1432-1431 2011-2010 /

1432-1431 2011-2010 /

:
. -

1432-1431 2011-2010 /

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(

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(
1-1 .
.
2-1

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3-1

9
11
14
15

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52

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4-1

21

39
41

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47
49

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12

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22

53

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32 .

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62

72

60

76
81

42 .

67
71

89
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(

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(

101
103
106
112

115
117

123
125
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133

( )

137
139
146

153

13 .

23
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33 .

.
1-4

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2-4

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3-4

1-5 .

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2-5

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(

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1-6

2-6

3-6 .
.

163
166
168
173
181

1-1 .
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2-1

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3-1

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4-1

10

 1-1

11

12

()Deformation

1 .1 :

2 .2

3 .3

(:)1-1

()1-1

4 .4 :

5 .5 :

( )

( )Siesmic

()1-1

( )Magnetic

( .)Gravity

()1-1
.

13

 2-1

.
1 .1

.
2 .2

14


3-1

()

( )

()2-1

( )2-1

15

:Lateral Variation

.1

( :)3-1

(.)3-1

() :Overlap

.2

(.)On lap

()Off lap

(.)4-1

16

(:)4-1

:Stratification

.3

(-1

.)5

( )5-1

).
(

.lamina

:Graded Bedding

.4

()2-1

()2-1

()

(.)6-1

( :)6-1

17

( ).

:Cross Bedding

.5

( )7-1

( :)7-1
.

:Ripple Marks
.6

(.)91( , )81

( :)8-1

18

( )9-1

 :Mud Cracks

.7

()10-1

( :)10-1

:Nodules

.1

( .)11-1

30

( )11-1

:Geodes
.2

(
)

(.)12-1

( :)12-1

()

19

.1 :Stromatolites

()

(.)13-1

( :)13-1

.2

(.)14-1

( :)14-1

20


4-1

(])3-1
[

()3-1

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:

()15-1
Tension

Compression

Shear

( )15-1

21

.

( )1-1

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(

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( :) 1-1

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(.)17-1

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22

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:

( :)17-1


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(

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:

( :)18-1

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1 .1

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(

2 .2

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- )

(

( :)19-1

23

1 .1
:Symmetrical Fold
.

2 .2

:Asymmetrical Fold

.
:

1 .1
2 .2

90.
3 .3

:Overturned Fold

90

(.)20-1


4 .4
() :Recumbent fold

(.)21-1

24

( :)20-1

( :)21-1

( )22-1

Plunging fold
.1

:Non-plunging fold

()23-1

()23-1

.2

 :Basin

()24-1

.

()5-1

.
: .


.

 .3 :Dome

( )24-1

25

( )26-1

()25-1

)
(

()25-1

( :)26-1

26


Salt Domes

( )Positivebouyancy

( )27-1

.
1 .1


.
2 .2

.
3 .3

(:)27-1

27

1 .1

2 .2

()28-1

3 .3

()Gulf Coast

( :)28-1

(.)29-1

()29-1

28


Faults

(.)30-1

( )31-1:

) :


(

( :)30-1

()31-1

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:

( )

) :
.

(

29


()6-1

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:
).

()7-1

()7 - 1

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(.)32-1

30

( )32-1

.2

(.)33-1

( )33-1

(.)34-1

( )34-1

:strike-slip fault

.3

(-1

.)35

()35-1

31

:
:

.1
.

(.)36-1


( )36-1

:

.2

(-1

.)37

( )37-1

:

.3

(.)38-1

( )38-1

1 .1 ()

2 .2

3 .3

.
4 .4

:

32

(.)39-1

1 .1

2 .2

( )39-1

3 .3

:Joints
:

.Cracks

(.)40-1

( :)40-1

( )41-1

( )41-1

33

 Unconformity

()42-1

( )42-1

:Angular Unconformity

()43-1

1 .1 :

( )A , B , C

34

( )43-1

 ( )A , B , C

2 .2 :

3 .3 :

( )A , B , C

(.)F , G

4 .4 :

:Disconformity

(.)44-1

( )44-1

:Paraconformity

:Nonconformity

. (.)45-1

1 .1

(.)46-1
.

