
'
I--t( f. ) -----1
!; =t, t;..:"J.. t!::r=,=:,
ohsar st.reas ( T) ls vi thln tba all<orabla,
t
l
The tact.ore 11s\e4 in t.he above table can be usecl In these two !Ori!Dllas to arrive at ttw
proper tbroat atze.
'l'be thr<>st at e 0 11011ld bo equal to the plate tltlclolus (t),
For a 1/2 lnch thlck Aldil plate Co;.. 50 kal) st..,.. to the allowable of IT 30 klll,
the aolt force aotbl1 alon1 the edie of t.he plata (and t.he weld) would be l$ par
linear lnoh. The all011ablA &hear on. the throat ot 110 veld 111eta.l 1a 21 kat, plate ts 20 kal.
The HqUi.red 'throat at 8. 90 would be o
: t (f) (

" 7 5 in '
fbla eBIIUIIISS a anltona dlatributtcm of atreas almg t.be tbroat and nepecta alqf aecandart
bendl.Dg stras reault!Ds trom an:t eccenV1c1ty. The would probabll' increase
tba ......,.1 stress (tanolla) bnt ID the repon where tllis !!!lpt - (aboot& 00), tbe
throat cwmot increaaed DmCh above the tb:l.Gkneaa ot tbe plat.e.
For e jo!Dt In Vl>lcb tba plat.. lntereect en ""f!le of 67 l/2, use tbe- date tor
e. 700 .. """ tba rcmmuas vltll e. 67 1/2, title........ [f.;. e-?o' ..... qssl
t= sinEJ .708 U.ch
c




A
0
... ,... ot ""' - lA o..,.i-"'1 Ule eve .. .., the \bl'aot ot o vold, oopeeioll;r
rem ool.Uplo loo<IIAa, uri..,. ei- ot ... 1do ....s p-VF or .-uoa, we will V..t
t11o volA l.llll ....s ..... l.dor t11o uait r- on tbio liAI,
Ia tllio euoq\11, Uae ald nrt.oa IJl tno ond aloe, eo t11o llao vlll alao ttrt lA
NlaU..., oioa, !Ma 11 .s- b7 .-l-"'1 tllo otomlud veld to have a tllroet ot
1 laoh, md uta& tile ratio ot ao-1 tllroat to t.11o 1 tach at.andord tile rolatlYe
alee ot tile liAI,
lt t.llo .Uobla alloor ... - t.llroat ot ... 11'10 vold 11 ,)0 or m, or.,.. -21 kal, tllla
beaoMI ... allwable 'IIDlt to:rae ot t 21 ktpa per linear inch tor the standaJ'd lt.Da
ot vol4 (1 laob tllroatl
_ _t;.


elaft ;., l 01>1
'Sl2f!'

relottv. I

A II II
8 ,8 828.
toto1 1.97.9 17,b79
CG -u 1 n,";h'l 'B. I"
,q
k"

"Z.IZ I
I,,lv I,t '1 = I:,-tr,C6M.' r 32?,"'0 iP"
I A 1111 I,ltl
C6toaW= '3."/'1''
i..,,. ly+I,- '1/ I,:r,- CEoM 1/,J'I'I.in'
B
- 19-
UPW V!ld at tr'1; (Y
TVlatla& b<ml>oatal)
(vertical)
.J,. L .. I, U,?/l't = m
3
A., 'fq?."J ,;, (/e"''th weld.)
/000 Ton'$ 2,000 (op's
moment arm .. 30.tJ6 in
Vertioal oheer f., "i.JS >J;p
Reoultoat j + ( f,'j J (to.O"')t ('f.IS-.?0)' : IM>t. l<lif1
fhio roaultoat unu roroe or 10,66 klpo per llaeor taoh ie based upon a atand>rd ot
c
l bleb tbroat. !o trans1'0nl unlt. force intO aU, 8"t.ft8St divide tlr tbe
thl'oat. abe. ill t.hls cue 1 l.nch. llaace t.bla VOD.ld CGJTeapond. t.o a unit atreaa of 10.66 lml.
'1'ba all01111ble att. atre&8 tor the tbraa\ of veld UDdar loadl.ng 1s 2lksl.
(E'IO veld neta1),
prea101t AISC ratlpe all..,obleo, oandUioa (16) or ()?), cate8017' (O), viti>
K iata/lm: HrO, 1IOUld allow the tolloulaB
lS kal tor 100,000 o;roleo
U kat tor SOO,ooo eyolea
? kat tor 2,000,000 070lao
a kel tar orer 2.ooo.ooo c;rala
veld at point
The :rawl:t.ant. un.l\ terce oa. the weld 1a lwer htJI'8 and
vOdld. aot. cca.Vol the desiBD
lolounn !wit

z
c.blf&Z1DO."'...;,
i f,'fll.11-lp
f, '1. 15'
2t I!!!!!!
i. Z(zb) .<(zs.:>"l zao.i
T.,. 2. if'. '<D" j s:.r."f lj'll, loS, .r.
3
r,z f Wf!1- 'f4r.r.7. ,;,>
D
J.

14.,2l'lo.ma;
noitt. lilr.d ..,.,(d on z !<.." t '" I'.' t:.
In ctleclil:ln9 tP'Ie weld a he af tne above Llnlr. Suooart B.rack.et, members (A), (8), iNS.
(0) fal'lll a curved besm at the (.Qrners. Thla means that the neutral Bk1& will
tl\lil8rd, tharPDV lncreaatng the bending '8treas an ttle l'lner race, and ascnulng
tna handing str .. a an tna outer fac:a. As the radius gr or thla
earner ls increased, this candiUan becamaa lees ana tne bending &tress ls
reduced. In thll fallowlng IIIDrk, we ha\le aaslollned ta start witn, t."at tne partial
penetnhan 9roowa weld on tne lnslde corner is 2 112 dri'ap cna rsJnrorced with It
'Ulet which wlll pravlda a radtus of curvature of 1/211

!InA systf!?ln
to
mtvdiP dte plrzte
S.A "'A,'( ,.. :2,1/'f 171dui.s of
fit tt.'N(I.
1
11eutr4/
inQer
ab,M(r;-r(> .. _
A (r
1
- r. )r, !(, W
J";; i,..eld in
'/'------------
in 'fens/1;,

7, 3 '-/ k:si
7.3'fl<1i
, ['- ns14trat rhifn
Jinuucl a:t t:ltrVI!'
benuin3 '-'"'
Slnoe 'he t.ho laoldo veld oxMndo ll8ylll<l tile neutral az18 Crnl tho
Of tiWI weld I.e In the 0-0J.m 1'8fl.Cilo bonco \bare U DO DO\ob
(""ot or veld) In the \elsiCil ret1Cil aad o01114 poull>J;r aee the taUpo
all-ble tar a "'''le"' ponet.nUao .......,. weld.
A
B
20-
HIN89"er tbere U a horizontal taroa ot ZOO klps aet.tng en t.h.ll!l joint. 'fhe resulting
unlt. baarbla preaeue is -
F zoo.r<ops au"
cr= A" ,:r. 1' 'At
1
,s,
ApplTinl \bia w the pr,..101UI -dlq etreoo, t.hla vlll have the effect ot sbUtlng
the reference oxla \a tbe rlst>\ b7 tile ......,\ ot 1.. 8L kol,
q
Air a l!llde tor the allowable tatlpe atrua, ve vl.ll ue the US: vat.uea.
Uoln1 taUaue aondiUOII (16), partul ..-. veldo In e.oi!SI
teaalao tranavene, oateaory (O), the tau ... t......W. .wid be q_. ,-.::;r-
Tha parttcu.lar load. eycle vlU produce a etreaa raop or I o., huce
Dfottee t.h.e lftd.Lcate4 \aDdle e\reaa OD tbe l.aDer urtaoe 111 7.31l kill.
VbaD the azlal campresaln toroe la add.ed1 tbls tan&lle bllld.tnc atrua 1a l'ttduced. to
S.SO ksl, wblcb La vltblll t.be 1'at.lpe all.ollable of B.o ksl tor a part.ial penet.ratlGD
P"OOI'B veld.
the reeultat atreu wa ewer the fatlpa allovable tar SUIIPle to. 0 ksi..,
In t.bu partlcular problelo, ,.klntl t.ha veld 1a....,.. (Jur lllc1'88oin1 U' throat) vould
not hel,p because t.bla would ollllp]l' oxt.oad the root ot the .. u fUrther ln\o t.be
compresalcn area. fbe tensile area vhicb caratrols *be at.reaa 111 tbe teeld. la determl.ned.
by the cll.atan.ea from the sbl ft.ed neo.tral uta to the surface, and Wa vlll oot ehanp
IJqplJ' by the veld deeper. IA tbt.. eaae, lt vDUld be necuaary to increase t.he
t.hlckneu ot the bracket so that t.be dlattmoe of tbe sbltt.ed aeutral uls to tbe
aurtace VOiald beei:IDB c:nat.a:r.
Jlot.lce tbet th.e inward. veld. axt.en.da ap tbrQucb tbe ahltt.ed: neutral axU, tbte ana
the\ u doea not tenainste In 'he '-lle rep.on, All of t.ha ooterlal above \hla
sbtftacl IWlt.l'al u.ls la aaswaed. to be ln cGJIJpl'fiUI.ciD..
bearln& (tronsvene)
'1.1/"fit<
vort.laal obear (parallel)
.... 35'"11;.
Allowbla tetl.pe otreoo on t.hroo\ ot ""ld, ...., AlSC tonoolaa, oODclhi.Gn :rT,
(O), ovOl' z,ooo,ooo 070les, taUpo t......W. lo
1: .. bare I rdn/max 0 beDae "tma.w !;" 8.0 t("S. ,
IM.,. 1-1<. but. aot to axoeed. etoa value of 2_2.0 kat
-!.red veld tbroo\ I.e
16
t '1.8'l"M .C.IIi e>r
8.0 &'Sol
requll'ed leg alae ls
condlttca 37
'f, i6o5" or '1b. ii!C b
w(.?o?)(B.o .. t) ' 'r:>
c




0

..:...:.:1


!hie tOJ"k Wt t.NCk baa a ec1aaors deYlce which aU.OW. tbe tork and ita loed. to
-.. out flSW'fl l.,
fho too dlapnal ...,.ben (a) and (b), CtSW'fl 2, ore pimled togotbar at polnt (5),
One - [a) la pimled at lta 1-r end to the 1lf1obla portion or the t.nck, polnt (2),
lta upper 0114 elldaa vortl.QalJ. along the uppor 0114 of the fol'l< support, polnt (h),
fha - ........ (b) U pimled at lta lower ODd to tho lower 0114 or tho foJ'k oupport,
point (1), lta upper end olldaa vartlcdq along t.ho upper and of the 1lttlng portl.on
or tho- point (3),
It 11 neceasaJ7 to deteralna the a1101111t of veldlDI reqm.red. ai'Oillld the pin et \be center
or tho -- polnt CSl
In the abGvo fliiOI' ), notice that the vortloa1 load (P) ot (1) o=ot tnnoter wt ot
(l) or (k) booaooo of t.ha ellde wblob oalT tnnofon a borloonto1 fol'Oe, Ja order to
i:;!:::., ";:.:!

!! ::!\f!:"' pen tbl'oagla tho pin at (S),

A1oo the horiaonto1 forooo on- (a) ot (2) and (k) oro oquol 01111 oppoalta to tba
horhontal forooo on -er (b) ot (1) 01111 (3), :fb.aa -t tronarv tllroltcb tbo pln
at (S).
We can aee tbat the 98Z'"oal torea on t.be piA i.e P and. the horlzoAta1 Ioree le
F, Pi i P(')
Pom!
2bh - n1ue of 1!. eon be obtained 117 uelng the '"'""'"'"' or porollel torooo or the
aumatlcm Of tile t.ruavei'IN!I tONu on e1tber MJibNt to be SBI'O.
A
8
21 .
c
p
;...e 't
S fXI"'III !,rces on member ( hj zero
0
left skle of Ftqu.re 6.
- p ( + r, eMf)- F. Stiff) t PsinB- Pf coss o
0 cr F,"'Fy JM + P(kf/-}-PfV/, + Pj-
: membet {b) zero
+
@)or f;,= r P +
noUJ ie t 1
In the Slime munner
f.tom(j) F. oti>61o- I!!OSS + psine- Pi c..oseo
F. = _ de) F. f p -p e <'<>:>$
,. '1. -a- 'Sih7f h 'ShoS tiT S'iR9
or F;,: p{
wct.l -treated as" lthe.
, ..6... o,an.lh
to A,.. IZ,S1PI

t'tmst der 1iu.e lt:Htt:l,;q - 70 weld metQ.{
a httd euery S tninl(tes, p4r dtt'(
5" dtt9 wee/( 1 fiO per 'fear for lo year'
'18-0,ooo.
@ SOO, 000 C'fc/es
tZ
5tres5 "' I='F: :- I :z. /<5.1
A
B
_,.,
......
1-r
: 1' s

: ' 1
. '
: :
' I ... __ ,.1

eom pf1(!'5S(D i7
&f><ti.l


I"
max tensttJ'n
{net St"ttPI'/)
90&31!..
tt1Jt1AI /pttld (paml/el)
l.O in"
'1.1!i in" (net uette>n)
/Z, 308 P''
- 3,0Z8 p1.1
-(b)
22.
<.SilJI.
z ......

""'
'
,.B,Il.
'
bcndoi!ct lottd (tRinsverse) elJ<tQI lead (par411el)
; ...
A t,.o m
I zr.. to+

ft1r /O,&JZBib {lfOrh) :- /t:J'f,Zf!JO p. !6
if
Q141
CtH'II]JferNbr'
I iJ I

_Me .,(?o9.zec>){3) '='
.rTb I 2'-
max tenst,n
(net seetroPn)
=
OWB-234
c

D




.
.
.
.
2lte !
1
A
: 11 f.rotn '/Aotlr ... ewp14J. dttWct;
13
11
!,' , to <:n$1. bear-. A p.rt10n Df tiJtt
I(F;-Fio) ,fl. 1nio
J : blade qs(FJ.),
/ t'lii (Fa) "
<'' J 'tr4n'$ 1rito the member-
', 1 . rn'wttnq tn G. bendtriq moment:
,l
.. , ,/:,,.. ')\ '\: ""j'
{ ,/:_.:: . ...... .rv
'"" fore"" in appluod to member
uitetnAl f.,rc";, SIIIIA,..[J 11re I"Q'ioi\tecl b., member
e.. .. ntcr WISe ra'taftin C+) 8
<!00$1.der force'$ F., 8. F".,- su.ppor-"t ... u. . ,.,, f+)
t- o,a(x/{33")- Fr(7.o) = o
Fr'" .. 99,oc;o'*'-
a. Mb.,. o t3") - F; o
F; .. ,po ... "3'1, CJod"'
noVJ '-"9-n"ider }orce'!.r,F. ll F', appl1ed io member
"-"-:.-:,CA.tttC" member ux.ed)
2'111c. ... o
F,.,. '16 o.'*'
-- - --- --.
-tt.o,ooo(n")- ""C:>
F
1
u o."'
.. o F, + F-a. t Fr = o
F .. --- f;-- F, -(- 'l'!,t:JeJO) -(+ -
of the Qepl ted force'!, the mem 6er 1i
'SIA.I> jec. ted io bend ttlCf
39,000.
. 23.
c
mtJment- em member
.Me-e. .. F, ( 11?a.).. 39,""-'-(;;k':) '1"18, roo."* \
ehec.k this -
Me-c.: Fa(Bfz) S'1 76S"(Bi)
ol<
oOO'* _/
From ihe:,e de'5Jqi1 -the rnember

I .
-T l!(

If"


..... -til
0
0
D
max 4Ft{c-c)
c:r=.!!!... ... 11,2oo P"''
. S.. zt:..l?in"
('heck t:dltJwahle
A l '5 C '3t> c. I. s. /,'IS"'
tr = [;.o - &:t J. &..o t7y
2 Cc Cb
Ce" j 2. /2{..,/
L:. zoH
y.
benrJuir; stress
'Steel
we I d er- brad:eis ft:, 2uuer- bar -
torc.e Fa. sz, 16s
{Dtz:J lenptll ft'//d IDeJ:I 8 .. :zo,:,
iS :l,?j.;" 2. &. '-ID
to..

"' , or uu .
[be= ... th"'" """)
weld 11;19 &:!wer- b1'1:1Ckts web of- member-
fcrc.e F,._= S2,'l's- lbs
lem,tlr of f/1/e:i weld :1."
('. .... ) 300 lb;,:,
r ''
let srz.e. w =- or tA.ae.@
A
8
wei of -b:.p kr- t-o web cf member- a'f@
F, = 3 -,, Ot:JO fb
i.-1.1 /en9 t-!1 o weJcl. 9 " IY
-24-
r: 3ftOOO = 7 'If 0
r 19
hort zon'6:d shear 'Stress ,;,
web of. member-
14." fi = s-:., 'I lb
5'1, ?{,L/
'f"= ,_._ i3, !'TO p-:.i <. . Yt' "f.,,..
ol<.
ratl&ae au-blo '"' Qld - AIBC - -ti.CD (37), cate11017 (0), k lllln/""" aero
- 2 r' at -111 .,. ueh pau or L qc1ea per trip 1 trl.p .. _ S mlmltea or
11 12 :a: z 200 z 10 768
1
000 qcla lD 10 :rears. haDae ue a,ooo,ooo qalea.
't. " 'I k\l .. i 'b:t n.t t .o.ce"' Z-t .... )
.... 1-.o
c

D



I
I
A pulley ta very .:aplp and cflff1cul t kt CDIIJil&t:ely llft&lyze. I ltave found very
llUla lnFol'llatian an the deaign ar pulleya.
A
In pal't @ I ttave chackH U.a fDKn tram tne beU: an \tie pulley and Htatnea a
(f r) D w.ll u the raeultant af She
In part @ I have conaldand en. pulley kt be alalple bHJI, euppor:ted !ly UQI twa:
beerlnge ihG obtalftad tu rnulttng bending IIDMftt an en. aullay,
In pert @ I neve gone rurtl'lar lind conailllera th8 bllftdlng ar pulley llll"'ich
a lll"'aft irw1H.
In part (!) I n.va trnaed the pullq Mall n a r.lftv. uaing a t wlda atl'lP.
Tile uU eppUee
e) radial forces
b) tenoanUel force
to ttta rlng.
Tna rln:g ie eupportad by
c) tangenUel ahaer
d) a"'eer perelhl to the reaul tent Df the twa belt tanetan farces.
.:!Jl:: ..
aamanta.
1 ... auld augoeat you Check 'the warJc end the 11ethod Far accurac:w. 1 cauld neve ada
a mletske, I have not rechecked t.he work.
Wa wUl treat the ehell es a ring and find t.he tJending atrueu on a 1
alice or tha ahell.
The ring will be dlvliHid ln'ta l8 parts, avery 20 d&QJ'UB.
-----------------------------------------
1ha Shear on t.ha ring cauaed tJy t;he torelan fi'DID t.he llel t t.ansiona-
--------. -- .. -----------
this farce camaa fralll thll belt. and
ac:t.a in counter-.claekwlae dlrect.ton.
B
The HBhtlng shaer from tha a!'jacent. snell, act.a around tha entire circumference
or 18 segment& in a clack w1Ba direction
- 'I "j, '/
1
';/-;e9ment
.. - __________ _
This meane there is a net ahear force undar tne belt. or-
.....
"'-
f.ot
I&
1'18
I? 50'
:12l "'$
'"'
so
:1" /bs
If ?D"
1'/ <Jo
3Sl lb<
bYr:
13 no !(.,s
/2 no
'I'S" 1&.
li /50" '18'1
lb
/0
no Sl'(

