.

) (1

) .(2
) ( .

) (


.

:
/ :
)(



) ( .

.
/ :

2003

((1 . 1999
.298
((2 .
1991 . 98
2

 .




.
/ :



.
)(
)(




.
/ :



.

. .
/ :



) (
.
/


) (
.


) ( .

) 1925 (
1958 2003
2004 2005 .

)(1

).(2


.

)(3

).(4

)(5

)(
.

((1
. .
1990 . 34
((2 . . 32
((3 . . 35
((4
2007 . 36
((5 . -
. 163
5





)(
.

) .(1


) .(2
) .(3

.
) .(4
).(5
((1 . -
. 297
((2 .
. 2002
((3 . . 297
((4 .
2006 . 184
6

 )(
) (1
: ) (
) (
) (
.

) .(2 ) (
).(3


.
)(
) (
).(4

)
(1704 1632 (5) 1690

) (

((5 . .
1978 . 50
((1. -
2000 . 7
((2 . 1991 . 63
((3 . - 2005 .139
((4 . . . 65
((5 . 2002
.105
7

 ) .(1
)

( ) .(2


).(3
) (esprit des lois
1748

) .(4
) .(5

)

(

)(6

.

) (7

1789
((1 . . 7
((2 . -
. 209
((3 . . 7
((4 . . 183
((5 . . 297
((6
2007 . 132
((7 . . 106
8

 ) (1
)(2


) 1789
( ) (3 1791
1841
) (4

) (5 2003
)(6
.

_ ) (7

((1 1787
.
. . 107
((2 .
1976 . 253
((3 . . . 64
((4 . . 295
((5 . 1991 . 108
((6
.
) : ( .




. 76 . 249
9

)(1

) (2 .

)(3

.


) .(4
.

5 .

((7 . -
. 2008 2007
((1 ) ( 47 2005 ) :
(.
((2 )(
. . . . 73
((3 . 1978 . 80
((4 . .
- . 31
((5 - .78
10

 : :
: .





).(1


).(2
) (
)
( ) (3
).(4



) (5
.





((1 . . 39
((2 . . 41
((3
. _
.


. 39
((4. . _ . 32
((5 . - - 94 .
- . 148
11

 ).(1


1789 ))
((
)) 1791
(( ).(2
1923
1930 23 )
( 1956 ) (1952
24 ) ( ).(3)(1972
:

:

) .(4


.

.

).(5
)( ) ( .
.

((1 . - 41 . - . 41
((2 _ . 79
((3 . _ . 41
((4 . . _ . 33
((5 - . 80
12

) .(1

).(2
) ( )
(
.


) .(3

).(4


).(5


.
) (6
)( )(

).(7
((1 . - . 82
((2 . - . 160
((3 . 82
. _
((4 .
.141
((5 - . 83
((6 . - . 297
((7 . _ .186
13



) (1
) ( )(2


).(3



) .(4
.

.
) (


) (5
((1 . - . 62
((2 . - 80 . . _
36 . 62
((3 . - _ 1991 . 62
((4 - . 85
((5 . - . 76
14

 .
) .(1
.
) .(2


.
)
1000 ) (1/1000
(
).(3
:





).(4


).(5
((1 . - . 95 . _
. 159
((2 . - 85 . _
. 154
- 86 . -
((3
. 81
((4 . - . 55
((5 . . _ . 41
15


.
)
)( ( ) .(1

) (
) (2

)(3

.

.

.
).(4


) .(5

).(6
.





.
((1 . 80 _ .86
((2 . . 157
((3 ) (
( . . .155
((4 . _ . 159
((5 . - . 126
((6 . _ . 43
16




).(1

) ( .

) (2
) (





).(3


21 1792
1793
. .
.
. 1795
1848 1851 1871
).(4

((1 . . 156
((2 . _ . 100
((3 . _ . 81
((4 _ .91
17

 ) (

).(1

) (


) ( ) (2
.


:
/ : .
.
/ :
.
.
/ :
).(3

.
1946 ) (

) .(4
((1 . _ . 253
((2. - . 365
((3 _ . 94 . _
. 246
((4 . . 44
18


.
1958 )
(

).(1

)(






) (2





).(3


.

((1 . . 160
( (2 . . _ .64
((3. _ . 153
19

 ) .(1


) .(2
.





) (3

.


).(4

) .(5

.

)(6

.
((1 . _ . 101
((2 . _ . 153
((3 _ . 97
( (4 . _ . 211
( (5 . . _ . 64
( (6 . _ . 102
20


) (1
:
) (
) .(2






) 30 40(
) .(3


.

.
).(4

.
.
) (
) .(5
((1 _ 102
((2. _ 153
((3 . _ . 65
( (4 . _ . 278
( (5 . . _ . 99
21



) (1 .



) (2
1787

) .(3


) .(4
.

( (1 . 99
( (2 . _ . 214
( (3 . _ . 190
( (4 . 191
22





) (1



.

.
) .(2

((1 . 109
23




) .(1
:
/ :

) ( .
) (

)(2

/ :
) (
).(3
/ : )
(

)(4

)(
)( )( ) (5


) .(6
((2 . -
2006 85
((1 . - . 75
((2 . 110
((3 . . 291
((4 . . 78
((5 . - 2006
. 49
((6 . . 276
24

 .

