HE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE JUNE, 1929 = CONTENTS TWENTY-FOUR PAGES OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN FULL COLOR The Desert Road to Turkestan ‘With 46 Mlustrations OWEN LATTIMORE California, Our Lady of Flowers With 21 Mhestrations CHAPIN HALL Ever Changing California, Land of Startling Contrasts 30 Natural-Color Photographs CHARLES MARTIN Mr. Coolidge Becomes a Member of The Society’s Board of Trustees On the Wings of the Wind With 40 Illustrations HOWARD SIEPEN PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL , hea y c= = 2 = epeeKREMENTZ ACHIEVES THE ULTIMATE IN WRIST WATCH BANDS Krementz Wrist Watch Bands are quality fitting accompaniments for fine timepieces. In design, trim smartness, convenience—Krementz has achieved the ultimate! Noticeespecially the expanding link arrange- ment, Buekle,prong and open ends have been eliminated. When opened, the Krementz Band forms an unbroken oval that slides on or off—over the hand—or up on forearm (convenient when washing hands). When closed, the expanding links are tucked snugly away in a beautifully designed casing. See Krementz Bands at fine jewelers. Variqus sizes for ladies’ and men's watches —in green, white and yellow gold, either solid or Krementz Quality Rolled Gold Plate, They are made in armoured mesh,openslink meshandtabularmesh. $17.50 up. Write us for name of nearest Krementz Jeweler. rement NEWARK, NEW JERSEY WRIST WATCH BAND Optica mesh baneVou. LV, No. 6 WASHINGTON Juxe, 1929 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC _MAGAZIINIE THE DESERT ROAD TO TURKESTAN ‘Twentieth Century Travel Through Innermost Asia, Along Caravan Trails Over Which Oriental Commerce Was Once Borne from China to the Medieval Western World By Owes Lattimore With Mustrations from Photographe by the Author HT caravan soutes which link the far interior of China with western Mongolia and Chinese Turkestan, the heart of Asia, penetrate regions less known and more remote from our mod- ém. civilization than almost any other quarter of the world. Yet they have an ancient and eventful history af their own—a ry of the travels of Marco Polo 630 years ago" ; a history of caravans bearing the silks of China toward the Mediterranean and the provinces of the Roman Empire, and bringing back to China the artistic and cultural influences: and India; a history af igrntions of nomiad Huns, ‘arks, ‘Yatars, an Mongols. During 1926 and 17, after Thad been in. Chita nearly seven years, 1 traversed the whole sweep of these countries be- tween Chia and India, traveling alang the ancient rontes in the ancient manner. Starting from Peking (now Peiping), 1 went up to Kweihwating, near the end the railway which reaches up toward the southern frontiers of Mongolin (see map, page 664), and after months in the bor- *See, "The World's Greatest Overland Ex: plorer,” by FoR. Hidchrand, in the Natinw at Geoorumie Macarise for November, 1938. y journeyed through the length ia by caravan and entered Chix nese Turkestan. At Kweihwating I learned from caravan traders a Tittle of the unknown ways | was to pursue. Two great routes lead from China into central Asia: one from cen- tral China up through the provinces of Shensi and Kanu to the edge of the west- crn Gobi Desert, and then acress into Chi- nese Turkestan without touching Mon- golin: the other from northern China up into northern Mongolia, and then west- ward to Chinese Turkestan, 1 DECIDE To FOLLOW TH I could not follow the first romte, he- catise of handitry, civil war, and anti-for- Cor could T follow the see. ond, becanse in recent years the tribes of Outer Mongolia, largely. tnder Russian influence, have succeeded in breaking away from China, and will not allow caravans to traverse their conntry. "Thus Twas led to the new and unknown route, the Desert Road to Turkestan. Opened) up hy trading caravans, to avoid the hostilities of both China ani Outer Mongolia, it runs through Inner Mon- galia, which i nominally under Chinese WT OADa When a halt is called for th author's awn tiny stream, CARAVANS ARE PAUKE t in the heart of Mungolia, the tents helt ra Daag How. and incredibly biter—the only water (or two days. fe are slower at the right. tn the hacks SHILATAILY ORDRH re fi nal the Hoads placed ii Hines about them (ace text. page 603) uid the camels are grazing in 9 small marsh, through which trickles a Beyond aire wlesert hills half buried fx satsl,ook THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE (Drawn y A, FE, dinate ‘THE DESERT ROUTH FROM PEIFING (PEKING) To INDIA ‘The author traveled asx member of a Chitese caravan from Kweikwatine to Kuehengtee, a distance of 1,600 mil by Mrs, Lattimore, they journeyed by horsebuek aud car sovéreighty, It traverses tHe most barren country in all Motigolia,and partly tar that reason has remained virtually unknown. ‘THE MARITS OF CARAY: ADOPT My object in traversing both Mongo- Tia and Chinese Turkestan was to effect a comparative study both of the ancient trade routes supplementing the great routes I have mentioned sand of the rela- tion between ancient and modern charmels of cnravan trade, I was fortunate in the troubled conditions which led me to choose what [have called the Desert Road, for it not only took me through the widest stretches of unknown and tusmappied Mon- golia, but gave me evidence of ancient routes of trade and migration of great im- OMEN ARE {then by cart to Urumchi (‘Tihwafa), where be was evetittnally joined ho bad traveled hy rail and sect to the appointed meeting place, Thence i> Lely capital of the Kashmir province of Ladakls portance. The caravan journey alone cov ered more than t,(00 miles, On account of the commandeering of camels for a Chinese civil war, I suffered a delay of more than five months at Kweih- wating. However, 1 was more fortunate thin others, for a large expedition which was fitting out at another point in the same territory was unable to start either that year or the text. I got away at last, be- Gause in my vears in China I had acquired not only a fluent command of the Chinese language, but x Knowledge of affairs, trade, manners, and customs in the far in- terior. With this equipment I could live and travel inconspicnously im the same tanner as the carawan traders themselves, After arranging for camels toomect me ahout 120 miles out in Mongolia, I left666 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZI Our one reguis meal, taken about nc each day, con mainly of b ok We would mots and roll and thump tt Tr cut it into & rough kind of spaghetti and it with bread is br what the wo~ pe fermented moistened, Vhen with a tich, cheese mildew, it is put ont . the sun and dri ixed with beans er, red eon my make it more pungent houseboy, a heritage {ram 1 1, behind, He 1c miles un the List, sim hard word cara n he “talieed" his employer oil of jail text, page 673) ced mutton, and Sijnares ‘at the sides of the tent, renehell the £ a thie acked itt a widesméuthed wicker carried mate ta. kt Then th were green and bite rs on it in hot tir b again wed as ever. The this remarkable cl our own most Worce MAINSTAY OF heria and Turke curr aitTIA CAPTALN Of THE ate Caravans aire & uandee by this Mungo! offi Ube richly déessed family are orted through band wher camel ding or the twigs of desert shrubs we would fry some sance, ‘To this we would add cold water, When the water boiled briskly, we threw in the spazhetti, or blobs of dough, ‘and left it for not more than two or three minutes, AS soon 1s the dough was partly cooked, we ladled it ont of the caldron into our eatit put a Tittle more sauce on the t bowls, and shoveled it down with chopsticks I started out with a good deal of tinned food, hut it did not agree with me. Aiter Imad tried the caravan diet for a while, I sined about 10 pounds, I used to make flat pancakes and spread the sauce on them ‘e drank enormous quantities of tea, ase the water was so bad, Running ‘ater was an extreme rarity, and usually our supply came irom shallow wells, heavily tainted with salt, soda, and I sup- number of mineral salts, The worst we had was tamarisk regions, The sk isa desert shrub which sends its dawn to'a great depth for moisture, In such 7 turned ns surface water CANT comtry near Ku ween, here ow carpets and us Ts Wit topo iwating hy a it home with h od let their fect yellow liy the rottihy roots and becomes thick — almost sticky —and the aver a well Once we tween wells, ery d wa with us, in flat-sided wi casks, which could be tc nel On the ling marches T would half the way on my rest_of the way, nd wa My riding camel ¢ nd th of clothin; Tike— hallow, with my feet hanging aver my. mount’s neck, ‘The slow-marching pace of the ani- ral comfortable and did not sert travelers on him and make him rise under the extra load, I learned te mount in ¢ . By means of the cord attached to a peg in his nose 1 would pull his head down, ‘Then L would put my) Phe Head camel of the sccond unit carries a banner om a ponds of belle te wastes to. which win protest ai the WO CARAVANS Jo ene, ronght a Pmainion, a the Chinese call Ct 8 FORETIS IX the: tral ERX MONGOLIA fonal emblem of those desert ungosien. ito the railheal, whence ie acly animat is taster) witle 350 now being borne across ‘the70 THE NATIONAL, GE BGRAPHIC MAGAZINE SHEP ARE OFTR: ‘Thonigh the principal item in the diet of the caravan: crew slamghtered about once a month and the seat Ieft foot on his feck, just behind his head, in eck, and ie cord, He would lift up his ; ing me off the ground, and would climb up to my perch, RUMORS OF BRIGANDS LY FAST At the beginning of the journey we passed a number of Mongol lamaserics, or monasteries, but later we entered the true desert. which was almost uninhabited, Not only were Mongol camps infrequent, but the people We were traveling in a year of great turhu- fence and. disorder. ‘The civil wars in 2 f handitry along the border and in Mongolia itself, and the troubles in Outer Mongotia had sent vague, terrifying rumors flying throuzh the des- ert, and no man knew who tmight be an enemy. or a {rich At intervals we met caravans and ex: changed news of regions where bandits or raiders from Outer Mongolia had last been seen, FE sent letters tick hy several of these caravans, each time affering pay. ment, which was always refused with grave courtesy. BROUGHT To THE TENTS POR SALE White flour, a fat ewe or ram i aye Ke. “Tt is the business of the Gob caravan master would say. “Wh fibittedd amonst the men (see text, the world With all these men, “the business of the Gobi" was a phrase covering everything that can happen to a caravan in’ the des ert—iriendship and enmity, good fortune and calamity. Every letter I-sent was safely delivered, bat that was because the men had recognized me and admitted me into their own fellowship. Some years ayo an expedition was sent ont into Mongolia 19 establish amotor toute to Chinese Turkestan, ‘The only guides available were caravan men, and they saw on for handing over the trade of micls to machines they did nov m- derstand. ‘They Jed the automobiles {rom to sand and then inte rocks ag: amd of the dozen that started, only one reached Chinese Turkestan, CARAVANS OF CORPSES Most of the caravans''we met’ carried wool, cotton, raisins, pelts, und hides from Chinese Turkestan ; ut some of them ear- ried queerer freight. We encoamered a series that were conve: StSOF THE DESERT” the idea of being buried in such astrar where Hing on the grown ine-away country, and they belong to — ‘The coffin found hy the way had been Ids which lookc after them in orpsr corpse carriers, Evidently it ered to and the mer the body and stuffed it into frontie k graves tntil most of another corpse tra mir corpses to the y are carried across the 1 to another office of the end of the stribuited, each tc andl ate, ard events ts ancestral burial F THR MEN JS SKIZEH thn nIF camp, on i of a violent stor © moment somebiod;POACHING DACavs effect of being desertod hy the others, and died thi, [has ve men not far bes cof pure death luckily je hack that day with one of er casks at awe set out to catch 1 with w the sick man rolli with a close by. an the ny camel standin out bored-look oll mother, T F questioning him a bit twas nothin ith me to tell the could get « out of & box. Meantime I unrolled the ma ak, and began to rul THE NATIONAL MONGOLS, ON STRING row! crying, “Ala I die here! Als yet hé suffered ? this is waiting overe but /a stomach a emt the man who w van to stop tntil T me powerful foreign medicine ston art of th placed on top of a eireular yr shall T calm that his so to h. mach on APHIC MAGAZINE Photograph hy Bleaner Late MIGRATION, IFALT FOR THE NIGHT rubbing the outside, hut after a hearty nto feel better on the in ntmally the frightened trad ded 19 halt, and 1 gave the mie mevlicine; but they were uneasy, tried to calm them, and to persuade them that the man had not really been invaded I even invented some. symp ns to describe how he wattle have be- het ghost-possessed. PISO MYSELF IN JAM wert Kn Not long after the borders of Chine in with a border patrol, and with ing I found myself in jail, The province of Chinese ‘Titkestan is kepe very tightly closed to strangers, and where more tightly than on the horders < we approached rest to China. A foreigner who enters from India gets jer reception thar who comes from China, beeanse the ials know that friendliness of the ( ure f Tnidia. rustir of China pIf DESERT ROAD KAZAKS OF THE WESTERN present day’ make ¢ summer rari evoura ‘ ae th reshe ‘The limited Governor. co ene of w n wanted tof hh antese TO TURKESTAN 1 TRIBE ON ALIGRATION T should ui ally | ithe men once ¢ ly “hostile” Ran some experience with pe with which L wits af above all I had the fi was Moses why Mose know,’ travel He uTHE NATIONAL GE reatme ith men and I wer tinheat nett frtt plure was re ported to irk permitted to for fear Ty proved we were The thins Leur importance, hem w Md Asiatic x it en Moses was r the nephew an) aft till to face the hares It was impossible tTHE DF AL stant miles. for Kuehen more thai This town holds the me position at the m end of the caravan route that Kweihwating by he castern end. It was the beginning 1£ December and a Ww f record cold and deep snow which amazed even the old hands among the cara- My came! an me were worn out after three months of tra and although they een resting fo fortni I was had it not had en duri W ane by; so we hid to find our y alone. with little chance of help if we got into trouble, Soon after we started, we began to find all along the road east niels that ad ‘been abandoned hy the ¢ bef lustration, A Trodden tthe numerous rarely sold, being tes n overtaken by tr . of the al ned camels were When a camel gets to a certain of weakness, he er get he has such-an incredible upand walle; be vitality that even then he live for ays, in spite af hitter cold and vis ather. Cau men will not kill these camels for fear of bad luck the wolve put thern on misery. pull down camel, or om runs From Isirns Lat when the just hi nd watches him, he simply waits until his quarry dies. t birds, which PAE AND IIS Gt ed with great peril from mh to bring dawn je quarry is cap bot their is worth more than fas a pre bute to a alsa, text, 7 ome of th aw were plates caf the bitter weather they had lived through. ‘They © unable to move hut as we approached they turn their cads 10 wateh tis, and as we passed they ok to the front nto the snow, to watch us A BLIZZARD SWE We struggled f ainst head winds hi nd de and t now before worst day reaching KiWhiligraph ty lewnor Eatitoaon THALLS CONVERGE (X OLD WENTY MowTIT Pass Tn the distance 4 erounl the heavy. 