F ..
"'
no 'i'rO .:,:
8
?to 6>

-25.
c
!: :ra!:' .m1 dtecf"
F.,"2.2,'1''i .-:::"
-?
'U '4'15" fb '' "'
coset tFi
,.q,
,,
F;.f(9J,'IF)U('I/.'I'Ir'/.2'1,Y6<f'J,"') + (21
1
'1"}& = 800 16
/ei. Sop "' a 11 '3 l!.;,.;.,h ,;., wrdth
S"2,;., ...
The ""alumn Analogy 118thad 111111 be used ta detesina the banding atreesu wl thin tne
ring.
1) The ring ia cut at. aame aoint ea that. it beCDIIIte ataUciSlly datennlnant ..
2) The forces are applied to tna ring enc1 the tlanding mament determined.
0
3) lhla mament diagram naw bec:amea the load an an analogous column. lhta anlllogaus
calumn has the same aut...ard dlmenelane as t.ne real ring, ttawaver Ua thlekneas
ia equal ta liEl of the real ring.
&. ) Thla loiHI (bending moment of the reel 1'1ng) naw ia treated aa
a) en adlll. force
b) a bendtnQ moment abaut h-l axle
c) e bending about h-y) ada
S) The thraa stresses on the analcgaus column-
a) Pial G
8
b) bending stress bd a;
c) bandln9 atresa about <v-v> Y
nDIII Dacoma ttut corrective mamanta wt\ieh -.111 bri"9 t.ha at.attcallv dataminent
ring back t.a the initial staUclll.ly inaeterminant ring. Their eigne will ba
chqed and then added diractlv t.o tha lniUIIl. bending moment.
Each mD11811t. 1& found by muUiPlving t"'a particular force Dy tna distance Hblun
a Una through this fDrce and tna POint in quast.19n on the rlng. Mrment.a are
considllrad to be poslthe if thev are in a clackwiae direcUQII. rnaaa diatencaa
are ecaled orr of tne drawing.
To get. the IIICYB8nta on aecl'l segment. cauaed bv the
!I!!!!! rorces, U ia necaasarv to di'I!IW a great.
dlltiDBt.er t.hrougl'l the paint Of eppl1cat1an Of tl'le
fo.rce 1n thll ring and measure tne anarteat
dietance rroa thie to thll center of the
ugmant ln queat1an. Un t.hls figure paint. a).
Ta get the momenta an asctt &&QIIlBnt caused by the
!!!!!!: farcn, 1t is necesserv to d1'11W e tangent
t.hs'ough the paint or aPP).icetian of the farc;e
1n tne r1nt llftCI measure thll ahort.eat alatance
frOfll th1& ta the canter of the BI!Qm&nt in
question (in ttale i'igure &eQAJeRt a).
.,(i\ .. .. tt"""t
. . ::::
\'
to gat the IIQmllflt& an ncn aei)Dll!n't caused by- the
faJ'cea, U 1e ftllceaaary ta draw a alngla
Iliii"'tiiiough the canter af the B&Qmant tn
QUB&tlon (hera paint a), at an engle of
32 Clegreaa ( tnil 1a the angle of the
reaul tant farce of the twa belt tenelon
fDI'cn). The attona,.t distance b&tldllen
each paint of B121211Ci1Uon of farce to thla
tine h and 111 tha moment ar11,.
lpaint (a)l
!!I.U1
18 178 X le.9 81)
17 222 a U,O - J,107
16 -266 21.6 - 5, 7!10
15 -:1119 26, ........ 110
lit -l52 28.,0 - 9,150
ll HI x 26.6 10
1
070
12 l5 21,6 I,.UO
11 ........ 14.0 ... 6,785
10 527 2,51111
9 570. "'. + 2,790
a +61" x t.o a,&DO
5,1!10
l!ll!t
_.,,, ,5 2
-.9. l.l.. 118
....... 10.0 - ,.,,
-46.9 x 11.0 Itt&
::.::: : : :
-46.9 4!1.6 - l,lltQti::
-.9 52.0 2,"0
6.9 55.l 2,600 I
-"'' .. 55.] .... 2,60D
: : :
+7]., 7 37.5 2, 760
+7),.7 X 26.,0 + 1
1
9J7
+7l. 7 18.0 + 1,327
+7l. 7 x 10.,0 + 7J7 , ...
'''. ].8 280 ..
+7l,.7. .5 + 37
-6,l06
Total M
8
1,519 inch paunda .a,;
!paint (b)j
l!I!U!
17 222 .... , - 1,0&1
l& 266. t.o ... J,7tl
15 l09 lC 21,6 ... 6,675
lie .JS2 X 26, .. c IJ
1
JQD
1l -JH 28.0 -11,100
12 -435 26 .... -11,500
11 -a. 21.6 -1o,so
10 527 x llt,D .. 7,!90
9 570 X lt,9 a + 2, 790
8 .&lit X 4,9 + l,D12
-55,454
!!!!II.
-"'' .s ... z
-46.9 ],8.- 178
-46.9 lD.D U9
-.9 liKD eu
.. 6.9 26.0 - 1,222 ...
-'-''. l7.5 ... 1,760""
=:::: : : :
-1.6.9 55.3 - 2,600'
_,.,,, 55.] - 8,680
.,,,,. st.o .. J,7ss-
+7l.7 ... 5.6 .. + J,J55
+7), 7 X )7 ,5 + 2,. 760 ..,
+7), 7 X 26.0 a + 1,917
+73, 7 x 18,0 + 1,327 f"
+7l,7ll 10.0 + 7)7.,.
+7),7. ).8 * + 280
-ne
Total "aJ +1,780 tn.:h pauna1 or..
117,)
117.)
-117,)
117.l
+117,.]
+li7.l
+117,)
+l17.l
+117,)
+117,)
+117.l
+117,)
+117.3
+117,)
+l17.l
+117..,)
+117,)
+ll7.l
117,)
+117.l
+117.l
+117,)
+117,.)
+117.l
+117.l
+117.l
+117.l
+117,tl
+117,3
+117.l
+117,)
+117.l
+117.J
+117.)
+117,)
2.5 .; 29.
, 505
J,O l52
1,7 + 200
+ ll0l2
18.0 + 2UI5
27.6 + l,21t0
36.7 + .,lUI
""' .. 5,200
.9 "+ 5,800
51,4 . 6,DWJ
ll.6 .,5JO
29.6 ,,.75
19.7 + ,Jl2
10.5 + ,2J2
l.D + l52
.7.- 82
'. + 82
s.z + 610
12.5 + 1,467
21.7. + 2,51t5
l1,2 + l,66U
ItO.) + ... 7.30
ltB.D + 5,637
53.1 + 6,210
55.1 + 6,'-60:
53.1 6,310
49,.4 + 5
1
8DO
42.1 + .. ,835
33.2 + l,IOD
23 .... + 2, 745
lle,.2 + 1
1
667
6.7 + '716
+57,)82 ""
A
8
. 26.
lpolnt (o) J
!!I.U1
16 -26& ..., . - l,lOl
15 309 . 14.0 ... 4,325
14 -352 21.6 - 7,600
ll 396 x H .. lt -1D,470
12 .. , 28.0 -12,190
11 ......... 26,.4 . 12,800
10 -521 21.6 -11,00
'tiJ +5'JO 14.0 7' liS
8 +614 " ... 9 + 3,012
9,091
!!!!II.
46.9 a .s - 24
-4&.9 .s - 178
-4.6.9 " 10.0 - '59
-6.9 1e.o e6 ...
6.9 26.0 1,222"'
-1.6.9. 37.,5.- 1,7&D""'
-46.9 45.6 ... 2,1..0::::
ltf.,.9 X 52,.0 a 2,1eltCJ I
: : : ::::-
+73.7. 51,.0 3,755
+73. 7 45.6 ... 3,355 ..
+73. 7 Jl 37.5 2, 7&0 '
+7),. 7 26,.0 1,917 ...
+73 .. 7 18 ... 0 1,327 !:"
+73 .. 7 10,.0 737 ...
+6,1'7?
fatal Me: +15,61el inch pounda tM
15 J09 "'--UJI/5
lie J52 x lle.O 4
1
9lD
ll 39& " 21 .. 6 8,560
12 -le 26,.4 11,500
11 ..... 28.0 . ll,580
10 527 26 ll,920
9 .,70 21.6 +12,320
8 +614 x U.O + B,&DD
- 'l'l, o1)
-.9 .s.- 2
-46.9 ),.8 .. 178
::::: : : :
-46,9 26.0 .. - 1,222"'
46.9. l7.5.-
46,.9 X 45,.6 a - 2
1
140 I
: : :
+71 .. 7. 55.] 4,065 )
...73.7. Sl.O II. 3,755).
+71.7. 45.6 3,355 ..
+71.7. 37,.5 .. + 2,7&0 I'll
.+7l. 7. 26.0 1,917 ...
+7l. 7 18.0 1,327
T a till Md +l2, 21e2 lndl pounds """
ltaaint (e)!
!!I.U1
u l52. 4.9 - 1,723
u -J!16 a.o 5,5411
12 l5 21,6
11 ..... 26 -12,800
10 -527. 28,.0 llt,'78D
9 +5-?0 26.4 +15,Di0
8 +&lie 21.6 +13,280
-JS,'D3
!!WI
-6.9
U.9
U,9
.... ,
.... ,
.. 6.9
-.9
+7],.7
+73.7
+73 .. 7
+7],.7
+73.7
+7),7
+73 .. 7
,5 2
],.8. .. 178
10.0 - .,
18,.0 - 8le6:
26,0 - 1,222 ..
l7.5 - 1,760 .s
leS.6 - 2,140 ,
52.0 + l,llld'"
55.,3 + lt,D&5 to-
55.l. + 0651:
: : :
3'7,.5 + 2, '760 .,.
2'6.0 + 1,117
Total M .,...4,037 lnch paunda CltL
lealnt cr>l
US!!l
13 -396 .... 9 - 1,960
12 .... )5 14.0 - 6,090
11 -r.e4 21,.6 -10,1t8D
10 527 x 26,.t. 13,ft0
9 +527 x 28.0 +15,960
8 +614 26 +16,220
- ,J ')t).
!!WI
=:::: : 3:: : : :
-U.9 x 10.0 469 :..
-46.9 x 18.0 ... 8'-6
-'-6 .. 9 26.0 - 1,222
-46.9 A 37,.5 - 1,"0
73. 7 45.,6 ... l,J55-
+73. 7 52.0 l,llD ...
+73,.7. 55.].+ 4,065 CQ
: : : 2
+7). 7 45 .. 6 l,l55 :
+73.7. 37 .. 5 2.760
l!!!S!!2!!
+117.3 1,.3 l!U
+117 .. 3 a s.e 6&1
+117.3 ll.l .. + 1,5)8
+117,.) 21.3 + 2,500
+117.3 x 31,.8 + l, 730
+117 .. ) 40.9 4,810
+117.]. 48,.6 :i,700
117.]. 5].7. + 6,310
+117.] ss. 7 6,540
+117 .. ] 54.5 .. + 6,400
+117.3 49.9 + 5,860
+117.] u. 7 5,015
+117,.]. ]),7 3,955
+117,.) X 24.,0 ID + 2,817
117,.]. 14.7 1,725
+117,.] x 7,.D .. + 821
.sa,ss5'*"
.l'.esl!!l!l_
+117.] . 2r.8 + l29
+117,]. 10.0 1,17]
+117.]. 19.] 2,262
+117.] 28.8 3,380
+117.3 li,.O + 4,460
+117.] 45.6 + 5,!150
+11?.] 50.6 .... 5,930
+117.3. 52.7. + 6,190
+117.] 51,.] + 6,020
+117 .. ] 46,9 5,510
+117.]. 39.7 + 4,660
+117.3. lD.7. + 3,600
+117 .. ] 20,9 . 2,455
+117.] 11.7 + 1,374
+117.3 x ft69
Sl,Uol. "'
W5!!!m
+117.3. l.8. .. .. 6
+117.]. 13.2 1,550
+117.3 22.7 2,663
117.1 n .. e l, 7lo
+117.3 ll.t. t.,620
117.3 4'-.6 - + 5,225
+117.3 1..6.6 + 5,t.60
+117.] 45.2 5,310
+117.1 t., 790
+117.3 3t..t. t.,040
+117 .. 3 2t..4 2,862
+117,.] lle.8 1, 737
+117,) 5.6 + 657
ll7.J 2.2 258
....
.Ell!li.!!9!l
+117.3 ...a . S6t.
+117.3. lle.l + 1,678
+117.3 23.5 + 2, 760
+117.3 ]1,1 ... 3,650
+117,.3 x 36.2 ft,25D
112iJ l8.2 + 4,485
+117,.] II )6.,!1 c + 4
1
3]5
117.] 32.6 .... 3,826
+117.3 25.2 2,957
+117.3 16.2 + 1,900
+117,.] Jl 6.5 763
117,.3 x 2,9 e. ... litO
-117,). 10.5 - 1,2J2
'l'i ...
_____________________ _
)paint (glj
I
radial
12 _,.,, ..., ... 2,1l0
11 -484 x 14,.0 .. 6, 78!
10 -527 21.6 .... u,r.oo
9 +570 X 26,.1e +15
1
060
8 +614 28.0 +17,220
..
.. ,,S"
Total M
9
+49,9)6 tncn pounde
-6.9 .5 ... 'tilt ....
46,.9 x 3,8 - 178 ..
46 .. 9 x 10.0 - t.69 eo._
-46.9 18,.0 - 846 N
: : :
73.7 X le5.6 a + )
1
]55 1,
7l. 7 52,.0 + 3,8JQ Cb
: : : ::=
: : : ,.
a!!!!!!!
117.3 lt .. 9 + 564
+117,.] X 13,.8 + 1
1
620
+117.) 21,.6 2,536
+117 .. ) 26.6 - + ),120
+117.3 28.,7 + 1,370
+117,.3 x 27 .. 3 + l,2DD
117.] 22.9 2,687
+117.3 15 .. 6 "' + 1,8JO
+117.] 6.6 + 775
-117.) l.2 l76
-117.) 12 1 56
117.J 20,0 2,JU
+
c

D





A
lpalnt (h)l
I!l!!ll
11 _,..., "' - 2,)75
10 527 14,.0 - '1,JB5
9 +510 .. 21.6 +12,)20
8 +614 X 26,.ft +16,220

ahea:r
-4&.9 ll .5. - = .. ,...
:::::
-46.9 " 18.0 - -
+?l, 7 26.0 + 1.915
+7l.7 l7.S + 2,76Dc,.
+7l. 7 c.s.& + >
+?l. 7 " !2.0 + l,8l0 c:
+7),. 7 M 55,.) + 4,065...,
+7).7 X 55,.) a+ 4,065:
+7l.7. 51.0 + l,?55
reaction
+117.) ...) + 505
+117,.) X 12.0 + l,ftlO
+117.) X 17.,2 a+ 2
1
020
+117.l 1111 19.2 + 2,25S
+117.l. 17,8. + 2,090
+117.) l:J.l 1,562
+117.) .. 6.0 + 70ft
117.1 l .. O - l52
117.) 12.1 - 1,50)
-117.J 22.0 - 2,580
117.] 29.6 - - J,75

Total 1\ "l,6'64 lm:n paunda
10 -527 ..., .... 2,582
9 +5?0 X 14,.0 a + 7,980
e &lit 21.6 +lJ,zao
-t
Joa1nt (JJJ
radial
9 +5?0- ... 9 + 2,792
8 +&14 111 1&..,.0 + 8,61l0
.. ,,,,q,
l!l!!E
..... ,_, .5 .. 2ft;.
lo6,9 J,8 - 178
.... ,., JC 10.0 - 46t,..
+9).7 X li.Q + 1,)2'7
+7). 7 2& .. 0 1,915
+7l. 7 X l?.S + 2,7&0,.....
+7),. 7 X 45,.6 a + J,J55 ;;;;
+7l. 7 x 52.0 + l,B)Q _ ..
+7),. 7 X + &.,06" ""
+73,7 X 55,) + &.,065 ?"
IE!!! N
-46.9 Ill .s ... 2&.:
: :
+7l. 7 X 18.,0 + 1,327 ...
.u .. 7. H.D ... 1,915
+7l.7 Ill l7.5 2,760 ....
'' 7 )( 1!1.& 0 + l,l55 ..
::
.!!!!.&!!!!
+117.) l.& .. + 1.11
+U7.l x a.a l,Oll
+117.,) X 10,9 + 1,280
+117.J X 9,6 + 1,128
117.l x s..o 586
ll?.J X 2,2 258
-117,) X U.l - l,l2&
117,) X 21,0 2,ft65
-117,) X XJ,.2 J,51t2
-117.) Ill 37 .. 9 - 4,450
,
.EI!!Sll9!l
+117,3 X 2,0 + 2)4
+117.) X 4.2 + &.9)
+117.J X 2,6 + J05
-ll7.J. 1.9.- 22J
-117.,)" 9.2 - 1,080
-117,) " 18 .. 2 - 2,ll&
117,3 28.0 - J,28S
117.,) X 3&.,2 4,250
ll'J..,) X 4r..,8 - 5,260
-1 s,to:r...-
Total "J .. ll,977 inch paunda Dt:.
(j,atnt !k) I
l!!!!!1
8 +&14 x 4,9 + l
1
D10
I pa1nt (m) I
-
.... 6.9 .s - - 2\,..
+73.,7 II l.8 + 280
+7l. 7 10.0 - + 7]7
+7). 7 .. 11.0 + 1,327 )>
+7), 7 26.0 + 1,915
+7),7 X 37,5 + 2,760 AI
+7).,7. lt5,6 + ''"'l; ..
+7l. 7 x 52,0 + l,8l0 1'
!!!!!!! l!l!!E
+7l .. 7 Jl .s + l7
::
+7), 7 18,0 + 1,)27:
+7),7 2&.0. + 1,915.,.
+7),7. l7.5. + 2,760
Total Mm 11,135 inCh p.ounde ,ur
lpa1nt (n)l
.E!!!!!l
Total M I,BJ Pit
+7l. 7 .5 + l7
+7l.7. l.& + 280 00:
+7J,7 10.0 7l7
+7),? Jic 18,0 + l,l27 :t'
+7),7. 2&.0. + 1,915 ...
.EI!!Sll9!l
117,) ' ,,
-ll7.J. 1.5- - 176
117.) s - ,, ..
-117.,.) 12.8 - l,SD2
117.3 x U.l
117.3 x Jl.S 1,700
1171 l x WI.? ... lt1 785
-117.3 " 8.J - s,&&s
., ... , ..
.EI!!Sll9!l
-117.] 1.0 - - 117
-117.] " 5.5 - -
-117.) 12.8 - 1,502
-117.] 21.8 - - 2,560
-u?,l n.& - J,no
117.l. ItO.& - 1t,76D
117.) lt8.2 ... 5,6&0
t&,'U'S"
.EI!!Sll9!l
117.] .., - - 528
117.] 11.8 - - 1,J85
117.J 21.0 - - 2,.6J
117.) lO, 7 - J,600
117 .. ) )9,8 - 4,&65
117.J - - 51550
-,,,,q,
.EI!!Sll9!l
-117,3 a 4.2 49l
117.J 13.2 - 1,550
ll7.l X 23.0 .... 2,7Dd
-117.] J2,0 - - l,756
117.1 " 7 ..... ,&60
- ,,, 1$'1
B
. 27.
fpotn& (a) I
DIU!1 l!l!!E
+7J. 7 a .5 + )7 _
+7l.7 x l.8 + 210

TaHl M -6,1Sl lncb paunda ""
lpa1nc !ell
D!l&!l one !!IW
+7l,7. .s. +
+7), 7 II J.8 +
+?l.7 x lO.D +
potnt.
Total M 1,655 ...
ii4!biil
+7l.7. .5. +
+7l.7 X J.8 a+
l!l!!E
...

zao,
+7l.7. .s - + l7
+I"JZ,SZf
1::.: .
L: .. 1
......... ,.
: :!:::
t
. . . ..:..l :.:.:.... -.
: .. !
'!:

... : !'
.;
... .,. .
'
I
<: !
: . . :. i.
.E!!IS.Usll
ll7,J X 7 o 552
ll7,J. "7 . 1,562
ll7.l Ill 2l.5.- 2,760
117,) ll,2 ... l,660

.E!!IS.Usll
ll7.l a 5.0 ., ... 585
-117,) 14.2 - 1,667
117.] X 21., 2,560
'i,U1
.E!!IS.Usll
ll7.J X 4,& 5.40
117.J. 11.8 .... 1,4)2
-1'1,"1
.E!!IS.Usll
-117.l J.a .. 446
.. ao 1, SZ../0
...
u
"\":. l
\,. I
c
D
"'""" - an - ouUcollv - ring (.,..\ riiiQ) ... """"" In tno
flgun Oft page 11. Since ,,. ...,.,. an ftDIII gal.ng to tr8 aa a lad
A
an u.. maJ.aeau alu.t, 1 t will hi IIDH ccarrqnlc to tnn .. 1 en
corrcant:l'eUd V8luu. Thla can be dane by aal.UplylRQ tha val-.e by tne ere langtn
ar - _, ar 10,1 tnBa. Tho naulCIIIQ ... n.:onua\od ol- an .- In
- talllllollng
1\
/
'I
-
8
/
/ ..