).(1

) (2


) (

)(3

)(
) .(4


).(5


) (6

((1 . . 82
((2 . . 110
((3 . . 50
((4 .
- - 1992 . 110
((5 . . 111
((6 . 111
25


) (1






) ( ) (

) (2

) .(3


).(4




) (5



((1 . . 399
2

)( - 130

((3 . 44
((4 . 51
((5 . . 190
26




) .(1


.
.

.



) (2



) .(3

((1 ) (
. 113
((2 . . 244
((3 .
- 1996 . 38
27

 ) .(1
) .(2
:
/ :

).(3
/ :


) .(4

).(5
/ :


) (6


).(7



((1 . 114
((2 . 110
((3 . -
207

((4 . . 116
((5 . . 207
((6 . . 117
((7 . . 157
28

 ) .(1



) ( ).(2





).(3



) .(4

.


) (

((1 . 207
((2 - . 115
((3 . . 184
((4 .
2005 . 241
29

 ) (1





).(2

) (3
).(4

:


).(5
/ :





) .(6

()1 . . 587
((2 . . 291
((3 . . 7
((4 . 117
((5 . 125
((6 . . 169
30



) .(1

)(2

. .

:



:


. :

.3


) (

)(4

1795

).(5

((1 . . 48
((2 . . 184
((3 . . 52
((4 . . 169
((5 . 118
31

).(1

) .(2
:
. - . 153
((1
32

 1 :


) (1
LORD ACTION )
( ((LOBON )
(
).(2
2 :
) .(3


).(4
3 :

.

).(5

((2 . 298 . -
. 183
((1 . .321
()2 . . 303
((3 . .211
((4 . . 184
((5 . . 78 .

. 162

33


.


) (1
:
1 :
) )Woodrow Wilson )


...(
) .(2



).(3
2 :
.





).(4

((1 - . 166
((2 . . 154
((3 . . 401
((4 . . 63
34

 3 :

).(1


) .(2
)) ) (
)L'alpha Et
( L'omega (( ).(3
4 :



).(4
5


)(



1919


((1 . . 321
((2 . . 401
((3 .
. 100
((4 . . . 60
35


) .(1



):
( ).(2

:
/ .

/ .
/ ) ( .
.

.
((1 . . 65
((2 . . 210
36

)(1

.

.
)
:
( ).(2
:
).(3
:
).(4

.

((1 ) (
) (
) ( . .
. 45
((2 . - . 279
((3 .171
((4 . . 248
37



).(1

:
).(2


).(3
:
.

:

: ).(4



.

)(5

((1 . -
2002 . 114
((2 . . 288
((3 . 127
((4 . . 249
((5
. .
. 49
38



).(1

: ).(2
.




) .(3


) (4 :
/
.
/ .

((1 . . www.khaleel
. hussen.net
((2 . . 380
((3 . - . 172
((4 ) ( parler


.
. 34
39

 /

).(5


1066



).(2

1215 )

( ) (3

).(4




) (5
((5
2007 . 6
((2 . - .24
((3 . ) (
2005 2006 . 48
((4 . -
2001 . 300
((5
. . 8
40


( (Henry
) .(1

) ( House of lords
)
( .(2) House of commons


) (3

) (



1688

The Bill of
Righut 1689

).(4

((1 . . 173
((2 . 176
((3 . . 49
((4 . . 248
41


).(1
)(1901 1837

) .(2

.


).(3

:

. :
:
: .

((1 . - . 173
((2 .
1995 . 7
((3 . . 123
42

 :
) .(1 :
/ :



) .(2

)(3

) ( ) (4
) .(5
((1 . 230
((2 .
2006 . 343
((3

.
. .
. 406
((4 . . 115 .
. . 67
((5 ) (


. .
. 30
43

 ) ( 30 :
).(1


) (2

) .(3



1887 .(4) 1924
) (5
) .(6

).(7

((1 ) ( 30 .
((2 . .
. 308
((3 ) ( 60 .
((4 . . 245
((5 .
.
((6 ) (


. . . 125
((7 . . 124
44


).(1







).(2





.


) :
( ).(3






((1 . 173
((2 . . - . 68
((3 . . 232
45

 .
) .(1


).(2


.
).(3

((

:
1 )
(
.
2

.(4)((...

((1 . 377
((2 . . 286
((3 . . 47
((4 ) ( . 297
. 410
46


).(1



.
.
40 ) .

( ) .(2
54 )

( ) .(3

).(4
) (

.
/ :

((1 . . 287
((2 ) ( 40
2005 .19
((3 ) ( 54 .
((4 . . 377
47

 ) .(1


).(2



).(3
:
1 :

).(4
2 :



)(
) .(5


) .(6

.
((1 . - . 257
((2 . . 379
((3 . - . 117
((4 . - . 415
((5 . . 126
((6 . . 236
48



).(1




) (2

:
/
:
1 :



) .(3


) (31
) ( ).(4
((1

. . 127
. . 118
((2 . - 1987 . 215
((3 . . 381
((4 . - 258 .
1999 . 152
49

 2 :






).(1
3 :



).(2
4 :
) -(
1925
).(3

).(4

).(5
/ :

((1
. 349
((2 . . 205
((3 ) ( 4 / 26 . 1925
((4 ) ( 52 .
((5 ) ( 2 / 59 .
50



) .(1 :
/ )( )( :
1 )(Laguestion

):(2

).(3
2 :

).(4

.
((1 . - . 117
((2 1958:
/ :


.
/ :

.
/ :
. .
. 244
((3 . . 475 . 350
((4 . . 304
51


).(1
3 :

.