8 ‘of nomads and carte spring migration, party, exch aff nuimite Hlawn lear. ‘TH h the drifts, ‘This cn by five ponies, are rab THLE YouGUT MONGOL'S PACK REAST CAMIES ALL HIF MASTER'S HE if), 3.000 tiles to the Ir theif Failure to estATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZENE EVRESH MENTS arch bave proffered the traveler a yeneral among the qumads; se delighted the double now blew, = ‘ight th ur te edles, unt the wind died there fel cold that we ¢ We sat ay crawling. most nes, be ralAPHIC MAGAZINE mgs tw known throughout the province as’ the 1 lightning.” e reason for the slow m pair and y civil wars in Chi ork hip revent its hy the Governor litical purposes. lowed to funet The pla swn and. havin i with whatever crude found in the province, E kest form of eommtitrii ih with the outside e postal service, directed by a fore des news i comnissioner in the employ of Governme mitted to er publi which riers it g Siberia, whence it i jp and reaches f those which mey, he province of Sin- n, has been kept contented, and prosperau: the Chinese Revolutin in 1911 The ordinary 1, ring civil v milit It take three to. six months reach Tur! ther been ravaged hy civil war au ry he Governor, who he cord sis more thanTHE DESERT ROAD TO TUR as Baie fe terndescertes LITTLE REMAINS OF THE WALLED the Mohammedan rebellion of half a century lsberl. ‘The tower at the Feft and the moscue at iin this eity newr Lirumchi, ‘TORSUN Afte were det Felt standin of the Tungan stn ‘are almost the only buldit a successful despot, ruling a-vast vince throtigh, she and Thad agreed origi- peopled by nimerous different races, many nally that it woitld be best for me to at- of them savage and difficult to control, he tempt the journey through Mongolia aline employs thoroughly practical methods and and send” her a message as soon as | is intellectually a conservative. reached Chinese Turkestan. J had hoped One example of his old-fashioned sym- to reach Urumehi in the [are summer and jathies is the great trust which he reposes notify her in time for her to travel the in Wiis brother, who, like a medieval ma- 300 to 400 miles between the end of the gician, is skilled in interpreting dreams Siberian Railway and the border of Chi- and the eat fthe stars, ‘The Gover- nese Turkestan by the Russian motor-car nor'’s som, who was absent in Peking at servic, which does the journey in about the time of our visit. was reported to have three days. acold, ofa touch of influenza. The Goy- . As things turtied out, she had 10 travel brother; the in February, the very coldest season af the and the re year, and the motor service was, of course, From Peking she into Man- iherian Rail- to Now cmor hastened to consult hi cther consulted the stars y ether with suitable prescriptions held up b were witelessed to Peking, used. the Chinese ri churia to reach the Ts which she travele THROUGH TOMES, LATTINORE Then she took a branch railway At last 1 got a message through to my south to Semipalatinsk, capital of the wife, and I received a reply saying that Province of the Seven Tents. She had she was starting ont through Siberia to then to complete the journey hy traveling join me. Recause the country ta be trav- 17 days by sled through the deep Sibe- ersed was totally unknows, there rian show iunder appalling conditions (see nsiderable tineerta map, page 66, wa684 LITTLE TREES ARE e Wheelw rig vemieireles by tw hed to ti in pairs. Thoug! thiss amade tend wath metal tyalbic cles re elliptical th nd slept in Kazak huts buried under ow. It was a remarkable journey man to make alone. I traveled abc viet authoriti travel in Sibe ere foreigners are not he officia would trac allowed. However, 15 ity one thin . Ww me to enter Siberia ty meet of the railw How and violent weather bad mails and broken down the id when she started on did not even know im] me at the end of Shan, or Celestial Mount ha train of 1g sh ; tehes to Chinese 400, miles e hor ad 1 We Chine i the T whieh journey, sh whether she woul ly cast and west. S' this range, int carrying re alt nication which have determined the ral Asia durin ge of five Sih &. Lattimer companied by. a youn from the Chinese Const who acted as her inte nce seemed to promise a win degree of During the wh of this rou journey she lived on eon food—tea, and mut. ithe sleds were rian drivers, and HACHE OASIS HAS whose pres The province is largely-« from the mountains the 1 from little to less, and agriculture ¢ which flow down teTHE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE EVERY ul Avian bree lc a i the mountains, marshy, and end eventually in swamps in the deserts, Where the rivers reach the plains, the water is carried out ta each side by i tion canals to f Les, it spots are popiuilated try is.a town in the middle serves as a trading cet Tf one liow up a typical river, ‘one woul: a idesert barrier range of hills, ing through this by a gorge one would come to the high central Cel fial Mountains. In these mounta ferent. zones, accarding to the lower grazing zone, the winter quarters nomadic tribesmen with their f a forest zone, and am upper. ‘ing, zone. AN through the sare coal and valuable minerals the river linking the moun- tains to the plain, forms a channel of trade. n the trading town at the center of the casis, th tle, wool, ns, lumber, ¢ ‘of the mounta and gol ys are exchang CAMP HAS iTS snien icf of the All nile § the pomiads for the grain, clothiy tures of the oasis country ; Sinee each ¢ by a belt of desert, the main tendency of trade is to go up and down between each own back, moum- kc and forth between between the sail is that along t df the monntai , because the greatest rainfall is on the northern slopes: North Re $ Are moKE pri A CHINESE 1 ONEPARATIVELY FEW CHINESE The tendeney of trade to remain lo- alized between each oasis and its own mountain background has been one of most important fact ping Ch Turkestan behind the general develop of the world, not only by making it | ble and con ile not te-change, by miking change difficult The prot a Chinese dominion, este ntTHE DESERT ROAD TO TURKESTAN 6stof them laden, incl household. fu and every they are only merc nem CAME rw camels, which. fi through the frozen, falling into drifts s anil ¢ from their months ship of long, ied on top fore them to hen came oxen aCH MUCH MANRTEM, ATANA MITAN RT ROAD where people gather kc kumiiss, as in the form of kumiss it is lightly fer- mented. ‘The kuti prepared in a whole coltekin, which has heen sewed tip to make a bag, the neck being the mouth. In this is placed a wooden dasher, and the milk is churned, ‘The inside of the skin being sour rom previous. brew the milk rapidly fer- s. Another drink, arak, whieh is much more powerful, cam he distilled from kumi All summer the nomads remain in th pleasant ehcampments 1 the superb high val sof the Tien Shan, I is the happiest time of year for them—es- pecially for the men The children herd the animals andthe women 7 milk t goats, AT CARAVAN WORK IS EXCEL ws, and nares, Hae re att 1 fie in their bork wether oF ial toll hy hardy, never complaints heer{il and ressireeful, these nts all day. drinking — mah iniispe : taken with a burstiof Lite Tibet their hi ae le vf distant en- driving their flocks in search of thir teri g nothing of x journey detest grass; which comes up just afte of five or six days. the snow has melted, In winter they re they miy THE TIPE OP THT NOMAD 13 edges ‘The conditions of nomad act as winddbn here than in aimost-any other the flocks and supply ¢ Id bit in spite of this the Ka a Med enough to feel crowileid One can ride through miles « leys in the Tien Shan, whe h andant fel ‘The winter quarters fen villages of log huts, with spaciows corrals for stock. In e the valleys are little crade © catch-crops'of wheat winter supplies. They dis: with grass grows lire flocks or tents In summer the nomAlehough Mf Chine tonieas. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINETHE DESERT. ROAD TO TURKES ing mists; through which loomed: oc- i clitis of white marble or red porphyry. ‘The glacier was much eut up with crevasses and chasms filled with heatttiful bloe water, The changing of the fissures in the ice, casing the trail to be changed ftom year to year, made the way dificult, and we had to make stire, as we went along, that we were following the line of the freshest courses. “The puss is the only direct lirie of com- munication between Akso, or the Great South Road,and Kuldzba, on the northern side of the mountains, and thus, in spite of ite difficulty, is of considerable importance to trade. ‘The contrast of climatic conditions after crossing over the mountains was so alirupt as to he startling. Almost all of the rain- fall of the Celestial Moutitaitts is coneen- trated on the northern slopes. On the southern side they seemed no longer the Celestial Mountains. The dark forests and bright meadows gaye way tu Larren slopes of rock and starved valleys in which grew only a fittle coarse brush ‘Om account of the fek of rainfall. the nit was height, dry, and dagzting under a cloudless sky, and as we descended the heat diated against us from the bare rocks, itil we had cleared the foot of the minge and reached the casis-level, we saw hardly any sign of human life except a few toiling caravans. THE TURKIS ARE A FRIENDLY TONLE From Aka onward, although we passed through the limited region inhabited by the Dulanis.we were almost entirely among the oasis-dwelling, Turki people, thio tre a of the jam of Chinese ‘Turke- stan often called Kashgatia. A frietidls docile, very human people we fotnd them, jond of laughter, talk, music, fairs, and crowded markets. ‘They were patient aid strony as workers, though tot sp devotedly industrios as the Chinese. We traveled from Aketr to Kashgar iti July, curing the most crushing heat of the dry lowland summer. Mt this season the oasis people take life easy. In spite of the heat, the drought, ard the deserts that sur= round them, they live at ease in security: for the hotter the weather, the more water they have. Rain is almost tmknown to them, bit the ylaciers melting in the moun tains send streams cushing down the val- leys. to be diverted into their irrigation cintinels atid spread ont over the thirsty fields. All day the oases, shaded tinder tall poplars, sleep without a sign of life in an atmosphere that throlrs with heat. ‘Then, at evening, people begin to come oat of their doors. Venders of vegetables, fruit, and imelos set up their stalls in the streets an shopkeepers take down the hot, dusty shutters of their booths. Carters look to their ponies and get their lumbermg curts inorder, acd men in loose white garments, girt with sashe>—their stimmer costitme, contrasting with the bright colors of their Winter wenr—and women in white robes that look very much like nightgown, ap- pear to take up the day's business as the day ends, Atter dark one sees groups fithered abort slowing cooking fires, amd chatter and taebber continue far into the night. WHOTRAVEL IN AUSTHA NUE EQUIFAGE Heratise of the oppressive heat we, too, lived more by night than by day. At Aksu we hired a great cart mounted on two bigh wheels that, though not exactly reumd. were round enough to roll Et was drawn hy four ponies. In the bottom) of the cart we laid our heavy boxes and equipment. On top of these we put-an imposing structire—a lit- tle house, lent to us by a Chinese officin! It had a window at the back and double doors in front, bath screched tn keep ont mosqtitoes, On the floor ef the honse we spread our bedding; and then forth we went on our giant wheels, bound from Aksu to Kashgar, Our beds were deeply cushidned sith felts. so that, as we jolted ponderously along, we did not feel the humps ton much, Arined escorts provided by Chinese officials followed ts, leading onr riding ponies. Starting about sunset, we would ccomtinine until the small hottrs oF the morn- ing. Most of the time we could sleep: hut oceasionally, when the moonlight flonded hare desert or scattered tangled shadows among obsctire jungle thickets of wild poplar and tamarisk, we would get out in our pajamas and ride for a while, our escorts chanting interminalile sonorots alc:700 We seemed to live entirely: in pajasnies. At the end of the stage we would either sleep in the cart imtil daylreak, with theéat af suffocating heat, or tumble at ance inte an inn room, The intis were trod hovels, each a series of roums grouped caravansary fashion around a square, The rooms were law and windowless, the better to keep vit light; for light, in a Turkestan’ suinmer, means heat, Most of the space of our quarters would be filled with the raised sleeping platiorm, on which we put our bedding, and above this hung a tented mosquito net, There, ina halé-light which, if not cool, was not so overpowering as the glare in the court, we would spend the day, read= wf, sleeping, eating, ad sumtimes work ¢ Lwould squat crosslegged. naked to the waist and streaming wet, near a shaft af light from the badly fitting door, ham- mering out on the tupewriter the record of our doings, We lived very simply, mostly ot exes aiid frit, "These were plentiful, tut in a tow places the water was hitter, At these stages we were provided with water sent ahead especially for our use, carried in huge hallow gourds loaded an n donkey. ‘The apricots and necturines were: ltts- tious and so good that ane Way we each ate more than a hundred. Melons, how- ever, were our staple. Watermelons we would hardly condeseend to eat, but on in numernble and d us varieties of mut inelon and cantaloupe we feasted daily, Cine reason for the great abundance of melons was that they grow om soil too salty for other crops, Often, when a new trict of land has been irrigated, nothing hut melons are grown for several years for, though deliciously sweet and fragrant themselves, they extract salt from the soil, making it suitable eventually for other stops (see page 681). TURKD WOMEN AWE NOTED ptaUTaS ‘The women of Turkestan, as well as the foaits of the province, are extolled in a Chinese proverh : The geapes of Turfan, the melons of Ham The girls of Kucha ate all Tike lowers. Herause of the easy, sheltered life they fead in the eases, with almost no danger of atinck hy strangers and a plentiful sup- THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, ply of food guaranteed to them by the an- nial melning of unseen svows, the Turki People. feel file pressine of economic pardship. ‘This freedom from want aid care, almost unique in Asia, allows the Women ati tintistal degree of emaicipa~ tion. Tt is trae that among the ‘Purkis, as among all Mohammedan peoples, 2 womin is regarded as an inferior example of God's most divine creation, Man Init she is meh Jess of a chattel and much more of a free agent than she wauld be if life were harder and her value greater as at impaid servant in the henee, A PELILANDERING DMIVER TARES US OVER A ROUGH ROAD Ry Mohammedan tage, © man may have as many as fonr wives at 2 time, and: divorce them merely hy repudiating them. In ‘Turkestan, hawever, a woman has practically the samé facility of divorce asher lord. The resultis that an upright and respectable citizen, withuit running any risk of heing considered flighty oF wayward, may have as many as 40 leg imate wives it the colirse af his easy-going, tolerant life, while a perfectly virtuous woman may have nearly as many. hits- hanwis. Tr seemns to be! tule of liuman nature, more important than any religion ar any’ code of laws, that pretty women, whatever the sime or clime in which their lot be east, can colint on getting the best of whatever is to Ie had. ‘The great advantage py sessed liy the giretty ‘Turks girl is that it is easier for her to get the best. Pretty women make a regular profession of mar- tinge, acenmulating riches in the form of endowments from snecessive husbands ‘The owner of our cart,a wizened, crab- fike old fellow, had alse a smaller cart, and in this he was conveying a pert, at- tractive litthe wench, who had had enough of her current Intshand and was going ome to, ber mother, atcompanied bir a wely little brown brat. At first the carter put his young-son in charge of the smaller cart; but the converanee was forever being mysteriously delayed on the road. Then the old man gave his song very gate tital piece of his mind, and drove the smaller cart himself, pitting the youth in charge of our hembering ark,THE SERT ROAD TO TURKESTAS “0108 tin by beds of bright flowers aud the roots of heavy-lnden fruit trees. Pending the returh of Major and Mra. Gillan, we were delightfully entertained by Mr. Chu, the Chinese Secretary to the Consulate General, who took me to pay preliminary calls on Chinese officials and rode with us to mosques and shrines and the show phices of the city. ‘Mr, Chu was a shining example of the adventurous young Chinese. During the World War be had gone to France as an interpreter-officer with the Chinese Labor Corps, and afterward ‘had come te Kash- gar, aver the Karakoram route, im the British service. Not only was Mr. Chu justly, proud af his English and French, ht since coming among the ‘Turkis he had thrown himself wholoheartedly into the study of their re- ligion and their ways. He now spoke fluent Turki, had embraced Tslam, and ex- hibited with pride an elabornte edition of the Koran, printed in_ India in English and Arabie. As a final cosmopolitan totich, he sperit most of the day during the hot weather in a Japanese kimono, We could not have had a more: entertaining. and sympathetic guide, With the return of our official hosts we seemed to pick up all at once threads of our own world and the lives of our awn people, which for months we had left out of sight and out of mind, in the ever- changing and always fascinating life o the road in far places. ‘Kashgar had a double strangeness to us. "The usnal traveler enters these regions over the high mountain barriers that di- vide them from India. and to him Kash- gar is the outpost of the unknown? ‘To is it was the outpost of the knawn, the first place where we c in contact with familiar influences, and we looked tpn. the Swedish mission as a populous colony, ‘The sense of a return from the tee East to the westernizer! East increased as we traveled on from Kashgar to Yarkand, where we made our final arrangements Set'Ry Coolie and Caravan Across Central by William J. Morden, In the Natrowat. pocnamitie Moarise for Oetober, 1927. As THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, fur the last stages of the journey to Tn Several times on the road we met tn €fs: anew vicé-consul on his way to Kash gar, and British officers on Ieave from India, who had either teen hunting Oris poli, the great sheep of Marco Pola, on the Pamir. or were ing.” dey thee indomitable way of the British officer on leave. WE TASS OVER “HITE WOOF GY THY WORK "Phe hospitality extended at Kashgar ditt not end when we towk our leave, for ward had been sent to the beadman of the Indian traders at Yarkand to help us in preparing our transport for the Jotirney to Leh and Srinagar. At Yarkand we hired a train of pack ponies, in charge of four cheery La- dakhis—Tibetans of Ladakh, or” Little ‘Tibet. With them we traveled for nearly a month ever the stupendous route of the Five Passes, the highest trade route in the world, to Leh, the capital of Ladakh. ‘The highest of the Five Passes, though not in fact the most difficult, is the Karakoram, whieh rises 10 18,300 feet above sen level. ‘This journey over the ridge of the world was a magnificent experienee in itself, and was if some ways the most splendidly arduous and enjoyable part of all our trip, In achigving it, my wife completed a unique adventure: She was the first woman, so far as available records show, to travel from Peking overland throsgh Chinese Turkestan to India. ‘Our journey