/ -
. 28.
I
I
/
/
y

15,190
b +17,800
"
+156,410
d +l22, .. 20

..... 0,)'10
,
+SOO,:J20
g ... 99,350
h ....... 3, .. 80
I +317,210
j +139,770
k 17,730
1 -85,1t4D
.. 111,)50

-aa,6lD
a -61,5lD
"
-37,590
q 1&,550

... ,090

bDS!!!s !ii!l!!1 .!1!!1!!1 i!=!!l !.!!! i! !!!!1.siliU S!l!!!l
c
d


g
" I
J
k
1
..
n
a
p
q


b
c
d
,
g
h
I
J
k
1
II
a
p
q

15,190 ,. (+28 .. 0) - 425,JOO
+ 17,800 (+2&.3) + &B,l5D
+156,'-lD (+21 ... ) ),l .. 7,DDQ
+l22, .. 2D 1111 (+1 ... 0) +4,51 .. ,000
.41tD,l7D 1111 (",B&) +2
1
1 .. 0,000
+510,)20 M (-t..,Bii) -2, .. ll,SOO
..... 99,350 (Ml ... Q) --6
1
991
1
000
+lt4ll,.ltl0 (-21 ... , ... ,, .. ,1,000
+31'7,210 (-26.3) -8,)4.3,000
+1J9, 770 (-28,0) 3,913,500
- 17,730 t-26,3) &&,JDD
85, 0 t-21 ) +l,B83,DDD
-111,350 c-t.o> 1,559,000
88,630 t-.a6l + U0,15fl
- 61,530 , ... ,86) - 299,030
37,590 (+14.D) - S26,lDD
- 16,550 t.Zl ) 35.,110
... 4,090 (+ft.3) - 107,560
- 15,190 ( 0 ) - 0
17,8CO (-9.57) .... 17D,lldJ
+156,410 (-11 .. 0) -1,815,200
322,420 c-z.2> -7,883,000
..... 0,370 (-2'7.6) -12,153,000
+!IDD,l2D t-27.6) U,B09,DDD
99,350 c-z.z> -12,aa3,ooo
+.ltlt3,.8D (-18,.0) ... 7
1
98)
1
000
+317,210 (-9.57) - 3,0J5,'JOD
+1J9,77D ( 0 ) 0
- 17,730 (+9,51) - 169,680
- as,o t+U,Ol - 1,5JB,DDD
111,350 -
- 18,&30 (+27 .. &) .... 2,1t46.2DD
- 61,5)0 (+21,6) - 1,6511,200
31,590 (+2 2) - 909,100
16,550 x (+18.0) .. Z97,9JO
lt,D9D 111 '(+9,.57) .. H,lltO
c

D





Tne reaul Ung atreaaaa an the analogous column tlecorq th8 carrecUng 11011111nta,
:ln other woJ"da Cf'lange thel r etQna and add dlhi:Ur ta tha 1n1 tiel mamanta of the
CUI' ring.
c
"' -r.
c:. 111y try

.Z8,0 ?,JIG ln lil 0 0
b +26.3 + 6,900
.,,,
9,6&0

+21 ... + 5,&10 18,0 18,170
d + l,&ID 24,420

.... 86 + 1,270 27.6 -27,850
,
... 1,1711 27,6 -27,850
g 14.0 - ),6111 24,UO
It
lti1D 18,0 11,170
1 -26.3 I,IGD -9,57 - 1,660
J -za.o 7,DD 0 0
k 26,3 ... 6,900 .,.5, + 9,660
1 -21 - 5,6111 18.0 +18,110
.. -14,0
- 3,680 +24.2 +24
1
C.2D
n -.86 ... 1,270 +27.6 +21,850
a +4 .. 86 + 1,210
'''
+27,850
p +14.0 ),680 +24,2 +21t,UD
q +21 ...
1,110 +18.0 +11,1'70
+26,]
+ 6,1DD +9.57 9,6MI
A
OWB 20'1
Tl'te L1ncall"' Electric Omar bJ Bladgett Nav,8,1%8
B
c d

"
1l,&2D ll,620 13,620 ll,61!11 U,&ZO U,620
M
X
7,)50 .. &,900 .. 5.&10 ... 3,689 1,270 - 1,270
"v
0 ... 9,660
-18,170. .. 20 -27,850 -27,850
"1
.. 1,519 + 1,780 +15.61tl +32,242 +41t
1
0l7 +5D,OJI
"r
- 7,789 llt,IDD 1D,Il8 IUN J,ll7 7,292.
'
h
"'
-13,61!11 ll,620 -13,620 13,620 ll,620 ll,62D
"
- 3,680 ... 5,&10
- 6,900 ... 7,350 - &,900 - 5,610
M
-18,170 - 9,&60 0 + 9,660 +18,170 y
Ml +419,935 ..... ,148 +ll ''J2l +1),977 ... 1, 77) I,S44
"r
+ 8,215 .. 6,9r.e + 1,51t1 - 6,993 -12,533 - ,,604
"
a p
M

ll,620 ll,61!11 ll,61!11 ll,&ZO -ll,620 -11,&20
M
.
3
0
680 ... 1,210 .. 1,270 + :S,680 + 5,610 + &,900
M
+2?,850 +2"1,,850 +18,170 + 9,&00 v
M1 ll,U5 - 8,863 - 6,153 - ), 759 - 1,655
"r
---
-
+ ... .., + ,,,.,
+10,721 + 8,505 2,5Jl
atr-
ldharet " ._..., the laia1 laed d the .alopua column
II IRQIIII1nt rram tha bendlng etl"aae about b-x) orthe enelagaua
"v mamant from the bancUng a:treaa about <v-v> ar tha analCJQOLI.a colUIIUI.
Mi inlt1al moment or tne at.aUcally dterminant (cut) rlng,
"r final moment ar tha atatlcallv ltN:Ietermlnant rtng.
IIDII.nt an rtng- M
- ,;, lk

. 2"

Section Udulue or 1 wide l"ing =
Bending atrea in ring
tr=
...
oZ.4
o{.. z.oo ps 1
t:."'mpres:u#n
t etr:Jtdn 11111 ln'Sir:ie
-29.
.
,, tl
i . . : ; :::;
!
c
D
A
Ac\ually ,.,. .... u .... - 1 lly 1.7!1 aurr ... 1ag on ...,ttou.
Til tnuUing bonding """"" an U.la Ofilia _,_ la a1ow
r- 2.0 3,, in ...
fu thtl

lila ...,uon, Uola HcaNa 1SO,DDD ln lila
The bllndlnQ a&rnsea ua-
-io,:&.
tr= Me JlfAIJIXi'btl"t) ., _ 1, '9b pJ;
-y- S$1'
tM/cie \
I?"= + 5', ,70 p-si
:r. :I03.'t
Tile ... '-- ttqaUva IIGUn& 11ft the 1 1111lda ucU.an af &lla rl.ng le 11,&110 ln lba.
For &N 11, wlda IAUan, Utle UI,UII)(l4) 101,000 1n lH
Tna blinding e&ranu are
TMI auUlda eurrace ar the lft811 hb tang..,Ual ltl'au _,.1ah varlae fi'GII a
tene1an ar 21180 pel to a CIDIIPI".. 1Dn ar pel.
Tha lnalR edge ar &he atlft'enlng rlng hila etnlla wblc:n verlea rru a tanalon
ar 1,170 Pill "' o --lan af 1,110 Pill
Now ... will c::onat.ur the 14 wlfti Hctlan or tN 111'11111 with ltll aurr.nlng rlng H
a curve be .nd 111 lf thla lncr-- V.. bending a\naBD to any IJI'IIt extent ..
Baa O.aign af IRlc:rm.rtte, IICtlan 1.1

\
\
\
\
I
I
I
I
B
Ha&-llanhl Clangl\udlne1) lhoar atJ.doan Uoo onall and ,.,. aUffonlng ring.
} !:-a::-=::, --::d .!:!:a:a;::,.! 8
1 tna .,.._ lld'llcl'l ia \hnugh t.ne lfltlde.
TD Qllt the ... a.. ahur, we laak t'ar two pairrte 411ftlch llaue t.l'la tp'eetee\ ci'W'lga ln
&landing _,.,_ FI'IUI llhlld: 19 U.le 8PCIBBI"I m bB palnte (c) and (d) , 10.1 lncnaa
-
"".f. 7. '18"4 q, lk yl'(,,;) - -1()'1, 200 ,;,
.M,. {+ 2,n1 ni lkY 1ml ... 'D, in 16s
_ JI'IC: (-JDUIK>TI.,7) = - 89'1 fl$/
0,.-y ZDJ,'t
f.(- B'l'lf>tiXJtl'\t'l,? - /S,H'o AS,
(ltilti'IOYI.6?)
tr,.= y z.oi+ "'
F;. fz'IOpt.IXN""IAt'j"
+Z.'IOp-a,"
.... !r,oe o
Ttta dlffH811ca ln \haea twa bending farcn auat &renefer out ea ehear wlthln a
10.1 lneh lenoth
r .. -16i";fo-(!6ioeo) ., Z07t::J wetrls}
l"o /P/
or 103() lb;,;, per C,'l/et we.lcl
zz. _____ ...,
A y
T.Jt\Y
Ia
ZZ'\< .!?it D 0
0
..i"'tLS':t.-7/i( 3.'1'1
/1.08125
31./l.l.
c
D
\/ cnte.r
-f:.-c..---.,..,,..,..t-u.re
. , ... !Itt' MS t 5,4JZ"
l.!i/t.a
/IB.bS'-
total
/j'f.798
or .
Z S,
7 0 7 1
;, ...-csntar of ,,. .. t'l I. s-oo m
A at"4'IO
r.,.' ... T.'X, II,<{, '7'1[3- {t.!itJof.33.1'/S)/f.!l.'7'/&- '18.'-FJS
bendoil<j -sire-s<; mSiae
M( r:- r;.) 111 (zs-.1ss--18.) _ o'l'l'- ft-1
g; = A Us"- rt"
bendtn'l stre .. ,. ,. .. :to/Jt>
M(r.-rn) /1'1[?..8.-U.3H) ,. .o;oz M
tr, A r.) r.: 21..UC U,7"7-2S".iiij'211)
.Tn tlu"s PKRmple-
. 0'1'12 .111 = {.O<J'I2.){2o'I.OOcJtn//;) 'f,OOO.p-s./
.o,oz ..,_ = (.rHoa){zo'i.ooo,;,/6) .Z,oao. post'
m-;u It ant .. nit ;orce
(,)'+ r: i!'-/':l9.? tL,.;
lr'l -:;,;., 70 weld rrei::z "e;,.
tty,;, n
r.o; 11>3>" a,.. bea:l:J"t' ::Jf !1;7l,
. 30.



A

F


B

. 31.
Moment In dtic at"@
/1
4
Q Ms +- M., + M,
---------------
e.rt lri.L Ft' .., !1.!1'. !!. (Lt' +'1\
I{ rof}
'I FJ.
M,=
nee. J M.,
M
_ B.Et
1
And .a. M.L
,. ""' " ""' 'IFI
14? + Ms
Lt'
FJ "'N"
..,
:t:ol +-?
{
Lt' )
'IFd " M. t M,"'fo\.: M-{1+ Mr y;:t'l

1 L-t '"1 t -rrr--

&H
= '1 Fd #
/1'1 (Lt> ))
x;;; t- 'I
we need .M,,
we M,.
c
0
M."
f1()W uns/der the 1imer dtic a"t CGJ
M
11
M,_ +Mn + MNJ
1
Z.Fd
S Fd tt'
56 /1, =jl.tl )L l{LJ. {L t' + I( )L
Lx;. +'I xa.
------------------------
vve nef'd M,
11
A
B
. 32-
Example.:
-+-L ---Jj
F 2 2,000 /b
d zs'Ju.
I .. '!!.f/2. 2ol in,
r; = 'f ,;.,
r 14 in
F-.. /'!.,()()0 lb
wt -atu.l 2.'1,178
wt Lva:ter q,'tO?S lb
., ,0
-a-z,ooo 1\. em
Qt:at:-h beo.r-1'11'3
J:. = 1'/ 3 .s-
r. If
Deso<ln 'We/dments ?.'l-B
C!CIU 17
erlrje SIA('PIN"ted
Cll = .s"(
= 2.06
c

D




IJufr!r
beno1n9 indrsc. o.t hb, pomt@
radtill ten":>i /e stret>S
'l,ZOO. p-o 1
,%111 iF we were a:>nsti:ler tlte ecl9"'s of f.",.
dt's c to be st'mp/y '1>1Appt>t"ted, l.ck:JUid tc.
ffle fo 1/f) IAIIn"f -
li...
3
(l"s-Yts>' = .s1
:r.... (2&>/)(,S'f
M. .(zz,ODoXls';y){.st){l+ .L t-L t- .. ) .. 79.'100 IJ.
4
('lSI) ('Mi/)
1
f'l.stJI
ac..t"ttal edqe C!dndt't;ptrS of. tl;e drs.'c w,'/1 he
SIJme wh.sre be'tu;een t1;ed and s(mp/4 S1A.pf>ort9J,
fience ,the f'Q.dJa.l 'tenstle stress r th .::r:
hu. 1:. wr II bE> wherC' 1h betl{)e{'n th("'.;e two sets
of ..
A
B
71le ciratm Fert?lltlal hl!et weld befltlecn tAe outer cliic an'lr
the 5/vJft at' thf @ must be aJ/Je to tl!ri
mtJment {1<4) ffl)m the sktft llito the
sa. 3 in..,
r ./01.... 1/Z,?OO _ z, z u,.,
ro --s;- S'O. '3 - -.c.; "'
qfso 11111st rmnsfer a torque af
T
- 1f3,ooo HP 63,ooo{oroo). Yi>Z.x>o
1
n /Js
RP.., Z.'7
a c:lo u biC' sc t of we Ids
LfOZ.m-,
f+ = z, H-5'". lb,,/,
t
27.,0il>O If>
t
,F(
<ll'l>C
fo {ir,,S) ZZ,OOO ( '12, ?S)
t. sr..'I(:O lb1
A..,, 1td .. 'Ita zs-,2. ,;,
(. l: S"f.,'IOO .. 1.,1 30, 11>;,,;
Is 'l A.., c. ( z s)
-33-
,;tnce t ht vert AI shec:u- CU1d bendtnq. are -su/Jfec't to. q
et:Jmp/e.te rever-saf
1
we CtJu.ld use tim Far tne fct t '<i uE'
a.llo tNQ ble et"' d. ir:to'n -
Z7
or '1so){2o) = 15!> x./IP
6
e9cle.s
"!>0 1./.Jt! w:/1 u.se oulllr cqc/O''S
't,_

.. '/,ooo ps,
1.21,;, or 1?f"
partt4.f pe.ae trn.ftaa '/fPD!Je weld
1::::. 3 'f zo llwi ,.
85
s-
1
;,
0
,_ .?" deep .
o/MO p$l
-...,-- ..
.
.
I

Welded
Allllllllllllllffih:
bead ,.;
9
stress
f:eao.i/e
Me '1.05 "'";
t.
COII"DreS$te
ltfc .e/
1
/SO ..
2
[gl Mi
D;"r
c
D

,.:W" :r

axle plu. any vertlcal portlon ar t"- weld, ... below.
Total lltllgth or alngla wld to ba
erractlve 111 tranarenlng the vertical ah .. r ..
701-'ftP
Unl t ehaar rarca DR wela.
L ..Y... 3'1"Z"'"
r, L 1/,;8 y,,.
Lag alza or ru1at weld (70 we-ld 118tal) ateadv lolld
!..) 'f. HI "fln ZCfS"
=(.7D7X'-' ""
but bacau&e or the 1 1/2 lnch thiCk plata,
mlnlum weld elza 11 5/16 lnch.
Ir 11111 .. uaa t"- rauawlftG retlgUII load condltlana: z,onotooo cyclea
atraaa range K mtnJu o, thle bec:amae AISC Fatigue catega.rv (F) and
'i""' =- ..::!i!:._: II 1t.
1
i = Ill<'-' but not to exc:aed ataady value or 21 kal
1-K 1-D
B
... a:, til.: ::.. ..
Thta Mlll produce horizontal rarce or lll 111,... Jr we .._. bn&lel ar ttt.
natuft ar the burlAp or the ahll.ve ahairt, that thla rarce le eurlad aqually bv
the outal' alde pl-'- end the lrtnBI' aldll plate, thla 1111111 ndu.n tne eppll.ad ron:a
tia aiiCh Plata to 56.5 111,..
F&SO"
Treattno Chs outer atde plate 1111 a circular pJ.ete* wlth IINI wltftaut e arrtnl hOle,
almpla iiUPPDrte or rbad at tha autar adQe, w get a aallect1.Dn or valuee uelng
ronuJ.u rram Aoartta FaNUlaa rar Straaa I Streln, ltth Edltlan.
Dut-er
s/mplot eJ
@
o;= '" 8 /(s;
t;;xmtMI ot
traf hilt
A :dJ, 37
. ciro./4r P!"tl'
1
Rt center
.. lth -ttt/11 f(fo
G
tJ:: 32.$"/<Si
',.4t&& w
.tt r;
4,. o. :1. :l /fteMs
eir&A{ar pMtt' _.t: t!mtter
solid
t>"'feS
8; 3"1.6 (<.,;

a-, Iii, {t 1<si

c.,:' 1!), 1'3
.at center
a:,.
1
""'"' or :!-fent.i.t
f cBIIt4r r,
(f.. li,'J K';i
='fr:t. ..
IT. ot
..
A,
711ts
follows on
5/Jee6<111ti
34-
Route 4th d. PIIQII 220, CBU lit
_ 3F(m'!.t) [r"'-t'-1-
.(); 'ftrlti'Ft' ' r: {m-1) + r.'" (m tt)
r [ "'-s' 2 'f +'1Wfsffkl'{i>te'ftJ" o. I ?I
6
' Y'ltf.;'i)'fiGoJD'b'l.l' ll1)'(;\-1) + .. l) &t<6tlfer)
Roan Ed, PBu """" 1
0, 2 Z /1/C/tt!S
(t <e11ter)
c

D





Traa fgllacdlng aaclr:et and &hlll'lk for a large 1a to
ba 1nvaat1gatad ln ragard to weld &118 and
A
stresses an the unit.
]
811C8UBU Of t.na lGDBIII
f 1 t 1 we will aaeuma
that the shank cantaeta
the &aekat at just tw
oppaa1te pglnta
The socket be traat.ed sa a at.ruct.urel frame. It 1e etatically lndatermlnant.
Th calU!Uft analooy msthod utill be ueurd. Thh nthod la c.avr.S ln Rmra d111taU
in the book oeaign ar Welded Struct.una, Section 6.1.
The calUIIll"' enalagy method involves finding t.ha propartlaa af the aeaUon. Tnat
the fra11a H the section of a column. The dlmwneiana of t.ha aacuan are
the same as tha soCket, BJICapt that the wldt.h af th& section bacamaa l/1 of th8
socket.. The fallowing three prapert.in of t.he section 81'8 found-
a) area
b) 1110ment of inertia about the <> neutrllll ada
c) RIGIII80t of inertia about the (y-y) neutral elllla
The fnN ie then cut at aoma paint, thh ekes u atatically determinant, Md
the IDDRtanta are found using tne appUad loads,.
B
Tha resul Ung aoment.s an than t.reated as s lDad on tna analvQG&e column
These 1oade will causa-
d) an axial laed (P)
e) e bantling moment about pia (x-x) (M )
f) a .bendl_ng l'lloment about ads (y-y) (foJ:)
Using t.hua load& and ma!Mnte with tha propartlal!l af the analogous column
aactlan, the resultlrtQ etrasaas
111
on thie uection ar found,.
g) BJiiel strne
p
". i
M c
h) banding streaa
.-;;-
M C
l) banding stress
(J =+
y y
-35.
These atreeeae . .aceme carrrctlvB momenta whlel'l must be ddaa tD the ar1g1nl
mamente of the stUcflly determlnent frame. Since they ere corrective, their
algna IWet be changed.
c
The reaultlng moment.a tnan became t.he final mamente an the statlcelly :lndeteJ'rdnent.
frame.
Tnere lo one ='::. do the roaleUng shear farcaa occur only ln twa oojocent
aldea, figure h), el' ua t.hey 1n ell faur alGae, figure (b) 1
21,'1{,8 ..
-
a._, ..
The resulting banding mamants era bdaw-
...
JIILIIII!miiii[J]]IllJIIII![I\t<o,,... 8'1/
T
"!fs''-
l
'--
.L
"r
+ll.'l5'd'"'
T= /, 184 ZOO
11
tr
.... =I= J,9",ZOQ,.
r; d,
Zl?, '80. 1
CPc>lurnn
On a I" th.CI<. -r.I!Ce ol th's fn:ane,
-
D
The secfti:>n 1$ treated as Fr-4me{ ,
Tf t"s now t:""t so it become'S -statlcclfy cle ermmate

..-c:c..o.t here
1.'14& IIUr
--
... c.u. t

-r; the wDr I<- the f.,/,4,.,,,.;., wlll be u.sed-
on aolttmn
P YJ,.,'I) + .::
13end moment t I'X-J<) QJU"J
l IJ<II'I) ,_
M... EX rx 1:
.!IO,,ooo
E"I .
Bendrry moment axt'S
f!1y=-O
= .Att.c .,