).(2
4 :

).(3

:
:
).(4
:
) (5



) .(6
2005

((1 . 184
((2 . . 325 . - . 291
((3 . . 215
((4 . 769
((5 . . 215
((6 . . 310
52


).(1
/ :


) .(2
. :
1 :



).(3
2 ) :(4

) (5
) .(6
:
/ : Dissolution Ministerielle :
.

).(7
((1 ) ( 83 2005
((2 . . 380
((3 . . 353 . -
.260 . - . 418
((4
36
((5 . . 216
((6 . 128
((7 . . 152
53

 / Dissolution Presidentielle : :






1877
( (Jules Simn

).(1




) .(2



) (1848 _ 1830
) (

).(3
1923
1930 .
((1 . . 218 .
307
2

)( . . 174

((3 . . 219
54


.

).(1

- -
) .(2
.




((1 .178
((2 . . 153
55

 ) .(1 :





).(2

.

) (3 ) (
1215


) ( 1629 1689 1911
1949
).(4



) .(5
.
/
:
((1 . 120 . 122
((2 . 297
((3 . . . 137
((4 . . . 74
((5 . .248
56

 / )(


) .(1

.... .
. )(




).(2


).(3
) (The Privy Council

) ( ).(4
/ :

.
) (Prime Minister

)(5

((1 . . 41
((2 . 154 .
309 . 208
((3 . - 253
((4 . . 298
57

 ).(1


.
.

).(2



).(3
/ )( :
: .
/ :

) (4

) ( .
50 - 40

) (5
((5 . 1911 . .
. 76
((1 . - . 591
((2 . 203 . .
- . 76
((3 . . 152
((4 . . 48
((5 )
( pairs ) ( 1707 ) ( 1801 _1707
58


800 ) .(1

) (Lordsspirituols
)Law
(Lord

) .(2 21
16

28
. 1922

.(3) 1958

. ) _ 1911
(1949

) ( 1801 21 27 133 93
524 . 27 32
86 265 .
. 212
((1 . 156 .
. 41
((2 . . 144
((3 . . 301
59


).(1
/ :

1911 630
).(2
1829 1859
) 21
25 .(3) (1928







).(4

((1 . - 319 . .
. 75
((2
. 209
((3 . . 302 209
((4 . 300 .
. . 76
. 251
60

 Speaker

)(1

)(

.
)(
).(2
:

. 50 20 30
. :


).(3








) (Lecabinet

1924

((1


. . . 148
((2 . 210
((3 . 320 .
. 148
61


.(1) 1935 - 1923

) .(2



).(3



:
1787
)(

).(4

((1 . 214
((2 . . 137
((3 . . 365
((4 . . 214
62

 )
(
) .(1
:

.

.
.
:





).(2

).(3
:
).(4

((1

((2 ) ( . 208
((3 . . 244
((4 . 456
63



).(1
:


).(2

:

).(3

:

. .

((1 ) ( . 418
((2 . . 281
((3 . . 316 . . 245
64


).(1

1853 ) (74 ) (
) (
) .(2

).(3








) .(4
).(5




((1 . . 356 . - .26
((2 ) ( 1 / 118 . 1967
((3 . . - . 92
((4 . . 278
((5 1935


.
65


. ).(1





).(2




).(3

) .(4



.




) (

((1 . - . 422
((2 . . 248
((3 . . 184
((4 . . 367
66

 ) .(1



).(2



) (3




) .(4

.

.
) .(5



.
((1 .167
((2 . . 190
((3
2006 . 65
((4 - . 420
((5 . 136
67

.



).(1


) .(2
.



)14
(1787
).(3

((1 . . - 199
((2 135
((3 . . 159
68


).(1
/ :


.
) (2

)

(......

).(3

) .(4


).(5
)
( ).(6
((1
2005 . 63
((2 1951
.
((3 )/2 (1 .
((4. . 208
((5 )/1 . (7
. . 357
((6
69


:
1
).(1
2 :

)
(
) .(2



.


).(3


1867

)(


1926
. 1867 ).(4

((1 . . 65
((2 ) /2 ( 2 .
((3 . . 200
((4 . .250
70

 3


).(1
4 :
) 11 (2001
.
) (2
) .(3


.......) .(4

).(5
5

) (Secretary of state
).(6

((1 ) (2/3 .
((2
. 212
((3 ) (2/7 .
((4 . 368 . 206
((5 ) ( 1811

2003 18/3
. 9/4/2003 . _ . 266
((6 . . 290
71

 6 :
1974
.

)(1

water gate

)(2

7 veto

.
:

)
(

).(3
) (veto

) .(4

2007

).(5
((1 . . 369
( (2 )(
)(
. .
.
((3 .
2001-2000
((4 . 459
((5 http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/arabic/press/newsid_6640000/6640499.stm -
72


.

).(1
/ )( :
)(
congress 1776

1787
).(2
)( )House of
(Representatives ).(3) (Senate
/1 )( House of Representatives

).(4

400

)(5

).(6

1929

)(7

((1 . 368
((2 . 171
((3 ) ( 1/1 .
(.....
) ((4
((5.
. 1996
((6 )(1/2 1787
((7. . 97
73

)(2

)(1

)speake

( r .