came to its real end on the slay when, after yet another fortnight of travel from Leh,’ we reached the crest of the Zoji La. ‘Then, in one stroke, we left Ichind tis the barren, wind-haunted high lands of Tibet, and saw below us, openiny: downward, the wide, easy valleys mf Kash- mir and the slapes of tall mountains clothed with evergreens, among whieh hirches were turning to the coppery colors of autumn and shedding their leaves, Srinagar, by the famous lakes of Kash- mir, was otily a few easy marches below uss and fram Srinagar we conld travel by motor, over well-made highways, the last 130 miles to the railway,CALIFORNIA, OUR LADY OF FLOWERS By Cuarin Hatt LHPORNIA is one great bouquet. From its stem, formed hy Pai Lona, the nosegay bulges like sin overfilled market hasket, as it draws beamy from the tertain betweet Los Angeles amd. San Francisco, but tapers to a graceful Topat the Orerontnrder dn March and April the State is fairly bursting with the joy of fife—the loveliness of spring in a perfect setting. She is almast smothered ‘beneath an avalanche of buds and blos- coms. Motiitain springs are singing anil where Natiire is proclaiming a story of néw birth, new beauty, new opportun It is the story of the Golden State, spread actoss her bomy face in’ the language of flowers. In the springtime thie desert is. athrill with color and life. Fruit ofchards: have donned their kaleidoscopic gars and sploteh the map with the delicate tracery of their charm. Mount reaches snow plants (see Col and rich jgcound tints produce vivid effects to combat draly winter's tinal stand. ‘The great redwoods (see Color Plae XXLV) have added another birthday ring totheireyele of serene overlordship, whiel for some of them, goes hack far beyond the beginning of the Christian calendar, Along the golden shores flora and werdure, varicolored. run to kiss the surf as it breaks hiue, of green, or white along a thousand iniles of enastline, IN THE DAVS OF SPANISH DONS For a Jong time California dreamed in her semitropic setting, gaining strength and favor, There was plenty of time to be happy, plenty of time for Destiny te weave her intricate pattern across themotm- tains and desert and up and down her lovely coastline. ‘The country wis loose articulated hy a chain of great estates ‘owned for the most part by Spanish dans, who rode magnificent horses over freshly made trails, held fiestas, wave and were given in marriage. maintained indifferent access. with the outside world! via infre: trading vessels, and lived a life apart, yet full and sufficient—a life which bas jeft its imprint even to this day, Superlatives come easily in any discus siom of this Stute. Each year throngs of tourists enter her lntchless borders. ‘They travel mile upon mile of surfaced roads, they climb her mountains, they visit her matchless desert spaces, and they look out from her front yard to where the setting sunt spills a million jwint pots over the horizon, They revel in her climate, mar- vel at her cities, wander im ber groves and orchards, inhale the delicate odor of her blossoms, and gaze in awe at her natural wonders, Many of these tourists stay, and si year ear the State recritits favored soma and daughters from all the land; and this di- versity nf stock and its quick amalgamation give to California a citizenry of new blood which affords ain interesting, study im the huilding of a race, THY MOUNTAINS RST Exo RLOOA tn the early spring California dons her party dress and) looks her best. The winter rains have tinted hillside anil pas- ture Janda verdant green, In the citras. Areas the delicate arange blasscnm fills the air with its perfume, and miles of trees miretch like milky ways as far as the ey may follow, foretelling the rich teturis of the coming season, when thse Isossomns will have been converted inte fruit. In other sectioms cherry blassoms stage an exhibition which jams the roads with sight-seers. ‘The almond trees are inde- scribably lovely, The dandscape is filled with color, while snoweapped peaks are seen through the tree tops. ‘This is cultivated loveliiess; nit ofie day, after a searching rain. followed hy warni stinshine, a mountain side suridenty bursts into dine —a veritable spontaneous combustion, ‘This miracle is follower liye another and another, until the Lady of Flowers is in ecstasy, One vista after an other opens to the traveler, each vine more Leautiful than the preceding, Literally, all outdoors becomes one wast! garden of flowers, tihtil it seems there is no endl t the enforful panorama, John Bidwell, an car heer, writes in his re Never did T expect Arierican pio riscences see the earth so74 \eantifully arrayed in flowers as it is here, (On seashore and mesa in deep, cool yon, on dry and open Till slope, om mot tain, in glacier meadow, by stream and lake, in marsh and woodland, they paint the face of Nature in a thousand colors.” The “cup of gold,” as the Spaniards called it, is the queen of wild flowers, the Califoria-poppy (see Color Mate X1},.0f which Joaquin Miller sing gold that banks not in the town, Hut sinning, tauabion, (reels. apits Ts hoard far up the happy bills; Far up, dar down, at every turn What hegear has hot ggole tor ba ‘THY, DESERT 18 A MAGIC CARPET IN SPRING. And the desert! Who ean look upon thie desert in the spring-and talk of barren waste? Even Death Valley, for ages Cali- fornia’s boy spot, a place to be spoken of in awed dhisper, 4 death trap, naw has ite tourist hotels and tent camps; to which transcontinental travelers detotr and w! residents of Los Angeles and cuast cities eagerly visit over week-ends during eight months of the year, “The desert has an indefinable pull, and. it is the combination of desert, meamtain, and sea, eich with its overtlowing bless- ingof flowers, which makes California the splendid playground it 15 (see Color Pim Vi-and XV). Desert vegetation exhibits its greatest zeowth and heauty between Febriiary atl ay. It includes the yucca and juniper, the crecsote and mesqiite, many varieties of shrub and herhage, an occasional Joshua tree (see Color Plate WI), mixed with Indian painthrish (a member of the yea family), monkey-flowers, Iupine, prickly thlox, wild buckwheat, blazing-star, stm- flower, barrel cactus bloom, ocatillo, sit many others, giving for a season the iin pressinn of a flower-carpeted world,* In this Tish peribd the desert literally bles some tis the rose, although the rose does nat ordinarily blossom in the desert. The term “wild flowers" poorly de- seribes some af this desert flora, Ocea- sionally they aré-savage flowers, capable of See “Will Flowers of the West." by Edith S. Clements, with 206 ihisteations in) full color, in the Narrowst Grocrarine Mauazine for ‘May, 1927. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZI protecting themselves better than any man~ made laws could possibly protect them, In magnificent color, in deheacy of texture of petal, the cactts flowers are perhaps the most wonderful of the California des- ert blossoms. But no Gne ever came home from the desert with a handful of cholla. flowers or a homet af prickly pears. “Look and leave “em” is the safest motto, for the cqetus has a fiendish defense against all comers and it is the part of wisdom to Tet it waste its fragrance on the desert air. When one speats of the clirmats fornia one usually means that whieh pre~ vails in the strip lying between the Coast Range of mountains and the sea. This i= a region of eternal spring. where gently slide the seasons from summer to autumn, and from winter to spring, that Snminer seems but winter sailing. and awinter but the sommer born anew." OM it Tennyson might traly have writtet In the afternoon they came unto a tam Un whack it scemoil always aflertoiit, =. A land where all things ulsays secm'd the same! California, filled with natural wonders, mothers no scenic symphony more mar- velous than the Yosemite National Park (see Color Plates 1, [Land X, left}, with its miyhty peal rugged canyons, plant trees, waterfalls tumultuously spreading a py tecting veil over the rcky ontlines of naked clefts rising from the floor of the valley sheer a thotsand feet or more, ‘Trails lead into mysterious depths and up steep mountain sides, to be lust just at the end of a rainbow formed where myriat stmbeams shine upon the transhicent falls ig from a smaller valley far alive. ‘Bridal Veil has a drop of 620 feet. The floor af the Yosemite proper is about miles long and a mile wide, herumed in by Infty precipices, A REMARKABLE GROUP OF CONTIERS In the giant Sequoia, the sugar pine, the western yellow pine, the red and white firs. and the ineense-cedar, we have in this Yosemite region one of the most remark- able groups of conifers in the world, It serves to give the park an interest and charm which gratifies the esthetic sense and stirs deeply the imagination, Aceoriing to a legend of the Miwols Indians, the Yosemite Falls are inhabited hy spirits, which cause gusts of wind toEVER CHANGING CALIFORNIA,Herefords binURNIA, LAND OF STARTLING CONTRA iG CALIFCALIFORNIA, OUR LADY OF FLOWERS whirt into the water any who may yenture too clase. Once the spirit captured a girl who had gone fora basket of water, Wher she dipped it up, the water was full of shales. ‘These the spirit hat caused to cnter the vessel, so that she might abandon her accustomed spot and move farther ap- stream. Each time she dipped her basket, the girl found more reptiles in it, and so gradually she went higher and higher, wintit she reached the pool at the foot of the falls, into which a violent gust blew her. From Artist’s Point there is a fine view of the valley (see Color Plate 11) and its contrasts in height and depth, in verdure antl fort. Near the foot of Yosemite Falls, the largest and most spectacular in the valley, the blueblossem, cammorly called “blue Tile,” grows in. profusion (sce Color Plate X), the soft coloring blending with the rainbow effects of the torrent, broken in its descent to the floor of the valley. UNUSUAL RANGE OF NATURAL CONDITIONS: The Yosemite National Park, which einbraces 1,100 square miles of “valley: in- comparable” and scenic mountnins, offers arich for the botani So great is the range of natural conditions between fonthills and mountain glaciers that one authority estimates that t,200 species and varieties of flowers, plants, and ferns are native to this-area. ‘Though most of these are typical of the entire Sierra Nevada, many ate exceedingly rare, Foremost among the shrubs which lend interest and charm to the mountain. side is the deerbrush, with its tall, slender stems, scattered foliage, thin leaves, and abundant masses of delicate white hlos- soms. “The folinge of this brush is eaten by the deer, which abound within the park. ‘The sweet hirch inhabits open spots in the forest. The fragrance of the western qvalea is enhanced by abundant bloom, "the delicate canchalagua, with its snowy clusters of bright, thick flowers; the taller collomia, with its dense heads of dainty, funnel-formed blossoms, almost salmon in color; the golden mimulus, or moukey- mntless hive flowers, such as the light-bine pentstemoni, sw whorls in fall stems; tall bine forget-me-nots; tiny, da ue collinsia; the red Indian paint- the brilliant. scarlet pentstemon, with lance-shaped leaves and funnel. ma formed ‘corolla, about one ineh lory golden buttercaps—all go t form the heit= Tiant mosaic of large sheets and pools of color on the valley levels. ‘The wide variety of conditions, ranging from the hot and desiccated slopes of the brush-elad foothills to the bleak summits above timberline, the abode of glaciers and perpetual snow, gives to the flora an exceedingly diverse and interesting ¢har- acter, Inuumerable springs, creeks, rivers, ponds, and Jakes provide stitable habitats for moisture-loving Plt Rocky. cut- pings, enormous cliffs, and gravell Hilges accommodate specs acbped: 1 ch situations, "The irregular topowrapliy yields sonth- ward-facing slopes, which receive the full effect of the sun's as well as north- ward slopes, cool, moist, and shady, where they are little felt. ‘The altitude cs fram 2,500 feet in the foothill belt to more than 13.000 feet along the crest of the Sierra Nevada. It is probable that the first white men to look upon Yosemite Valley were mem- hers of the Joseph R, Walker Expedition of 1833, which deseended the western slope of the Sierras. ‘This expedition ap- parently did not go down inte the valley, and the effective discovery was not made until 1851, by members of the Mariposa Battalion while in pursit of Hostile In- dias. ‘The first white men who frequented this Yosetnite hinterland were miners, sheep herders, and cattlemen. ‘Then came sur- veyors and soldiers to guard the mountain meadows and forests, And, lastly, the tourist, at first.a little growp at long inter- vals, but now in throngs, to see the glories of the mountains: ‘The first systematic reconnaissance of the region was male hy the California Geological Survey, between 1865 and 1867, WILD FLOWERS AND WOODED LOWLANDS California has many showeases for the display of her diversified wares provided dy a beneficent Nature. In the high Si- erras are the snow plants peeping inguir= ingly and a bit nervously through the snoweaps when the first warmth of spring moves the solid pack to mushy activity (see Color Plate XT), Farther down the slopes, lichens, mosses, sundry family720 gToups of ferns, and many varieties of wild Howers merge into the wooded low- lands, where, especially north of the Te hachapi Mountams, the live oak spreads its shapely limbs and often atfards pro- tection while adding beauty to the pasture Jand, where herds of fat Hetefords (see Color Plate 111) browse. In the northern part of the State roses grow with little cultivation, bit with the profusion of goldenrod in ‘Pennsylvania. ‘No mere bushes. suffice for the wealth of Iossoms. They grow on trees, often to a height of 22 feet or more, and curious results of intergrafted varieties are some- times found in freakish but. delightful array on a single tree, In Snnta Cruz arbors cover the sidewalks of some of the streets, and over these rose’. with geraniums, climb snd rest in (see Color Plate ‘The people of Santa Cruz are flower- minded. Besides the roses and geranium, sweet peas are cultivated, literally by the acte (see Color Plate XXI}. There are few tore beautiful vistas for which mere man is responsible than these dainty flowers displayed wholesale, The adapt- ability of the tracery of vines to house exterior and garden beauty-making is not Jost sight of, the Bougainvillaa being found in artistic draping Gver many a charming home (see Color Plate XX), WILD FLOWERS OF ‘ITE soUTIL Thongh the cultivated flowers which abound are heatitiful and varied, all the way from the sand dimes, Scotch broom, and rhedodendrons pi Crescent City, which is almost the last outpost in fornin before the Redwood Highway reaches the Oregon line, to Ramona’s garden, in San. Diego, only a few miles from the Mexican border, it is to the je open spaces,” the desert and moun taiti sides of the southern part of the ‘tate, to which we turn in chief apprecia- n (see Color Plates IV, V, XVI, and IV). ‘A mountain side, perhaps 20: miles in extent, covered with a mass of yellow pop- pics, i an cyc-filling stage setting; but this is only 4 heginnig, for at its base, in equal or in greater extent, may be al mond and cherry orcharis all abloom and seeming to be set on a cloth of poppy gold. In March and April hundreds of THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE squire riles are billows with blossoms. In the perspective may be a series of carange or lemon groves, their trees taden with delicate looms, while at one's hack may stretch for unnumbered miles the desert in its bright dress of spring. SAN FRANCISCO ISA FLOWER CENTER ‘The flower lover may acquite a liberal nomitechnical education oone ‘an auttomo- bile journey from one énd of California to the other. He may see and study the snow plant (sce Color Plate XT) under the dome ef Shasta, dip into the wonder- land of plant and ower life at the ex- perimental farm of the late Luther Pur- bank, near Santa Rosa, or wander through $an Francisco's Golden Gate Park, where he finds practically every variety of Nower and plant that will grow under a kindly sun. Looking at this park's range of trees, shrihs, Rowers, trails, meadows, hills, and smal! mountains, one finds it hard to real ize that in 1871 there was scarcely any- thing except sand on the entire site of more than 1,000 acres. In its present form the paris is a testi- monial ehiefly to the 42 years of hortieul- tural and forestry experience dewated to it under the supervision pf John MrLaren, park superintendent, who has obtained plants and shrubs from evéry corner of the globe. Many acgttisitions have been. the result of trades with nurserymen else- where, More than 4,500 varieties of plants are now propagated here. The outstanding pride of this park is its thonsands ef rhodedendrons, Hima- Jayan varieties -are in preponderarice, fol- lowed closely by natives of California, Oregen, Washington, and the Carolinas, specially conspicuons. is the fragrant issitnum, which attains a height of 7 ta 10 feet, with flowers four inches in diameter and so fragrant that the odar'can be de- tected from a modest group nearly a city hioek away. One of the National Geographic So- clety’s expeditions to Yiinnan Province, China, resulted in the addition of many hundreds of species of rliododendrons to. the Golden Gate Park collection,* in Se ‘a sac Bede Neen Soe Sets Cae LL D,, in the Nariowat, Geomearme Macazine for April, 125,XIVCILIA WEAVE & 0% ANTELOPE VALLEYTHE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINECALIFORNIA, OUR