( )45-1 (-)

( )46-1

35

 (.)47-1

2 .2

( )47-1

3 .3

(.)48-1

( )48-1

(.)49-1

()
4 .4

( )49-1

(-1

5 .5

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6 .6

36

()50-1

1 .1

2 .2
.
3 .3

(.)51-1

4 .4

( )Local

( )Regional

( )51-1

37

38

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39

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41

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42

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43

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44


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1 .1 )Block 2( 2
.

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2 .2

3 .3 ()2

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1 .1
.
2 .2

3 .3

()3

()4

45

46

12

22

.

32

42

52

62

72

.
.

47


The maps

( )Cartography

:

.

..

48


12

Map Scale

:Direct or verbal scale

.1

( 1cm )10Km

.
( )1cm
( )10Km

:Fractional scale

.2

( )1

( )100000

100000

)
(

100000 :1

100000

( )100000

() ()cm

49

 :Linear scale

.3

( ) 200000

(.)100000
( )200000cm


1 .1
()200000cm) = (2Km




(.)1cm

2 .2

(2

3 .3

.)1
Km 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
()12

1 .1

2 .2

3 .3
( )

(:)1

.
( 1cm )7Km

:
50

1Km

1000m
100cm

100 cm
1000 m
1 m
1 Km

100 cm
1
:

700000

7 Km
7

700000 cm

1000

700000 :1

(:)2

( )1000000:1

1000000 ( )10Km

( )1cm

100000
.
1 Km
1m
1000 m = 10 Km
100 cm

1000000 cm

()10Km) = (1cm
:

Km 50 40 30 20 10 0
()22

51



()12

10 20 30

40

20
30

()12

40

50

40

10 20 30

20

40

40

50
60

70

40

10

10

) )2cm
((A
( )D C

( )32
40

1
40

((B

40
) )5cm

60
50
30

100000

50

(.)B

60

60
50

40

50

70

70

40

70

40

60

40
60

50

60 50 40
50

50

70

40

40

60 50 40
60

40
50

D40
50

( )A ()100000 :1

40

50

()B

()32

= 40000 /1

52

5 cm * 100000
1
5
=
=
40000
2 cm
200000


22

Contour Maps .
1 .1

Topographic and Relief Maps .

2 .2

Geologic Maps .
3 .3

()Isopach Maps .

4 .4

Facies Maps .
5 .5

Geophysical and Geochemicla Maps .

6 .6

Stratigraphic Maps .
7 .7

Seismology Maps .
8 .8

.1 :Contour map

()42

( )42

53

 Contour line :

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

()100

( )100m

()50-

( )52
()50m

( )52

Global Positioning

: ( )GPS

System

.

()22

()22

( )Contour Interval :

()50

54

()62
( )50m


.

= (50)

()62

200

150

100

50

( )62

()50m( = )50100

200

( )B A

. ()72

()2cm
()B A

( )1cm
()100000cm

( )1cm

( )1Km

.
( )2Km

( )2cm

150

100

50

B
) (100000 : 1

( )72

( )B A (.)2Km

55

()32

()32

)1

)2

40

50

30
30 20 10

50 40

30

60

70

20
10

( )82

.
( )82

550

500
500

500

500

(.)92

550

550

550

619
500

600

534

493

500

)3

600

550

500

56

( )92

)4

)5

30

20

10

10

20
30
40

. ( )10 (.)102

( )102

)6

. (.)112

60 50 40 30 20 10

( )112

)7

(.)122

.

( )122

57

1 .1

2 .2

.
3 .3

4 .4

5 .5

6 .6

7 .7

8 .8

58

 .2 :Topographic and Relief Map

(.)132

( )132

59


32

....

()42

()42

....

:Hills

(.)142

60

40
30
20
10
( )142

 :Symmetrical Hill

)
(

(.)152

300 200 100

( )152

:Asymmetrical Hill

()162

30

40

50

60

( )162

:Conical Hill :

)
(

( )

( )172
.