)(3

)(4

).(5
1787
:
/ .
/ ).(6
/ ).(7



) .(8
).(9
/ 2 )(senate

((1 ) /1 /2 ( 44 .
((2 ) /1 /2 ( 5 .
( (3 ) ( 39 . 1949
((4 ) ( 2 . 1974
((5 . . . 80
((6 .
2003 . 413
((7 ) ( 1/2 .
((8 . . 213
((9 )/6 /5 (2 . 1787
74


) (1
) (2

)(3

) .(4
) .(5

).(6

) (
) . (7

.

).(8


. :
((1 . - . 128
((2 ) ( 3 / 1 .
((3 . . 208
((4 .
((5. - . 143
((6 ) / 1 / 3 ( 4 .
((7 . _ .358
((8 . . 358
75

 / :
1
).(1
2


).(2
3 ) (3


).(4
4
.

)
( ).(5

)(6

) .(7
((1 ) / 2 ( 3 .
((2 . . 217
((3
2004 . 50
((4 ) / 2 ( 3 .
((5 ) / 2 / 2 ( 2 .
((6 ) (18 32
. . . 372
7

(( . - . 290
76


).(1
/ :
1
) (

).(2
2 )(




).(3
3

).(4
.


.
/ -:

).(5

((1 . . 460
((2 . 193
((3. . 158
((4 . . 210
((5 ) / 3 ( 1
77




) .(1 )(chief justice

:
)) Associate justice
) .(2
).(3


)(The Impeachment
1969
).(4

)
(
.
).(5
:

. :

:
((1 ) 3 ( 3 / 2 / 1 .
((2 ) / 3 ( 1
((3 . 316
((4 . . 177
((5. . 106
78

 -1 .
-2 .
-3 .

) (1


).(2









.

.



.



((1 . 159
((2. . 178
79


300

)(1

) (

.

1900 . 1914

)( Hybride
((1 . . 383
80

 .
) (Laparlementaire Presidentiel
) (leregime semi-presidential )
(1) (Leregime presidential lafran caise )neo-
( parlementarisme ) (Leregime mixed
).(2




.


) .(3




) (
.


) .(4
1962

((1 . .
.158
((2 . . 219
( (3 . . 189
((4 . . 220
81



) .(1
.
.

.




) .(2 -


) (3 .



.
/ :


((1 . . . 94
((2 . . 320
((3
2006 . 65
82


.

) (
).(1
/ :




) .(2



.

).(3

.


) (

((1 .138
( (2 . . 193
((3 . . . 87
83


) .(1



).(2
1791

1848
. 1851
) .(3
181418301848 1789


.



).(4

1958 .
1958



( (1 . 131
((2 . . 194
( (3 . . 268
( (4 . . 158
84

 ) (1



1954
3
1958 )(
%80
1958 ).(2
1958


).(3
: 1958
/ -:
) (4

).(5
/ :

1962
).(6
( (1 . . 199
( (2 1945 2002 . 156
( (3 . 139
((4 . - -
1996 . 320
((5 . . 200
( (6 . . 166
85


1962
.
1958
) .(1

).(2


) (3
) (6) (7
).(4
:

).(5
1 :
) ( ) (6



).(7
2 :
( (1 ) (3 1958
((2 ) ( 11 . 1958
( (3 . . 296
( (4 . . 162
( (5 ) ( 5 . 1958
( (6 ) / 8 ( 1 .
( (7 . . 168
86

 15 .



) (1

).(2
3 :

) (
) (3

).(4
4 :




) .(5

).(6



.
((1 ) ( 12 . 1958
( (2 ) ( 29 .
( (3 ) ( 56 .
( (4 . . 205
( (5 ) ( 16 .
((6 . . 298
87

 ) (16

1961

).(1


) .(2


).(3
5 800
,

).(4
/ :


) .(5



) .(6
( (1 . . . 87
. 165
( (2
((3 .142
( (4 . . 165
((5 . . 301
((6 ) /49 ( 1 . 1958
88

 ) .(1
) (2
) (3

).(4
:

) .(5

) .(6
)( ) .(7

) .(8

12 ).(9
/ )(

).(10
/ :

((1 ) ( 8 . 1958
((2 ) ( 50 .
((3 ) ( 9 ) ( 21 .
((4 - . 207
( (5 ) /20 1 ( 2 .
( (6 ) ( 38 .
( (7 ) ( 37 .
( (8 . . 107
( (9 ) (38 .1958
((10 ) (24 .
89

 577 1986
18
23


).(1

/ :

322
35

)(2

:
1 :




).(3
2 :
1958
34
((1 . . 308
( (2 . , 173
( (3 . - . 209
90




34
).(1
3 :

)(2

4 :



) (70
).(3

/ :



).(4

( (1 ) ( 37 . 1958
( (2 ) ( 48 .
((3 ) ( 47 .
((4 . 110 .
. 211
91


) .(5 :
/ :

) .(2

. :
).(3
) (4 ).(5
.
.
.
).(6
:
) (60 ) (60
).(7
/ :
) (8

).(9

( (5 ) / 64 ( 3 .
((2 ) /56 /1 ( 2 .
((3 ) / 61 / ( .
((4 ) ( 58
((5 ) ( 59
( (6 ) ( 60 . 1958
( (7 . . 174
( (8 ) /67 (2 .
()9 ) (68 .
92



1958
.


1958



.

1958

)
( ) (
) ( ) .(1
:


) .(2


.

( (1 . . 310
( (2 ) ( . 174
93





:
/ 1925 .

/ 2003
.
/ 2005
.

94


1925

1534 1918
) .(1

1876
.
)(
).(2

( (1 . . .
1990 . 290
( (2 . .56
95


).(1
1877

30 ,
.
1925
.