.:: /S", rBB

Oi .:z:;, . OCt; d)/ e-..r
14,c ,t2'139+0<) / 1,8'.3
d;.... .r;. stJ,, s In:
tlyz zero
A
,.._
-1!{11(;
O
I!J,?I.>
B
. 36.
' ,.
-B,?Iii ilf".588
(IJQ) (/TyJ
......
""" 9et the f1;.21 rvl'!!=fl?i'-: ,J ;,.:
-;tgtlcall'f li?deter,'Tl/,'nate frame
\Jue v,',tl eomider 10 mch /e.J19th StJC/<e'f io
earrtt the two

lb

i:;;;;J
"i"'.U81b
....
(,,871 c
./If,? PI')
I.J I, 200 J"
c

0





A
lt m1ght be erguad that the torque 119 tronsferrsa trrouqh fDLir plorte!l liB
fallCIIolll"'
'-l \!.1r
Za6Q::>6

ln thb CIIISB we cen tremfer the two outside farces in tna 1st tc tnesu
four farces Dy the rall['blng ta the prPsent Bl'li:llysls-
Ll&.int. the colwtn matttad. we CL.rt one leg of"ll:' calcuh.te tne or tr.ie
aht1cdlly aetern.lnent fr-BILs
+
rr:,I:?J ''
1
>acl'
e,, a
""r "'"
a)l. t'al had'
-
380 In
''/'l<:"ilt /.Y /)
B
11.- M'1'1,33oJ9%/1'f,S6jj)1 Ye('19,33tl)''17sY+ /.n 1)= +2,?S,,BOC) /f;J
m"mud t?!oiit l'r-Y) , '
;11
1
, .. !r.L
37-
o;tte:us" or correcir'ue /lloment'S
co,ecl tr:L:: qo.e, ?JBO e -t 2'1d 320
A 3.l.S' . I
_Pl. c. _6;:, F'IS":Js). r2 vd, 32CJ
o;, - .:r. so.l. s-
r:.cse roncr' ; ts 41C llo<. 4/.-t.'i- .J. t ht' /716f!l'rrf: of
!i,.. :1,...-/.',./mrrbnt frame ((-ut frQmP}
<:.hr:-e( 'I /e. tJ C'
c
D
A
Notloo oo oheet (3) tbot tbo Jan lloJol .,.... HCtl.cm of tbe rtaa t.o1lda t.o -
alodarl.llo, !bLII will c111111e - portl.ooo of tbo l'lDa -tlaa t.o -
l.mrard; placiD& tbeo Ulldor ol.rcaatereatlol c_...,.l.oD, eed ot.bor portl.ano
Ollt'IIUd, placiD& -. ODder toael..,
B
Ql oboot <> tlfe l'edlt.l.q c._orootllll otnooeo tho HOtlca ora
detoft11De4, At tho bcttoa of tbla oboot I.e 111 _.leu tor tbo I.DterDal potootl.lll
energ oboorbad bjr tbLII atraoeed oocu ... , !be -1 nhloo 01'0 ""-em oboot (S),
oooumi.Da tbot tbe mu ooctl.cm (1 !.Deb thlck) rototeo -ab m BD8lo of 1, !bLII
I.Dtonuol _., la oot to tbe -mal BDV/11 of tbo oppllod. torque rotot!JI&
tba oamo ana10 .of 1 , Prom tbla lt 1e f011Dd tbet tbo mu t.orquo far o ...-...
or 1 1.11 )201,7 !.nab ll1pa - !.Doh of looatb of rtaa, - tbo ootaol lllllt t.arqae
oppll,S bjr tho rp 1.11 602,1 lllcb ll1pa por Inch; tblo - tbot tllo octaol roto\1.<11 u


:::.:::1 aUOCWitertmtUl atrease.a are .188 of
U1ln1 tbeee nw aluu tbe nerap olrcumfenntlal teDIIUe et.ra 1n t.ba bo\t.om plate
ot tbo IDa 1lo fOOIIIII to bo 11,17 bl. em ahaot (6) ood an obeot(7) tbLII u r-.1 to...,..
o radial fcru of U26,J. tipo, Tbl.a foroo 1.11 n...sad to ot.roao tbLII - ploto to bbo
e._onDtLIIl toael101 olroe4v f-d, !be o.,..oopood!JI& Talno for tbo top plato of
tbo rtaa 1e fOUIId to be 829.9 kt.po on - (8),
Shoof; (9) ot tbo top, oanol.dora 1 al.aUor raollltonoo otfarod bjr tbo l lCI>al.todi.Dal web
platoo, All of tbl.a l.o ot tbo l011v portion of obeot (9) and 1t 1.11 Dotl.cod
tbat- U.aa fGN:u balance oa.t Vff17 QU.
the vertlcl '-ar 'Lran1111fer ehCMJ at t.be top of ebee\ (10) ..... to be t.abn 081'11 of
tol.rq nU. At tho bottom of ohoot (10) l.t - tbot tbo .....,.t \nnofor lll.pt 01111110
o problalll, at tllo bott.oo plato of tho liq, !be top f"-- of ohoot (11)
bettor Ulliatratoo tbe problell boo- of the loci< of -t.tnc oold1l to tbo -
pbto of tbo ri.Dc 011d tho tnnnoroo web plotoo, fie leoor fl .... 1.8 a -tl.cm
vMeb 1tOilld prool.de o bettor t.ronator of foroo,
-38-
T
y
L
/(
..
AX .-...- )(
moHment raJiiltl'l mi...rd
CQ. ses co tn preu tOn or
"'"ll'ltve rtMn (-f:}
e ,;, ees ot t eos !!> s,;,..,
ll,.
:ui. (sM) cr
set e&v.a.l
- ( :t.. . )
- .L!_ -) d + d sr .
..t
cl
o-= e: E
b t lf . ?J'3
c -1/,,.719
d -1( 1111
.s\1" _..tn.er
... ----------- ,..,.,2 .. 11
rtr-.. """''

ll,.
JL).[snteL}
ll--x sms
sin8'.:

x(ech<-J) 1 '( sirr<JI.
r-}(.
fo.- pcsiitof' :rl ru;,
"""'
no,., + !IIJ'l '" t enSflilt1
t:lrtd- Stqn 11 a.mptft11Dtl
c

D


pto.te..
.!J k+11/i'l}. +(1:1.'1"1 x: .,'" ,, )+(""' ?.l}i "/. 711.8
.
.
f'i\\
,fb M3DIo') L
1
J.." J
S"'t eQoAQ( to eacb otltt'r

j.86l
A
{t)/, .. ,.;t tDrrAeJ of
torQ\lO per {nch o( ctrCL\mfercnce
or lerqtb of rinq
t -l ('-?.9'1o) =- 3'().t,7'l
(t...ced kyon" of "',') (tor"'-"')
!lowcllr Mt c.i UAI "nit Ur&ue ,, .
l = X'43..l'8 irl)
a S"/.3'{ in
i'KQIA.f 4Ntt '" 'fl, '65 ,;,
10 ,...,.tNt) f"'Ccl sl.3'1m
"oz. I'
tAere rore thF {7;)t,;;trt>ni'.J) t!I'Jd the
eorre-::.pondr.n<"
1
wit/ 1-e

./BBD'/&>f alread4 used,

now 011 o,_;/1 tht: actual vq/11.e of :streo:>I!''S
B
'"1 ITI"Ii ,[>lopirt:t the value'S bl.j U"'o; foetor .1880'1
,,
'
.......
............

. ......
' -loo, >,

mrmol -stre:.s ,;, fJ.'""' ('J"<JI!'
tT rul!'f;auo //. u,'fiiSJ
Now i/?e ,; ,; wfwt rod.:i.l un;te>rm
or concenirafecl) t$ relflLIIrecl to tlus ruiq
!o the alxne Pircqm(ererd/a.t (l{oop) stress !
Foru be tranJnred throv
9
n the
circum fer entta f welds t!onnect thq t hts
phde to the rtnCJ.
. 39
c
(each cJrcum Fe rerrtta I weld)
., ?D meta I
or D... -:.tead'l /oad
Fi, li;
7anfcl'lfl,f.t (emile fence ,;,
at
of f.:>r::<>
/.539 F
F.'


f'/10 forces
?P!f l""'l
force<;
(IIUSt frQnT ferred D t
.. itat.le weLd'l.
The I ra.duil
[
(F.) ,r, th( piA'te.
of the rin9 abo be
fz>u nd b'l the fDUo wn1'1 Mel .
t!"n1ider the top ;n a -s/mi/tu m.:>mer
The auerl'l'le eircto(mfercflf ,;,f eompressive stress ,.,
the t"p prate ,,:
XSI
A
The t.veb jlfQtes r.uitl also d>(fer -:.ome ff";,:t::tnC'e
to mo11e rneh t".
f
ll ....
+

port,on :J
e. I 'l.(rms'fn.unY.IDZ)sina 7'1ifl7,f81t.. Jo'f't'l"
boffonr pt:>ttuin _,
zf'h('"""YPl'/.1.1tTJ.)$ir,lfJ'+ f.('f.m 'f"i''/..98'1)r,,lf'l'
tntsttnq momeqt
mo1116flt M
I

t I
I
I
r
I

1
I
1 ""11'l.Sil
1
I
I
t,aJ
I I
I I
I I
L __:_.:_--:._-
'II '--



... 3o,96'"1ft JtP
I I
------------ h'l"'-' e 1
'
.
:J
L
I
l
-
I .
I
.
.
' :
... I
.
I
.
I
I
I
j
I I
I
I
I .
I
I I
loaJ
I
:
I
L ___
II
1
I
.
'TransFer .,f {,acJ as moment. 7lte llfper /lprtiDntal mclt.;_l
pus/res the -t11p plate .r;F tfte rtt1f o
t!irde. The honiorrtllt rar/ta/ tlte
b"ttom plate-:. oF tht: rin9 qnd p<t.!h thtut
B
. 40.
These are the 4ffllecJ tt:J d I the n;,9.
'II'IS"
fbere 1.o o reoe-blo voaotor ot taroo (Ia!? .L klpa) hom \he IIPP01' tlonp ot the rea
bnokot tlorWp tbo 3 tro-.... web ploioo l.oto Ulo Ujl- plot.e ot tile rill&. ol111o tho
web ploko oro ,.ldod dlftctlT to Ulo l'llla plato. I dCilt belieVe tbt8 Ia troo In*
oeee ot tllo 1o1m' ploto ot tile rlq. It tlooo DO\ oppoor tbat the 3 web plot.eo oro nldod
to tllo --plot.e, I - - boo t11o rodlal ,_, ot 1126,S kl.po J'ell'llzed to poll *
--l'llla 011\wonl ooa bo devolapod bT tbo n brookot throulh tblo orlUC81 comer,
g...f.....-4 ... bt
i
l waulcl 11Uq08t eome of W8ld1r'lg the 3 trii!1Mv_..e platu tD tne
bQUDG plate of the ring rnu:Uon ae wdl as to tha tap plate. Parhapa tnla
caula be done before the central and 1nward wllll plat .. are put tn plac:l
The central c.reb plllte could tie welde1 by uetng single bavll
groove IUI!IIld.
----
:-:--
' .
I'
'.
I'
. '
''
''
''
''
..
,_._: __
- ---
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
__
msK
U 11110Uld nelo to add same harhantd
briiCk.ta lnllde the rtng secUan to
help ln transferrinG the horbontal
r11d1ll farce dF C.2?., k lps from the
flanglt of ttle nm bracket into the
trBI'averae r11eb pletl!la, both tnp
and bntt.am
c
D
cros.s sectr"n
of. rin'l
a.:. iheJ.e IS M
0
.S ,/u::;t rett3t'"1
M, t ({i:-) also = f. e
Pr
or 2.JZ
A
B
41
Tht's moment- ez"t 0 re.prneqtecl bq h,r-ce-s
ac.ttnq o:t a dit.qrrce (e), wilt f.,p_,.,, !':.
1
moment at t:l.'l'f 9;,., f"'t'i7't
Pr cos 6 ..
M., F., e." z.]Z:e -.
11.
Pr cos S
.,- 2.{1:
The SQme mtJment &lt (}) ""ill the
trILe 4i!' point @
'
' \
\

- --_A_ _L_
Prs/ns
T,;
1
" t., e. .. -a /2. e. e
Pr sine
f., ">in 6 2. e

) (+)
-.- Pr sinS
or t
111
+ Z.{Z
c
- -- D
The same "l>u.pport reacttDn at (j) will cause tl>e
tDI/Dwins torQu.e at pDtnt @
Up to the point. o'" the Jrrst lo d
e - o -t#} '(,s
From pont of. the fr.:St load to P"'ht
e = to 9.?
0

+htt- + 'fJ sin 9

orjM ... ?f(2.-./2.)sJn9 +{is,;,(;) I
To [tlf- :lf)51;,h t .fl
or\ 7;. --Ia) el5 D !'j B-1
A
8
. 42.
8 0 it. '($"
0
,-v t-[d
8 fa
M.-lsne( d +,21lZ9or)
T.!-[d
T.l ccse(d+ .zllZ'1or)
"
rt> l&SJ!"OIP
-
-1192
-
-
-
-
-
j_
j_
. 7
+
+
5 +
+
l . .
To
+ 1811./UP
429.
z.
?
0
v.
]0111
lfleO"" .. KtP
mrnrJeJ'lt dta9/12m
fJ f rlnfJ
-:. d rQ.'I tQJn
on rtnq
c
I
D
A
lllc.a banding amnent ...... Ui5J. ln. kl.pa
' .... ln. klp \ lO kip
"'mer:zn dimen:ws
DF-
, I
.!
:::
E70 weld met-a/
the amverler IS charyed ever'! h,u.r
2x 2.'1 3'-o dars 30 szs;''OO
or U$t! S'C4 ooo"" t

Pari11:i/ weld in siJeqr-
Fati9Ut> cDn d r t16n @ CJr o::d:e9or'(
1" = 1/,"oo,.,; /e'l! ... =: 0
!""rita I pcrrtt r.f,,,,
9n'"' e wrtd
'll' I 'I 37u
f: i/,000 ' 7 'I
lienee 141!!
7"= '"()()()psi
*when -the rinq is 90:
"the CrDs:s tu/n
from -B- -[E]-
B
't/,;,'7
:If". 35'1
and there ,;. 11"
shear Dn Hie weld ff"'m ,..,r:un.,,
hence use
beco"se of W
hence u::.e + Ye' Dr
f.'2." de-ep 9roove
J< = 0
.. ,., ___________ _.__ __________ _
IJ.n :shot.t!d te 1114de wr'th the rm9
;n other /'0:;/ttdn-s, for e.xQrnf>le over
to pour.
-43-
Oft abeet fZ) , I have considered the foraes to be traneferl'ed tbl'cu.gh
tbe two cil'aamferential fillet welds. If we aasume t.he flanges to

n:!..!:f!."i!i =

appear to be relatively low. work. should be checked.
Bowever, when. ve t.reat the flange as we abould, in that: it deflects
somewhat and 1nUoduoea momut int.o the ad of the shell, tbeD the
. atreaaea ill the shell and, of aourse, tbe connecting welds could
be IIIQCb blghar. On sheets Ill and It I, l have used fomulas from
Roark a
11
Fozmulas for Stress au4 Strain Fourth Edition, page 307,
aaae 32. This would indicate a l<mgUudinal bending st:resa ln the
shell adjacent to the fillet weld of 11,310. pal. On sheet lSI, I
have used similar fonaulas fl'om Harvey a
11
PI'eaaure Vessel De&itJn",
page 14& and arX"ived at: a bandiDg st.resa of 18,400 psi, 1110 there is
naaoft&ble atJI'eemeftt.
GoiAg' back to sheet: (!) , t.here is an axial stress in the shell of
i50 pal. Consl.derlng that the unit luis an applied l<>&d of 4000 lbs.
- 11,500 lba., this would indicate a range in cambinedlongitud1nal
stress ())end.intJ and axial) of +18,720 psi t:o -9,055 psi, or a range
of 27,755 pal.
If t:heae fiCJUres are correct, I believe this would inclicat:e the .possi-
bility of fatiCJUe 1n tbe shell just: adjacent to the circum-
ferential fillet weld.
'l'he.ae calculations are on the basis that the ahell, with it:s axial
load of 4000 lbs. :t 11,500 lba., is 11upported only by the flange.
IUIOthe.- Jmpoztant question ill fatigue loading is the proper stress
allowable to use. If rc!JU were to use AISC fatique allovablea as a
igU1de, the allowable fOX' the &bell (center tu.be) plate because of t:he
attached fillet weld would oome under condition 30 1 catagory (B) , and.
fOI' 2,000,000 cycles, t:he alloWable stress wou.ld be -
o- a
where K ruqe of stress := ; :!:
In t:bis example applied P max 4,000 + 11,500 +15,500 lbs.
J' min .. 4,000 - 11,500 -7500 lbs.
and X - a -.484
eo the allcWable fat:ique stress would be -
U'
4720
pal
however, ve found the maximum oalculated atzess t:o be 18,720 pal.
Sheet Ull sbowa """"' possible methods of BUPPMt of the bolts to t:he
shell wbicb will qrea.Uy decrease t:he bending stress in the shell.
"7'hts n.9/d fla119.e
1
170
hence ;s't an tfUtqf 'elnc/
flam.;f! d61M del!t?ct' and places &I
behd//19 HffJil!lfn't on rne ede;e tPf t-he she//.
tm flte /1f'J(f 5/teefS /(;e C'"n-;/der- (he
on 1/le shell eke to the mpvement file -
c
D
Use F"rmu.la1


r P = .. 3
at.''
b =
d 'IZW,"
t. t,

p=o
P = ;s;soolk
.. ,..,)' r
T, .. h '(d.- a .. ) (te).. "- ( ")']
3. '" 9
' h'
( 11 f. t )V. +hTtP A lit 1'(f -It 'Ti)
;. a r. 11 - 1.'ft.t c
1- ';..{.tJt.?o) (ls;SDD)- zero
M,.. M' ?J,fhf) (k)- '3,'1, IV)
1<1. + 18 '1 lh /l>;,;,ch
a; ... ..!._ t
A . .,-
3
,(11/j S'SO ps.1

+----

/7,(,U1 '
:on the reve>rse qte/e 7S"CJo/6,
+ IBI70{-J,'f:6)= ; 6'li:J0pa/
Or
I.
.:? ra119e ,.;, '5tren .,f
D1d'S/Je Of Site//
tns/cie of <t.he/1
"t 18
1
7ZO psi t-. -f,O!SY ps/
-17,1.2opa/ t-. -t'2525""ps/
A
B
-44-
j 91. 5" ;n /Psj !ltfer Inch
bend u?9
(# M
tr-= h,'t.
lf thl 1a breaking beciiUH at the lndlcatltd bandlnQ et.HeBIIa ln thtl ahell acJjacent
H t.ha flUe\ wald parh.- eaN af thll fallowing ldne might tla helpful.
8rac1Cate cauld b8 plKBd bet.an the nanga and
shall an aacn aida at the bDlt.a.
A t.hnldad round atack, wlt.h an offaat. could b8
1118lded dlractly tia the ahall and t.ha flange. lt-la
ldOUld t.n:nafar the ulal forca aon dlrect.ly t.a
the shall wlt.hDut aa rauc:h banding acuan.
A at.ralQt-t thrallded I'DUJ1d atock could be walc18d
dll'tlctly t.a t.l'te shall and thll tlenga. Trtle also
would tiranafar the a:aclal foi'D8 mara dlNcUy to
t.hll ehllll wlt.haut u CDUCh btlndlng act.lon.
A thicker shell aecUan adjacent to the flange,
and tna ahllll could ba uaad. Trtle would grntly
reduce tihl banding atraaaea in \lila raglan.
Far PUtPle, wl tn 1 112 thldc aact1Dn next. to t.fta
1/2 flange,_ tne bandlng at.nas &J&OUlq reduce to
about lt760 pel (calc...lat.lld). Thlt!l 11 lllhV moat
rlangea uaad ln PliPlftQ and pnaaun vnaala have
a hpand aacUan.
1 r! 11 r
c

D

'I
"..!!!!' '!!!!!!!!! !I!
r..
:r... c-1 eo. in lb
'!1!:!!l!!= !! fllitz!l!eda
"_ :r.. 1.()
2
_ _
7- 2.. -
If 'the crusher ia a\opp8CII ln one
n\lal1.1Uan or e etrak af 1 1/lt j.nch,
end we ... "" thia la tne IIDIDUnt of
1110veant of the pitman where lt atrllcea
the na1at1ng flarce af a atnl objact
accidently di'OtJtJI!Id inta the crusher,
th.na
Work F d
Crank le S/8 inch off center ..
Mu:lmum t.hrcw of Cl'llf'dl: 1a
2 5/8 inch "' 1 1/lt tnch.,
=- ;, fh
F =
3
'St..o, '?
2
0 :: 7 ?>&. 1'11.,
lf't
!be lup n.n-... .... "" ... - ........ -b--b -"' la
oapporlburlDp ot .. - tiWo --..... _, ot ..
pl'tMa .. tbe batt .rot;eta. ... left, blad. ttcure.
'rbo toaJ.o plno - u lllllt Uld olao ...... ll1liii&SIII --ot tbo pitaoDo
!be rtibt lwul roP*- \be ooo- ...., vl\b eo.....,__. ...... -
rod! .... lolq\b 1o (r), Tbl.o - boo- a f- bU' 1I.Dialpp ......._ !be -. (I')
11Jlpl1o4 ....... 1 to lbo ot pt- ...,... nao\10118 ot _,_ to \be
- Ollila ot "'" pi-
fie \OQle plot.e 1o - ,.... ._...1011, \btl -. 017 bo - - la\0 ""'
.._-, - ...,........ 1o - raoo\1011-1 to \bo pt- - )
--' 1o 1 ,_u. toroo ooUas Ia 1tao vl\b lbo me ot \be pt- ( z. iJ
'fbeoo ""' -'" olao -' n lbo ap- u4 ot \be pt- u4 vl\b \be - oq1e
(If} u ot \bo l..cnror ODd, !be raoalt.aDt ot tbtllo two ...,......... {
oov oo t.bo - ob.ott wld.Ch - 1o \bo - ODd 1o o\Vahod to \be l1;rwoo1.
'l'b1o renlt.aDl toreo 1o aoo --4WD laH tbo ""' ....,......... -.b oot ao tbo Hllll
obott, - oov Wipe\ \o tbo n.ft u4 0\bor oov aona1 R' ...U..l \0 outt.
'rho v..,-tal toree ._..,-..J.t1plled -.r ta ...... lolq\b (r) - t.bo \Oiqq
wld.ah 1o aappltod 'V lbo oatt, \b.o ndiol force "-' - DOt. ottoo\ \a '-
boa\ will wappl;r \be _.,... 011 lbo boulaao
X, CoS G
)(
l(,+llz.
2.