30

50 40
7060

( )172

61

 :Domical Hill

( )
( )182
.

30
40

50

60

70

( )182

:Basin

(.)192

30 40 50 60

( )192

:Valley

( )

()202

)
80

62

60

20 40

( )202

 :Spur

( )

()212

20

40

80 60

( )212

:Plateau

()222

30 2010
( )222

:Plain

()23 2

50

80 70 60

( )232

63


:Cliff

(.)242

).

400
300
200
100
( )242

:Canuon

()252

60

60
50
40
30
20
10

( )252

:Saddle

(.)262

70
40
30

64

50

60

60
50

( )262

10
20
30
40
50

()272
.

30

40

50

60 60
60
50
30 40

( )272

65

66


42

( )A B ( )282

( )A B

1 .1

2 .2

.
( )A B

3 .3

( )AB

4 .4

5 .5
.

6 .6
.

7 .7

8 .8

(.)292

()52

( )282

( )292

()52

67

()62

()62

1 .1

2 .2

3 .3

68

 .3 :Geologic Maps

(.)302

( )302

50
40
30
20
10

()

:Outcrop of strata

).

( )312

( )312

69

( )322

( .)322

()A

( )20m

()10m

()20m

A
x

.1

(:)33-2

.2

( )332

.
( )A

).

( )A

.



70


52

:
:

( )342

()5cm
()7cm

()100000 :1

( )342

( )100000cm

( )1cm

()

( )7cm

)100000cm( : ()1Km

()Km

= ()5Km

1m
* 1Km = 7Km
100cm
1000m

* 100000cm

71


= ( ) = 5*7

= ()35Km2

) gradient( :

)

(

)

(

Angle of Slope :

(.)352
.

( )

()Tan

).
(

( )60

()60

()352

(:)1

()B ,A
()362

()120m

( )A

( )70m

( )B
(.)430m

60

90 8070
100

72

( 1cm )1Km

110

120

100

110

( )362

90

130

120 - 70
=
430

= 0.1162
= 6.628

120 - 70
* = 60
430

* 6.972 = 60 * 0.1162 = 60

)
(

430 : 50

8.6 : 1

()8.6m

()8.6m

120 - 70
=
430

, 100

100

= 11.63 %

( )100m
( )11.63m ( 1cm )1Km
200

(:)2

( )372

( A .)B
1 .1
( A .)B
2 .2
3 .3
( A .)B

A
150
100
50

B
( )372

73

= ( 0 )100

= 100m

= ( A )B

= )1000 1( 6

= 6000

* 60

100
6000

* 60

= 60 * 0.0167

= 1.00

=
6000 :100

60 :1

()60m

()60m

:

=
100 - 0

= 6000

100

= 1.67 %

()1.67m
( )100m

74

( )1 %
:

( )15 %

( )9 %

()100000 : 1

( )382
.

()A

()70m
( )A

()40m

40 70
=

30m
=

70
60

40

20

( )382

75


62

.




:

1 .1

).
(

2 .2

.
3 .3

()A

()392

1 .1
()100m

()50m
2 .2

3 .3

E
1000

600

900
800

700
700
600

500

600
700

400

1 .1
.

.

2 .2
( )392 ( 1cm )0.5Km

( C .)D

3 .3

( L .)M

4 .4

()E

5 .5

6 .6

7 .7

).

(

8 .8

( )400m

76

.1

600

500

450

E
1000

.2

600

900
800

700
700
600

500

600
700

400

.3

3.5*500
=
1000 - 700

* 60

= 10.28

.4

77

 .5 = 450 - 1000
= 550

.6

.7

= *
= ()0.5 * 6( * )0.5 * 7
2
= 10.5

.8 ( )400.

78

:
.4

(

).

( )Isochore

:
( )Isopach

.5 :

(.)402

( )402

( )Lithostratigraphic units

( )Formation

()25000 :1

79

 .6 :

.7 :

.8 :

.