.

).(2

.
)
( 1920
1920
20

( (1 . 291
((2 . 1992 . 443
96


).(1

)(2

.
1925
.

) ( .


).(3
1925


)

(

( (1 . .147
((2 . . 314
((3 . . 8
97


).(1

1925
. )
(

)(2

. )
......... ( ).(3
1925
:
/ :



)
(



) .(4
( (1 .

.152

( (2 ) (19 . 1925
( (3 ) (2 .
((4 ) (22 . 1925
98

 ) .(1

).(2

.
1925

.
/ :
) (3
:
)(4
1
).(5
2


).(6
3 .
4 .

).(7
/ :

( (1 ) (25 .
( (2 ) .(27 .
( (3 ) /26 (1 .
((4 )/26 (5 .
( (5 ) /26 ( 6 .1925
( (6 ) /26 ( 8 .
( (7 ) /26 / 4 ( 9 ..
99


) .(1 ).(2

:

. :


.
) .(3
.

)(4

/ :

).(5
.



. .
.
).(6
((1 ) ( 28 .
( (2 ) /26 ( 1 .
((3 )/63 (3 1925
((4 ) / 26 ( 2 .
( (5 )/ 26 ( 11 .
( (6 )/ 26 ( 3 .
100


.
/ :


-

)(64
) . (.....
.

)(1

1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
6
.
7 .
8 .

).(2
)

( ) .(3

((1 ) ( 30 .
( (2 ) /64 ( 1 .
( (3 ) ( 65 .
101


) .(1

).(2
/ ) (:
-
.
.
/ :

) (3
) .(4

) . (30

) .(5




) .(6
.
((1 . 227
( (2 ) ( 66 .
( (3 ) (36 .
( (4 ) (37 .
( (5. . 163
( (6 ) ( 60 .
102


).(1
/ :



.
) (2
) (3
).(4
.
.
/ : )(45



) .(5
.
) .(6

( (1 ) /40 /1 ( 2 .
( (2 ) ( 32 .
( (3 ) ( 33 .
( (4 . . 333
((5 ) ( 105 .
( (6 . 229
103




).(1
/ :
) (45



.
/ :
1925

) .(2
).(3



) .(4 :
1
).(5
2 :

) .(6

( (1 ) ( 63 .
( (2 ) ( 69 .
( (3 ) ( 68 .
( (4 ) ( 74 .
((5 ) ( 76 . 1925
((6 ) ( 78 .
104


).(1

1925


.


.

.



) .(2 ) (
.

).(3

.


( (1 ) ( 81 .
( (2 . . 336
((3 . 230
105

 .


.


.
.

1958 2003
1958
1925 .


.
27 1958
) (1
) .(2


).(3
1963
8 1963
4 1963 .
((1 ) (21 ) (22 .1958
( (2 ) (23 1958 .
( (3 .
2005 . 108
106



) (1
22 1963


).(2
29 1964
18 1963
.
29 1964
1 .
2 .
3
.
4 .

.
17
1968 ).(3

1968 :

((1 1925 -2004

. 73
( (2 ) ( 69 29 1964 .
((3 . . .
51
107



17 1968
.

).(1
1970

14 1958
) .(2
21
)
(

)(3

).(4



) .(5



((1 . - . 107
((2 ) (1 ) (2 1970 .
((3
) ( 6 5 2003 . 222
( (4 . 109
((5 ) ( 1 ) ( 2 . 1970
108




.
9 2003
.

2004


.

2004
9 2003




1483 2003
1949
.1907
) (1

1483 2003
109


) (
).(1
) ( 6 13
2003 ) ( ) (2


%50
25 %10

) .(3



).(4


).(5

13 2003

((1. -
. 421
((2 .
( (3 www.aljazeere.net - .
((4 . . 422
( (5 ) (1511 16 .2003
110


).(1
11 2003
25
.
.
) (

):(2
1
.
2 .
3
)(
.

).(3


) (
) .(4

).(5
( (1
2008 . 282
( (2 . . 428
( (3 . 74
( (4 26 . 2003
( (5 ) (1511 . 2003
111

 15
2003 2004
):(1
1
.
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .



.
33 2004 / 3 / 8
) (2
) .(3

.

((1 15 2003
.
((2
. .

1925

. .
.430
( (3 . 286
112

 )(1

.
:
31 2005
15 ) 2005 6 (
15 15
(2)2005

) .(3

).(4
).(5


30 2004


).(6
1 2004
:

( (1 ) /1 (1 . 2004
()2 ) /2 ( .
( (3 ) ( 24 .
( (4 ) /33 ( 1 .
((5 ) ( - - 5 . 2004
. www.usinfo.state.gov/ar/archive/2004/apr/23-2922640
((6 ) / 2 ( 1 / . 2004
113

 1 :
).(1
2 .
3 ).(2



) (3
).(4


.




2005 ).(5

2004 :
/ )( :
()1 ) ( . ) ( .
) ( .
()2 2004
.
((3

.
((4
.
()5 .
114







275

) .(1
) (2

)

.....(


) .(3
)( .
:








((1 - 240
((2 ) / 30 / ( . 2004
((3 . . 437
115

 ) .(1

) .(2



) .(3
) (61 60
) .(4


) .(5

) .(6
) .(7

.