a- &.
t!JttBO"-:ujJ-M
F.
F ol
,. Tilii1
x .. - t SIIIM r
a;. a {+J nllm/)er
a= 73 ;,
t. 31 ,.,.
pe88 ito
,... fa t(,
A
B
45-
I
z
I
I
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-t "! It
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w. 111.1po1M at "-o pl.- (J') """by""' 1oDc'b at tbo ona ... (r) ftPNOoa\a "-
--ill t- (F) oa W. pl-.,
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IP -se'ftnerlt rttJrans
I": f$ IRch
W.,rK= F titlbs
Eneryy 1n wheels

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0 fll.'IIJ'/0
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thea Yolau 1ft plottM GD U. am olloft. I.UC. U. ---- :,of
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11av rworldJtll """"' (1), uolllc tid. dl.otame ot o.a - .. ...- - tbo 1 lA t.aohN
vUlllft ...
c

D

t
. : r -:
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....
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I

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- --..w boo .. ..-.. u.o IJpaloe ow1U4 ...... ,_ -
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v. 1Jill p1ft - yoJMo et (:.C:.;) llpl.llot \bo (t), 'hta I.e - .... - - -"
v. vlll e1loe - - '--' 111'11 - '-1 ... ,..,, ..... - - (W)
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r
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:ztt; T iTTmr1"1"1TnmTmm"---
{w)
-6
6
f1m8 at. t!tstiVI( Df
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averi:l'fe 40fWetr cJ,.r,nq tlu' ftme tr:
:l.u, o zlf." i 0 , rAciJ.,
w.,. = --z-- = --r- '"' '5e
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t
daitetnce 'It FT4d
f Velocity c Set:OPdS
A
at tMtmt f hnpae.
t""'-

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. 47.
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8 t...,
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'0
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/ZO 17'f
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IZZ 181 lS'S"3 0
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1M ....... IIJIP1W"'""
-pi-....... ..s-n u.- , ..... - nla .. u.s.--
... .. --"' - ,_. (r) 11114 "'" laatb "' .. - - (r).
A
,. ----u.s. - ... papldel1 --wl.l1... ..... .,... - - wl.l1
.,. UYI.M4 tate --'" - llft"'C 1 llue fll 0.01 ......._ 'llle nvop
-""11111SP' lor- --' II -. 11114 - llol.'lplftaa U.S.
.. tllo O.Gl ....... - wl.l1 i!lft u. -
'
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Cltanfe P1 1111111entum of tire two U'f 141heels
..:r,.(lc>.%el'l))
z("'37<tZ){2'f,,)
rmpa.lse .. Chanf1e ;, "'mentum
F 31'3,8S7

tine carve
/"' X X..,, '/n(f.-t-)
Arett.t: ot x_ d{
1
.
Arect - eo-s{'tt) ,. - ft )(,.
4
'(cos1/'-l!o3 o)
1r ,.. 11" "
r----------. -1 H
I
A rea. +
2
: X,... I h4re t "'.2$S'f r md,
. . Km.l.!> F
A c a(.:tt>rt\C.43F) e,/OZ.UF
r<tQ. 'b" -.
.I'mphe =(AreaX'r) F
.Tmp .. lse ... Cha'!fe 1n al!tJt.dar 111PPU!'ntam
tJ&.'f F = 1
F=

8
48-
.._. - 'IOlaoo .Of - S.DDD,OOO II 1 - o ololl R3on .....
lmo Use oru-, - om wo dD --' Uf
1. - - .-u ... IIOal4 GOlF ...... 3oft I ,_, .._.. waal4
..::.:-.::=:. ':".& .. :':.;":!:::. -
-u-. - wo f11f1 "'" r1a11. -.ua fll t11o torill le \Ill ollwPle.
I, Fono fll t1uo .......... , lt11t \llo pl-. \Oull ploto, Ulllll obon, OJUIIorl-.
oto waal4 dof1oat. .-- --1nA oo * oo-.1 w - of
- tr> .. t11o - ....u ... -""' """ llldlooW. - wl.l1
-... ...,, - lllr "'" .... ..., Of tllo - u.s.-
neal\ 111 o 1aow r .... (r).
J, I llolilft ...- \11111 Ill""'"' loOd _,l.cllw aftJ4 -o --wit!UI fll
11114 p.-1 t.o noll\ - lood. Pwtlopol on - no ... plato ooald .,. .-.
tbl.e waal4 ooko o - oeo\l.cll .,, of "" 01111
U \be wob plo"" .,._ 11114 llmor plotoo .,.... 3 lllollu tllt.ot. ODd - ODd poDol
..Utll ot tile - ioereuod t.o 18 o\ tllo - U.S. ...U i!lM u o
-Ofla-.41
I 26,892 lah
-.. ... lllu.no w - t11o nu M\11 onA.io111o11 'IIIJ 1.67 ,
Ia __,...,... -. ,.. M\11 ODd- ... _ .. - -
......
""w .. &4, 160 ll>tm I.,, . .. l
.v,, I ",.. I
u porU.Il _.,._ - ..uo- "'Ill .... (witll ....... 1.67 _,
lit .. ;u, 160
111
All l
{'.I,Dp'II)CWI) ' or 1ttt-
--,...-
V"' 'J..flotM A.., 2.("3,n" 18m) .. /08
1
;,"'
V Z,J"ll/DIk LY>
'T= A;" IPS th'L , ,,.,.., "''
0
jf. we anclud,. the f!Antt t/ltcl:n'i5 fo,.. tlted .. ptlr tJf tiP UJe.b
A ... 2( }on '"" ,;, ..
"'- .Y. as alit lin , .
1'1'/thL " 1,, .,,Op\1
"S/IIt4('' AIIDWt116te. 'T''"'Ic?by .. ,'10("-<Ipsi)= /'(,I(()Op'SI.
*'rf. we b'f M/'1 2t',tJSO
Jltbaap tllo .._.. - II I dGD\ IMilleoo tile - wU1 buk1o .-U.S.
oboeUl.lll-- lood.
c

D


T T
,..J::=+====::::::=:::=,===:::L,r

>I
Tbo les ol.oe ot tho !Wet wold u """ - 117 dlvl.diq t111o N811ltont ..,l\ f- ot
b,67 lr:lpa ,P81' lbloor lllcll 117 tile wold aU-ble,
Far ataaciJ loadbls aDd 170 ld metll
1
tbo au-llle u (,30)(70 kal) n kal
ar 'f.&7"t.td._ o/i
cr "'
but bocaU8o at tho 2 lllcb tblok tlanp plato, """' uo @
FOr tatliue load& uaa tbB "'al.UII prod.d&4 "1 the AISC.
- 100
0
000 oreleo, tlllot wold aOlldiUOII (JS) parallel oboar, oatoFJ7 (F) llld
fWot veld conditlan (37) tooolan tnnavene, oet1FJ7 (0) wW oGDVel.
1
1;,.
Ct...t not tD Z.l "'I)
or U5e@
.. baaed - "" averaae ot 3 eyoleo pv hoar, 8 boDzoo, 200 dQU, ODd 20 roora.
8
A
y
20 .. '1().0
na 0
"-0 ,.z 1/().0 t.29.t)
MAY
ro fbld tho _, ot blertlo of tblo
eombtaed aeetl-., ve ehall. ue u 1
Nfennoo ado (.....,) o llarlaoot.ol llllc
""""'ah tho - ot tho web plato.
I, MY
r...l.
-11,0. 3'H,'to. 11
0
()

" 17t"' ... il 17.17 +3.2.'8
.. ,.,5',3

?/ .
r.tcr 13'1.1'1 +S4S. 3 + 'U.,'/9$.
I.onsitwllna1 - Ill !Wet Velda1 porallel to tile azlo of tho welda
c 2. I2.S' r
1
,,.,
n 'l'l,f.'I8(Zwof4c)
'fblo - oroJ oUFtl Ill.,... leo tar the la>aitladblal olloor oo tba nllot wold lA \bl.o
_le, 1ll.ll oot obmp tllo ronltont lllllt toroo 817 lllDb. rile lea ol.oe ot tllo
tlllet veld. wCillld not ln01'88H.
T
h'l'f'
1
I
I'""''-".
a= ..,,.1..-
. 49.
@ veld on oolli:ID vi tbbl beam oaaneotlm
e o'f k,.
a rn. {,.,.,. ..... . .,Ill
to tbu .,., be .-blod tba - ... u tor-
A pDI'tlcu at tho - tleop tone ....t be trmofOJTocl
-all t;b1o wold wltbbl tile dUtoooo d ............ q,.,
Tba -bldor of thlo rarao u --dlroot!J'
Into tbe bartaGDt.ll atWeaere.
f. F dfo li&.!.'lz\
""' A..., ..... H
0
"" (1849 ...Z.)fZflO ... J) l 'I I
t.bt8 1a a ual t. 1'oroe Cll tbe veld. of
Jm ' "
.... ..... II'
tho roolll\orlt Wilt tone on tho Weld lo
Jr..o''+ r..C.l
1
10.'1{, "'1,;.
tho les aloe ot tho nllet wld lo
c
D
b .. d A z JlfAZ IMZ I .r,
f'l"pert,es
of ,;ect,;m
If If( 1./)0 c. 0
0 I .J'{()i.
,
:17,. s.oo B.IZSO /3.:1031

S.oo tl.lZSO. /$"."1'17'1
c, lfl /,?>"'I n
Co' l.iS"f in
f /lever 6e.a, {oi.d mo.qrnrun Jo,d
M# PL t.r"' ,. 1-- "r p: r:; en beam
ASI'I Steel (f!Jenciii!CIK ftmpereJ) d;totJ!rSI
,-=.ti.' tJ.(, xsi
P .. .a_. Jiif) " '1.55'" .Ale> V lf.ss"
J.. G. "6.0 in)(/.
Alloo.u ... ble -sheQr orr ch4nrett'r p/a9 weld l/!0 WFiri
F = poIIOO<'Oi): 2"1. 2S'
B
I,..= 'lfJOO,
At ceMe1"llaao tbON -t. he ........ vel,d to t.r ... fer 72,67 kip, there u a vold at.
tho top v.U at tile bottom at t11a bozo, h811Ce ... h veld baa )6,]4 kip.
Aoouoll! leacth at s lnchea or veld,
34.l4 olp
r (707){11 y e<r II'/ e>r
At. -b 811111 tho reaoUon u hoU or ti!U, or 18,17 ldp on oaob veld, tcp md
bot.t.cm, md oOilld uoe
50-
I
A Y <llst.u.:e
18.9 /'1. 3 S'
WT832. '/.Ill 0
"TDtttJ
Z.8 .Z I
W II."" A r 18. 8 /p
2
83!.. ln
4
WT 83'- k= 9.41 inz
:I;"' 'I 8. 3ln4
y=- 1.13 ill
M.AY I..Z:.i'IY l.:t<
Z4"l."76 3B1l31j 83(,.
0
I 0
U'l-7 .. I '1'15'!."/
f
Vo.Y ll'o"X"'IIIo'l'I.S4in) 6
hortaqnf:-a{ smr . rn. .... )" s. '1 '"/liMtr tnelt
lot!f SIZ, ,.f weld w or 'At Inch
Bot. hooao .. or tho , 71$ !Deb t.bl.clr tlaop, aoat - @
c
D
Clleck bend triq :!tre s in bea lfJ
M" in'f.7S t<i11' = "'SOO tneh l<pr
- M c _('15'00 in s1Et ... <>
r- ""':- tnor " "'
0
"''
Thti t'.l Above the yietJ 5iren1 th () f A 'II.( I hence
ac.counts Ft:ir the hell!ltn f'tt'lti? a/ermcment /Jend
occa<;;/on.:rllr. Thtr wou.ld no /f the
beam were marie o" t () F A S/1/ -:,tee I lif_u.enc/111d
and tempered) since tlu"s ht.l:t a /(){) ;<SI ttield stren'jtQ



Treat 1t?9 tilts sectton crs a t?;e (t)
a .. 3 t bm y-:f(.&.603)b,:: .S'J7'JS L.'t1
T:;;- r!,SD t b;
f.b= Vra.
2
Y,.. V _

1 Y
2.6"bm - bm
Tlle unit -sheor foi"C.e 1.. it: where
or
cou.ld trea.t
.
the sec.t:/6n a.s a
c ...... d on .. he- flcow)
/me-
1--b,.--!f
where A = area t.ui thn1
med1on = z.sqa
,--- ---,
, \
,' \
I '
I \
, )
T
\ ,
\ ,'
/
. ,

8
-51
also treo:t as a ltne
't=

..
where C. Dm
J= 2. r f).O r 6!.,
li>t
l
Check. colu.mn 1n
in+
11-
tr= .t!Lc,.fJ.BOt::!.oooYtz.29). /o, zoo pru'
I 2,172.
chec.J IPnr/tudtital sheor from !Jend/;,_, -
_ 8(.
b- 15 ( 1>:- b;) I!J ( ll.Z'f"-1/.11")
hnp/t-udrnal ';fht!!4r fmm
r 'f 'T 60)
lj, .. + b," " n.ztt'+J/.11'
trecdl;.,fj sec'tton as a ;,;,e
'" l..fio t:b:. 21'-D
(!.sea. ""o :(tz.zq) = /P, ?oops,
:1 16C)
hn9;t'11o'tn1 shtu2r from Jt!!/Kitt?<;-
,;, ...
f. 3) Y. CF%o3)(.rooo) " l'l
0
lA;,;,
b l.fi IZ.)
,h_r ff'l:Jrn tof:s,;,n-
L T Sl>OIJ 60 : jf Ol
li s: 1 q' II! (1.191. )( rz-)"
'b;,;,
c
D
A
a" Z.'II'IO (b:.-h.')
..
y = S"/DZ, ( b;-1!')
(d,stance between C6 tll!'s
and Mil. of w/,p/e sec ttlfJn)
:C= /.B602 (b:-b.') !TII)ment of
1nertiR D{ whofe sec:tl(;n
V = shet:tr df'plterJ to member
!Drce D.!J. welt!- benrhrlty
per hnear inch of weh' (each wefci)
Tre4 t this sec. tto'n as a hne (bm) ami (t)
a., 'It A, yc. ?BBSJ b, I= 6.11./8 t
25'5"<;7 v
f.b ..__ __ _
b.,.
L.emyita d11ia/
where
7ira ... ea
c .H"3" O .. t b.)
t I.Z.t:J71 (6.-P.)
J= ox-b.')
Treed ,,;9 f/le -s,u 111s 1ft ltne -
f 'T'"t = If..! where c c 1. so,s? b,
i J
f
T 1.'30.5"? b, t
" 31 3"' b! t
( : /lfJ60 T"
l"t b.,
er bcase d upon shear-
B
. 52.
Cl-= tr(r .. '- r,) held !J'{ we/Js)
;-r;') _ tt{r,. .. +r,r. tr.)
_ /Y =-,'IT(r ... -r. - 31T(r.:r,)
{d,\Uince betiAJeen c.c:; ,( t!lr., an1:1
"'"- and A/.A. of.
I= ;rcr ..
( /lii)ITietrl- o(
V shear appluid tl> member-
/pnep"tttdtOal shear force on .Weld
.------, dt.te "to bendto/,
I
F
= V 'l Y I Jl,.s pjr lm'enr tnch of we lei
r 2.. (2 welds)
..1....------'-
T Uar.)
The u.nit f-orce ,., T "t where t r..-r;
c. T(r-..t-r.)t v T(r;1-r,)l"-r.)
't 1t Zr.;- r. or
where c. r.,
. Tt-
ft #1'" 1:" 2:tv r:,
or ., ...
./dl 'let the '5a.me result U.'i111'l
c


or
A
lA
+
.... -----"\
\
tl.ltS
"=::
.. ,._-: __
Ths banding atraaa at env polnt (r) tn a sacUon af a curvad memttar ta:
center
1
...3rv4tull!'
---ol
T.i
b I .

l r.-
r, radluB to inner f'aea Df IDBIIIbBr (and GU'tBI' fibBJ' Df inner plata)
.10 radlua tg outer face af member
r..._ ... radius to tnnar fiber af inner plata <!)
r
8
radius to neutral BJtla
r
9
.. radius Ul center af gravity
c distance fi'OII nautral &Jt1a ta point 1n quaatlon
c
1
... dlatam::a from neutral uta ta inner fiber af 1nnar plata (!)
c;L CI1Btence frcua neutral ax1a ta outer fiber uf inner plate (!}
b .. width of the lnner plate
I
B
I
lcmterol

4
I
1-r---l
rr01il--l
Tna radius <r,) of the central effect af thia force (f) 11-
Z(arb dr) r
rF :E c:lr
The Clanaminator is the total forr:a (F) SJtd h88 bean celc:ulatad above, BD 1 t
ls anlv necusary to calculata 'the nuaaret.ar, and 1t la-

_f:!1k_ {_n.-r) dt r ...!::!..!_) (r,.-r) dr (r.r--
2
ra\
A{ I;- ra) r r Ar,- rn A!!irn) /rrt

... [r.( r;)- r"';z.-r,J
A(r;-rn)
so r,'
r;,(r ... -ri)(/
r. lo
1
*-{r,..- n)
- 63.
Z.A
r.
r;
ax/a/ stress
center
-..1
F ANMJ00/1. /
d.ii=- A= .2'/.tr,;, .. = + 3,;j,90 pt.t-fensmn}
benduiq 5tre:;:.o;:, an bac.k 'S ,.cl e
c
D
o; .. M(t;-r..) {MtwJoPf.'i8s'JI'I'IS'- 3-4/.L - /Z,S'70ps(t!1Jmprl:3SIM)
ll(f3rn} r. ('.9,2.!lJ.'-'3.(,1Y.IV.1S) -
Tot-41:: t 3:190- n .. !i?O - 9,'J.BO ps/ fcomprPSsron)
Force 1n inner flo.n9e diA.e io bend inq
F= A7r,"-r} - (r,;r.)J
F ... {t'frt, x. 71Z)"' zoo lb
center of 9rtll'l.t'l oj: tl11's force
r..(r ... ,.. .. ) ( ) (2.2f"'-J..rL)
... ' \ 1,,, --e.-- /, 30/
'"'G r, ?lz. -:vz:. /.827"
rt
or
Y r., c:os e
F =- P( 4 + r;. rl)ss) z
d F PZ (- S/n t9) c:/!)
lu.t n r;, e dn= !;dB
c = hnF dF c PZf- Stn!J) d6 _ .fZ... . B
18 a a r,.dD r,. de = t; '5111
F
-then p,..
(<t +rn)b rn (r.llt-
sub si:itu ti!: tlu$ Into the Formula tor (f"s)
F Sth8
s {at r,) r.
$/nee mqximum (f,) occur:!> when
this hec.ome<5-
th welda)
Thla unit ahaar farce ta figured along the axta ar the cantral afhct or the
farce (r, ). It rtq:JI'IIB&nta the dlfferanca tn the rtanga ron:a (F) whiCh awat
t:Gia8 out as anaar (" ). tr the conn-.ct1ng WBld 1a nat located exactly an tnla
axle Cr, ), than tn1a value nwat be adjusted because of the difference 1n the
length or the weld. If (r) rapreaanta tha l'Blu af tna connecting wld, than
thla un1 t anaar farca IW&t be lrlUl t1pl1ad by t;. )
r.,
and
(both wslds)
This value wound tnan ba divided bY the or welda.
F 106,2.00 lb. r;.z.u a.t ( oF Flo.nge)
f.
_ _E_.. /0&,,2.00 /b"S ,. tt2(oO (l.oth welds)
.-cttl'h)r., (l()'t'at3.,t)z.2& -. "'
or 1,630. ll>n;, ea.ch weld
A
B
. 54.
Moment r diatanca l:ltwn nautrel d end appUcat1an of laad
-''II."- r. e.:o,,g .. H
1
4 .. fi!/,'B6<.t"
Bending IMHnlftt to thla a.cttan, uaumlng 9 loM
M .. .. ?so,7e inch t<iP'
r, r. (r,-fi)- '13{4\-,t..)- =
ra IDfc (r.t.-li) 't"3'"-k-
lnw.rd radial untt rer.:a an walda (2 flllat wdds)
f.
.L.13.00t 'l'f'l"''
r. ''-'-'llu nn
------ ------------
Thia unt t r1dhl farca would CIIUae tha a Una an 'lha throat ar
these flllt waldl'
liSt
JB.fj(,
l'i.l'i
II. '32
lfow check tha longltudinel shear on th ... fillat welda.
c

D


Tho --longl\udlnol ollou Dn tho OIOldo W1ll DC- 0' 6 o 'llfi' olnco tho
... .,., aa \ha 1'1111 uc\lan chana ura l'arl1dlv t'lua.
.F,. r..(tJ) .. '1.2.0 .. /ill
tn11 111111 lncn ... VII pnutc.,. atran by zr.s.
The tallawlno la..,. uw appll.c! an ttl given era ucUan:.
F t 5.29 kltl8 fiiS'DI tl'8n8VII' .. ta UCtlan
F
1
1.28 tlp 'co PVOllol to oocUon
N ... 250.8 ln k lpa _.nt ebaut n.utr11 u11 ar uctlan
Aalal litr an MC-t.ilm-
_.
0
Ft- _ 6",z<'ll< I..C

""' Jr" - '1.5"1111" .. ...
-t

I' \.,.1.:..

of cu.rwd'"'rl!