. ()412

( )412

80


72

Digital

( )422

( )422

. Aereal Remote Sensing

.Satellite Remote Sensing

() ()

( )432

Satellite Images

Digital



()

Data

( )432

81

( )

125000 :1 .400000 :1

False color

images

( )442

.

Resolution

.Pixels Pixel

.Resolution

82

( )442

( Multispectral Scanner (MSS

( )

79
79

().

()
.

()30m

1998

() 3 ( )452

( )45 2 3

)
(

83


( )462
.

( )462

Digital Analysis

Satellite Image Processing SIP

:

Geometric corrections

Image Enhancement

()Geographic Information System) (GIS

84

( )Spatial Data

( )Data Base

( )Data Base

( )472

(.)Hardware
1 .1
(.)Software
2 .2

(.)Graphical & attribute Data
3 .3

(.)People
4 .4

(.)Procedure
5 .5

( )472 GIS

(.)Hardware

( )GPS

)Software( .

85

 (.)Graphical & attribute Data

( :)Tabular Data

( :)Spatial Data

(.)People

(.)Procedure

( )Quality Control

( ,)Network Analysis

()Thematic Maps

( )482

86

( )482

...

()Global Positioning System) (GPS

( )

( )492

( )492 GPS

Application

(.)51 502

( )502 ( )512

( )

( )

( 100 15).

( )

87

( ) .

( )

(.)522
3
.

( )

( ) .

( )

.
( )

( )522 ( )

88

()
.

89

90

( )1cm

( )1Km

.1

100000 : 1

1 : 1

1000000 : 1

100 : 1

1000 : 1

.2

100000 : 1
0

( )1cm ( )10Km

:

.3
100000 : 1
10000 : 1


1000000 : 1

10

Km 15

100 : 1

:

.4

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:

100

10

()100m

 .6

.7

1000

91

.8

.9 :

.10

.

.

.11

:

.12

:

.13


.

.14

:

:

( )30m

()3cm

( )24000 :1

92


:

(:)10m

60 70 80

60 50 40
65

60

55

75

80

85

.



.

93

.

( )1000 :1
1 .1

25
35

2 .2
()1000000 :1
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( .)18cm
( 90
3 .3

()1000000 :1

4 .4

( .)15cm

.

5 .5

.

( )10000 :1 70

:
1

))D
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((B

()A

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.

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.



(.)C , A
.


94

80
100
120

80

100

D 120

60

40
20
1cm : )5Km

( )100m


(.)200m

(.)100m

H
:

1 .1

2 .2

3 .3

(*).

400

300
800

200

700
600

100

500
400

300

4 .4

().

()150000:1

5 .5
( ) 100.

6 .6

()F

7 .7

(.)HK

8 .8
300 200

200

( ,)

1 .1

2 .2

()

0
10

() .

3 .3

() ()

() ()
4 .4

20

30

400

500

80
70
60

50
40

100000:1

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5 .5

95

()
1 .1

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2 .2

3 .3


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4 .4

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( 100) :

( 100).

( 150)

1 .1

2 .2
.

3 .3

4 .4

()A

5 .5

.

6 .6

()AB

7 .7

96

600
700

700

800
900

900
900
800

500
400

600

800

700

( )1cm ()3Km

( )

(
10

10

).

60 50 40 30 20

800

70

1 .1

2 .2

60

20 m

10 m

15 m

40
30
15

.
.

.

.

.
.
.

1 .1

2 .2

.
3 .3

4 .4
.

5 .5

97

98

99

( )Historical Geology

Stratigraphy
Paleontology
:

100

13 .

23
.

33 .

101

102

 13

FOSSILS

.





.

( ) Paleontology

fossilis
fossil



()

()3500

()

()500

()700

103

( )Stratigraphy

( )13

( )23

104

( : )13

( : )23

( )

.