) .(8 )(



((1 ) /31 ( .
((2 ) /32 ( .
((3 ) /32 ( .
((4 ) /30 ( .
( (5 ) /33 ( .
()6 ) /33 ( .
( (7 ) /33 ( .
( (8 ) /36 ( .
116

 1970
55 1980

).(1
/ :

).(2

( (1 ) ( 37 16 1970 .
( (2 ) ( 35 . 2004
117

 / :

.
.
) (
:
1 .
2 .
3 ) (
.
4 1991
).(1
.

:
1



.
).(2


).(3

( (1 ) ( 36 .
( (2 ) /38 ( .
( (3 ) /39 ( .
118

 2

).(1
3
).(2
4
).(3
5

)(4

) .(5

.
/ :

( (1 ) /39 ( .
( (2 . . 444
( (3 )/39 ( .
( (4 ) ( 379 .
( (5
30 2005
) (
) (
) ( .
119

 )(


) (1+
).(1


).(2


) .(3




).(4

).(5

.
) .(6
) (

( (1 ) /38 ( .
((2 ) /38 ( .
( (3 ) . ( 1511
( (4 ) /40/ ( .
( (5 ) ( 41 .
( (6 ) /39 ( .
120

 ) .(1

).(2

.
/ -:







).(3

) 43 / ( )

( .

) .(4

.

) (5
( (1 ) ( 42 .
( (2 ) /39 ( .
( (3 . . 448
((4 ) ( 47 .
((5 ) /44 ( .
121




).(1





).(2

.

.

).(3

((1 ) /44 ( .
( (2 ) /44( .
( (3 ) ( 45 .
122




.
.

.
.



)(






) .(1 ) (

).(2


2004
.

( (1 ) / 33///// ( .
((2 5 . 2004
. www.usinfo.state.gov/ar/archive/2004/apr/23-2922640
123



:



).(1
30
)( 2004
31 ) ( .(2) 2005
.

((1 . 310
( (2 ) /2 ( . 2004
124


2005
2005




.
.

2004



15 2005 ) (1

.

15 2005
31 2005
) (
.
.
1 2005
) .(2
( (1 ) /60 ( .
( (2 ) / 60 / / / / ( .
125

 )( 2005

) .(1 55

) (
) (



) .(2

. )(
71 :
28 ) ( 5 15
) ( 8
5 15
).(3
) ( .


) (450





((1 . 322
( (2 ) (
.
( (3 . .73
126



).(1





.

.
.



) ....(
) (
).(2



) .....(

) (

)
(
.

( (1 . 323
( (2 . . 76
127


. .


.
).(1

.
) ( )
( .

.
.
(



.




) .(2

.

15(
28 )
( (1 . 327
( (2 . . 80
128

 ) (122
.
15 2005 %78
.
2005
.
.


.
1921
.

) (1
.

)(2

2005

.

2005
2005
)
)( . ( .

( (1 ) /60 ( . 2004
( (2. . 162
129

 .
).(1

.
/ :

).(2
/ :


).(3


) .(4

)(5

1 .
2
.
3

.
4
.
5 .
( (1 ) ( 47 . 2005
( (2 ) ( 48 .
( .
( (3 ) /49
( (4 ) /49 / ( .
((5 ) ( 39 .
130

 6 .
.
7
8 .

) .(1
.
) .(2

) .(3
) .(4
.
) .(5


) .(6 .

).(7
) (61

( (1 ) /49 ( .
( (2 ) ( 56 .
( (3 ) ( 55 .
( (4 ) ( 49 .
( (5 ) ( 57 .
( .
( (6 ) /58
/ ( .
( (7 ) /59
131


).(1
:
.
/1 :



. :
/ :
) ( ) .(2
)(3


.

.

((1 ) ( 62 .
( (2 . .232
((3 ) 126
) ( 1/5 ( .
:

.

.
. ) / 126/// ( .
132

 ) .(1 )1
(26 ) .(2

.
) (140
)
(
) .(3
2008 .
/ : ) (




).(4

/2 :

( (1 ) (142 . 2005
( (2 ) (126 ) )(1/5
.

.


.
.
((3 ) (140 .
( (4. .238
133


:







).(1
/3 :



) .(2

)(3

)(




).(4
( (1 ) ( 61 .
((2. . 278
((3 :
.
:
.
.
.279
( (4 ) /62/ ( .
134

 /4 :

) ( ) .(1
) .(2

)(3

. . :
:

).(4
:


).(5
:

6

).(7

( (1 ) /61 ( .
( (2 ) ( 66 .
((3 ) /61 ( .
((4 ) /61 /( .
( (5 ) /61 /( .
( (6 )/61 /( .
((7 ) / 32 ( .
135




).(1
) (1/5

) .(2


) .(3 . ,
) ( ,

)(4

.
/ :



)(5

)
( ) .(6


( (1 )/61 /( .
( (2 )/61 / (2/3/ .
( (3 )/61 /( .
()4 ) ( 67 .
( (5 ) ( 65 . 2005
( (6 . 58
136

 .

) .(1

) ( .
/ :
2005
) :
( ).(2
/ :


).(3

)(4

1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .

.

((1 . 186 . 209

((2 ) ( 66 .
((3 ) ( 67 .
((4 ) ( 68 .
137

 ) .(1
).(2
.
.

.

).(3


).(4
):(5
1
.
2
.
3
.
4 .
5 .
6 .
7
.
8 .
( (1 ) ( 70 . 2005
( (2 ) ( 69 .
/ ( .
( (3 ) /72
( (4 ) /75 / / / ( .
()5 ) ( 73 .
138

 .