LADY OF FLOWERS In a-report made in April of this year on the National Geographic Society's gift, e grark superintendent says: ‘Several years.ago we received, through the kindness of the National Geographic Society, a colleetion of rhetodemdran seeds, most of them having been gathered i weticen China by Bes lasea Reels under ‘The Society's auspices. We were successful in germinating the majority of these seeils, and for the past month or £0 many of them have been coming: into blossom, for the first time in this country. It is not an exaggeration to say that these constitute both a striking color display and a very interesting botanical exhibit and iV undoubtedly mark a new departure in the cult of the genus. Rhodudendron lo- cally. “One species which we have heen grow= ing for some time, but of which, wmtil re- cewving The Society's seed... we failed. to appreciate the full possibilities, is Rh, chartaphyttum. ‘The new forms now flow- ering here are much superior in color, size of flowers, and fragrance, and, combined with the natural grace of the whole plant, serve to indicate the plice this striking species is hound to take in the parks and gardens of the future. “Many forms are yet too small to have borne flowers. and it may be years before we are able to estimate fully the debt we ‘we to the National Geographic Society and.ta Dr, Rock.” ‘There are many elaborate private par- dents in Sun Francisco (see Color Plate VIL) and down the peninsula south of that city, FLOWERS SHIPPED "TO ALL PAWS oF ‘Tin UNITED STATES: ‘The commepolitan charm of San Eran: cisco is recognized around the world, but it is not as generally kanwn that it takes front rank in the production, propagation, and) distribution of flowers, ‘There are more than 200 flower markets and. shops in the city. ‘These are augmented by a score of organizations and. individuals whose lttsiness is the shipment of flowers throughout the United States. San Fran- cisco has one of the world’s largest nurs- for blooming flowers One grower his in production 40,000 orchid phints, one of the most extensive 19 single ventures in the growth amd distri- butiun of that enstly Hower. This grower and one in Los Angeles control a large share of the orchid business in the United, States, Almost every known variety of bloom- ing flower has been assembled in San Francisco from every part of the globe, and whenever a variety has har a vend- ency to become popular, seme nursery- mat has seized upon its cultivation as a specialty. This, as Los Angeles and the south shipp vast quantities of mative flowers to whose cultivation thotsands of acres are devoted, San Francisco is the center of hothouse development and the propaga tion af imported varicties grown under glass. Probably two-thirds af all the flowers grown jn San Francisco are importations from other climates, and hav tured into commercial assets, more surprising because of the | which grow in profusion under natural conditions, In addition to the many beautiful’ pri- vate wardens, the city’s public park system, including the Golden Gate Park (see page 720), contains a wealth of colae in hloam and gives to the flower devotee in that city what his fellow citizen elsewhere in the State finds growing at large. MONTEREY, “WIRE, CALIFORNIA BEGA’ No secker of the beautiful should miss Monterey, “whereCalifornia began.” Here the sunny waters of a landlocked hay make an ideal setting for a hackground of beattty whose areas, both natural and cultivated, offer wide range for the variegated ontpmt of Nature's workshops (see Color Plate XVI). Monterey is a place of many beginnings. ‘Heshles letus the fret cabitel, Kr bears the site of the first theater in the western jand; the first wootlen and brick houses were built here and California's first newspaper was printed here, For a time Robert Lanis Stevenson, the “prince of dreamers,” lived and worked in Mon- terey. Near by is Carmel, and near Carmel the Mission San Carlos, in whose loving em- Irice forever sleeps Father Junipero Serra, the gentle Franciscan monk whoCALIFORNIA, OUR LADY OF FLOWERS (CNT TAMAUPAIS, NUAR SAX FRAN CISL eS Rak kaa use) Biss tae aa Tailed ie: ans CT ee uy Smee eed Ge eats eeeEAT ALR FIRED, ‘The black: rows in the a hed ti tutors (rom) the city to see ext daring, ine at tH an with a paraclute Ceanter abave row of trees)DATHERS SPORT IN-A\SEA NF GOLD, AS THE SUN SETS AC NEWPORT BAY, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIATae traveled EJ Camino Real (‘The King's Highway) linlf the length of the State and brought a Christian model to heathen land, He was.the first great mis- sivoary, t0 whom California owes mach and whose favorite resting spot this was. One. poet sings of Madre te Diok, keep for mie ‘My direzmt of hill aul shy abd) sea— The green rays where nig path was set, ‘The guy guitar und castanet, And stare that hailed, at close of day, ‘The suse roofs of Munterey- Another famous mission in the series which the Franciscans built « day’s jour- ney (by horseback) apart is that of San Juan Capistrano, hallway between Ios ‘Angeles and San Diego (see Color Plates XIV, XXULand XNUL), SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO TLOCkS PAST AND PRESENT One may wonder at the stately palms, ¢ fronds waye a hundred feet over- d, or walk “knee-deep in June” out side, Yet we smist not leave San Juan ‘Capistrano for the beauties of the il ponds (see Color Plate X11) or the won- ders of San Diego's Bathoa Park without listening ior a moment tw the story of this beloved mission, dedicated November 1, 1776, only a few mionths after the Liberty Bell proclaimed the new Republic from Philadelphia's Intependence Hall, then almost m abother world, ‘The mission was built hy Indians, who: qitatried the red stone fram adjacent hills and cartied it down to the miksion with infinite patience and Tabor, ‘The building furnished indisputable proaf of the high state of manual skill to which the red man was lifted by the tireless teaching of the Franciscan padres. ‘The church wag destroyed by earth quake in 182 and, barring one short-lived attempt, for more thin a century it was permitted to ermmble to pathetic decay. In recent years the mission has been restored as neatly as possible to its original state and it is now a shrine Linking the present with the past, visited by hindreis of tmur- ists every day, as they travel over a new King’s Highway of eoticrete, which passes a few yards from the mission gutes and connects the two major cities of southern California, Los Angeles and San Diego. ‘Though the wild Mowers are more spec- THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE: facular in their promiscuitis scampering over the face of Nature, their life is eom- paratively short ; cultivated flowers. on the other band, favored by climate and soil, produce for twelve months a year a never ending and varied profusion of beauty. {1YL MOSHE TOURNAME: In the spring it is possible to drive for miles over petal-strown highways, to be- come almost intoxdeated with the perfume of the orchard blossoms and wild Rowers, hut all the year the observer in town or cotintry is rarely out of tonch with beau tiful grounds which form a setting for residences, ereat and small. Often the sttr- roumdings far outshine the house in im posing upkeep, and few indeed are the homes which make no pretense at attra- tive exteriors, Some of the larger and more preten= tious estates, where expert gardeners and landscape artists are employed, are more ‘and parks TOF PASADENA Once 4 year the flower conscionsness of the peopl: of Califor ‘overflows into outward expression, ‘The Rose: ‘Tourn ment, held on the first of January, i Pasadena, is the calminatio munity’s desire to “tell the gigantic fiesta is months in 1 It involves on intricate erganization which every civic institution has apart. Almost every tows in southert California and some in the north participate in and the tournament parade, when it swings into Colorado Street for the ap- proval of visitors who have assembled from all parts of the world, is a spectacle of inspiring beauty. Tt is a pageant of Ilossoms. ‘This year there were more than 300 entries, each a conception of great heanty. A FLOWER PLOAT POR THE FAIR LADY OF SHALOTT Asan example of the elaborateness of the plan, a description of the 1529 win ning flont may he of interest. ‘The subje: was Tennyson's “The Lady of Shalott, By the istand in the fiver Flowing dows to Camelot, Four gtay walls, and {our griy towers, erlook a space of flawers, And the silent isle imbowers The Lady of Shalott) OF STARTATIONAL GEOGRAKSTS INTO NLOOMHERE DREAM “A FOUNTAIN AND A SHRINE, ALL WREATHED IY FAIRY FRUITS ANIL ELOWE!CALIFORNIA, OUR LADY OF FLOWERS ‘The massive floral piece included towers and battlements of a castle, a stream me- anlering between banks lined with flowers blazing in color, and ow its placid bosom a lithe hark drifting to Camelot, carrying the Lily Maid so beautiful in death. ‘She ‘ested downy to Camelot Aral ay the boat-Head! wotmd albnig The HEN hills amd fields among, They ber singing her List sang. ‘his floral piece was sf feet long and 15 feet wide, It was entirely of flowers, with the exception of the Lady of Shalott, in her boat. ‘The castle, the towers of whieh were 15 feet high, was constructed of dusty+miller, mmidenhair fern, and nareissus. The doors and windows were of violets, the moat bridge of Pernet roses, violets, and maiden- hitir ferns: A binging simset behind the castle was heautifully worked out in crise, orange, red, pink, lavender, arid white sweet peas, How chrysanthemums ani bine delphin- jum, babyshreath, and mnidenkair fern. ‘The island was of heather, fern asparagus, and maidenhnir fern: The river, ane of the most gorgeous farts of the entire effect, was im pastel delphiniam, bahysbreath, and. maidenhair fern. ‘There was a generous sprinkling of wwaterfilies in the water arotnd the castle, ‘The meadows at the sides of the stream were dane in bluegrass, barley and rye, pink, yellow, and white roses, daisies, tu- ij Is, anemones, ranuneuls, and ‘The boat which carried the Lady of Shalott was of deep-bhve delphinium for a rim, fern iisparagus, and salmon sweet peas for the sides. A HORTICULTURAL PARADISE Though rosés predominated, chryshisthe- niums, carnations, marigolds, cornfowers; Grange blossoms, heather, larkwpttr, (laisies, sweet peas, pompons, Hougainvilliea, birch bark, arcisses, candytuft, Chinese lilies, gladiolus, magnotin teaves and) blossoms, delphinium, violets, smilax, and scores of other flowers were used most effectively in carrying. out the float designs. based on poems, works of art, Mother Goose chymes. and whatnot. Inm of the sets, Fram 150,000 10 200,000 individual flowers were used. Mm (Commercial Rewer culture in the South- weet is almost wholly a task of planting, "The harvest is certain tn come. “Less than 10 miles (rom the heart of Los Angeles, several hundred acres are devoted to the cultivation of asters, citmias, and bitte Ince~ flowers. ‘They unfurl carpets of colr at the very feet of snow-capped mountains, ‘Then flawertaden motor argosies bring them to town to spread their beauty from the church altar in the tiniest temple to the halls of Terpsichore. It has heen said that California is a “religion,” and, if it is, flowers are its chief symbol. In colder climes the hothouse is the in~ ethator of the most beautiful flowers: California is in itself an incomparable pro- ducing center warmed. by a central heat- ing plant overhead. Here delicately mutr- tured agapanthus, alstremeria, billbersia, to mention only a few of the blue hlonds known to the East and North, are hardy children at bome where they rub shoulders without caste or special care. Pansies for thonghts—and for the gar= den-path borders, Wee ones or giants are the mist poptilie of the bedding and horder plants. ‘The impetnons flower lover has a close-up of everything from loms to Yerhera; for the trellis. haney suckle, Bongainvillca, ivy. double daisies, vallas, agapanthus, and columbine. Among the native ferns there is plenty of choice. ‘The woudfern, with its deli~ cate, feathery foliage of light green: the brake, with its heavy Tron cclored ntl green with'a brome reverse. Among so many high-caste strangers from afar the little tiative Rowers play sctond fiddle. ‘They are free-fawering. hardy, and require a minimam of care after their estalilishment in the garden = iris, reaching its petaled heauty toa height of 10 te 20 inches; yerba buena, a tiny trailing plant with a precious frazrance p primroses of many varieties, the yellow evening-primrose topping many af its com panions, with a Height of six feet or more, ani] wearing upon its bushy breast large yellow flowers in reat abundance. MANY CALIFORNIA WILD FLOWERS EMBRACE CIVILIZATION Many California wild flowers be successfully tempted to embrace civiliea- tion anit bloom in private gardens. One of the most easily tamer is the black-eyedCALIFORNIA, QUR LADY OF FLOWERS raTHE NATIC AL GEOGRAPH 1 MAGAZINE tree, carob, ius; engeniin, ight when in full bloam. Cécile Brummer, climbing Car stent, and Paw Jet ¢fimber—all of theseand m ard atx will grow in the t with little beauty Nor all abled thre s climb to. the Many varietic Foe bnauttiful white of this type there are the Fraa Karl Drnschki teas show, free-flawering me} the in Aug Viktoria is another, For sh there at ley, with its cle ) velvety crimes petals; Padre, urbe pper and Catherine Breslau, bright satiny r reflex. heaities in the old é ysot Californé wore a tantal cdl rose in thei while they danced to the wocative castanets Flowers, like peuph from. the farthest temeher ne — little st who soon find themsely inme”* in this floral ty ani worth nto shed their low ladinliis, embrace ave become fornia’s ne falhes altiva’ bulhs in the Unite apridly, es pectal California. A. fe liscovered thatCALIFORNIA, OUR LADY OF F. ERS Ww LIPORSEA VALLEY ¢ STANTORD MEMOML LATE NIX) ATT, FRET) LCHUMeM (SEE Col sanctuary, a+ bere vurdy, ever ont the s who drive afield and return Ww cars laden with bl soms which soon wither and die became sich a seriatis: mic stringent pro- “hy buibs were artis country hadlly: infested with # bul flies which are 5 bulbs, and have also been kr and the rhizomes tective ordi So now all mem- most of the = in ile of harisi the desert sine. mountain a. Christinasberry nize boll sus family grown in i Wiens ke disqualified im ures of the New ent) beat «thar have heen nid alse f species Ik pelude: desert-holly Spanish-ha: h-dagver, eht te plant . motntain he thew filer sion in this Moral meeting property safe (also cobush, 1, westerntoo aualea, tiger lily, agave, desert irottwood, ovotillo, maidenhair fern, swordiern and all species of cacti, snow plant, Californin Washington palm, cholla, mariposa, Ma- tilija-poppy, searlet larkspur, Julas-tree, leatherwood, and wild quince, Wild-flower conservation is assuming tiativnmal, proportions and observance of wild-flower day is now being promoted THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. throtighout the United States. ‘This year it was observed on April 24 and thousands of school children participated in exereises having an educational trend and emphastz- ing. the importance of cunserving the growth and development of the wild flowers, not anly in California, where they have su distinctive a valte, but generally throngheut the country, MR. COOLIDGE BECOMES A MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY'S BOARD OF TRUSTEES WHERS of the National Gen- M graphic Society will learn with pride and pleasure that their Board of ‘Trustees has been strengthened hy the election of Hon. Calvin Coolid; former President of the United States, to its membership at the Board meeting on May: 1. Mr. Coolidge in a letter to Dr, Gilbert vetior, Hresident af The Suciety, had previously expressed his willingness to serve The Sneiety on its Boartl Members of the Board are elected for Tite. They ive their services without remuneration ta promote the objects of ‘The Society, the increase and iffy geographic knowledge Mr. Coolige's interest inthe work of the National Geogrmphie § from the time he was Vie hint af the United States, when he lectured before The Society and wrote an article for its Nationa Grocearnic Macazixk on “Massachusetts and Its Position in the Life of the Nation” (April, 19233. While he was President Mr, Coolidge appeared hefore the members af The 80- Giety it Washington opon several notable occasions, Im behali of ‘The Society he presented to Commander Richard F the Hubbard Gold Medal in ‘reco; of Commanier Hyrd's fight over the North Pole. Previously he personally I mnder the joint auspices of Geographic Society and the S approved the plans at the expedition the National ment, when Commander Byrd took three Navy planes north for fights over Elles- treve Isand and obtained bis first far uiorthern flying experience. When the Hubbard Medal was bestowed upon Col. Charles A. Lindbergh for his transatlantic flight, President Coc again was invited to make the presenta- tion in behalf of ‘The Society, and did so {see the NArioxat Grocearaic Maca- aise for Jannary, 1928). Recatst of Mr, Conlidge's grear interest in and assistance to education and te every branch’ of research and exploration, his presence and counsel on the Hoard of Trustees will delight and chvotirage every cine contacted with the work of the Nae Tonal Geographic Society: ‘The National Geographic largest scientifie and educational body in the world, Its 1,200,000. members are tn be found in every country, colony, and mandated territory hiving a postal sys tem. More than 1,000 men and women, in: chiding grarintes of 35 tmniversities here and abroad, ane employed