200
( )Continental Shelf
(

(.)Derived or Transported Fossils

105


23

(.)Fossilization

( : )33

( )33

-
:

( )43

(:)Replacement Remains
:

106

( : )43


)Mineral Replacement( :
.1

( )5 3

( :)53

.2 () Permineralization

()63

( :)6 3

(:) Carbonization
.3

()13

()13

107

(:)7 3

( )73

.4 (:)Recrystalization

()83

(:)Mold & Cast

.1

()23

()23

108

( :)83

( )93

(.)103

( :)93

( :)103

()113

( : )113

109

 ()Imprints
.2

(3

)12

( :)123

( )Track
(3
.

.)13

( :)133

.
( )Burrows

()143

( )143

()Coprolites

(.)153

( :)153

( )Pseudo fossils

(.)163

110

( :)163

 .3 (:)Index Fossil

Index fossil Guide fossil

.




1 .1

2 .2

3 .3

4 .4

.
5 .5

6 .6

7 .7

( )

.Facies fossil

( )Facies

: .

111


3-3

.1

( )Stratigraphy

(.)Law of Faunal and Floral Succession

.2 (:)Correlation

:

.3

.4

Paleogeographic( .

)Maps

112
.

 :
.5

( :)173

( )173

.6

.7

113

114

.1

.2

115

116

-:

:
:

:

.1

.2

.3

.

.

.

()A , B , C , D
.

.4

D

C

B

A

117

.5

()1

()2

()3

()4

.6

.7

.8

(

.9

() .

118


.10

.
.

.11


200.

.12

119

:
:

.



.

120

121

122

1-4

2-4

3-4

123

1 .1

2 .2

3 .3

4 .4

124

.
1 .1

.
2 .2

.
3 .3

 1-4

Continental Environment

()

()Desert Environment

()Glacial Environment

- (:)Desert Environment

()Environment Wind

.1

(.)14

( :)14

125

 (:)Playa Lakes
.2

()24

(:)Alluvial Fans
.3

(.)34

( :)24

( :)Glacial Environment
-

( :)34

(:)Valley Glacial
.1

()44



( :)Continental Glacial
.2

( :)44

)
(

126
:

.1 ( )Fluvial Environment

(.)54

()Environment Swamp
.2

silt



mud

(.)64

( )Lakes Environment
.3

(.)74

( :)54

( :)64

( :)74

127

 2-4

Transitional Environment

.1 (:)Delta Environment

Delta

()84

Delta front
plain

Prodelta

( )94

( :)84

.2 (:)Beach Environment

( :)94

128


( :)Lagoon Environment
.3

( )Barrier Island




()104

(:)104

129

 Marine Environment

3-4

()

.1 ( :)Littoral Environment

50

(:)Continental Shelf

.2

200 .

.

80%

.
()114

High Tide
Low Tide

Planktonic

Floaters

0
200m

Swimmers
2000m
5000m
()
Trench
11000m

130

()
Abyssal Plain

Continental
Slope

( :)114

Continental Shelf

 .3
(Organic Reefs
:)Environment

( )124
( :)124

.4
(:)Bathyal Environment

( )Continental Slope

2000

()114

()134

( :)134

.5 (:)Abyssal Environment

( )114

2000

( )1-4
.

131

Continental

Transitional

Glacial

Desert

Dunes

Alluvial fans

Fluvial

Swamps

Lakes

Delta

Beach
Lagoon

Marine

Estuary

Littoral

Organic reefs

Neritic

Bathyal

Abyssal

()moraine

)

(

( )1-4

132

.1

W
X

X
Z

.2

.3

.4

.5

133

.6

200
.7

.8

.
.

.


.

134

:

:

135

136

1-5

2-5

137

( .)geochronology

1 .1

2 .2

138

 1-5

Absolute Age

:Dendro Chronology

.1

Silicified Wood

(:)15

()15
.

:Varre Analysis

.2

( )

139

 :Varves

.3

(Glacial

)varves

( :)25

()25

:Radiometric

.4

( ) 1898.