)) ) (
) (
(( ).(1


.


1991
.
).(2
:

) (3




) .(4 23 2008


.
( .
( (1 ) /138
((2 ) /138 / / ( .
((3 ) (118
.
((4 ) /138 // ( .
139

 )(
) / 13 /(
.

).(1


) (138

.


.

).(2
)(
) ( ) (275


) (275 ) (
).(3
)(



:

((1 ) /138 ( .
((2 .361
( (3 . .251
140


). (1





.




)(

) (15

.



).(2



) .(3

.
( (1 361
( (2 ) /70 ( .
( (3 357
141

 / ) ( :
.


.
) .(1

) .(2

)(
.
.

)(3

.
) .(4
).(5


) .(6

/ ( . 2005
((1 )/76
( (2 ) / 76 ( .
( (3 ) / 76/( .
( (4 ) ( 77 .
( (5 ) ( 83 .
( (6 ) ( 78 .
142


).(1
):(2
1
.
2 .
3 .
4 .
5

.
6 .
/ :
2005
).(3
:
1
).(4
2 ).(5
3

).(6
4 ).(7
/ ( .
( (1 ) / 81
((2 ) ( 80 .
((3 ) ( 87 .
((4 ) ( 88 .
()5 ) ( 97 .
()6 ) ( 98 .
143



).(1
/ :
) (2

.
):(3
1 .
2
.
3
.
/ :

).(4
):(5
1 .
2 .
3

.

((7 ) ( 95 .
((1 ) ( 89 .
((2 ) ( 90 .
((3 ) ( 91 .
((4 ) ( 92 .
((5 ) ( 93 .
144

 4
.
5 .
6 .
7

.
8 .
).(1




) (

).(2





).(3

()1 ) ( 94 .
((2
. 288
()3 . 176
145

 ) (1



.

2005
.




.
.
) (
2005 .




). (67
/ :

.

()1 - . 370
146


) (2
:
1
.


.

((2
) / 20 ( ) ( 27 2006
) ( 47 2005
)) ) (


(( ) ( 2
))

(( .


. ))
) (27 2006

20
. . . .

20 27
2006

(( .....

. . 7
147

 2

.
3
).(1
4
.
5 .
6 ) (
.
7
) .(2
.
8
.
9
).(3
/ :




:
1
:

((1 ) ( 61 .
((2 ) ( 73 .
((3 ) ( 75 ) ( 78 .
148


. .


.
2006 / 6 / 12




) .(1
.

).(2
/ :

)(3

.
.
2 .

((1 . -
. 18/6/2006
()2 ) / 32 ( .
((3 ) ( 61 .
149


).(1

) .(2
.
) .(3 .

)(


1925
2005
. :
/

.


.



((1 ) ( 64 .
((2 ) / 138 ( .
((3 ) ( 58 .
150

 .


.
.
/




.
/


.
/




.
.
/ 1925


) (1958 -1925

.

151

 /

.
.



2004
.
/ 2005
:

)(










.

152


:
-1 . -

-2 . . .

. 1990
-3 .
. 2002
-4 . - .
-5 .
. 1996
-6 . )
( - . 2002
-7 . - .
-8 -
) ( - . 2007
-9
. 2004

153

 -10
. 2005
-11 1925
-2004 .
-12 )(
2005 . 2006
-13 . .

. 2005
-14 .
. -15 . .
.
-16
. 2005
-17 . 1999
-18 .
- . 2007
-19 . - 2008
.
-20 .
- .
-21 .
. 2006
-22 . -
. 2006
-23 . - .

154

 -24 1945
2002 www.aljazeere.net - .
-25 .
. 2005
-26 .
- . 1996
-27 - .
. 1978
-28 . . . 1991
-29 . . .
.
-30 .
- . 2000
-31 .
. 1976
-32 . - . 1985
-33 . .
-34 .
. 1995
-35 . .
-36 .
. 2004
37 . 2006
- .
-38 . - -
. 2005
-39
. 2006

155

 -40 . -
. 1978
-41 . . 1987
-42 .
.
-43 .
. 1999
-44 . . 1981
-45 .
. 2003
-46 .
.1991
-47 . )
( - .2002
-48 . . 2005
-49 . -
.
-50 .
- . 1992
-51 . _ ) (
) (3 . 1981
-52 .
. 2006
-53 .
. 1976
-54 . . .
-55 . -
. 2006

156

 -56
.

:
-1 .
. 2001 2000
-2 . .
. www.khaleel hussen.net
-3 . -
. 18/6/2006
-4 . -
. 2007
-5
. 2007
-6
. 2008
-7 - - 5 . 2004
. www.usinfo.state.gov/ar/archive/2004/apr/23-2922640
:
-1 ) (1511 16 . 2003
-2 15 2003
.
-3 .
) ( 6 5 . 2003
-4 26 . 2003
:

157

 -1 1970 .
-2 1787
-3 1949
-4 . 1958
5 .1958
-6 . 1925
-7 . 1952
-8 . 1967
-9 1968 .
-10 1963 .
-11 29 1964 .
-12 .1926
-13 . 1974
-14 . 2004
-15 2004
2005
-16 .