in the prepara: tion and printing of The So ‘mag- arine, maps, school bulletins and other publications, arid ii the condder of The ive research) work and correspondence. ‘The full personnel of the Board of ‘Trstees of The Society appears each month on the i ver af the Na- crrow aL Grogital CATINE,ON THE WINGS OF THE WIND In Motorless Planes, Pilots Ride in Flying-Mox Fashion, Cruising on Upward Air Streams and Lifted by the Suction of Moving Clouds By Howarn Sizrey NN GERMANY. to-day hundreds of I sehnotboys are Aying. Three thousanul took official instruction in ig28. Ele- ‘ators, contral sticks, sideslips, take-offs, landings, and views “down below” are discussed now as Freely and intimately as tennis or automobiles, dn the jllane of the German hoy there ir no cagine, it ts trae; yet he actually thies. And, from the very nature of bis birdlike hine, he really Jeans more of air con- 1s than many a pilot of standard air craft hns yet learned; for, onthe very first day, after intensive lecturing, he climbs into the stat of the glider, takes hold of the controls, and slips off into space. In concentration, in quick thought and action, lies the boy's salvation, for nin in structot flies with ts Any: schoulboy of fourteen years or over may enroll, Instruction is free and sriven by sehodl-teachers theniclves.. ‘This plan reassures geirents, though primary gliding is nor particularly dangerous, as the ma chines seldom fly higher than to or ue feet. Later, with more experience, flyers may. glide for 30 of 40 miles, attain an eleva on of several hundred feet, and remain aloft for hours. Nor is this new air art by any mieans confined to practice among boys.” At the technical tmiversities students have formed clubs for the study, design, and construc- tion of their own motorless airplanes, Most of the highly sensitive, so-called “cal planes” have been developed at the universities, Man's dream of fying on ontstretched igs is as old as man himself, and for twenty years: his planes and dirigibles, propelled hy sgue engines, have earried him over the earth, But in this new glider device, witht ty artificial power at all, he may also cross mountains anid valleys, eruise down rivers and far ont te sea, on to a cloud and ride it for hours, or even remain almost 7s motionless. in air, Tike a hawk ready 1 swoop. To understand fully the rise and amax- ing growth of Germany's ghdin ma- chines, one must look back—back ta ithe pioneer makers of airplanes: ‘The Wright Brothers, for example, atid Lilieuthal made their first aerial dashes in gliders, Then grew the idea of applying an engine with propeller to drive the glider. Whence came, in time, the powerful, glittering machines of to-day. But they do not really: fly, as birds soa ior does the man in a plane fly, any more than a man ina bout sivimis GLIDERS LEAD TO 4 STUDY OF THE MB OCEAN, ‘So successful have motor-driven air craft Iweome, however, that the world's attention has beet Ineyely diverted from air travel by simple gliders. For nearly two deeates only a few enthusiasts kept the art alive; but today, dne te amazing increase in air commerce, tian is mare in: terested than ever in the air as an. ele ment—ia that soft, light, flexitife medinm through which bis flying ships nrust sail, So now the vast overhead aerial ocean, its whims and ite peculiarities, afford a new aid fas wy subject af study, Already, from more recent ailventures in gliding machines, it appears that man is coming to share what birds have always known about the air. He finds it will sip. port him, as water carries a swimmer, he will but handle his glitter wings as soar- ing birds handle theirs, Even wind yw squalls, and clouds, which pioneer experi menters with gliders tsed to dread, are how recognized as useful aids to motor less flying craft, How iris use air currents and what Ayers learned from them is revealed in ani odd experience related) hy Major von ‘Tschudi, a German aéronant, Cruising one day ina balloon, he saw, far belowTot THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ag ou SIDE TO ESCAPE SNAUS INTO THE ANE, MER SIMLE IN TUR} ‘TIL STARTER-HorE WUEK To RACH SUOULY THE TAKF-OFE ite Photnaraph by Alor Stet SHAFPED FORWARD EY THE Rare, Tr \NE WHIAZES INTO THE ATR wit tint he ‘ods of Wig ta hes the ground. By the sin ine, for the mite he singing. Sturts that go strajght wp int us, becatise the plane i liable to aligy bON THE WINGS OF THE WIND an arable hy Alex Stet FAILURE OF THE STARTING ROPE TO DETACH TTS Here the cope his stuck. palling 1 elevator, seeking tyr tose his cralt upward In falls {roe anil Jets the PROMPTEY ALAWSPOLL A TAKEOPY to elaetle aad, st predicament J aig rope eventually a flock of storks twolof the modern gliderman’s el Suddenly. to his, am trilutions to the ment, they rose almost vertically, without In Germany to-day some sa flap of awing. Soon they exist, and in 1928 about 10,000 fights elevation at which his balloon short glides were made. At the attr: HL went on Up, far ahove him. “matorless airplane” competition in woridering at this mar Khir Matin rimany, vel, his batloon, whieh had heen traveling — machines particips horizodally, reached a point about over that from which the storks hrul started wp ward, Hoon, toa, began sc rapislly, as if hy magi¢ force... . Between gliding A SILAKY DISTINCTION BETWE AND SMIL FLYING SLIDING Inow ‘now, what gliding fying" Germar "said this airman, “that [had tinetion. Duriy wk one af those yertical air loses altitude till jt land ight.” currents, the same current un which the on the contrary, is one iti Which laxy storks were taking a free ride up to chine, while pointing downward, is litte a higher altitude,” hy upward air currents, and thus either Robert Kronfeld, a German ace of the maintains or ineteascs its clevation. motorless Aying machine, told me he tas a beginner in mote ol ¢ birds, learning tn fly, tab ~ the simple glider és used; but it is ing advatitage of these same uyiward cur- thee sail plane which actually flies, Intute renits, which, as every ot knows, it is more sensitive than a simple glider natural allies jn fight ani! responding tw vertical air ecl of the air” and mastery of ies 760 andl 701), pounds, tat 1 ess The " those eu rrevits that actually fift him are78 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Povdtograph ly Mew Soir IS FRYING) RELAX YOUR hopy, BOT koT votR MIND, SAVE TITE ENSTAUCTOIL With his rintt foot giessing the erpéabar, init doin wit to eafia spece, and ising Ibs ailerons to give his plane a ehght starboard ‘rift, thie boy fs about to aur it form, per Phorograph by Kebiert Kent WHEN A MAN CRASITS, GLIDERS SAY Hf “PARES HTS MA When one pupit “takes the machine to pices” his compari ¢ stine day, ax they: are expected to assl ‘unselfislmess und comradeship, INK TO as must Ri up hope cf fying in repairing the broken, “bie effective feysonON THE WINGS OF THE WIND 187 Th ce Without ite pilot weighsA GLINKW BECALMIED AnOVE When all wind fails, a glider ad difficulty in reseoing water-logged su quickly: that over the nea, hue 1) becuse with a wing surface of more t o square yards, a light sail plane easily floats upward onan air current, carrying. its with it. Bur the pilot does more than rile Hing, snugly inte the body af the iructire itself, the flyer feels almast as he himself were eqmipped with w umd tail, ‘This similarity is apparent, as cme watches a shill his stil plane itity ; every movement « movementot the man insid rive worse. TE FUANE 1 STARTED WITT A CATAPULT ne with no mater in it seems ulotis to the maton the graumd show it is built, “The con feature of the sail plane is its narrow wings—sometinies a much as 59 feet in length and less thar width, Narrow the wings must ior broad anes would create tuo inany lilies, and long they must be to provide the surface ty lit a man's weight WATER katie nl their planes withiat fr e wities easily break uff NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ISCAPES A oUCcKICeE German flyers, forced down while While simple st by sliding or beiny sule, so light in structure is the slowly it tumble about like thistledown in the wind anil get at once ont ef control, k tic rope d which shoots the plane i atone from a. sling. The pilot tne pressing down then decreases the angle of the tilt The earth's: gra plane downwerd af flight, which ix called a the gravity of the earth is the engin airplane thar were its ide he fact he sail plane con t ide downward while the vertical air rents art carrying it ip may seem to somt as involved as Einstein's theary of relariv ity; bot when one studies the esplanation which Robert Krotifeld, one of the i structors at the flying school in the Rhdn N gives te his pupils, this. pheTHE WE EXPERIMENTING WITH A TAILGES: The wingy ‘are ariiwe-shuped, with w rwikler at th nomi vom Censes to appear mysterious, Suuppose you let a model glider Ay dawn from the ceiling at one end of a room to the floor at the other end," he tells them, “and imagine a giant lifting the whole room high up into the air, ther the mo. ne would be gaining in altitude while gliding do That sail plane is best which sinks most wily, oF, to yse the technical expression, h “has a low sinking velocity,” for ‘ha plane will not only respond to very slight upward currents, but also give the pilot a better chance to reach the text vertical current When flying aeross country, i a plane with no engine, the airman’ progresses simply by caasting, as it-were, from high lip in ane vertical air enrrent to the foot of the next, OF eourse, these usiward titrents are invisible, but a trained glid- ing man learns where to Inok for them With an ideal sail plane of low sinking velocity, it tmkes about 1634 minutes to Je ty earth from an elevatian of 2,000 feet. In the average crutle gliding mia- whi OF THE WIND geseh fruit hewetl Sipe thane fi ail ny {ech seine, instead of chine, however, one would dese about half that time. But the devater of the sail plane i not merely interested in a plane that sinks he also seeks one that travels fast ‘The best that have heen tinilt in will fly between seven and ight niles, gliding down from an altitude of 2.000 feet. Such a ratin, in this case about 11020, is called “the gliding figure,” Spetil, of conrse, is a prime factor in motorless flying; the faster the airman can glide, the quicker he can get from one vertical air cohmnin tm the next. Some times, to get from one such column tw the next. he has to glide ayainst a strong wind. Hence there are “low-witd” and “strong wind” machine So, then, speed, eliding figure, atid sink ing velocity are the three factors in the ideal sail plane. So far, the Germans have found it practically impossible to combin these three factors perfectly in any ome plan dynantical best and the And yet, uncanny and mysterious as a sail pline appears to the layman on the ix still a hatte hetwoen the acto- Ily possible,THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE TAUNCTING A SAIL PLANE FROM A LEVEL ery is starting from level roe cle, the rear wheel of wh im Hitth’s, Wlirtce needed te A a dlauble nite Itve been male to start a plane wennd up the + ants THIS 3 ONOPLANE GLIDER CSE A LANDIS BEAL MESEMIOLING SLED KUN NERS In this odd.erait a German, Klemperer, was the first to. glide toa es A upon Coke text, paige 378). Tn war he glied more thati wilinge uf Gersfeld, and also. broke the warld's gliderA RUCORD-DIEA NING GLIDER hich, produced lar [ittntar, int this gliders reach ahinxe: the spot from which he took1 NS cin COMERS AT STUDENTS UGH CALL A “navIxortANKTer THE NATIO! SPREAD WIS D ALOUT FOR SEAR F GRIDER pis CHANT, IX WHICH HF Y EGNT not ind who watches it weaving ar ing ghost, 1 slipped through the hotit overhead, painstaking experience. clouds. With a soft In and infinite study have greatly developed tail, I floated gently, ow it since the pioneer days of Lilienthal, utter detachment {roi « acts and the Wr its. = sinki velocity, speed, and gliding figure ctermined by its weight, its wing curve, i its head resistarice mist in the empty sky aronsed ic thongh ays in school, and the pictures of im rried aloft through fleecy clou ar a avendeee liy the angels. Then, out of the a aii, inte bright simshine, at Himmetels ift eh tmuch height. So much, in fact, gh [ ertised along the mot sd," four] in slopes | not only failed to gaint created when was nearly forced down, . My tail: illside and rushes actually scraping through the geass of ‘inst this, a° sail the upeurrent from a tiny Hrunititain slope threw in than « An as af bayhe But no. factor in gtiding, discovered the ianti ¢ the days of Lilienthal, is so useful Bat ir the vertical ait eohimm, OF all sueh had ly irrents, the hest known and mest used is that the that called the “slope upy tainous country. It an air current hits a upward, Hy starting a; plane casily gains alntude, smiles the ee pet straiy um ir ‘ators 9." would call that current. But it kindly mm Hirth, 3 contestant in the wave me enough elevation to go « ‘dopeiipward’ air st Mountains: thar mountain nd in a few bays lent as a Here a © cows, turns I was among themON THE THE WIND 15 NPRLD TAKES GFP IN TTS MOTORNESS lund, But again’ 1 toi ait, y to their youthful LEeY SEDESL.AY oF ite cots ensily about for half am hour, and myself high in the clouds. ( white f { turned m: to the wind, feeling for its ection streng? Burt mist have banked too steeply on the carve. A cxwerfitl gust hit me edly a split atid. twas flinderi ly in the most dangerots situation area past—hind I w he elevator up, bitt only felt the ing faster past my sides, Tn the next instant [ fell out of dow , ina shelteriny picttites of c its mai NOMEASH VOM Who never dreamed would fly aver the wor on its temples—pagan and Chris “Flying now below the fog and clout or through patches so thick that nc ain I Inst sight of the ground, 1 over the villa Sandberg. tow forest SAN-FLYERS DREAD FORESTS an flyer lik ste: They Jack landing places. ta keer safely above the trees, Then I saw a wide valley ahead, with light-grtden meadows ul steep ste running in a direction me helpful air streams, Tt was doubtful of jut by carefully nil climbing hi ertival air waves there, I got to th be that of the Saale But by this time Th altitude. “In the river valley lay let of Steimach. [ cruised In My stidiit, silent their heads greatly habi They cameAPHICON THE WINGS OF THE WIND navOGRAPHIC MAGAZ FAVORITE. WOOnS TNC disappoint them, too, By crn: k and forth pe where the evi ockedl ‘Hello there sengers wai sta ying the role of t Jung the sik sintilar « Castle stands, Ty + how a glider, carefully vsing upward air streams, seems tw the uninior acalonsly roads and ed ver ilivay,, creep. eits ing up a valley. T knew T would not he able to continie much longer. bat tried to ras mary miles as possible, On the eft and on the Saale’ Valley, cir- way to Schw le slopes to tain ranges now aciite northwest wit aight s corner and | was canght as in a housetop: pwenty min ht of the road and t below me, Two moun me together in ar lew. st gain t Lerossed over the villages of Tocklet atid Grossenbrach. ‘Ther, pans od-covered hill to sean nich would air stream liftedtn in flight, cruising yp and dawn, Pdis i i of me the Mons resort tay be along the roa E reach a telephone, » omatle a shirp curve good place to lig when 1 Siw: motintains stretch ouiskirts of the town, 1 decide ete tek e, anu teat en, Go feet from the roar! er tnok me tot es after my linding, the competition 3 Kiss make it. Fifty way depot L could 10k yards above the taiN THE WINGS THs JOHANNES NEHRING I Thi plane has a-wing spam the Wasserk SES AL Alp THE GLtbER his airman's wlventures show how a der may fly where hills cause rising uns. ‘Toa less extent, but also among const air currents are formed strong enough to aid glilers Strong winds, blowing steadily in from the sen, often cause nir currents te Tush npwird from the slopes of sand dom © ately higher than upslope niain air streams even fairly low dunes, ined consider- ia usttally steady. in eze is helptal. one Ayer told me ira of sail inie over the dimes took less work arid 2 tention than three hours among n ins, where every depres thie made its own fitthe Even n stron ing wind one af Ge Wi Photagraph by Howard Si A START SAIL PLANE JUST REF faltic over Cratiz, escort apwinds” seem 1¢ hore, an, despite of the séa breeze s ft is not with its FLOATING IS SUNLIGHT, BETWEEN LATEnS oF chown At the recent glider's competition at Heer Hirth made an over the sea. The weather ap Vanville on the day started was far from able,” he told me, “The sky was overcast, Clotds hang dows close t wind and stretcher offshore for half a mile. Nor dict th move the whol diy lon strong ¢ Lwas enve avy mist. ‘The lnyer of clouds in which I was. flying, howes t le very thick, V told reraisse | seen the sunshine in several places over the se ined but to pushPH NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZIN 6 ARE TATIGI thie day's escltitai walls bright chuld he controlled by its pilot, Later, menced with the first motork rihur Martens remained aloft for 13 competition in the RAG Mauniains in, minutes, covering five miles ‘cms conm 1920. Ditting the intervening twenty try, Soom afterward Harth dew for neatly ul heen pail years not much: attention to ghidine. ‘The «nly outst diment was Orv 22 minutes, Py then stich fi attract the attention of ts were th her connON THE WINGS OF THE WIND One of theparticipants in the lider meet in the Duteh retractor, During this onthe less flight of one hour was performed by Martens and the first motorless flight with pilot carrying passenger was made by Fokker, Fokker arrived at with ¢ conspetition two motorle: The me: . these, it was said. he had wirelessed to Iits factory from aheard ma