( )35 :

:Gamma Ray

( :)35

140 ( )electromagnetic waves

:Alpha particles

()90
()92

( )234
( )238

:Peta Particles

()

( )87
( )87

(.)38
()37

:Electron Capture
-

( )40 ( )19 ( )40 (.)18

( )238

.
206

()

()

( )14

.
() ( )

100
B = 0

90

80

70

60

B = 1
A

(Half life



50

)time
40

B = 3
A

30

3 B = 7

A
4



20
.

5 B = 15
A
B = 31
A
10

()45

2
3
4
()45

141

B
A

B =1

A
A = 0
B =3

50% 50%

25% 75%

()1-5

100%
0

25% 50%
1

12.5%
3

3.125% 6.25%
4

( :)1-5

(
)

A

B
A

400

100

15/16 .
1/16

(+)

* 100

142

( )30g

( )2g
.

(50

).

* 100
(+)
2
30+2

100

* 100

= 6.25
50

25

12.5

6.25

= ( 4)

= 50 4

= 200

:14

.1

( 12)

( 14)

12


14

14

:
.2

143
.

( )125C

.3 :

() () 87

87

.4

238

.208

206 235

232

207

()

207 208

.
4600

238

.

.

( )

()

144

( )25

C14

N14

5730

100 -
50000

K40

Ar40

1300

100000 -
4500

Rb87

Sr87

4700

10 -
4500

U238

Pb206

4500

10 -
4500

U235

Pb207

710

10 -
4500

Th232

Pb208

14000

10 -
4500

( :)2 5

145

 2-5

Relative Age

()Principle of superposition

.1

()15

()15

:
:

( )55

146

).

( :)5 5

(:)6 5

( .)65

(Principle of

.2

)cross cutting relationship

()75

()law of inclusions

.3

( :)7 5

( )85

B
A

B
A
( :) 85

()Fossils succession

.4

()Correlation
.5

147


(:)Lithological Similarity

...)

(:

(.)95

( :)95

(:)Minerals content

( )

- (:)Stratigraphical Sequence

(-
:

(.)105

-
(:)Fossil Content

Index fossils .

(.)115

148

( :)105

( )115

Isotopic stratigraphy

Marker bed Key bed

(.)125

( :)125

(:)Principle of Unconformity

.6

()2 5

()25

( )
.

149

1 .1

2 .2

3 .3

4 .4

Geological Report :

150

1 .1

.

()
) ( )

)

2 .2

3 .3

4 .4



.

5 .5

1 .1

2 .2

3 .3

()54

:1

()2

:2

:3

( )4321

(.)765

151

152

.
.

40 10g

10g
.1


)1(
)2(
)3(
)4(

 .2 8\1

50
300 .
40
400 .
30
20
500 .
10
600 .
0
600

500

400

300

200

100

153


100

()3

1
2
3

100

()4

()1

 .3

100
100

()1
()2
)1(
)2(
)3(
0
0
1
1


)4(


.4

50

40
100 .
30
200 .
20
10
300 .
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
400 .

40
30
20
10

154

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

()235

.5

92%

100

.
50
90

80
.
100
70

.
150
60
50

.
400


.6

500

600

4500

5730

W
X
Y
Z

.7

.

.
.

.

18
19

.8

.

.

.
.

.9

.


.

125

.10

-

.
.14

.

155

.11

60


180

100

.
60

.
18060

.
10060

.
180100

.12

.

.

.13

.

.

.
.

.14

L - K - J - I
L - I - K - J
K - J - L - I
L - I - J - K

156

.15

.

.




.16

.

.

.

.
.

.XY

.17

.
.

1
.C14

.

.18

157

.19

-.

-.

-
.
- -

-
.
-

- -

.20

()2

()1

()2

()1

( )1 ()2

( )1 ()2

)


(

.21

.

.12
14

.

158
.

.14

:
:

.1

.


()
.

159

.2

5
6

.3

.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

.

.4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

160

4
3
2
1

.5

.6

()3

.

:

2g

.1

6g

5700 .

31:1


.2

40 .

.8g

161

8g


.3

16/15


.4

:
)

.
50

.2g

.5

4
2

8g

16g

4g

15g

40g

60g

70g

5g

162

.