'moment" di<><tram
A
8
-55-
111 figure Ill , ,.. -.t.ce tile applied -ill!l 1111
aau ... a U..olle fane IPI l.D ""' lowu' f1U19e
Beoauoe flange 1e ouzved ltlle - -ioo 1e cuzved), tbio
U..oile fOJtce ...,.... an 1mlud J:adlel 11J1U f- If.,)
-ud tile of """"tva m be m any oecUoD of
tile fleDge,. He figareo 121 and IJ).
'l'hh 11J1U redial fOJtoe applied m a width of tile fl8119
11 vide), figure 141, .. ,.... U to defleol: deOIDwud lndiaUy
l.D-l ao a be... 111 oo doiii!J, iu rodiua to tile of
will cbaoge al01>11 tile width of tile flU19e -.l1II!J to
tile deflectloo """"".
'l'lle canual pc>J:t:ioo -111!1 - ll.Dwudl will ... ,... tile ndlu
tbla pol.D. to decnopa by tile of tile deflacUoo. IU radial
oual.D will be E ;r-.
IU oual.D ill the auaa.f- OJ: dluotlOR will aloo
be to thla By ll\llUpli,.iii!J tbla valu by tile ....

:t': :-"'..!!!"u ...

cbaDgo iD oUaoo 1-reUiOD) will CIOCJUJ tllenfou, tile
uoalle iD tile fleDge iD tbio h!lioD will daoru-.
to tbla ..,uple, tile oot;ar edge of tile fleDge dofleol:o _...s
loa-), and iu J:..U.ae g tile aeabJ: of OIIZ9&mu wUl l.DOitaOH,
pJ:odocio9 paaUhe auaio eod a paaUiYO cbeDga
'l'lleufOJ:a, tile ioiUal UDelle l.D fleDge tblo h!lioD
will 11110raa ...
Ae a renlt of thia auip of fleoge beadiDg ae a beea, then
will be a uaa-ae ouaao 1-111!11 ac:roaa the faeo of
the fleDge, being the - of the fleDge aa l.D a
olaileJ: - Aloo, tble ouip of fleo9e acUOil u a - wUl
J:OUb ltll ""' of euppoJ:t:, tile wold m tile web. It
1o tblo J:OUU011 nleb - u - tile wold.
'l'be followlDg will belpa
Ill If tile fleDge could be made thloku, tlleoe eod

121 n -ld be po .. il>le to .. tile web plebe iD oli9bUr to
-" thb _.al.u rouUoa tile tl8ld VD\1ld be
ouo.
, We/Jed 2. '"Tiin Prets
lfoOO Jb<.
-------------
2...,
chect seetmn (i-i)
r, .,,
A 'A/'
r. .:r(I>J..r.#-)"' 'Hf=
benda01 ntm- IDMr
at" M(r.,-r.) 2000 lb"Zllt'):''I.Z,!.z,n1
A 0;- r,) re z.1s
c
D
A
r, ?.$"
A li - ' 37"
z,.,..ZfO -
&Jil U!:!.u
F ZCJoo lh
DO.& A= .,,7f;- /p'L " P'/
ehecl<. aF back.
'fdresa-
- /S'-/0 ps/ $mp)
+ '120 . /
0
"!Dial - 1/:J.Opsi(t'tJmP)

,

CJ>mp/'Y!IJS,;,n
ol..= 'Yb" .%ra= z.
. .ac. ,.
$t11Ce IT = tr,. we 90 -to step (l)
B
11alue CJf. ff /nt-o Formulct
.. Dj. (f!f-r-

,.,
33
aoq ;
./8% ayz. t(ff}'- ' ps
and cr/tJC.a/ 6uckl1i9 'S'trc!'S3
r.,: &cr- ,.. try
Fr-om
1
we wou..ld e.xpect no
anws ua./ 6uci hn9 proi$/em-s Since
aompnesston a/Jout s;8"8'0.ps,'
a/sCJ the tank w/11 st,f{eo thr; t-e9/on.
. 56.
i
'-i
I<-
"
Shear
dt'octrom
c
D


A

I
ru

1

'h

encl pfo.tt>
l" iMid<!' plo.te
... nit en weld
uno't force on welcl
( '13'/,l c " 'I Kt .
r '11?in m
leq st3e f<"U..t weld (E10)
w= t:..'?>t tw. ..

or ...
F = I.'Jfltin
leq s,-2 e of frlld weld
/.75 "lm c .
W = .70'1{:1.1 II B on
bu.t of l" 1 $)r.,' 1:1,
B
v_. 1&6".'1!'
I
-------
L, ..,.,
!
F, ,3'1.2" F.2S't.2"
f
t vt:.?sk

n
'(.
..
.t;
:::
;::
.



t


....
...
Yli'
1
web
I
"
"""' a
;:a
po.nef
..,
"'
...

'1-
"

i

::}
ava ____,.,
t T T
-
v. 18( ..
"'"'t hom.potAI shear ferce on {.,'1/et we/J heiMu::en flaage A wep
, v, 186: G .
r,-r = ftro
l9 .,.,;.e of fitfd ,.,,.JrJ
?.20 "'in L18f!i'
IV= .101 (2.1 I) "" .-, U)e Yz" 1:::..
c.h<!'c../( ?heo.r ,;., web
+ :b. 180.'1" .. .
' = A .. = ll,'l:l"te". I '-0 K'\1
+
...
II"
N
...


d WO';Lid be we(/ keep flu$ '1','10G, l"f,'-/K1i
<>tlrt:rw,.e i{le reo.oltlll? oil?"',../ cDMptrn_, mtVbf <ucr t-./ti""'DF- ..,..f>.
a I" tluC.!< we6 pfa.te ... td d" thts
V. '
1<!>1
. 57.

'l'be vvt1aal -"' force ot 417,1 kipo "" the left, eater a tile web
-1 41recUy f,_ tile 3-1/2" tllld: - plate tllrough tile pair ot
l/2' verUaal fillet -ua.
'l'be 2" l:biclo: :Lnll14e plate appl1ee a vertical alleer foroe of 129.1
= :=J:-!t
already 11110 a verttaal Oau of 337.5 kipa (oae-Mlf of 675 k:Lpel.
7.'beae boc! va1uea a44 to 417.1 kipo.
TT
----- ..... -
,.
... ...;
A
'""''
G.3.00
)'Ill,'
'ILl .. ,
5"'1,5"0
/'jS,OO
y fiiiAY
815" SS'.I1S"

,.,.,'J,qi.!
4o..:lS"
3867. <I !fl
M _ '!S67.'1l6
1
.. ..
NfiA"'- /"ffi,OO r r-
r._MY
ra
'IS.ll't /& ..0'18
Ul'f.'i S'
nrnsct '.IA."\'18

J;.A l:t:r"i-(rVA)M in+
Hor;:.ontal shegr pf fitlst "'"14 befwetll tti!l (/sOfe t11nJ we6
f
: 'Y:r .. y .,,"' lltm
(No..,woool>) {n, 'l.'ll,ldt'J.'I .,etch)
w= ""'
3
"of., .ll'J.
0
7
,1D1(11KS1}.
bec:,.u,;e t u.se Jz'
c
D
I
,,.
3. o le-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1.--
L center ro.duis
of ao.rvot11.re
A
8
. 58.
oendJn9 stress (Jh -

I
/f. thts were a st-rru91Jt
.,.. = _,111_ ,. N>t:i I( 96 = z 2 .n::> -,.
S /,J2.7 rw
The. IJf. the ef.fect of fh1s force ,S-
t; = ","lot."
F t;, lo'/a -( ./$'}
trl d1a/ fore e on t-he two Sl'cle:J. -
F H'/0.
73
u 1J (; )
F .. r., m '!117 t,.,o stde"
or
f = 3'70 {1Jpe :uCie)
r
t'Ats ;n 11
..... ..
I "' "t- ' .IZ
17!1dllil st-,_3 of!-

30, 6oo ps/
fvce
chec:; s/tf!!4,..
ass r.; ,.d,/is oF mner fla'19e . Y''"
r _ F ,. 33'f0 ,..
7
S. (1:.- de)
r-,.- (a+t;,) r.. WI s
1
:s
or I,=- 37.s- lbJin (one s,.'de)
this res11lfs Iii 11 skt:lr sfms of -
it. a?,S" 3/0 p,.
..,.. = -t = --:;z:: ,. ..
c

TORSIONAL MEMBERS
7:= ll
a L
T. D!.
b L

!jet
T. _-T, a -{latb) - ia+b4Cl
d- L
e-TbH..a e ,E
,.- E,R ' .R
A ena enclosed. vlt.h.lD. MaD di_..lCII
\
8
tbi- ot oectlCII at poW (a)
shear 1tzoe .. at potnt. (a)
a t.orelcwael rui.lltuaa, sJI
1 = aheer
e ....,wr llrlot, n4lua
L lon&Q or-..
A
8
T d
d
l. b+d
-59-
{jf
.s Dl'f
... J
a "o"-.J

; o ....
E-J.-
J.i
..r-1
... :!r




rJ
oil
c
D
n...& n,. PIJ.IIlbcr ltnq,h:dialll
a ttant..erte memra
J;,(ml,+R.)l or A"
A, !DE,J;[ ] 4,- 1,SJl E, I, Jd
f + R,) 1
l
._ If nBQlact d8fbct1on due ta bending af elda end end membr ::t' cD
-.tr naglect. at.lrtn dYe t.o \.Qnlonal nelatllf'ce ar aide and end Ulllbar 1.,0
This is the tall of a trtJck. Aa the 1111terial is dumpeo into the tall
and or the truCk, this oate ls pulled forward by No hydraulic cyUndan and
forc:n the material into the truck under pre a Sure. Occaaianall y a solid
DbJsct b8CD111118 Janned into the f'rllllll
1
8118 left hand elde, Blld holds thia end
of the frame fi"'OA I!Dving further while the other end conUntJas ta be pulled
forward. The h""raulic cvUndera are capable or exerting a force or about
lO,DOO pound&. This subjects the frame to a twisting action. The rnme la
rather fluible ln regard to toraion because of 1t
1
a open J tleam .sections
and flat plate, hDWJver 1t does have Iii 6 inch diameter tube llllong it's
length &nd thl& contributes almost entirely to \he torsional resistance of
the friiiDa. Thls torque therefore will be reeiated almos\ entirely by this
tube, vet 1t alone doea not have aufflclent atren;th to do this.
Po1nte (a) end (tl) r rallara mounted on the end mambar of tha frama llftD rids
in tracka flhown aa daehad lines in flDIJI"I 1,
A force (F) is applied to \ha lower IIO:rtUn of' \he and u roller (b).
!: :::::..
\a
the left, \here 1B an axial tensile farce (F'
2
F ")


o;r
dirac\ ion a\ righ\ angles \a \he mSIDbar and 1n \he appalua dirac\ ion of (F
3
;),.
AMlal fOf'ce 1n end aulbar ( t.analan) la the aame ' 00\h enda-
F,=-F'y (!)
roller (a) -
Fr sin B = - F1
F.s- cos $ = - F. Fs
,..,.. thio we gat tan 6) g


At tollal' (b) .. taking \he summatlan at forcaa in lina of \tte u.ia of the and
to be zara -
+ Fa. eos > - F C!O$ o(, e 0 0
taking the of for1:11a a\ fight angles to the &Mia of
\he and \a bl!l zero ...
- F, - Fs/nol. + sin eo @
A
B
. 60.
SullaUtutllog t> into fai'IIIUla (6) we get
- F; ian B- F sin cc: + F2 sin (/) o G)
Taka foi'IIUlae (5) and (7). solva for (F
2
) and sat these tlllll equal to aach other -
Fit sin tP "
r3 tQn I!)
Fa=
61

F L"OS o(.
cos;
+
F'>ino<

sln


-F-. +
F t!.OS b(
::::
F, tan& f F sind-
(!05 tfJ cos sin sin
h{- - $)
F,
Leost;
o
F { l'osrA. s;no(]
tan tP + tan t9 /j
F,

Fs-
and
f3
tan&
F coosa(- F3
rp
F,
s/n I!)
E)t.arnple
d=60"
!- = 30. 00-:J s 'S
9
:; in a.. . S"4?
CO'i.r). , 8660
0
::>tn . , .
t!os .t736
S.6713
/tJ.
';_lt:;'l /'/;)6
tafl6 19'1'/
(
.SM,OS.'-'113- ,S()OO) 30,()00 !.'!!1:22,${>.)/1
fi" 30,000 .1'1'1'1+ S:t;713 ........
:.2 2, "so lb
./Cf'{l{=
fr\ 30,000 '8,60 - l ,,,so
I(!:) '17
'-f,O/&
./908
-i o.ib
\he 6 inch plQ& cantribu'ties the graatas\ 'ta the torsional reeia\enca of \hll
frBM, lt will wUhtl\and moat or thia torque. Ita polar moment or lna.rtta la -
J"' 2.r= .. 6,.:2a ,:r."
and will raaul' in a al'lur a\raaa of
't- Tc _(I,
- J'" - j"G, !!8
ao,ooops.i
Thla would 8CE:OUnt far \ha plpa tearing au\ of \he wllba of \he friiiD8.
c


/,,')it.
(3
<------'
CljJ .. .30

ifll > 0.6
1.0

ifll " 0.6
1.0 Of = 1.22 - 0.5U

allowable punching shear stress
CD I rp = ___!!_y__all Of I'
; 0.9 ,0.7 ;
but not to exceed 0.40oy
K .. 1 + sin 8
a 2 sin 8
Kb=1+3sin8
4 sin
2
8
, .. tb [a a sin 8 + !!t] of plane bending
tc Ka Kb ab = J a by + ab.z
actual punching shear stress
Stepped box Punching Shear
10.5.1 10.8
OjJ=
.25
1.0
0(1 - (J)
iTO>"Q.5

ifll c;; 0.5
Ot = 1.22- 0.5U 1.0

____..,__.
if u > 0.44
if u .;;; 0.44
allowable punching shear stress
@ ,, P r a$ a;of]
but not to exceed 0.40 ay
K = a + b sin 8 K = a + 3b sin 8
a (a + bl sin 8 b (a + 3b) sin' o
r =...!Q_sin
2
11
40
b ]
1
.. ..!2 [a a sin + ..'!..b...] if out of plane bending
tc Ka Kb use
Ob = V Oby + ObZ
tc 1 + sin 8 + l + 3 sin 8
For circular sections in which JL>
36
00 local
actual punching shear stress
tc ay
buckling at IIXial compressive stresses less than
yield strength shall be investigated 10.3.1.
a-.
1
_ lb . , fla + b) a a (a + 3b) Ob]
o,:v - tc sm
9
La + b sin tJ + a + 3b sin e
If sufficient thickness (tel of main member is
used a distance of % beyond each weld, general
collapse need not be checked 10.5.2.2.
fillet welds limited to jJ .;; .8 1 0.13.1.3
The use of fillet welds limited to ll c;; 10.13.1.3.
Optional Yield Line Analysis Box Section
10.5.1.4
!11 < .s 1
allowable shear stress
(
from Commentary)
Table C1 0.5.1.4b
axial load
in plane bending
@ r = SKF OIJ.-!L_ OjJ = shape factor .
0.5T a .
1
. . f
_!!__ +--2-
1 -II v'1=j
II> 0.625 Ojl =
4111
+/ir-
'---------1 1 = ut1 IZatlon actor

suggested values)
K = reserve strength factor see commentary
SF = factor Table C1 0.5.1.4&
.!L + ..!1....:!.1..
a 0625 n.
2 1
-ll
.. < . -, = 4111 + JJ)
U = rat1o actual to allowable stress - main
member
.brace member of
yie/o'
' ,
,
, '
1111 '
,',' 1,'
----!.,1 J..L----
----- ---- ------
(lnif rorce on weld ,!rom /JrQC8
of yteld stren,ptll
F, = Uy tb ( in. weld)
(14a)
vltlmafe
shear 0/'1 Me moill mem/Ju
shear area , /
at f'qillll"e , ' ,.,
,, ,' 9
_____ ... ___ T

t .R
I
tz = 1.8 Ta i: lb.jin.
t: _fa_

weld_
--4 1"1-
1111/1 kf1.9llt ,{weN
fs., I.e Tat
sine
(14b)
- 61 -
(
lb. )
in. of weld
ultimate .strength or
welded COIInectlon
,'
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
n
fw Z.il7 (.7o7w){.so exx)
(fillet weld) __.61.1-
= *z.,7 (twH.3o Exx) _ll
(
partial joint penetration )
. groove weld
(14c)
Stepped box- 10.5.1.3
If I (J > .81 or I (J > 11 I or both
a < b sin 6
O(J = 1.25 (1 + 11) =

if T/ < 1.0
1.22 - 0.5U =

if u > 0.44
allowable capacity
2.5

if T/ ;;> 1.0
1.0

if u 0.44
I r a fJtc Op a, J I
@ F = 0.8 tc ay LS'iil8 +
0
.
12
2
(J =
D
D
'Y
n=aox= a
D sin 8
FATIGUE STRESS ALLOWABLES
X

f'_l I
I'
......:
,.._
E'
o'
"
....
, ....
c-
-
D 5..'-
E

""'
F
...
......_6





iiiii;;
:"...,;:!

......
K

:""!.. , ... ....
'
"""
I"
::'Iii:. .... _

....
....
-..

T .....
r-.. l
-t-.
:::::: ... t;;::
!'ooi"'!o;;;:
8;
s,.,.
-

-
...
T
10
4
10
5
10
1
N- CYCLES OF LOAD
. 62-
Matched Box 10.5.1.1
I (J = 1.o I
O(J and Of as in Fig. 11
allowable capacity
(j) F = 1.2 tc Oy ay [ins +
10.5.1.2
Full static load
capacity of branch
allowed if:
Complete joint penetration groove weld and
matching weld metal.
2 < 22 or 'Y < 11
3 av of main not less than that of branch.
tb
4 "t; 0.72 or
-- 1.0 d
"" an U .s;;; 0.44 (main member)
5 11 > 1.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-:
14- 1-
:
-
-
1-- -
c-;;
t- I -
if'
X-
II:
lr


i-
'I; !
=
r..:..
'!;: t:=
K-I--
5000
4000
30005
z
zooo'
Ill

u
&i
600
500 Ill
4oo I
300
z
::iii
200
Ill
..I
:!
100
I
Q:
....
Ill



<D j Unwelded
l TCBR
{ Butt weld -complete joint-
reinforcement off
radiographic or ultrasonic
inspected TCBR
{ Butt weld- complete joint-
@ reinforcement off
no radiographic nor ultrasonic
@ ctb inspection TCBR
{
Butt weld -complete joint -
on


Pipe with
longitudinal weld
TCBR
Mernbers with continuously
welded longitudinally
otiffeners TCB R

Members with transverse
or short attachmerm -
TCBR
TCBR
Here the attechrnent is long enough so It will load up. Hence a
force rnust transfer out of the end, through the notch or change
in section, causing a stress raiser in the 111e111ber at this point.
Welds checked by @ (unlforrnlv loaded)
At termination of
double wrap
TCBR
At termination of
cover plate
At termination of
longitudinal
stiffeners or
gusset
(does not apply at simple tubular connectoons)
ALLOWABLE FATIGUE
RANGE OF STRESS
For Tubular Structures AWS 01.1-Rav. 1-73- Section 10
T = tension
C = compression
B = bending
R =

max stress
but not to exceed steady stress allowable
Stiffened connection - bela- joint
Force is transferred through joint by
additional -tarial
Stress distribution in lnnch -
is essurned to be unlforrn
Complete joint
penetration
groove weld
Partial joint
penetration
groove weld or
fillet weld
TCBR Welds checked bV @
(uniformly loaded)
Slrnple T, Y, or K connections - no additional
stiffening
Stress distribution in branch rnemiJer is not
uniform
Check main member by or

@
Cornplete joint
penetration
groove weld
TCBR
Partial joint
penetration
groove weld or
fillet weld.
In branch member
Welds checked by @> lit
@@@ (nono<Jniformly
loaded)
Lap joint
@ '
Shear in weld
Tee joint in
tenaionor
bending
Simple T, Y, or K
connections with
fillet or partial
penetration groove weld
@@ @@
Shear in weld Shear in weld
Uniform load Nono<Jniform load
on weld on weld
FatigUe Stress Allowable Categories
10 1a
N CYCLE& OF LOAD
CompleK tubular connections where load is transferred by:
eccentricity Stiffening rings Gusset plates
traduction in fatigue strength is caused by uneven distribution
of stress in lnnch -.I Main member checked by @or
welds checked by @')
Also check punching
shear in overlapped
portion of branch
member
Simple K
connection
TCBR

SlmpleY
conneCtion
in branch member

I
Simple T
connection
Allowable punching lhaar otrass on shear eree of main -bar.
Por R/t > 24, raduce allowable stress in proportion to
Allowable fatigue stress =( 24)
0

7
Stressfromcurve or R/t
Where actual stresa concentration factors or hot spot strains are
known* use curve
CURVES FOR DETERMINING DIHEDRAL ANGLE
....
+ t:JG- ---.-- ...,f-f-Y-/4-/'V''-V"'J.<Q
t ....
0
uo ..
!: __
: 10-
70:-
110---
'ii-1'H -
..
rHO
OUIG
j 10--- ...
'" Ci 10 --
. ..
no-- ---- ----- ----
1
uo----
100----
;;,. ______ _

. l
9=40"
9=6fJ
-64-
935"
.. ...
..
r'o ... -------t> ....
-;too- , .