158

Summary
We mentioned in this study (Equilibrium of the Authorities in the
Contemporary Constitutional Systems) the statement of the content of
the separation principle between authorities, the reason of its origination in
addition to having mentioned the most important democratic orders
(Liberal) based on the principle of separation between the authorities,
Britain, France and USA. We also talked about the equilibrium of
authorities in the Iraqi constitutions throughout the research in the essential
law / Iraq for year 1925 towards the law of the administration of the state
for the transitional stage then having mentioned the permanent constitution
for year 2005 and who much the balance of authorities would be in this
constitution.
We, so far have arrived at the conclusions and results that we will
clarify as follows:
1- As for the principle of separation between authorities and it

origination we have dealt with the reason of the origination of this

principle in three states, whose political orders differ. We have
concluded that the appearance of this principle would be made
because of the political, economical and predominant
circumstances. In Britain the appearance of this principle would
ascribe to the age of Bourgeois revolutions to eliminate from the
tyranny of the kings and feudalists and the dictatorship, where
Britain is considered is a first monarchy state that took the principle
of separation between authorities, but in France the Bourgeois class
which has staged the revolution has took principle too as a basis of
the authority usage and retaining it in addition not to lose in the
159

same way it lost at the beginning of renaissance when it led the

revolution against feudalism. The main legal justification which the
bourgeois made was only to add the political and actual reasons,
that is the principle of the nation's sovereignty. France is considered
a first republic state that applied this principle but USA, it
witnessed the applications of this principle, that is the separation
between authorities differently and unlike the way used in Europe,
that is the entire separation between authorities for the safety of
independence of the states to the best it could be done against the
central authority. For information USA is a first presidential state
which adopted the principle of separation between authorities.
2- We have included from the study of the parliamentary system, that

is a system which enjoys the flexibility of the relationship between

the legislative and executive authorities along with the
independence of the Judicial authority, that is the existence of a
cooperation and mutual balance between these two authorities on
the basis of the principle of flexible separation between authorities,
but in case that any party would win the absolute majority such a
cooperation and a mutual censorship would not remain. The
ministry, thus would not fear if confidence would be concealed
from it because this ministry is made up of party members which
the latter would enjoy an entire majority in parliament and then the
party would usurp the authority.
3- After having studied the mixed system, that is a mixture of the

aspects of the parliamentary and presidential systems, we have

concluded that the establishment of the duality of the power
between the president of the state and parliament would make the
president of the state a safeguarding figure to the continuity of the

160

state irrespective of any factionalism or party groupism which

would take place in a party pluralism democratic society and by
doing so it would keep the political stability steady and then the
national output would be on increase at all levels.
4- As for the equilibrium of the presidential authorities we have

reached that the presidential system has adopted principle of acute

separation between authorities but there would be no and absolute
separation between these authorities but, on the contrary their
would be the aspects of mutual cooperation and censorship between
these legislative and executive authorities in away that such an
aspect would result in achieving a sense of a balance between the
above authorities. Perhaps, this cooperation and censorship would
be dependent on the constitutional foundation or a practical factual
foundation. Additionally this principle would be no more than a
base of the bases of the politics aiming at restricting the power to
protect the freedoms of individuals and stop tyranny. It would
change and evolve by the alteration of time and place.
5- Regarding the balance of the authorities in the Iraqi constitutions

particularly the basic law for year 1925 we have concluded that the
parliamentary life in Iraq was not at a success. It has suffered from
lots of slips, deviations, and interventions, where the executive
power was domineering the parliament permanently. It has so often
been dissolved between 1925-1958 and the parliament at the time
couldnt conceal confidence from government. In spite of a series
of rumors mentioned about the parliamentary life at the monarchy
era in Iraq but it would remain a significant experience that could
have developed and evolved if it would have long lived and
communicated.

161

6- After we have studied the most important articles of the law of the
management of the state for the transitional stage we have
concluded that this law didn't refer definitely the shapes of the
political systems although it has mentioned the principle of
separation between authorities but it didn't determine the type of the
order which the law has adopted whether it was the parliamentary
system or presidential or provincial or mixed in spite of its likeness
to the parliamentary system because of the elections of the
presidential council by the national assembly and the duality of the
executive power in addition to the responsibility of the ministry
before the national assembly. In spite of all mentioned above, we
have arrived it would be factual that their would be a clear balance
between these authorities via the principle the conformity on which
the various political powers would be best and these powers had
contributed in the transitional government for the year 2004 and
such an act was obvious through the method the presidency council
was formed.
7- After we have talked about the most important clauses of the
permanent Iraqi constitution for the year 2005 we have reached the
following results: it is a parliamentary system based on the
principle of flexible separation between authorities along with the
availability of some phenomenon of the presidential system
particularly related to the banning of the constitution of having the
function of membership in the parliament and the post of the
ministry in addition to the vote right which the presidency council.
This right which the legislator has given to the presidency council
via the constitution is a good step to keep the ministerial stability
steady in Iraq. Although it has been coined and formulated in the

162

column of the transitional items for this constitution, we

recommend that the Iraqi legislator in case that this constitution
would be modified to fix the vote right to the president of republic,
and the latter has to enjoy some of the real authorities in a way to be
able to guard the supreme interests of the country throughout the
achievement of equilibrium between the legislative and executive
authorities and then resulting in the stability of political system in
the state. In addition to fulfillment of stability and development at
the security, economical, social and scientific levels and other
aspects pertaining the lives of Iraqis who have long suffered from
the loathsome dictatorship and the ever lasting heated wars up to
now and they are still being tasted different shapes of terrorism and
the Islamic extremism in addition to immensely intervention of the
regional states away from the principles and the ethical norms of
the International law and the pact of UN for protecting their
interests.

163