1-6

2-6

3-6 .

.
.

163

164

Geologic Column

165

 1-6

(6

()

)1

( :)16

( )

( )Principle of uniformitarianism

.)The present is the key to the past

(

166

( )

( )Principle of fossils succession

( )Geochronology

167

 2-6

()4.6

( )Geologic time scale

).

( )16
.

168

0.1 1.85.3 -

2458 -

135 -

65 180 225265 -

345400 -

430500 -

5702500 -

87

38004600 -

(:)16

 (:)Eons

(.)Hadean Eon

1 .1

(.)Archeozoic Eon

2 .2

(.)Proterozoic Eon

3 .3

(.)Phanerozoic Eon

4 .4

(:)Eras

(.)Paleozoic Era

1 .1

(.)Mesozoic Era

2 .2

(.)Cenozoic Era

3 .3
(:)Periods

(:)Epochs

(.)Ages

169


(:)Hadean Eon

.1

3800
4600

Out gassing

(:)Archean Eon

.2

.
28%


2500
3800

( )Gneiss belts

(( Greenstone belts


170

) .
(

Greywacke

Mudstone

Stromatolites

)Blue Green Algae

(
Cyanobacteria

()

(:)Proterozoic Eon

.3

600
2500

)
(

171

:Stromatolites

( )26

( :)26

:Algae

:Ediacara

()

( )36

().

( :)36

()

172

 3-6

Phanerozoic Eon

(:)Phanerozoic Eon

.4

:



600

()Paleozoic Era

: -

( :)Early Paleozoic
-.

: -
(:)Late Paleozoic

-.

:Early Paleozoic

: :Plant Life

()

: :Animal Life

. :

1500

1 .1

() ( :)Trilobites

75%

. ()46
-

( :)46

173

2 .2
( :)Tetra Coral

( )56

( :)56

3 .3 ( :)Graptolite

( )66




.

( :)66

. :

:Tectonic Events
:

(:)Late Paleozoic

: :

.
174

 : :

. :

1 .1

( )76


( )Fusulina

1mm
( :)76

( :)Brachiopoda
2 .2

( )Spirifer ( )86

( :)86

3 .3
( :)Crinoids ( )96

Pelecypods
()106
( )Pecten
4 .4

.
:
5 .5

. :

).

1 .1

2 .2

3 .3

( :)96

( :)10 6

:
:

Pangaea

175
.

Hercynian Orogeny

()Mesozic Era

)
(160
65
225

: :

:
1 .1

:
2 .2

: :

. :

1 .1

.

(.)116

2 .2

( :)116

( )126

( )Rudist

3 .3

( )136
4 .4

( )146

176

( :)146

( :)126

( :)136

 . :
:

:
.

1 .1

:
2 .2

()Dinosaurs



3 .3

.

()Archaeopterx
:
4 .4

()156

( :)156

:Tectonic Events
:

()Cenozoic Era

:

- -

:

: :

1 .1

() Grasses

2 .2

177

 : :
. :
:
1 .1




( )166

( )Diatomites

( :)166

( )Radiolaria

(.)176

( :)176

: ( )Nummulites

- -

( )186

.
( :)186

( )196
2 .2
: ( )Ostrea

( :)196

: ( )Clypeaster

3 .3

(.)206

( :)206

. :

1 .1

2 .2 178

 :Tectonic Events
:

()

179

180

.1

.
.

.2

.

.

.

.

.3

.4

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

181

.5
.

.

.

.

.6

.7

.8

( )

.9

.10

.11

.12

182

 .13

()1

()4 3 2 1

.14

4

)1(

)3(

)2(
)4(

183

184

:
:

185


1 .1. .2007
2 .2 .2006
3 .3 ,
2002 .
4 .4. .1998
5 .5 .1993
6 .6. . . .1990
7 .7. . .
.1984
8 .8 .
9 .9 - .
1010 - - - -
.
1111 .
1212. . .
1313. .
1414. .1983
1515 .
1616. .1973
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188