ret spentath, a carpen- pprentice, had w nely ter on the Wasser building his when the earmarks el fund crude. h minclinies fl et meniate well. Thi Trickle’ iat her left hand to ear with made other compe this life towing their gliders rphill place of take-off, Ww adow’s and him iriends by hack to the In those days one could! steep ineli da happy sother stayed nent huesiast {for + Cott one fitional ten minsties ap a few primitive 1 sheltered the Where once da ramshackle fay there is a fine rom the illt janes, spectators arrive. in car straphar ly herselt when binedinas VOMAN NCW SHARES WITH MAS THE ADVENTURES OF TINE ATE at a town rar Berlin. She i helt atu her teat hy device, whi apy with Inee ‘The first, passer trial hops, lasted 13 mimutes; the present workt's record fora flight with o held by Ferdinand Si anrl 21 minutes. He flew with He rut like a shuttlecock between B il Pillkoppen, two of East Prussia Conversation in ag mally as ina room, the 3 in fact, that on | 1 alow nee of et < heen matte730 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, THIS Obf, MOTORLESS NITLANE WAS TESICNED BY ANTH pwren aire Finteresl it ih lider eumpetition in Cerman shawn bere carrying af During Germany's ‘experiments with gliders. other countries began to show an interest in this activity, but towhere: else has it been so developed. ‘The first competition for gtiders outside of Germany took place in the spring of 1922. in Gstad, Switzerland French mect followed at Clermont Ferrand, in August of the same year. ‘Then the Eng- lish discovered a territory suitable for-sail- flying im Mord Fill, Tt was there thet the Frenchman, Maneyrol, wrested from Germans the then world’s duration cord by flying 4 hours and 21 minutes: record was soon more than doubled by two other Frenchmen, ‘Thoret and Harbor. Later, Massaus, a Belgian, forced the record ap to 10 hours and 29 min- lites, Oni October 2, 1025, Fetdinand Schutz, a German, flew for the first time once aronnd the clock, staying up 1 hours and 6 minutes, when patticipating in the en- gineless airplane ecmpetition on the Cri- mean Peninstla, On May 3, 1927, at Ros- emREr (yer Teal, nee aus: > Phonograph toy Mowant Siepen CYT, G FORKEN, AUT. 1023, Bokher flew thie craft Kimeetl. He is sitten, East Prussia, he increased his time too 4 hours 7 minutes For many years after the early experi- ments of the Wrights, Chanute. Herring, and: Liliential, tittle attention was paid to gliding in the United States. Lately, how- ever, interest is again revived, In 19 few German gliding men visited the Unit States at the invitation of certain Ameri- cans intereste:! in mutorless fying, and at Corn Hill, near Truro, on Cap few practice glides and soaring flights were made, On the morning of July Peter Hesselbach, one of the German visi- tors, flying his Darmstadt glider, soared hack and forth along the shores of Cod, remaining aloft for four how five minutes, Germans jor years have practically mo- hopolized the spart of long-distance gtid- ing: and Edgar Dittmar, » German, now holds the world's altitude record a than 2,500 feet nver the starting point. That so many records should be held'at present ly Germans shows to what extent engine- less flying has des that country and,TIFFANY & CO, JEWELERS SILVERWARE CHINA AND GLASS Mighest Standards Moderate Prices Piet AVENUE & 37 STREET Paris NewYork — Loxpow 25 RUE DE LA PAIX 44 New Bon StreetTHE PRONOUNCED FAVORITES IN THE SMARTEST AND. MOST EXCLUSIVE CIRCLES That there are-no other care inal the world like Cadillac.and La Salle is elo- quently. confirmed by the character of the Cadillac-La Salle clientele... Wherever the celebrated and the sophisticated are gathered, the preponderance of Cadil- lacs and La Selles is impressive. evidence larity with particular people imple truth about this is that those who know motor-cars know just ax certainly thatshere is no-substitute forthe immaculate individuality and the joyous satisfaction of a Cadillac-built car... Deluxe Fisher and Fleetwood coachwork render Cadillac and La Salle the finest and smartest cars on the streets of the world... CADILLAC Motor Car Co., Division of General Motors, SEX Detroit, Michigan; Oshawa, Canada. CADILLAC: lt SALLEyour furnace room Experimen laborainy . an experimental laboratory With BRYANT fic GAS ING yor can— BRYANT art nc ~lets yonr Pap “de your ig HE country-wide “declaration of independence” from hand-fired furnaces has resulted in a flood of new fifty-cight and semi- devices. In one city, in 192: different makes of automati automatic devices were installed. How many of them will be in service even next year only the endurance test of time will tell. In sharp contrast Bryant Automatic Gas Heating can show a 20-year record of performance. There is no experi- ment, no gamble, in selecting a Bryant. You can be shown Bryants that haye been in use ten, twelve, fifteen and more inters without requiring a repair or any servicing beyond annual inspec. tions, and are today operating as cleanly and noiselessly as when first installed. Let us tell you the complete Bryant story of automatic heating without disappointments and without interrup- tions. Write THE BRYANT HEATER & MEG. CO. 17830 St. Clair Avenue Cleveland, Ohiofrom another ear into a fi CaADIELAC Ti is not too much to say that passing isher Body car is like stepping from an ordinary room into an extraordinary one You immediately sense the superior beauty ofariehly designed and deco- rated room—and you immediately see the greater luxury and fineness i This contrast exists between every earinthe Fisher Body group and any ear in its price Id outside that group. § You see at ned of isher Body e: once that the upholstery desi in pattern a woven for Fisher Body sher grade. nd specially is of a h § The same superiority meets in the ur eye interior fittings, carpe LASALLE ' BUICK GLDSMOBLE + PONTIAC « finish. moments’ inspe superior fact that Fisher Body rea genuine plate glass and exterior few umerable nly to the ars, by of Fisher Bodies alone, You ean spell out ion s pointing p are worth much more in dollar value, 9 The whole question has come down to a matter of perfeetly plain, easily discerned, finer quality traceable to the fact that no body facilities in the rid are comparable with her Body facilities. —dire GENERAL MOTORS VIKING = ¢ QAKLAND QUETTE CHEVROLETake FILMO Movies ... and add another thrill to summer travel a movie equip Bell & Howell Filmo BELL & HOWELL eit Lio ; RHOWELE COMPANY, Dept F, 1817 Leredmant Ave, CHICAGO, 1 — YORK - HOLLYWOOD - LONDON (Bal Co. Led) + fn i997 wwANNUALLY ON THE CALENDAR The European trip. If you pride yourself on we, then, of course, tie, + Bek. “keeping up” with the youhavetopayhomage io Europe by an annual trip there! Flyin the quickest way—but who wants a quicker way than hy Maj work Olympic, Home oN Nu unist Third genland, Minnetasha or Minnetonka? When you travel vin White Star, Red Star or Ate luntic Transport Line, you know you are traveling correctly. Whether it’s FirstClass or T Cabin, the atmosphere informality is there. ‘The WHITE #TAR LINE RED STAR LINE ATLANTIC TRANSPORT LINE who are your compan ions for the voy the kind you enjoy : and gocial life m Ti Ceeien See meeting— thePACKARD Packard men are carefully Their native skill is enh Packard training. Inspection is rigic but supervision r fal. Initiative is fostered— id. Merit may ab ecognitivg. And so at Packard there has been developed an. organi - mobile arti schooled to one heir dur The human element is all-important hundteds No other fuctor— design, engineering loyal and methods or materials—overshadows tion has he craftsmanshipin.its contributiontothe Pi high quality of Packard cars. stan ore a decade ASK THE MAN WHO OWNS ONEiE, GIVE A GILLETTE A REAR WHEEL TEST 2.4444 ING mileage on a rear wheel Is the only true L test of any tire. Constant frletion between road and rubber isn’t all that wears out a tire. It’s the twists of traction—sudden starts—sizzling speed. Gillette Tires are buiit to withstand the most se- ‘vere rear wheel tests. Gillette has ploneered and per- fected processes that make a truly better tine. More pure, Ive rubber is used around the cords—cushlon= Ing them against shock and strain. Tougher and more massive treads give added protection to the cords and longer Iife to the tires. Give a Gillette a rear wheel test, on your own car, alongside any other thre. Cheek the results. Prove to your own satisfaction that a Gillette will outwear any other thre at anywhere near the price. Then you'll want Glllettes all around. GILLETTE RUBBER CO, Eau Claire, Wis. Gillette TIRES 42 TUBESander Six Regal anncler Ste Roaclatery TUDEBAKER'S a have c1 with world-champion motor ears to inspire them, ated something utterly new in body styling. ‘They have superbly inter- preted the fleetness and staying power whichgnable these great straight eights and sixes by Studebaker to hold every official stock car record for speed and endurance, You'scnse, too, the docile obedience, the velvet travel-ease, which Studebaker intro- duced and alone can offer. And since all this power, beauty and comfort are offered at One-Profit prices it is not surprising that Studebaker is selling more der cars than any other manufacturer. STUDEBAKER Buileler of ChampionsThe Friend of every traveler ¢ abroad: WHat? A friend friend if you dations, and other difficult insurmountable to the em what t! can Expres man means ta them when they are in for countri iformed rer tative its of the orgs to assist those w fea carry American a safety Express Travelers Cheques. and cpendability For almost two generations ERICAN On EXPRESS SSrivet ravelers cheques vedi mis mot Anat press Travelers acts a§ an autom: Lin denom Chi tr dh $1 Railway E: ly ask for / elers Cheques—sky-blue in color.In 10 years no Institute Announcement has caused so much comment Wary bar this announcement brent country? Because thee new comes open A new door te growth and aibleve iment for thousntds ol men Because these es put certain benefits within the rach af hundreds of men to whom thee wete pre viously dented. Who are: those men? What. are these benefits? The men are numbered among se who have rear the advertise. ments of the Alexander Humilton Instiinte during the last twenty ‘They are the men who real ity of the lnsti have often ine the desin who haven't had t plete Course an Now Taree Shorter Cowrser ‘Heretofore, the Institute offered only its Modern Business Causse lind Service, Uaining sizallar to the comprehensive Husiness,€ ut Harvard, the | Univers vlvania, ane New ‘More than $50,000 execu, ves have enrolled for this Cour: there Is hardly a business onganien- tion of any size among exteutives there or Course will be com: tinued and constantly improved. I will always be the great course executive training ut just re- cently the Institute made a oo- table step in advance. As the te sult of a growing mead for more ihc toaining, the research ane smal stalls of the Institute loped hres new as follows: 1, A Special Course and in Froductian Management A Special Course and in Marketi 4. A Special Couise and Service in Finance Management about all over the fy as this one ‘These courses. being shorter, do fat, retire as much time. They deal primarily with the special phases of busines a man is particularly interested, They are designed for hii mies. ‘The value to executives of this enlarged pregram is admimbly suiniied up in the words of Perey H milan, president of the Chemical National Bank of New York. whi considers it the most significant step taken in business education in the past ten years” What this annoincenreit smears fo yan This Hamil adap matter wha means that Alexander Institute Course specially rf. 10 you ane your work, no major department of announcement can. get housiness you gre in—Produetion, Marketing, ot Finance. The length of time it takes to complete one of these Management Courses is comiderably less that the two-sear period for the Mod- em Business Course and Service; and naturally the foe for each § comimenstrately Jawer, All of the reuding can be done in your spare time, This boobles gives ail tBe facts We have prepared the booklet shown at the left, which descrihes these new courses in detail, We should Uke to circulate this book: let witiely and to the followi groups of men —The ‘eats -of businesses who cognise that the training of cam- petent assochites (their major problem Fsccutiviey interested especially in Production, Marketing, and Finance, wha want to concentrate theit efforts in one of these de- ments of business. pa 7 in which they are now engaged. Seuit for the details For convenience, a coupon is pro vided. We invite you to intarm yourself on this great farwant step tn hw edueation [by rai it at once Alexander Hamilton Institute Executive Training for Bresiness Men thet a Be 160 Autor Place the Institute's pew. Sawa New Vork chy Bisainess RouttFASHIONED By MOHAWK For the smartest cars and today’s trallic conditions A tire buile for the man or woman who rebels against the commonplace in appearance, in pers formance, in endurance. The newaday beauty of the Mohawk Flat Tread Special Balloon blends in MSTLY improve TRACTION@ SHIGHEST specos wittt SAFETY perfect harmony with the handicraft of our fore= mest coach builders, You will admire the WICKER GET- AWAY ESURER STOPS- swirl of style in its dis» tinction of design—an outward reflection of the omplete, a¢ jased touring in extra value built within. Featured by Quality Tire Dealers Everywhere MOHAWKS G® Farther! THE MOHAWK RUBBER COMP, AKRON, OHIO CTL a me aEIES MIEX THE CHALLENGER A Wide Choice of Colors at No Extra Cost he Woses of other Car Oynery Join the Big Swing to ESSEX SSEX the Challenger sweeps aside the barriers of price class. It challenges $ the performance, the style, the luxurious, AND UP~4r FACTORY roomy comfort of any c at any price, on the basis that no other car gives you sented aa ' neludes: 4 hydraulic back so much for every dollar you put in. shockabsorbers—elet~ frie gauge for gas and oil—radiator shutters saddle lamips—wind- That is why the acceptance of Essex the Challenger is the talk of motordom. Join the van of 1,000,000 Super-Six owners who are demonstrating its right and ability challenge the best that motordom offers. mium-plated.ALL THAT TS BEAUTIFUL SHALL ABIDE FOREVER t Marble has followed the nas An) rica’s mat t prosp leas sy ity for the past 1 resents 0 enduring norials, ach M me nd memorials Marble in VERMONT MARBLE COMPANY PROCTOR, VERMONT tent Quarriors of Ma Wout Fortysscennd Streets New York. N¥ VERMONT MARBLE 8 Use Thankers! Reposition, EleyTHE WAY OF EAGLES. Wane it's rough aloft prt ways dice ahove the Alieg! fog over the Hamp... then only r take to the skyways| For these men who wing their way smo the flimirablo vant of the heavens are pilots of extraordinary 1 men dgement. he adden surge of enthusiasm that is lifting, everyone into the alt, it’s well to realize there fs an ideal that must he fecognized by all who hope tp follow the example of there wha cothiniald the hways of the sky. ‘The master p Vike thee ‘st sea capi are truly apatt. ... factors ii d engines, depe ine Uo Lease, «=, We khOsY platiey 1 fove the air qwithout buman guidance ar all and landed without cracking up! We. know ¢ planes that made enile landings, with ead wicks, and dead mavtere! We have at trismotored planes that held their evarse ii fair weather without aman near the control ters, in the hands of am incompetent, the lane ix not a rif c In the early Balf of 1928, popular enthusiasm was being put ation, there way a sharp increave if aif. accidents s+ + callisions, stills, slips, engine failures, byetloading... due largely ro the carelersness of inexperienced oF incompetent amateui af runaway racing with over-eagee amateurs, ‘We have ues iter pilots t prove the safety of sane for instance, who fiay fost over bal a. raillion miley in seen end a ball Yount Den cf the Navy, who Koure ta the air in 1928 without an acct to twa unbroken manthy of 3 ane dave alafe in wind goat storm and elear ft necident! Mares, farmer Army pilot, wha passengers in 4000 hours af Highs, Over enrthquake ravaged regions, over forest fires through blir dnd Find piluty, fying fiom Deirait to Clecetand. cago and Buffalo, whe have fisca weer a rullion tmiles ina total of 318 Lays and wiyhtr of unbroken fram railroad « ficirn im America today: a ‘have completed the eaurses given by the Army and Navy ving ac crery sort of firing, followieg thu ad rigorous physical examinations af hours i ndivedual record le Ford pilot are 4 trismatared all commercial seevice Ford-Stour operations, the all proves the importance dustry of properly designed master pilots FORD MOTOR COMPANYWhite Teeth deceive 4 out of 5 NOBODY’S IMMUNE* * The Disease-of-Ne lect Ignores Teeth, Attacks Gums—and Health is Sacrificed oftecth is not enough. For there's a grim foo that ig- ores the whi gums. It ravayes health, It often causes tecth in their sockets and fall ont. And it tikes 1 persons on their advance. Have your dentist examine teeth and g thoroughly at least. once every six months you brash your teetly brush gums vigor: ously. For a ffrice made Forhan’s for the Gums. Once you start using Forkan’s regular ing and night, you'll quickly note a di improvement in the condition af your gums. ‘They'll look sounder, pinker, They'll feel firmer. Forhanys for the gums YOUR TE rH ARE ONLY AS HEALTHY AS YOUR GUMSPlants and Products of GENERAL MOTORS TOCKHOLDERS of General \2 Motors should be informed with regard to the constituent parts of the Corporation, including the extent of its interests in and control other companies. plete list of the divisions up General Motors and how the Corporation coordinates its