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-1
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (Later refferd to as IESS) edi
David L. Sills, The Macmillan Company and the Free Press, 1968, Vol. 3 ., pp.220
. : : :
-2
1982 .213 .
3 The Encyclopedia Americana International Edition, Danbury ,
Connecticut: Gerolier Incorporated , 1992: 537.
4Edward J. Murray , Conflict : The Psychological Aspects , in IESS, p
225 .
5Robert North Conflict: Political Aspects in IESS , (1968: 226-232) , P
55

Lewis A. Coser, Conflict: Socail Aspects , in IESS, (1968:232-236), pp

6-

233.

Laura Nader ,Conflict: Anthorpological Aspects , in IESS, (1968 :23

pp236-237.
8Dennis J. Sandole Paradigm, Theories, and Metaphors in Conflict and
Conflict Resolution : Coherence or Confusion? in Conflict Resolution: Theory
Practice.. edited by Dennis J . Sandole and Hugo van der Merwe, Manchester a
New York: Manchester University Press , 1993: 3-24, pp.6-7 .
9North, Ibid.,
10K. Boulding, Conflict and Defense, New York : Harper and Row, 196
alse: Boulding. K , in North, IESS., 1968: 226-228.
11Charles O. Lerch and Abdul A. Said, Concepts of International Politic
New Jersey: prentice Hall, Inc., 2nd. 1970.
. 213 1982 : .
-12
13George A. Lopez & Michael s. Stole, International Relations: Contem
Theroy and practice , Washington D. c., Congressional Quartery, 1989: 429.
14Mohammad Abu Nimr, Conflict Resolution ,Cairo: National Center fo
Middle East Studies, 1994:2-3.
: " : .
-15
. 18: :1968
: " : : .
-16
.4 :1995
17In this regard, See: Coser, L., The Function of Conflict, New Yoek:
Press 1956, and Deutsch, M., The Resolution of Conflict. New Haven: Yale
University press, 1973.
18Murray , Op. Cit., p.221
19J. W. Burton, World Society , Cambridge & New York: Cambridge
University press, 1972, pp. 137-138 Quoted in Sandole and Merwe (eds) ,1993:6.
20Burton, Ibid.,..
21North, op., Cit., p.226.
22Kenneth E. Boulding, Organization and Conflict, Journal of Conflict
Reolution, 1957, Vol. 1:111-121, Quoted in Robert C. North, Conflict: Political
Aspects , in IESS, 1968:226-232,p228.
23On the role of Conflict as a facilitor of social change, See Jean M. Bartu
. al., Bringing Conflict Out From Behind the Scenes: Private, Informal, and
Nonrational Dimensions of Confilct in Organization, in Hidden Conflict in
Organizations: Uncovering Behind the Scene Disputes, edited by Deborah M. K
jean M. Bartunek, Newbury park, London, and New Delhi: Sage publications,
1992:2009-228, pp.86-89.
24Laura Nader, Conflict: Anthorpological Aspects , in IESS, 1968: 236pp.236-241.
25Abu Nimr, Op. Cit., p. 27.
: " : " : .
-26
.256 :1988
27Abu Nimr, Ibid.,
7-

56

For further illustration, See Deborah & Kolb(eds). Introduction: the

Dialectics of Disputing in their edited Hidden Conflict in Organizations, 199
31, p.11
29Lopez* Stole,Op . Cit., p.435.
30Ibid.,
31James A. Robinson, Crisis, in IESS, 168:10-513, p.51.
32Ibid.,
33Ibid., p. 33.
: " " : .
-34
.1993 :19
.406 .
-35
: " .
-36
.256 :1987
: 16-13 . 258 -256 . :
-37
Robinson, pp. 511-512.
38Abu Nimr, Op. Cit., p.28.
39Coser, Op., Cit., 1968:234.
40Lopez & Stole, Op. Cit., p.435.
41Ivo D. Duchacke (ed.),"Conflict and Cooperation among Nations, Ne
York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1963: 442.
: " : " : .
-42
.224-223 :1991
43Duchacke, Op. Cit., p. 441
44Lopez& Stole, Op. Cit., p. 433.
.225-224 :1991 .
-45
46In this respect, See: James A. Winnefeld and Mary E. Morris, Where
Environmental Concerne and Security Strategies Meet: Green Conflict in Asia a
Middle East , Santa Monica, California: RAND, 1994.
47IESS, Op., Cit., p. 220
.223-221 :1991 .
-48
:
-49
Grigg, 1992:536-537 in Encyclopedia Americana International Edition , IESS 196
220-222, and Sandole, Op., Cit., .
.225-224 :1991 .
-50
,.IESS, 1968, Op., Cit : 1991:226 .
-51
227-226.
-52
.
-53
54Daniel Drukman , An Analytical Research Agenda for conflict and conf
Resolution, in Sandole and Merwe (eds).) 1993: 25-42,pp.28-29 .
55Lopez& Stole, Op Cit., p. 435.
56Bayless Manning, Conflict of Interest , in EAIE., Vol. 7., 1992:538.
57In this regard, See: j. Keith Murnighan, Bargaining Games: A New
Approach to Strategic Thinking in Nogotiation, NewYork: William Morrow &
Company , Inc., 1992:219-222.
28-

57

Clement E. Vose, IESS, 1968:242-245, p.242. Also, see: Bayless Mannin

Conflict of Interst in EAIE. Vol.7,1992:538
.231-229
-59
60Lerch & Said, Op.., p. 143-145.
61Drukman, pp. 27-28.
62Robert j. Robinson, The Conflict Competent Organization: A Researc
Agenda for Emerging Organizational Challenges, in Roderick M. Kramer& Da
Messick (eds.) Negotiations as Social Processes, Thousands oaks, London,& Ne
Delhi: Sage Publiations, 1995: 186-207, p.188..
63Sandole, Op. Cit., 1993:12.
64Coser, Op., p.232.
65Nader. Op. Cit., pp. 236-238.
66Drukman, Op., cit., pp.28-29.
.233- 231 :1991 .
-67
68Abu Nimr, Op., Cit., p.21.
69Abu Nimr, Op., Cit., 28.
70Coser, Ibid.,
71For Further details, See, C. Moore, The Mediation Process: Practical
Strategies for Resolving Conflict, San Francisco, CA.,: jossey-Bass, 1986.
72Drcukman, Op., Cit., p.26-27.
73Fisher,R. and Ury, W., Getting to yes: Negotion Agreement Without G
In, NewYork: Penguin Books, 1983.
74On Structural Conflict, See. J. Galtung, Is Peaceful Research Possible
the Methodology of Peacful Research. In Peace Research, Education and Action
Denmark: Eiders. Copenhagen, 1975.
75Coser, 1968:233-234.
76Abu Nimr, Op., Cit., p.5.
77Lopez & Stole, Op., pp. 431-432.
58-

58