Atom Hidrogen

In this chapter, the electronic structure of atoms will be analyzed. The simplest atom, the hydrogen atom, is an important model problem for the electronic structure of atoms. Sadly, the hydrogen atom, and other one electron systems, is the last model problem for which an exact solution of the Schroedinger equation can be obtained. Heavier atoms, and subsequently molecules, will require some degree of approximation in order to solve the Schroedinger equation. The results of the Schroedinger equation for a hydrogen atom will be used as a basis to solve for the electronic structure of heavier atoms along with obtaining an understanding of electronic spectra of atoms.

The system described here is a two-body system: a positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electron separated by a distance r. There is a potential between the two bodies along the radial coordinate r; however, the system is free to rotate about the angular coordinates and

r adalah jarak dari titik asal koordinat dan disebut sebagai jarak radial. adalah sudut inklinasi dari sumbu-z dan disebut sebagai sudut polar. adalah sudut yang mengelilingi sumbu-z dan disebut sebagai sudut azimut. Orientasi spasial dinyatakan dengan dua sudut yaitu dan . Dalam sistem koordinat polar, variasi pada sudut ( dan ) dan jarak (r) masing-masing menyatakan gerak rotasi dan gerak vibrasi. Dalam koordinat kartesian, rotasi dan vibrasi tidak dapat saling dipisahkan.