subsi and. affiliated com- panies will be found in a booklet entit Plants and Products of eneral Motors.” A copy of this booklet will be mailed fre: pon request to Depart- ment K-6, General Motors Cor- poration, Broadway at 7th Street, New York. MoToORS ‘ADS ana! COACHESear we ake you pp ae this summer? °° travelers HARVEVCAR MOTOR CRUISES hold the key to the carefree enjoyment of the Southwest frontier wonderland - ~~ +] day-.a week or a month RAINED couriers—hostesses as well as guides accompany every car. Complete comfort without thought for de Specially equipped cruisers are used and limited to four guests to a single car. Ga , Miseriminating Pe-Harvey Company Courier Service the Travel world—a delightful feature t Motor Cruisesand The eee. e Your choice 1s both Simple and Sure Not fora moment need the mind of any householder be confused as to the most, electric refrig- The unswer is: the new reliahle Kelvinator. Kelvinator, the pioneer of eseful eleetric refrigern- tion, welcomes the obliga tion which that pioneering Tt may seem a great deal to say that you cannot else- where equal Kelvis forty its superior manufacturing methods and. mat all dedi greater se the promise. It is precisely this state of affairs which makes your electric refrizera- tion so si nple and 30 supe why thousands upom thou- rebeingaddedyearly -st single group (users of electric 1—the * owners ible Kelvinator. Silent-Automatic- Reliable The New 1929 Kelvinator An electric refrigerator is a ifetime investment. You to-yourself to get the highest quality ice. See the ne jatar; new lence; positive and perman- ent;operation and tempera- tures wholly automatic and adequate to both freezing and preservation purpo: Ice cubes, frozen in fh rubber trays, are removed stantly. Enjoy Kelvin- ator benefits without wait- ig. through Kelyinator’s attractive ReDisCo month ly budget plan, KELVINATOR CORPORATION DETHOLT, MICHIGAN KELY Wk OF CANATA LIMITED, LUSDON, ONTAIID KELVINATORMAVSOLEVMS IN MOCERN TREATMENT A SERIES BY TWO LEADING MEMORIAL AROMTESTS 1 GEORGIA: MARB LEGood Buildings Deserve Good Hardware Varied in kind... alike in obligation Fron“the World 2000 On the largest, fastest and most luxurious liner that has ever sailed around the globe EAYMOND -WHITCOMB ROUND THE WORLD CRUISE IN TIME — the shortese round the wo emaise i the superior speed of the qruise-ship cuts down the time at sea, IN ROUTE—unusually complece ing all the recognized world cruise Frurope, Africa and the Far East, and such rarely visited places a8 Formesa, ‘hok, capital of Siam, Seas?, capital af Korea... Eleven days in In tior, Ten days Sailing January 21 “Columbus,” and + 10m thi urning on May G accommostsions for 230 passengers ss vangin sasites amd vores swith bathe ast bl Sint for the Boab et "Re | cars use this Quiet NEW Brake Lining Jobus-Manville Moulded offers every car owner an end to screeming brakes Ir was not alone the fact thar J-M Moulded Brake Lining ends screcching, noisy brakes that caused it to be chosen as factory equipment by seven famous car 3 its quietness in action, J-M Maw hold smoothness — never grabbing, yet with mighty force this | Brake Lining will stop ears more on doing so for more months, thought possible, Manville and go ever Leading cars—over a million of them—will he factory equipped with J-M Moulded during the next year, You can easily your ewn brakes, JM Moulded is now available for 150 cars and trucks, made by AL manufactuters. Order ir installed in your car at the first siga of worn lining. Youwill probably never have cobuy any more brake lining while you drive the car, ns-Manville Moulded hold with a sure, safe grip fot tens of chousinds of stops. @Johns-Manville John»-Mamsille Asbestos Brake Lining. for years famous foe te nafery and long DoT Menten you *More than a quarter of a million users and they havent spent ago ay more than the @ single dollar r for SOPOVER! 'oaactoe ok ia tri million homes Two year ¢ innovations are enjoying the which only the Refrig these ow pen tric ot Offers, And net one of rs has ever paid a dollar for service ... that was our guarantee to them! Now the cab warp. It : ible cabinet and th aled mechaniem make 1 as strong as a safe. T th an improved typ nicunted on | ne with an acee contrel ,, hermetically nosh pe ot that hus ever been value you can machinery... that banished install bookle Refr Company, GENERAL € ELECTRIC ALL-STEEL REFRIGERATOR n problen that eliminated all radio interfe «+ that provided greater food veland, Ohio,We have Sent 3,000,000 men this free 7-day tube 869% of those who try it discard old methods. Will you send the coupon for your test? It’s free. ‘ee ake IRON FENCE MODERNIZED Sead for "Good Taste in Good Fencing,” which illustrates today's vogue in staunch, iron fence. StewartFencesprotect, beautify and enhance property. They keep children safe and sound. Siewast ‘THE STEWART IRON WORKS CO, Ine, ital Saving labor costs— building better lawns wen Mowers ni an ew 1 prices sin wiry Usit IDEAL POWER LAWN MOWERS_. to the Daven to got theime . HAMILTON-SANGAMO ELECTRIC CLOCKHomeric days onthe = a Mediterranean Cruise Supreme fram New York January 25th, 1930 v from winter nd Seas To all her usual po the historie Islands of Corsica and Cypr ct Casablanea and Barcelona, | thers to the land o alleys to gay boul Monaco, the Holy Land and a ling stay in Egypt during the vibrant social season, M Naples and teamers Maje eros stap-over privil ee ereturz Olympic, ete. ther over 14,000 miles in 65 days on ynth Medite Jcnown th fous accommodations and see Full particulars upon rogest THOS. COOK & SON WAGONS-LITS CO. Let your lour be an adventure by day ipuae ‘ Ewer at Where= Stop at the Sign k of a Good Horot NITED HOTELS COMPANY AMERIGA = Exgcutlve Offices: 25. 45th St. Now York ry OF—and a Great Exposition ANCIENT MOORISH TEMPLES. . Magnifcen “Calesin Spain”... Lund of Romance—Play . . Wonder places where time has lest its graceful charas to enchant you! “Traveling in Spain is ike'a beautiful dream « » the won der of history parading before your eye! ‘And you may Hive amide this historical grandeur, thit romines—in moderm comafort—at tmodetate cot! Visit the great “International Exposition of Barcelons” and ee the greatet collection ef art, stonce anil indy of all times. Howed Gn buildinge that took eight years 16 build ‘and at a cout of $22ype0,000. Spain has perfectly blealed her own architectures cemturies old, with afl tats beautful in the " Moderse.”" Spaie—Barcelons—should be on your itinerary tn 029 Beli, ¢bours. Mlocor Tours en 40,000 fd hat site tole Rall wemaporeation reduced. [Bareelnaa= Pais, 28 hours... London, 96 bi “] May to December eit: For further teformation dvese say Teust ® 1 9 2D Q ‘Boiean, or M, Venturay Amerian Delegate, 115 Wot 47th Suect » New York CityAROUND tHe WORLD On the Cunard Super-Croising. Steamer FRANCONIA Seiling From New York January 11 Next The Thrill of Striking Contrasts ‘The urge to sen more «to know more aig ag eat tell of world be peste ne nchrntace of ocr ery; iw rium ‘the bevaare tnd. the falen a strange exotic lands and oe es exqquiaite eloisonnd in A complete world panorama in 138 glo= Hleasute-packed days. Parts never ed by any Ward Cruise .. Pasurnan, Sutaboye in mek” 1¢ eamnbining af tw vel expancats with ‘ldealie ik tides Pi CUNARD LINE or THOS. COOK & SON “Mention the Gengrapliie=ti Fourtwin-cylinder motels 254 Sher sine: ny eonc pavtnensyes bow as 330 ite far wes fece Evinemale Year Book. EVINRUDE DIVISION, datheand Marr Corp 4308 27%h Stree Mi waukce, W How the Banker can protect you IKERS worthy of the bi tion their communities acewcd sligat oi yield is kro thoug lit never be permitt outweigh the advantages. thit complete safecuuniling of bo and interest. It ia bret to opis srincipal insult expert Ask for Booklet F-1008 S.W.STRAUS & oO atromnaoeNo one needs to give up the Iriendly chads of coffee 8 Ny people enjoy te the fullest drink delicious tissiedeyp.' nots KAFFEE HAG COFFEE The coffee that lets you sleepMolloy Made GEOGRAPHIC BINDERS If yoni Hive in the United States, we will glarlly iid Mothoy Made Geographic Binders cn free trial your inspection, 5 to return in 10 aye if tis only $3.65'n pair. or 3 0 for wale i peepaial iv US. Canidis an THE DAVID J. MOLLOY Comrany 0h} Nerth Wasterm Avenue, €FOR YOUR BUSINESS TOO: Piousands of Teadit ( span with the Ponsell. Far ch labor. Write for information. See co firms New Floors fora 1 waxes, and serubs. » Astonishing Results Floor Machi papers the surface A skilleROUND- THE 7 PTER seven years oF Woilld Ciilies... after anothce year of investigating, iating-..this World Cruise! Alluringedd corners,..Bangok Formona. ‘The Java stay stretched to the Borobaedoer. by unanimous vote af all the be Sumatra, clude Mg days Ceylon kept at India...che éroie Tada tour. high-epar of ail highespors 51g days all A full week iat Jo . Kyora, Nikko. The cruise is timed to put you in Bethlee sd to Peking and Great Wall rey penetrating to N hem for the most impressive ef Christmas it Cairo for the ‘New Year's Eves. Up-country India. Agra i im cool January, Chins is cele! its New Yearwhen you marous of sDethi Farephur-Se rive,and Japan will he bursting into plum. sor. Home for Easter, The cruise unfolds, in progressive pans the five great world-epochs, cover. laaly, Greece, E gypt, India, C CRUISE The ship again is the Empress af Australia 21,850 gross tina, Marble bath suites, Com+ Duchess of Atholl, strangest contr Ade Av low an MEDITERRANEAN CRUISES From New York, Feb. 3, Ei 13, Empress of France, Both dhiyt, As Tow as teks it Scotian The alluring details are in booklets If you have a good mavel-agent, atk him In- formation alto from any Cansdian. Paci 44 Madison Av Chicago, 71 E. Jackson Bled. . .. Mor 201 St. James Se, West United Si ollie. New York, and30athe: and Canada. Personal Services. Canadian Pacific World's Greatest Travel System/ VOW / C_ Victor- Radio with EE ola The ix. ‘nament that mil ms have wailed jor New in principle... neteindesign the First y from a \/i ictor -Radio eb with Electrotathat slide and Here are hin acting wit all> yoysge) : HAWAII fF Fie Ce WORLD'S nehanted Gslians Plagroned Kar. HAWAII TOURIST BURE. Name Sirect & NeReady for a Drink? LEAR, cold water from an old-fashioned well Iooks mighty tempting on a hot day. One might naturally think that if the owner of the well drinks the water it must be pure, But the fact that he has drunk the water without ap- parent harm does not prove that ‘water is pure. Science has discovered that a few individuals have been able to drink water more or less pol- Juted with typhoid germs with: ut contracting typhoid fever. But it is never safe for anyone to take tinmunity for granted. Last year in the United States, eeesccaly 65,000 persons were stricken needlessly wi typhoid fever and 6,g00 died. Those who recover from typhoid fever ate left in such physical condition that for about three years after an attack the deathrate of stich per- sons is twice the normal rate for the sine ages, The story'of inoculatich which pre- vents typhoid fever isa brillunt page in the history of the many triumphs of science over During the Spanish-American War, 281,000 of our men went into service, One out of every twelte eantracted ty phoid. In the World War there were 4,000,000 American soldiers, nearly all inoculated against typhoid, Although many of them were aent to typhoid- infected areas, only one out of every 3,700 hed typhoid, While typhoid fever frequently comes from drinking polluted w. sls comes from infected milk ious other contaminated foods, and from unsuspected “typhoiil-carriers"”—a few individuals who have tecovered from the disease but who continue to carry the germs, When typhoid-carriers are “Tou're welcome. And it’s the fmest water in the world, Use Beew drink it for 96 ari. employed as helpera in households, hotels.ot rese taurants there is great danger thut they will cause infection among thoze they serve. Incculutions against typhoid fever are extremely simple and leave no scar. They protect from two to five years. Why take chances? Be prepared for your toon, campisg end kip ef this year, Go to your doctor for the proteetion he ean give. Wherever cities protect their supply of drinking water from sewage or purify their water by chlorination the death- rate from typhoid drops. A marked re- duction also takes place in communities where milk and food supplies are care- fully protected and food handlers thor- oughly inspected. Bur until this pro- tection is general in cities, towns and vdliges and in country districts as yphoid inoculition is vitally The Metropolitan will be glad to mait, without cost, its booklet, “The Con- quest of Typhoid Fever,” to anyone who requests it. Address Booklet De- partment, 69-N, Metropolitan Life In- surance Company, New York, N.Y. METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY-NEW YORK Biggest in the World, More Assets, More Poticyholders, More Insurance in force, More new Insurance each year rrMtenthon the Gevgraphle—t IMeities you”a me a On ai BO BY moYour Lealte requires it! Tomatoes are now universally recognized as among the most beneficial foods we can cat. Their tonic juices and luscious’ tomato “meat” abound in the health- giving qualities essential to a properly balanced diet. Campbell's Tomato Soup offers you the most delicious way to include the famous tomato healthfulnessin yourdiet thewhole year round. How your appetite relishes its lively flavor! How it refreshes and invigorates you! WITH THE MEAL le OR ASA MEAL fe SOUP BELONGS IN THE DAILY DIET 12 cents a can Look ron rie Rew-ab-Wirrre Lanne1800 conversations at once through a cable less than 3 inches thickThis investment service saves time and worry even in your absence Business has a long arm these days. Not even in mid-oecan busy man fro from its clamor for his attention. Because of these constantly for your time nid there. ts, for rs to be of saving moments here Treinaltag yo there saved if you are. st securities hy a personal study of investment markets. Most busy men nowadi two nationally- arrices OF PRIVATE WIR! 60 AMERICAN CITIES. INTHREO! L. BRAN invesiment houses to give them investment advice. The National City Company of this time vide ‘to inveatune by mdinteinin branch coffiees in 80 American cities. Just telephone the neanist uf fice—one of our inventinent ad- s will gladly help you select new issues from widely diversi« pales a spe nryesavin fied lists of carefully investigated securities. Abroad you will find the same services i The National City Company = 25) Natiomal City Bank teil + Yrek eCTED BY 14,000 SANE CONNTENDER SKIN HEAVY BEARD ae) MEDIUM SKIN HEAVY BEARD pEEEES p ELLLA y TENDER SKIN MEDIUM BEARD MEDIUM SKIN MEDIUM BEARD ee TOUGH SKIN MEDIUM BEARD chedebeLteh TENDER SKIN LIGHT BEARD MEDIUM SKIN LIGHT BEARD TOUGH SKIN T BEARD —— Name your beard, gentlemen EARDSarepastreforming. Blue and bristly or blo and silken, they're all hard Teast you can’t to shave— tell their owners otherwise We don’t try to: Ir seasier to pur cheb expensive stcel,'and t0:spe1 we have, sciiie $12,000,000 in 2 years to develop delicate machities pone and strup that fine far beyond: the limits of aftumanship,Ie'seasie to pay a bonus ter workers every blade they reject which does not come up ta he high Gillette standard True, icmakes sonic difference whether youir beard is heavy or silken, your skin. sensitive ot tough; whether the water is hokorcold,hanlorsaftswhether you slope well or hadlly the night befdre. Bar even under the worst per sible conditions you can ‘coun on the Gillette Blade to de its jobsmoothly, surely and well ot factor your daily shave, Gillere Boston,US.A. I's the dne coi Safety Razor <—- — + Gillette «Displacing o costlier cars in the gn of thousands a owners nding four-wheel rakes. Chrysler, siécelierarion sands upon @ people who can we’ best express in w experien sen: Chrysic in tradi : ad maintains tthe sheer enjoyment only Chrysler gives jonger and more iding on shoek c shock and is safer b 1¢ Chrysler weatherproof of have found that Chrysler mance is outstanding in present-day moraring. Ic is unique, just as it was when st Chrysler car of five tors in Chrysler that ce mujura years ago obsoleted the per formance standards of tharday sler— whether —is and always has been the unparalleled ex Chrysler perforn CHRYSLER CHRYSLER MOTORS PRODUCT There of CheyI owner of a $5,500 atitomobile and the owner of a $500 car have two things in common: both want to get the best out of their ears; both depend on gasoline to make their engines go, But no engine can be better than the fuel it uses, and all gasolines “knock” and lose power when the compression of an engine is raised beyond certain limits So General Motors Research Lahora- tories set out to find something which, chen added to gasoline, would eliminate "knock" under higher pressures and there- by make’ it possible to build high-compres- sion, more efficient auromobile enyines, Seven years of search, involving ‘thou sands of different compounds, rewilted in Ethyl fuid, the anti-knock compound w leading oil companies are mixing with gasoline to make Eriy! Gasoline—the seand- ard high compression motor fucl. The active ingredient in Ethyl fluid is tetracthy! lea Since Ethyl was made available ta the inotoring public, automobile manufacturers have been able to offer curs of higher com. pression. And Exhyl gets out of eats of average compression an additional power which cannot be obtained with ordinary gasoline. Try Ethyl Gasoline today. You will see the difference. ‘The firsr tankful will con vince you of its merits. PEAY E Gas 16 Churcle Se, Farcinny © CORPORA 56 ce 5 Broadway. N.Y. Lesnery == |«CETHYL offs ETHYL Feu "=z GASOLINECorrect for every smart occasion DODGE BROTHERS SENIOR @ cievsnen soroRs Peonver DODGE SENIOR SEDAN (wire meek eciraThe Greatest, Flights are made with bezigines watches IHREE famous long-distance Record Flights betlin-Levine flight from New York to Berlin in 1! —The Ferrarin-Delprete fight fro eto Brazil i Ant the Jimenex from Seville, to Babia ia 1929... All made with Longines timepie this marked peefores ability which only LONGENES « able consistency, Lindbergls, yrd, De Pin Franco, Lady Heath, and others are LONG! You tog, will realize what aceurney really means whew: yo buy 2 Longines watch. Leading jewelers will show yon YONG! ES exclusivestyles for men and women, Priced from A ups Write fori booker. A.WITTNAUER CO. ESTABLISHED 1866 402-404 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK CHICAGO MONTREAL GENEVA LONGINES CORRECT TIME 1S BROADCAST DAILY THROUGH 70 STATIONS4 4 FORWARD SPE EDS SILENT THIRD DOUBLE X-SIXTY-SIX AND SIX-SEVENTY A remarkable and exclusive Durant transmission, now available for the first time in popular priced cars. Its advantages in acceleration, speed, power, handling ease and economy of operation will in- stantly appeal to you. DURANTand Benjamin Franklin was Chairman Waa ofthe Board .