'6

ID----
. , I i i j
------4---1 -1-i..lW
10--"
tao 1W t40 tsa 110 t70 110
9=55"
110---- -- --- ..
....
140--.. ----J-r-/t-/'1-c.b-+-'..
r,., ___ _
j.lO---------J-1-'f-,/,_ -;,<--_;-<;-;._..=.,_..
1ino-----

'
0
------i-
j u-- ------
1t0---
tTO-

:110 ___ -----r:;;
Juo ___ , ........ t-

90-----l
0
!
, 1 : ' ; l i
j I. L.L .. , ...... . l.
tOO no 110 uoo no '10 t10 110



bend in branch member
/11 !)00 ,;.,
Pbr S ..- 39B,Z ln' = /, 25 /CSI
bra ne h mcrn t
oo z<1.o,;,
Il} 2 "l,t)Jn-
t. /.!),',
A ?Z. Z' ;,
I

"' 3 '18.'1:1 iP
3
f>OO ro<h
F +1000 l<i>s
8
AZ1rr-f211'Cus;.)Cu, ) t2,2,,.
S l'll'r"-,(/ ..
X -o(IJ1rlu.G),'"'II4.'
s ! '!:!:J!f. ;.,t
If), s. I
3b r<si 3/ J<S/
o. 9 ( "/.() '")"'
7
IY>tn
iL{. + ...ei).. to,;, (r:J.s'f
51
+ .. .s: so xsi
"' )(,. Kb tft ,;, t.?s t,re I
V<ilkt"> o' J(./.75 tmJ rbI.S8
Qrt Foon d horr c IIQr 1
s.ao < 3 I IJI'r>:e. or<
. 65-
&n$ider us""l a fl!ld weld
tlte "1<1Yi!J1'.1171 Mnit [,rce on tile tfJe!d frettt:trdff"::J'3
.,f t'fpe. of vJe!d ) fll4'1 be 'o .. '1d by mult,iJ/tfiPJ fhe
p<nc o;kar :trp-;1. (T) b'f the e.(
/he ma'f1 mo'1 b,.r {t), To (rom '! hP nl.lrmQ(
'"ompoent ta llr Pctil.al 1/fJ/uf!, we mq;t t/lctr
<In,(/(' thtTJt-Ujh P'f ('Sin8)
II . + i;J I
fmct. L"<l'K'f <I 'h'.'QI"'
{tnoa. j,l.nlt on weJ:d.)
f'IO weto mefQ/
A/5o checf<
r. - ,,.o,;,. 57
-x- - ' ;,,
11i71:-e t t,,s raf:o 0 r tt:>::lii t'"ceed J'&
fhP /;ranrh merne.-n,e 'llt:t tl'veiJri tl,f'
s1de p:ut1on of r:;rJ"er:'of7 -seF.-'It.tJS
Un euen p,s tri bt< t1i:m d L(J(J,J "n Connect Weld:. 10.5'.1
Bntt:e member "" vielrl
U(t!inate 5/iearDfl main member 5h_earqrt qt
f., = jl.f,O"f Kiln
'> 'S1n 5in 'tS"
()Jtimate strell!fth of weldecl c.qanection
.. : KlOI) = 3'Uo t( "'ltn
If" eoJip/stf> wdJ were used, /t wou.ld not
be to e/lec.l. the ab:JtJe unell41l dstributtDn of /QQ.d
.:>n the connect1nq weld
c
D
Lamellae (ettr m /0. s-. 't ,...;fiKIII 11Jdra/ () frtlnSVt!""' /8t"'k
'IJttns to flu surk.a 6f tM IIIDin member be 6v /110/tlplvmq tilt!
form r.,; !foe llltl,;,..,.. jl<ln<htilq shear .tren (1") the thtckness of the ITIIJth
flle111 l>er [t> ancl clivlclrivf b't tlte srie <If the fillet weld lkl) ar tlri'Otl.t the
'i f'!'Ove w elcl {t.,).
t..(...tA.\
w t:,., "') t;; K., K, )
in thic er<ttm pit tr='if. eo "'''t II'. In) "' a. 70 ""'; < z o
t,om
hu/Ce 01(
,V.,.., consider the ':lame 1<nder the fotiDIAIWrq A
N=number er<te<. 110
6
K -1lli; +/It
aJti4/ itl 6rttneh member
F.
11& A. In\ = &,qa, Kll
tn bmncl! member
0. = ZSO t ., &. 2. IC-,
1

.. J98.Z.
t()tal tr: &,92 ?,S'( ICSi
A/lowo.bl;..., .,hear in (fatt{Jile 164d) . IA'l
Ct&ttO"''W , .. ,o ofc/e$ +lit
hom to,?. '"I reAd mnlfe T,.. 2,S' n'
'l>o 1':: .-!it_.
2
!;t = '3. S KS {tn.t n.t fo eue<J 5'1-;Jv
1114
t-1<.
1
af/waiJit l>f '"
Cafc .. !ated puncht'n'f 'SheAr :rtrn'5 tJfl main member
_ .!t(r. ("z. + 1>2),. z."'o ,,,. < J,,; ()/<
'1' - f K., t .J I fr it> T.'ff t.S8
8
66-
af/l.wable in branch !lmbe.r
fi'l Q9 ad egor'( l.9
From /1), 7. 'f read stres<> mn9e
c!l;r
3
_
73
,.,.;
,o o-._. t-K 1- ?v =
(assufllr (illel LOe/ds<lr
pt/Jfll pMTetndttlfr '/(DOlle
welds 'tzteto beiAsec/)
OOr z.B
B .. t act Wlf -5trr..s ,5 )'/ xsi 3.'13 xsi
hence we !ti-s or padtaf icnetrw.ttdtt 9rtV' welds
Pe
use t>tJmplcfc penefttJtiM :;re-ove wefd-s
<4nd io;
cat e9ory (Cbmplefe 'jrtJOe we(ds)
( ronr f to.'{, 'I read ranqe b",. ? ""
u-.,. 'I
so o-... - -r.a 3 "''.
t:<ctuo.l ts ?.3'11<'>1 < hef/Ce OJ<
'3,nce CDmplete f!:''et (,on rrOt:Jv 'i! are (o
l>e uo;ed
1
it. wi II flot bt" nra-;.:;ar<f to c!1('c 1: the
uneven of loacl on the connec.td19 LUetcl<;
as In /Q,S. 3 /h1s only QpjJ/Jf>s to wefclf; Ql,c:/
par-tialrperyetrott<'fl tr"oue wetd-:..
lamt'//qr I /tJ. s; lf
y
tr".!! XJ%tn). < zo J<S
tw (IIi>) OIC.
The followill<j wou.ld be one of method"> uled to oHan
suitable jol'nt details around l>l"'och mem""r- for the
welded CDnnection
3o'io 50' so t. B''
n'l' to IJS"
Y
t
o
qo
'37' u, '15'
anf{le art>utK! ao\r< of bn>n<h wemkr, weo-.ure& from the /1'{
dihedrAl an'lle
removed frDm S.Or.to.re edqe
remttin1nq antj{e ()f edqe of branch mem/H'r
an9te joint
rp., +w +'10-c(
c


SHOCK LOADING
@
2
d,es /t l11t ft'll (rom ou.'t
D( nowhere when 'li!JtJ
dt;,n-1. e, piF'ct it
,. t/1tJdlfht ,,. llle-rt>
nsr"" ft>r '" 1 b.rtf mtr.sC'I
F"ffl'l
hlghar fore: from
applied 1 aad
aame atrangth
From the abava, lt 1e aeen Ln &hoek loadlng, that. the fDJ'CB rasulting from the
load Ia greater than lf lt ware appllad in e steady manner. Tha atrenoth of
the material (member and welds) f'or all p:ractlc:al purposes la the aama aa when
undel' steady laacUng.
FoJ'mulas are avallabla for cllllculating tha raaul tlng a trees and daflectlon far
shaCk loadtng, but tbay a:r11 nat alwaya varv sccurate, thera Ill'S too many
r'Bctara whlch wlll change the rasul t, Haa.a\1&1'
1
tnaae eua farmulu cen ba uaad
ta batter understand tt'!a problem and 1n what dlnctlan one waulel go ta
lmprove the problem. Far example, ccneldar a almply auppDrtad beam wl\lc.h muet
A
B
support a shoCk load aL mldaan, case (1) of Table l.
far the energy absorbed-
We could Lake tne foJ'IIIUla

and cnange 1 t around ta g lve the tlng streaa-
.jr..H..sz
Although thls formula may nat glve a vary eccurat!' value far the stress (a)
1
nev.ertheleas lt daea shaw us that the atreas c&n be nduced by lncreaelng tne
lenQth (L). In regard t.a Lha Prapartv of' tna crass sBCtlan of the millibar, the
atnaa can be rKiucad by tha value af Notlce that cannot
separate the moment of lnertla (I) from tha dhtence Co the outer flbar td,
Lhasa IDUSt be consldard together.
- 67-
W .atlflllcar vcloc.d.yJ rddlliii'S/:Sec..qd
F fr" ... """
Ril'l re .. lv.toontmtiuoJe
V veloc.it't, tiKk!ec...nd
t rQd ,,. .. ,
m =ma-n. '-1. IS
W. u.e19hf, pou.od'l
5. itlfec. ..
F. centrifu'f"'l forc.e, f"'"-Rd ">
c
r d.;.t, 'l"'"i"f
h h""!ht ol , ioc
enl'rQu . Q'"

---...,.,--_;;-=:..Y.__ p umt tJt LDtl""
1
p>t
,..0"" F _ _". t ttme,H:<ond'S
T Ff.,rcP"':'nd'S
i., k,h E,fa.FO W wor!l
-------"'----------- 6 .dclld.t ,.;, . mD ment, inche5
w = ... d '""''" ...... nd, K. CD/I'> tR"'t r "k..' lb. per inc.h
P power, on-lbfec.
P Yf- FV
1 HP ftl!yt i>6tJOJi>l6/>"l'":JDOdlllrmin 'l'fl watts
ooot' on D t.odl:f IPtOIA.41 to:
A) <haqqe /n />{netic ""'r:$<1
w. m(v:-v,')
2-
In-pufte
Mom en tum m V
ld1th thh almpla thad, ona ahrta with ttte farmula far the mavuant af thl
11181Dbar, .. elano11ian far tanslh ar CDIDPr.a&lva load1ng 1nd dafllt;Uan hr
b8tld1ng.
&..lvlda the applhd farce by thh (A) ta abtaln tha aprlng canaunt (K).
The patantlal anargy atared h then-
.,,..
pt.J
1).:: 'IBeX
F '18FI
I<=?;; ,.. -rr-
D
m.
A
v
-
"
F,. v,.{Ki
SoM Ylue ot IPI'IDs coartanW are lbted belw.
__..., L.
LU
n munber ol
d diameter if rod
D dr4met<'r ol cod
I
, rmdl:; tli- ....
1-ro---d-
r
:X:.


I
l

T
b
I
l
- -- \118 - ol ""' - !lo,) I.e evenl distl'tbuted.
T
l
/ .ied
ends
'!lie laltl.al fOI'CO ol I.Dpot (1'1) 1lill Dot be U creat, bea&UH tl8 I008a ol tile -
(Joe) I.e Dot aU at ..,.., but.l.a epraad aut .,.., perl.o4 ot u..o.
- ... , (Pz) vi.U ........,. baoa- 1ua - I.e aboorbed Ill -sac ....
-jiGJ'ti.JOiol (liz) ottl8o_.,rto-not .....
!bl.a prai>loll- bo ...... ldencii>J' """" ..
0
oquival- ..... <-.> tile - (liz)
4apaDil1aa liP'"' bw U I.e ._w aDd bw lt u loacled, for ezilopl.o-
-[ -I
A
8
-68-
c
L.. J:
7[

tinpq.ci "f i " '
-- mometrtu.rn
hotn I.Ue 'let v ...

. e.tlu<f
L
. -

J(tfteTW::
enet<f'
-
Pufttoi/41
ener1'f
,:. _,ins)
-1M sum oF kitlmc .1. PotutMI t!l1er'f'es is undtl.t-+
V."lll' x:_
z l111 .,;.l + 2ii, = ""'2T. + ..
From tho's 'l"t
or
(1 ol \118 -1dll bo
"'
T
h
r@:;llvir1
r*MJ;Jl!J;l
... 1.
t
.Not loehorc ornpoct
., llntut
..... .... T
-
171, " + me D 'I (m,+me) "
COIIS<r1:!ti"" .. f-'fl"I!Jflftfu.
hom tho's
I

IC 2. \
""'""'- .. r-

.. .
or and
tp m.!!Jh
Ep -6.
:a.
L
Ejo fr. + 2. a -/11, 'a 6
r. F.' F.
or ell;+
2. I lK, 'L
suar .f IUMioU Pt::ft:'J...ff'""'"- is um'btnt
. +-lf:- l F. ... +JL. -m.!J .!i.
. I 'iir.- 2.1(, K ..
' \S =-
cr J; - 'm'l F,.- 111,1- " o
Dr
I
I

,. f"c



.... of--
.l!t..[ ...
F=v.Jif
_ ... _ .;.l\1.::,_,
f

@ MH of..-
k-j<--ld"----.1
H-4
T
5"
l
1'--Ji' 1--}lz
w-..I'IS'.IS" 16 r. io
4
--"'-
N{

F= '!>:l,I3Z.Ih 2 F 0 l 3. lb F 'l. 3. ll.s
f7""' fP 2'f, !"'
t.r '"' pl
r z 1, 'I 's, pi
6 (J./'1'1 '"
a (),/fiO in 40.to7,;, 4 o./0?#1
a 11000 pGOII4 -llllc "' S ldlell - .._. IJI to be otappod Ia .u.u..,.
at S laabu - l.lnO o wU. !be '-"' IJI to be oluUoolll" m....- lor
opria ..
llhat tono ... , tbe -tiDe 1111ldo be doolpo4 tor7
'm K

:'::""""
E!.J-'
F/J. ' F'"
2
trlnet/c, enllf9'f p11tentll .,..,.,'I
set eQIA.a/ m
2
v,'

1'-,oso. lbs
Dr A(JUJSO) '80 :l.S lbs on e41!1t '"PPDrt
/his t'O .. fd pe tlarr-/eJ b't Df

r,Uef wtl<l
...J1S 90 .IJ,s
. J
?()1\oual:i
metal
B
-69
Iron Dn dropa fram a Cl'lute 1ncl1ned at
lt5 with 'the varUcel at an 1nlt1al
c
velac.Uy af v
1
= lDO lncnea par aecana ..
The raUlng are etrlkea a bUIRPIIr .,.:a.ta,
l.2&l 1nchea belaw. h inclined at
lfl'' with tn.1 WBI'ticel.
Find th raacUan an the plate to tna
veloc.it"t (i)
c:l,',tc:tnce /z)
fc.l!en t:
From (I) we 'let
cr
or ('1)
.Tr. th5 n am p le
v_, =
9
t + v"
9t ..

t
" v.,
-9-
fal:.lng an.
plate
v .. V, CO :I lfS" (/tJO y. 70710'/) "' '/0. 1/0'1
f'i) Vv .. = Jz. 9 Y + '1,. z. = j d'IO.'ltfJ'I)'" = 'o'(.
(
' V..gV., _ 30Y.'IDS- '10.'1107 : id:H>3. se.CJ:>nc/S
'.j - 3a&.o't
horriootAI d,:,tance X" t
V,= V, sin 'tS
0
1DD(.70?II/J) ..
= 'l:l.go
D
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
I
I
\
I
I
I
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
I
\
\
Xn.wwiq Un we
/ t!An qet 8_,.nd V,
\1." Jll,G/0
10
hc
/!.07"
rna valacity J!I!I!!ll.el. to the bl,..mper h
V,v,a .. ,;,n,.c
Tne valocUy .22!!1. to the bumper Plate 1a
smY3.47'- 313.'1/ "Yser:
A
8
-70
Tllo .. locUy ' &110 Uti I!!E.!l1!! &o tho -,.. (V') will no& _,PlW
any 'rca unleu tn.re le .... ln val .. tty lllwt te fri.ctt.n lllltd.,.
tne 111111ng are _,.. t"- plata. Jr than ahaulct lr 8\lf tn thill .. 11'KU1m,
U: would ba parellal ta the plat. .. ., woullf nat c:auu u u Dend.
The valaclty af the are !!S!!1 to tha bumper plata 1a raducael to ra bacu.
the an atrtkaa tha plata anaota aut Pnllll t.a the plata.
(f.)
Tnis change in the narmal velocity of tha are caua.a forcatta ba applied
!!!B!!!lta tha platat and in the directian t.a the appUIId valocit'l
vect.ar. Tnia farce may ba faunell in the ftUIRitar.
.l!!f!&U. 18 the applhd fare: (F
0
) 11Ult1p11all by l.ha tncrnant af time (AT)
fUr1nQ whiCh the fan: acta ..
CH!NGf li'C MOMENTUM il the lilna ar tNI Ntutal invalvd aurtng t.ha tlmo
DW11:illl1111 by ib cl'l.nga in velocity (Vn D) ..
Th.tl naw. of 11'1 will bl CDnltant 1:hrDUQhau1. it.& mtln fllll, tnat h thl flaw
in IHM'Idl par minute will ba canatant.. Jr the m1tarlal bahevld a liquid,
tlla erne aactlanal araa would vary lnvanaly 1111th 11:1 valacity, Tho fatr
11: travel, the .malllr would be ito craaa aacUonal area.. S1nca thll ara
canaiata ar 11111111 aolid Jt.arttc:laa, there cttuld be ai:JIDII aproading aut during the
fall, with air vl1da praaant 1n tn. intariar, a that ito craaa aactianal .rae
ay to ba greater then it octuolly 1&. We ciiN\Cit tne craaa
aacUanal ar af the ar flaw juat 11:i atrlkaa tna plata, and if we could, it
prabllbly would nat bl true walua bae.uaa ar tna air voida. Sine tha rna
ar flaw at tho plata. ia tna auo 11 tha nu of flaw fram tho cnuta, we w1ll
uu thl latter linea U can ba muaurad.
The 10111 of t.h1 ara in.,alv.U during tn. u ... interval at (4T) ia
rnQ.n (m) =
A V, .5 tAT)
9
c

D


A
FlAT) = m (v.-o)
IIIPULSE I:HANGE IN 104NTIM
F::::
Suppaaa 111 pound piec:a ar ll'an ar ahaW.II DC.Ceaionall y fall out or tha
chub and tr1k tha pl ta. whai. wa.uld be tha :naul Ung banding atr ... on tha
plata aaaMbly 1
pl...te
1. zS" t.-ms

I S3.5"
d ,,S1on
Lr ItO in
Jb,
B
eQ lb.,
Proper t'( of bumper pla.fe - IL..e rekren<e ;, z.-z)
A
y
lfiAY
.:rs
zo.oo ,26' z.s ,,zs 2ll.t'Jt()'f
t ... W62S'
.1'1.'10 T.fl!l5" S'f,II>'IS 19'1.1!.11(, 10 'f,()
2'1.'70 $"(..(, '1 ,O'l,-1'1
N.-1 ...... z.a't ,;,
t I=-l;-t.r,-f'=J;i'.:xHy){/>4) Jo7.'f'i-@.z'lX6C..6'1 }..- /77.,7 fr,4-
. 71 -
If we wue to tlte dfeet DF tilt ii..tA ol fit
hmper pl11te 4.5Semlll'f
mv'
a
c
. D
'i1 we consider the effect of t/Jt! mert1a of tht' hu.mper
p/fA..te assembly
nt.Ce tire ,;, Me Jnertti:t DF
the bumper plate assem611.1
d.e.flec.tro'n
A t "' IV I,WiD 0 8 f) Jnt:.hes
" lf.O lf71>
6
welds b ... tween 6" p/a..te and
IAnit 00 wetJ %. = ?0
1
730.
=- .:1.0
-

\ f.
\
canal"er naw tnat. thl! trallar t.a atuck in tns earul., The t:ruck i& backe" up
allghtly unUl U ill. tight: agalnat: tl'le hUcn, figure (b) irld tnen maiU!IB
8
run far U, aU.empt:lng. to jal'k thl trailer aack ont:a thl!l roadway, flgura
Tna truck atart:lnQ st nat wlll eceoalarata to a velaclty ar (U
2
) wUhln the
111et:.-n.:a (S).. ale rlllll ume tb8 traUar ln thla CBill doltlil nat mava lllld tha
ttnaU.:. anargy of tha nuCIC k.!lll be abR:rb:ed by the c.ongue af tne ..
F
trA
Ct-ud pulls a/Jcad
hq c:
/"'preunt t I!IDVIi.c, irw;J:.

.,__ __ :...
FL
A
A
B
. 72.
kriletic eneuty of moving frudc
E. WL'41.
/('f:. z.
29
Pot.entttif ener9'1 abst:Jrbetd b., ffJn9ue.
Ep Y11 Ftl
Fa.
er
set these
"'"""

_Fl =
m, v,
'
I
F = v.JK m.
ar
ZK
-y-
h!J
1
.1.euer
wa auat .gat en BKIWeaalan for the velocUv af t.M truck at the t.n&tant ar
'"""u cv2l.
A vlnt tlady atart:lnQ t rnt: and aut.jact to a conetant (a), hence
Iii eoaat.n' fare (f)Jwlll prgduce the fallawlng vllac;ltle& F':

Q)v a.t-
Ft
m.
<J "
!!La FtL
z. 2m.
hence
.. 24':l
2 FS
--,;r;-
lila wlll ..,.. c:arhtn pawer vUbla at thta f1nel vlacl ty Just befof'a
lmpocl (P).
P"FV
Sull1t.lt.utlng ttlla lntD (!} lid gat
c


A c
Sl.H or rw.t. nl4. to 1'17 u:ota obaot -
co: II
lo-'1"-1
Slaee ve bo .. -...011 Ula -.,.. Ia tbio ooaldu\ol obaot lGid, --lldl-
t.o U1e 7lel4 Rnllo ('f)1 ""v1U laorouo U.. veld . .U..ble 1Q' Uae ._ t..-
Unit to- ... tWet. veld
F
=-LF = 1/1,8,3
9322
lb;,,;
IZ. 1h "
las ol.H or tul8t nl4 , 1'10 ... u - -
'13ZZ 3"
w::{U.?Xzt.ooo)(.7o?) "' o. J?G,
7
e b..
B D
EIIDPll: The truck walgha 11111&, thete ie 1/2 1nc.n
11
play
11
ln the hitch,
we will aaaume thet the pewer af the truCk buUda up to 25 HP at thl lnatnt "'
impact when tha maximum.. valaclty at (V
2
) ta relehelll. The tgngua ia mGe af
twa Chlll\nela, hav1ng tatal craaa aacUanal area af 3 .. 18 1n
2
11rut a length at
50 tnchBI.
P=ZSHP" n
1
7SD
Wa <(OOO II.
T = ..
0:, "' k.
A= in ...
t:= SO /n
Z.( fa.)

Th.i.'" ia abaut tha vtela strength af ttw BiBel.
-73-
tt. _.... ..-af tlae \HUor - Ia tlae H04 0114 OD la de t.o 3uk "
_ ...... --.. -Ia....__ ...
m, mau of trU:ek-
V,. ve.loc.it'i .,f . im P.act
m. mo.ss .of trailer =DO (stw.c.k in
v. 0 (eo.rth d .. es n.ot move)
To avotct the Pl'Db!em cf mulUplylng by zera squared 1n \he case ar
<mz><u
2
f and ('"2)(Ul)e, u wUl be boUu to do the roliawlng-
SiiJce V ..... V, 0
F-j K ( m, t- r...'l- m, v:- ry/;) a I I< m. (V.'-v;)
orl F= v,{K:J
here
f= z.fi,Jt..jdqoaoxto'Y.'!JfS:t) " JJI,Br..3. lbs
.L F lh_ -:or-177 . / t . td)
tr= A..
3

18
fn... - .,,,, P'" c.or a y1e
TM tl"'ltler langue muet Ute rorcae stu. ta the deld laM blaldllr) an
tnUer. Hawavar, thue farcu ere not vJ'V gnat etnce it ,..., ill paaelille fol"
ana ..,.. to pick up th taneua lll1d CDMact it ta hta truck. lf war t1ta
rmly fal'cee involved, then wuld be 1t0 pralll 1n daelgning 1 aut\Ule \Piller
t.angw. The prabl li11 1n ahack laedll encauntered in pulling tbll tr1ller
lang the. ned. Thaae fare 1r1 rattler hiQh be.ceuee any bUIIP ln the roed will
nave an etr ... ly .nart u .. lntervel, pruduclng hlgh accelnattone and thereran
la.rp ro.raee. Foll..awing r aau typo of attack laede lmpoeiHI upan the treller
tangua.
Jn flfJura (e) 111111 wu the center or ntetlan ar thtl unit ie the hitch. Any
up and dawn 1111tlan ar the nH a.Ul apply 1 \lerttc:el force an the treller through
it 'e whll1l1. If the wheeh an located at 1 point known the S!!!l! !!
.I!!J:S!!II!.!! tUn will be no varttcd eccalentian at point (a) ( tn. hi tDh) lnd
th11nfon na vertlcel fare. would be applied ta the hit.dt or the tengua Coute1ct.
or thaee c:eueed by th1 deH lpad).
CG
.
,___T"" __ ....._ __ --:0 (p)
f F l"'int oF
pont of. rot o.t/Dn

Tha point or percueeian wlll lie allgnUy byand the ar gravltv ar the
trailer Un figure, to tha left) ..
Sim:e the whe1l1 an ueuallv placed alightlv th8 e-nter or gravity Un thlil
figun, ta the lett) 10 that thtl taneue would ard1nerUv rest on the ground, I
would ...... tnat tn practiCe, thl lllheele en verv cloaa to the canter of
pen:uaa1an (altnaugh ther was no 1ntentlon of otnv th1al. Far th1a ran 1
dant baliava thara will ba much up and dawn at1an ar th hitch dUll to the
.1E!!1! itself 110ving avar a rough ron. I don't belteve thla will cnuch
or problp. Th1a 1a 1llustrat:ad ln figure (a).
Hawever. then 1tl prabl with the truck mavlng up and dawn, flgura (b). in
thia cue a rapid varticl or tM hitch due ta the trUCk gaing avr
8
bump 1dll cauee a twiating action ta \ha trailer and wldu. Bc::u ar the
!1!!1 !!1!121 .a! ..l!ll.!:1!! af thia unit nalaUng t:hia rotation, there will 1M' 11at: up
a raiUng tarqua equal ta
T=-IC( (For tor.oo.e)
F= m a. (for 1-Qrce)
s
t = v . Vei'i<7lii
so
h Q z.,t.ches
S IIJ
d 7 feet
V .. 30 mph
"'"7fee't
, illl Feet
A,
8
. 74.

liar ..,. nee tM .... -nt ar lnartla ar th w.ldar and t:raller. Th actual
value ia rather itricul t ta find, but lll8 ahell .... that the wa1ght ia
unifU8l.y tetrlbutall avar langth ef 60 lncnaa (5 flat).
lOa I[]
T= Fd
A
I
181() "" "7 J6(al'
m3 ,, --,;,-"'
c


Mam.nt an tangu af treUer
M= Fe:: 'io/, 8tJO;i, /6
or tn lh eacb '1/de
an9/e'
.r,. 981( in""
I.'J':Iin'
17, 3oO psl
compressHJn
Of caure tnB atrUeaa r calCiulated on the bi!IBh af the truak (ar hitch)
gain; over a certain aiza bi.Dp ( i.nct., ''lut',) at 30 Uaa ptlr huur. ate don't
knN wMt apeer:la and ain af bumpa shauld be uaad. Never the leu, U a 11
5.,1t lb chanal .,." uead, the aPia driving conditione would reSult 1n a
r.OUC:ad b11ndlng atnaa af 11
1
600 pal. And thia tong..,. wuuld nDt hav anv cut
awaV ucUan whllfh wauld it.
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-[
I. 3,8E>m"
A 1. set irF
Thle brlnga out thll advantega af tha four wt'teal traUar, Jn thil cue till
tangua 1a hinglld and anY vertical movement at the hitch will Jua.t move U up
and down wlthaut introducing anv moment ar banding atreaa.
A
8
ln rtgura (c) tha uial farce 1a epplhd to the trair by m:.calaraUng and
braking the truck. These farces could be cauaed bv the truck ar trailer hitting
chuck halaa in the figure (d) lllustrataa the tranaverae force ceuead bv
aide matla11 af either the truck ar traller etriking ruta in thll raad.
The ring tvpe tratlar hitch hils a loaaa fit and 111ill praduce mor ofa jerking
action 1n caaae (b)
1
(c). and (d). A batter fitting hitch, fo.r a ball
and aockat typs ad:OUld reduce t:ha P88lr:l an thne loada.
The tangua lllUat have aama tlorizantal atltfnaaa and atrangth ta prevent tt tram
binding if the tralln ehould jack knife IMhtle backt.ng 1f the rear whaala or the
truck ahauld be PIJ'Bhed inta the tongue, see ftgu.re (a).
. 75.
1 believe tna ;rntaat: rar-cn 1n the tengVI' emf tNllar- en "' ... ca..- 11 "'-
hitch (truck) moving var, rapidly up 1111 Uwn v te 1ft the ..... , Ill
flgura (b). lha valuaa af thaae rar-cn era itflcult H .. tanlnl IIKeYII '
the uncertainUu ar-
1) actual aiza or tr. bump ar hale in the
2) .BIIlDUnt af 'an.rgy ebul'bld by tha Uraa and aprlnp af tna trucJc,
3) velocity af the ti'U:IOir.,
It) NBI IIID!IIef1t of inartle af the welder and trailer
Hawavar, I ballave t:ttaaa are real forcn, tNt they caulll be vary high uftCier
unusual road candi Uana and therefan 1 batter ta"9U1 ahttuld be uan. far
IK&mpla, thatmada af tRI 11 Channel.
l bdiave no patnta af weakneaa enauld be allawuf, far .... ple,. c:ut auta, II'
carnera
1
cut, bllllt, and then welded, with poor quality welda, the quality 111hict'l
may vary wl'daly from ana tangua ta the na.t.
It aha bat.hara ID8 that 1111 muat rely uPlift cuatalllr t:a llllkl thll
carvt.ctlng welda ta tn. trailer, aaM \n ttte avarhaad paaUlan. Thil .. Y be
tha f1rat aut af paaUian 1111lding thl cuetomar 111a ever mellla in hh life.
What }or.ld (P)
can tlte'iie ws.ld'S
trfJIIS fer ?
p
rrelcl
a - P

f--2.'1Z"4
c
D
r.h t.
S., 'M?in'"
two
...., .. F,;.n,;, .,.
Nllllffr
d.t:-Wtlf'
'S.,.,. .,,r.'? = 't.3in'
F,; Pees a 'IBS" P
F. PtinB ,1'1'/P
(o-me 8 10:)
P(inJ
.41 f. .t1 1.288 P{lll) f .L.
r--;- b S... .,,,., ,.,, or 6' l'i?'t m
Rr, .. lt4'1t ,.,;,t r.., .. btl weld ... f.)'+ f.'
"'. <; 16,
b.._-t .707 W '-I,ODO Jt ..
, lO''t-#;" .'/O?w '-1,0()0
10
'
ths for /d4d 4/le
e?D we lcl tneta.f
'Set "to . ZDcS'r
a '70?{ II, m) 2.j,(J()0
or P= n.ooo lbs
y
I
r.(Uitn'c wei 'ht
2. lbs

1 ..... S"-----1 IK" tlf'l .,. ;.'
4.2'10 in
rt&>\6 (z.'fS)(.90U1)
2
'1?
, .1 111
r
1
...

28 itt
A y
MAY r._
s r.oo +LOO S.Dtll) +S,DOO 0
aZI'el' u.s -.Dt.25
.. 2"
07
,,,0()
'-2'10" .,1'17 13.?6'1
1--""
j,ljljq
to;fr.l IS.'t'l -8.'11$' 1&.180
-,S?'9ito
','" . .,
J;..r.J;.f 38.180- =- m
ts>' .. "
Iytr t ll{Zlfs){z,S)+ /S.,28 6'::t.,07 m
J.. r., t r, .._ s2."o 7 B s: s-6? in'
Aw l!i.'i<f in (le"'ltb welcl)
Frm:es. en wel4
forc.e v., v T<Pflo)a.
F W. 'fU. u,, .._zltoiriJliOOD : Z.B 71/J..J/n, l8.11 l<1f1'S
"J(JD '"" '100
b&or&i>'l reA<'ttt;n {alSIJ s.lrear lfn welcl}
.. (:eB.7f) 14.3' 1c1p
bend,n.; 111ment t>n w41J
!'Is&'{,)" ,S,J'f 1irk1p
A
B
. 76-
bend"'=t
''hr.
- t11a booo 1.8 troo to _., \ID ... trlpotal tano h<D t11a l'Ot<lt.lDc 'bclq oa\IDI ca
\be 'b vll1 var,. .
u 'bclq (a,)-1-, -., 1.8 OD lm<ud ot (o,), fb1ll vaal.d oa .. o
t01'08 ot r, w ""' ca t11a booo <.> :ra CAl, llol>b torvoo ot
acooloroUca ot t11a - bOd1lo on em tho - ODd - to -. l\ o.,..ID11\
to aocoloro\o 11J1Vud (o1.), :r. (B), - torvoo at occolordlca ot \ID - bodiu aa\
:... T.J!" t!W, =..e:, dou.:" ,.;.:" :;. "' ""
-lor- ot t11a to<o 'bodl.ao vW bo oll.ahtll' lou, or \o oL ,
!be 1'00111\Jac toroe h<D tho bCid;r vUl bo
('bclq) r (o, .._)
aad tbl.o _, bo -1 \o t11a tano vlll.ab - t11a boao \o occolon\o
(booo) r ... l
S1Doe t.beJoe are two bodiu u.z.e an two tonu. haae
.2m1(Q,a) ..
(a o) ( 1 buo)
al-.o a, w"r- $1> w'r-al = ml:;,
lh {!:;t) = w .. r and a .. m .. )
!be -1tllpl tone oo\l.q ca t11a 'bclq 1ll t11a muol --u

2.m,+llla
fb1ll 1.8 looo -tho ... trl.fllpl t..._o oo\l.q ca tlla 'bclq ID tho borlson\ol 41rac\loa
f'b= m,a. w ... rm,
!be ronp ID t- oo\IDc ca t11a 'bclq 1.8
k .. S. ... \/_1_\ ... --.!!!!__
F,... r., uvm a m,-t-mz.
bodot
bos,.
Ill, lhfj
m, $l'DD ILJ_,
of
32. z .... 38G. .. ,_.
Po\!IU ca vo14 USC - ..... tulo\ 101ldl1 oon41.\1CIII ()7)1 ooi.ocao7 (0)
o .. r t,ooo,ooo 07"108, aa11 1;. a bi
..:st. .. e. l<li :r ""0 .
.,.._ 1-11 /=:iii "
bo\ - w - o\oo<lr ou-blo at t1 bl (1170 vol4 _,_)
.... u. ot tulo\ vol4
"'';, , ....
Lu"' C.1D7"t'-1 iiSI) '.,,., m Dr 71(, b.
1m of tho S IDob tbt.ak nilb\o tlla mn1am tUlo\ w14 oloo 1.8 @
c


PJogparUn af Craaa sacuan - Glrl:lr
Thla work. would lndicata tn.t tha ada 1.1111uld mava har1zantall\f to the right
about :J lnchaa. lt waul 1:1 be batter in thh parUoular example, ta weld tha
twa Tea aactiona, each n a parata aubaaaelllbly. 1t 1a aatl.oatad t.hay will
each bDIII about 7 lnchea, haw8VI1' thaaa be etnlghhned .in a bull-dazer,
ar thay could ba weldad 1n prabent paa1t1an 10 11 to be atraight ftar
w.ld1ng. The atra1ght TN ncUonil would than ba aa&amblad lnta tha final
glrdal'. flllat1ca tMt; thh nnal waldlng wlll not ba lDcatad on tha wttb,
alanv Uta neutral Pia or tne lllhDh aacUan. Th1a llnould aauaa no
aaUan and wlll raaul t ln an .J.mnt; atra1Qht glrdar.
'deal !! .! 1!!1! !! ! !!!!!!! I! !.lll!!l .._,


Tha 11111ld along with lldjacant plpe
r:llal rurca (f r) along VIa clrcumt'ertme:a ar :! .. 1nwarll
The clrcumferantlal t ... alh raaldual etrna ln tfte wld 1
B
F "" A K rl ..... I eQUal ta
v A
111
craaa aactlanal un ar t;ha ldld
K ralatla wnt at Jaaent
,..,. -inglna lllong wUn ... ld
v rnldual in waJ.ct .uaa

!;:rd radial fore Bltl'llU U the GirGUafarana

r !

where
Puttlng thla tagatnar, wa gat-
- "V' nat-o)
Ar /.Z81>
Thle biCOmtiS
ualng: K .. lQ
O'y 70 kil
r-----------_;1 JD 10' kol
Ad =3.0></0L A..,J1i l(r..r
!!!!!f!! r U 5/8 ln t 1 1/2 lft A" 1.n 1n2
..--.......
A, ... lOA/O'A..}!; lOIf{" Jlttii or At- a 0 'f
know tha vlua or K, lf lt war luger, tn Miirl"lllftl!!ll"l::::':i'::"'"
. 77.
tan
.20
Vertti:al Up '-' pa.s.'!>sS

Vert/cat Down 39 ptuses
tan l- j
act uRI = II"
actual /,-
= /3D
..L-
a(
T
c
D
.20 tan e ,.,
actll.4/ "" '/
0
= 11.3
12
calcu.latec/ = /1.3
ruo 1/1' t.hlak btn
1
80 te 90 teat la n liJI veld&4 vUk S/W tlll.et.
welda. !be tbrioa\or tlada ibQ" briDd aboat the strorlf: nb (I..X) eMI:Qt I to L teet.
bat; ....-u, do an baed abatlli tile vuk a:l.a CTT),
X
.!...
ff-1
'It' y--
-y .l..
.,.
I
,.,.
I
T
,
------------------------
x,-
Ptopertt<is abaut (Jl-J<)
= ...... +:<L-t-=-:-1-'::7.;';;;.-t :I: ..,y -t-7!'...-1
r-1 -Hi{,;;;; in
r,.. r-(ttM) -(-z_.,X-IhU) + as; 'f8 in"
b A,. Z. " l'z(lif6)' .O"t 8 /n
2
\fj'!.. A,. Z .., l\111' ./'f I ina
L\m 1.. .oos(.o<t&'J.2.oCf!r)l94o)".
rss.8)
'-=eo' 'lr.t>'
dr
Properttc!l
'(_ .. "
+.uW
abt>ut IY-Y)
'
Y .nu.
I.: I{vt,.t).'f58}}-(,11"X.'s) in oJ
. "' ) ..
A.d L .oosGo,sX.II.,.J.'U.t> t!r ?J. '?
'-' J: .
tabl'ieatm' aald the _..... dld aot. bell.- ill th1a directlca,
In tbb aue Lhe or lner\.la (.U.lttDese) ot the Ulllber t.a YU7 lCN (t.3la4S s.nl&>
tnd altltwah t.he def"'1.Mt1Cin ronula doel I.DdicaM larp cletlact1tz, the valght. at
the lll8l'lber w4ou,b\clllll' keep 1t 1tDs flat. Cl1 tbe fiOCO' ot t.be tabrlcetlns: sbcl:p.
It Use 111911ber lhD"8 to at.ut. 1\Rlng \IP off at the tl00:1'1 lt VOQ14 reqnlre " bend\a&
aVeaa or:
_;;:-
. "/,' ..
' /
7"'
. ; ...
"'"it of member w (S.i' HIX'hn (,ze 1 .. i.S!? n.A;;
= M.. .tMnr"ot, m ''''" '"'
< ..., (m.>'WrJi> lbi'{.l>13&io) v
31
'1 'li'. ... ;
= tY: r ,. ;.) ' ... .
0810.17 Printed Sept. '85 5M
A
B
$htJrtemn9 ol D ... e k"'f/tqdtlW
(- ..t .;.w. wU.k"'' eHct <>I tr .... u ofiff-.)

A.. ..,.. .. ud""'" llrd# "f """ f/lkt .,.td (ill')
<1/PSS sect_!_._ cl 91ider (tit?
1'\ relo.trtie GIDSS ... Qf't!!;f;f
9,ra., aJjc,,.r ""'lei
s6nnts tl{""f ..,,til wetd.
IT eo.ucr"'f" rllst'dual fl!lrst{t' sfress ,,,;
.... ld and acl;aeePt ..,...
(i '-"'"fre9'Sttie ,_;, "'"'?'1
/Mp t/1 of 91rder ( liV'1
/emile shait&,qr b!!r F fA..IC (}" {tbs)
lhti 4'""'er ts onl'f as 'i"'>d as fhe '""""'""' 1141111 o and.
beHer ano c.. ... td be abt4tne&
bad on preurO...,. whtch wer-e welded.
Ex,.tnple;
L le11'1th .,f 'lirdcr = liO
1
Aa. z(t"IO")t(.la"lli) r 'lfi,(; m'
A,. i.1)" .o6. irl
/0 (.,r;. .,f adjacent pW
shn'ntmq al6n<l,.'with weld ti 10 t/IR!O:s:
fhe weld area}
fKi {r-Hr'du.af
t en,t'lt"
an'( '1'"9" p<>1;,t ..,.-11 '""ve Ji, the cente-r
hrie o d,Hance

wheu Q) ,S ,;,itu:i{
dtstance of the pomt {D the cent.er-ltne.
/enqt-17 the 9irder will deeA'f!.e
(L.)
here
...-e
1
at present w t!Mt haul! 41111
V"-f"'"':r c!O .. Id thew u4la.e! if
we I!Du.td ge-t slmitl(oqe uoliLe'l. f,.,. .... actual p/Qft' ftTders
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