~ = — Benjamin Franklin called + a meeting of prominent XE ists at the Court House in the city of Philadelphia and outlined a plan hy at small yearly cost each of Id be insured a: pany isa cor ad by its polie “hrough sound nd selection of risks, mutual corpara~ sions area the policyholders, I t loss ji home burned. Thus unded the first insurance company in Atmerica—a mutual com their insurance pre pany with Franklin as Chairman of the A worth-while b pn mutual Board of Directors casualty will be sent an te he spirit of thrift, industry and No so | folleay in Franklin's w: Mutual Insurance, Room 22 eninge became l insurance. isthe facr oilay five mutual oldand twenty years old, ccononiy express quoted above, from the a characteristic of mut Eloquent of mutual thut there are companiesaver 125 y one companies over 10+ MUTUALLHES great SCPVICE is offered only by Frigidaire ool shelves are ata convenient FR IGIDAIRE es The quien Automattic: Refrigerator vaCANADIAN NATIONAL—TO EVERYWHERE IN CANADA Canadian Rockies ee Canadas great Alpine Playground orrrees Came to the glorious Canadian Rockies this summer for Stop at f Lac Beauivert Golf over th Rock famous glaci tide the trail to and wild game haunts. Enjoy «wit ort Special Jasper Golf Week Sept. Flt to tech ‘ [ANADIAN NATIONAL The Largest Railway System in America OPERATING RAILWAYS . STEAMSHIPS. HOTELS: TELEGRAPH AND EXPRESS SERVICE - RADIO STATIONSast a Suan Plan at least two weeks in that Pacific wonderland of ours “Obviously yau will be thankful for that stop- aver privilege when you reach that wonder Inndofmorethan seven thousundislands under ‘our own flay—the PHILIPPINES, Manila, with the finest harbor in the Far East, its quaint old walled city, itm asred h cathedral, and other reminders of its former rulers—in strike trast with the modern American city grown up outside the walla. hacked by the Marivelos mountai tal aiid watering-plare ‘or is Manila itself anything at all compared with what our Far Bastera islands have to offer the leisurely and discriminating traveler «+ "One hundeed and fourteen thousand square miles of American soil... Twelve million peo- comrLirn INFORMATION FROM ANY STHAMSMIPF OX TOURIST AGENT DOLLAR STEAMSHIP LINE AMERICAN MAIL LINE BE ano 2anae ple of Ameri ts, scattered through a veritablefairyland...Tngaloand Viscayan peapleof Lubang island, the brave Izerrotcs-af Lacon, where the adventurous traveler will wish to shoot the Pagsanjan River rapisle . Mindanas, the huge island of the south, wi Zamboango, capable of driving the most con monplace traveler into pactry, .. the archipel- tan of Sal stil reigns within Boho, Linnpakan—the very names Ure sugxestiveof the poetic mingling ofsea and forest, mountain and junglesand of the strange customs that make our eastern archipelage something worth going miles to seo... seen views, Wer Prey week Senn Hanes Havana and Panama 19 Califore he Wack “ut road ot eamHeres baggage protection without red-tape dngl land Ag the new may to sev it it costs to sceurity, ica Pers Insurance Company of North America PHILADELPHIA. “The Oldest American Fire and Marine Insurance Company" Founded 1792 Insurance Company of North America 1600 Arch Street ' 3 Ft. Ave N.Y i ' Philadelphis, Pa, Dept. N-6 ' ' ' ' ' | GREAT WESTERN Nasa me and Stet : = SOUTHERN Railways of England wantsinfurmation on i 1 1 i i 1 ' 1 ettectalAMERICA'S NEWEST, GRANDEST WONDERLANDS— NO OTHER VACATION TRIP EQUALS THIS— st them this summer! You won't know America until yeu do. You won't know what relaxation can be il you've Tost your cares fix the silent magnificence af sky and mor tainse—and breathed the tonic of western climate! at know the rainbow im- men of great eanyons — until you're seen Bryce Canyon and Zion jonal Parks, and the Grand Can- m itself, You wourt know the charm and mystery of deersfilled forests you've seen the Kaibab. You won't hurting itself inte the sky antil y seen the proud zeysers of You won't know the b now the magn spectacle of ove: you visit California, or the spell of the Rockies till you see Recky Mount National Park. The elties, too, are amon interesting im the world. Denver, the mile-high Queen City of the P Ozden, Salt Lake City, capital of the Mormons; Portland, City of Roses; Seattle and ‘Tacoma on lovely Paget Sounds Spokane. of the Inland Em pie Franelseo, romantic and sophisticated: Los Angeles, the mavie metropalis—each with gettalile atmosphere. the West th ‘To the best of Pacific West, which includes Colur- ado, Utah, Kinho, Arizona, Nevada, California, the Pacific Northwest nod fifteen great National Parks. You may go independently. Escorted All-Fapense Tour with inter~ ¢sting companions. The low eoxt will amare you. Send the coupon for riehly illustrated booklet and full details, LOW SUMMON FARES 10 ADL THE west Union Pacttic THE ©VERLAND ROUTETHE CMULUNCE OF SIAAPLICITY Memorial Art like homearchitecture has had its "gingerbread" and Mid- ROCKS AGE Ss Victorian periods, Garish carving and grotesque effects have had their day, The simplicity of the present y memorial is refreshing —with its ROCRMAGES (CORPORATION — BARRE, VERMONT : lovely gradations of tone and classic af Howser “Hin te Chane Momriai* designs. Consult your local dealer. ‘Ask him tg sh mt Rock of Ages anite aad learn how we guarantee everlasting qualities Days of Freedom... Add undreamt of pleasures by packi eis: 5 o date as the 1929 edition of yor acting & fetes Js yous Ae oe apd as chisel you one, or Motor Lawn Mower and Roiler write catalogue 1-380 Cat Zs) 405 Th Avena, New Yorke FEB South Mil Street Las Angeles, Call BINOCULARS , yr | ESaw Fe a “4 J Om > x! * THE PUBLIC rs ENTITL D TO THIS INFORMWATIO i " snark states 4OMEFIME to nearly every one comes the ically states the material used. IE a Nation day wher the responsibility of casket is made of bromee, the tras ~Hromze.” If ie is made of mabe Mal tusket are apparent en it beinus ny, it states must be ‘assumed. Too gations that are wholly ny.” The beauty and dignity of the and ol casket, for instaince, must be sights inv ‘The National trademark is the symbol of a 4 ouch question’ as What is it made of?” n good taste? y kevin and respected foe aknost half weomapi f you sco this identifvin, “Kivi century, Wh These quest the day comes;when it i ons should be answered before ch, you can he sure that it pledges alke tir angany is National caskets are wold only through funeral sinful to ark thom, casket that can be hud far the pric Realising this, the Notional Casket thar those lire It is reasonnble 10 as: rod of fore the pu pling give every ne a mien who handle merchandise of high quality have high standards of servioe Funeral ery National casket carries, inl visible Wo have prepared a little bookd I be glad to send this t» anyone Address Dept. A-a, 60 Mussa- fF chupetis Avenue, Boston, Masa, the trademark eepr= Facts.” We Lealy guaranices free sipon Fey duced above, This tra the finest easker construction, but it alo 9 NATELONAL CASKET COMPANY bycotronarco DISPLAY ROOMS TN TFWENTY-SEVEN CITIESDeVry CAMERAS and Projectors are better OVIE or “STULL Consider These Remarkable Camera Values "Sun Yoursrur As fromrs Sex You" Vey Corporation sted 1909 Avenue For Perfect Wiashdays! E, LAMNECK COMPANY ‘Colemban. Ohio Ojlibe GEORGIAN Haye never dreamed we could afford tt I Any people have denied he comfort of Electrol auto- matic oil heat becauscofthe mistal that Electrol was beyond the nidea means, The error is. a natural one to the widespread preferen among those to whom cost does n the impres accorded Electrol by users everywh Electrol owners agree that its price is much oy pected to px jency anil Ie ing oil burner value on the Am market. éened in:every phase-of ifs tion by the exclusive Mavter Control, Sizes for every home, large or small. Cony ient terms, if desired. May we send you descriptive literature? ELECTRO. 173 Doreas St wo. ELECTROL FamceM= | “The OLL BURNER with the Master Control Listed sce standard by the Unberweriters’ LaboratoriesTO THE MEDITERRANEAN by THE SCYTHIA 1 BACK =--~\IN YoUR TRUNK YOUR PICTURE ALBUM AND YoUR HEAR’ | RESOLUTE oS The Vag 0 erriving in Over 38,0 Se a MU Sela dl a hh diese * #e cound OU TH AMERICA D Yun Dron Hamburg-A “American 3 Broedway New York ssIn Bosian — Chicavo- jan Froncinco —- Los Ans ‘edmonton — Gr <12 Dayle sts eet 48 Daye fre wwistely arranged share tripe under Girection of ship's offer GRACE LIN oR one = Pie he keel picts fet MartlanMODERNIZED A permanent part of the windows They roll up and down e€ AN you think of many household casks that are more disliked than the seasonal mak: ing down and re-hang ing of clumsy screens? Rolsereens are never taken down. Oh yes, they are stored but up our of sig provected. The trim ness and beauty of these all metal screens with the special el tro-plated "AluminA wire finishes the win- dows in a charming manner rcely visible when plac in prac a permanent satisfac tion year after year. ROLSCREEN COMPANY Uluitrated Rolserven ‘Booklet. Seut om Request Hel W tak The Book: Cadillac Hotel right: but didn't hee What a TROET GOOD NIGHT pscallion! Whydoesn 2 Vivsteepy at, all Ohho! evening. He had ny fun keeping him in hat water. Lovely stubborn whipper supper 1 ewer May as well tell him. letmeclenp'til do, All ff your muffler; draw up the table wet oul ny pen; “syour Great boy! Wonder do mine fight like he ht? Qoahho! Now forthew. ‘round my black si ino! t heer: call me at si sing. Good night!” ADILLAC HOTELThe Pick — ofthe Park Colorado Yellowstone California Oy heve me, GOLDEN POPPIES “ca° OAKLAND CALIFORNIA| SCENIC ROUTE EUROPE James Boring'’s 2™ Annual NORTH CAPE bah Specially chartered White Star Line S. “Calgaric” Sails from New York June 3 N unusual vacation—; the Ear ok oe Lagi Yikine villages, every Scotland, Also Fifeh Anus! Mediterrmneoa 1» Feb, 15, 1930 Aesqulre af ya taent or Depts NIG re? JAMES BODING'S porcine ) TRAVEL SERVICE, Inc. 730 Fifth Avenue, New Yark, N.Y. . ) ‘T TAKES more than € nly the Best rectly designed strip to Protection is produce effective and perma . bene weather stripping protec- Good Enough tion, Scientific and precise installation is most important. That is why for 36 years Chamberlin has delivered a de- of draughtproofness, fuel ving and year-round comfort which Chamberlin only can provide, Every installation is factory-controlled—and the work of facto. ‘Chamberlin mechanics CHAMBERLIN METAL WEATHER STRIP COMPANY, EPG OOOH ( a! bs Hib —booklessomhowrto « complete zstinuate aa Charoh weal home comfort at asaving toyou. Also Naree Prosection for —_windowa——_loors aires“L bave two Bossert Houses cmd they have proved very satisfactory.” 5) —Mrs. E. B. Perkins | 6% Resacly Cat Ebi BOSSERT _ HOMES Le ima NY PF Wollensak Optical Company si Hudson Ave., Roeherter, N.Y.A Hundred Matchless TULIPS TEN Most Exquisite erwin and Breeder Varicties a 1a Tonnsye—-Vivid Fink Reense Qacetr Til ani an reteptacle fo to create 2 99 See Our Free Bulb Book and pure in its Beauty an the snathl ern Hh i Ill rt iF a book cof the case mith ond tbat will remain pure anil an we tage il oso ah 3a tallied for all time. BOHN REFRIGERATOR : COMPANY SAINT PAUL, MINNESOTA Creag New York Established 1899 Eliott Nursery Co. SYPHON B O H N REFRIGERATOR | 909 Magee Building Pinsburgh, P: “Mastin the Geographie—Ir tens = ym"Great Lakes Georgian Bay me 30,000 Islands) VISITING NIAGARA FALLS TheGreat Oil-Burning White Liners North American and South American 2000 miles with all des enroute allowed a wher mice afew wo, Duluth & BLACK. Trae Mr 1 wens Cheng Ti, RECOMMENDATION FOR MEMBERSHIP NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Majazine aiesnonsn SRT To the Secretary, National Geographic Society, Sixtoonth and M Streets Northwest, Washington, D.C. J nominate ‘Occupation... ‘Thi jnformation ta impor Address 2 sae for membership in the Society. MemberCome Take a Chris Craft Ride Wherever [HKIS SMITH & SONS BOAT COMPANY 766 Detra pad, Algonac, Mich. Naw Yert Factory Hiranchod Wrst 5 Sth tee Chi Cra 7 The Excellent Work of the Lééeax; Camera — evidenced in these me: Pits vest POCKET, O8 PURSE Och Se., New York| MAKE RESERVATIONS NOW! For LASSCO"S 2nd LP ANNUAL TOUR of CENTRAL and SOUTH AMERICA i fom 4, Oct. 5, on the 1 < SAIL ON THE ee ca ETROIT & CLEVELAND NAVIGATION CO, Moore Push-Pins N 10c Pkts. EverywhereTHE HAPPY LITTLE Jae SONG BIRDS BEFORE ae you PLAN ARE HER wACATIOn,. KANKAKEE: 1h an le he Lakelanid P! A New Way of Eating Bran A delicious hot whole wheat cereal that contains but concects the bran Wie co The Quel Oats Conspaiy, Chips, foricnew free bookiot of ments and recipes, called "Thep = in Agence: SPemonally Conducta S20 ALL EXtpensest to Two Months, the newtlb fp sO Hg grown wf trarelery om Ropelir vncasirmeagule ARTERAETS You Can't GUILD TRAVEL BUREAU do Dept. 656 Afford 180 North Michigary rs Jovs Miss the of Vae cationing ‘Among the Lakes on West wea ce eo spokane ati abit Judd & Detweiler INCORPORATED: PER PRINTERS ECKINGTON FLACK AND FLORIDA QV. WASHINGTON,_ ag op Thousand ee i aus and. | YELLOWSTONE what heauty./(xnada a Calling You << < All the hi iseraweled tip led ‘Thou: Senet for {liatrated Booklet. Map sind Gace Poe uit informacion, rates andi rearsattona apgey CANADA STEAMSHIP LINES 715 VICTORIA SQUARE, MONTREAL 23 ws inthe Principal Cities of the Unit { © sewn vion Tewrits ys SLEEP sind hee la th Color for Your Summer Home or Camp Brauer. me FOR SEA LOVERS “Mention the Gepgraphic—te idanviies youCENTER FIRE => Gap RIM FIRE <— A SS = 3 4 EMINGTON >>, Kleanbore Cartridges are made ~‘— in all the popular sizes— rim fire and center fire—for rifles, pistols and revolvers. Also in 410 gauge shotgun shells. They protect the inside of the barrel from rust, cor- rosion, and pitting. There is only one Klean- bore—don't submit to substitutions. REMINGTON ARMS COMPANY, Inc. ‘Remdn Mm ton, | KLEANBOR CARTRIDGES,eo Ne estate and Waters stand, as well as. have these out- ummer home: 1 ANP YOURS {0 SUMMERS WONDROUS OUTDOORS Bool of Flies ty John Glivee LaGorce WILE Antmale of Norch Aumetis a h i word W IDEAL ALSO FOR SUMMER HOTEL OR CLUB READING ROOMS ‘Obtainable only from the jm NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY yy, cand Canale WASHINGTON, D. C.Soaring Aloft or - ushing dhe Ice Floes ts Y Members of the BYRD ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION record their findings with Waterman's ofS. raillighdatnecadvenaie! A eeddaen elenr fi quest. Intrepid voyageurs by sea, air and land. Select- ed as to men, beasts and equipment. These selected men select Waterman's to record their history-making findings—even to a special non-freezing ink. For nearly half a century Wate standard equipme . Where in seven different types ified by a different the cap, it isthe “Ideal” perfectly so many different types of hands. Price $7.Christopher Columbus — 1929 in early summer, is the best time to WR a Giecting moment, dreams! Then im IAN your zene shrieks of delight—and swift and sud- den action! The world is far from “flat” for your protective Areatmnent is gi little adventurer! But dangers lurk unseen, weeks, immunity usually develop Childhood is joyously reckless! for several mouths. ‘Treatment should be Reckloss—but thoughtfully protected by btn fi ordeaits gatas tunel jentili¢safequants uaknown { fewgeners. benefit as possible by the time school starts walks ahead of our boys 4 September. and girls these days—halting many a dread em = Je disease that beseta childhood's pathway. Just a century and a half ago the world Constant research in the Parke-Davis Iabo- stood helpless before the devastating sweep ratories has resulted from ti of smallpox. Today, discovering and perfe is the rule, smallpox has prac and yace appeared. But preventive medicine has not stopped With the conquest of smallpox, Diphtheria, largely with the pre scarlet fever, typhoid, tetanus and rabies diseases. To contribute ever 6 have also been brought under control, To- the health and hapy day toximantitoxin treatment has robbed of the world, is one of the diphtheria of its terrors, and children of any age can he rendered immune. PARKE, DAVIS & CO. ‘The world’s Inrgest mukers of pharmaceutical and biological products Et tions ago, Scie ntion and cure o y. preventive medicine deals very imbued withNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS. SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. © GILIER? GROSVENDR, President GP. AUSTIN, seeretary JOHN JOY BOSON, Trumrer FREDERICK V, COVILLE, Chatrman Ci ‘EXECUTIVE STAN OF THE NATIONAL GROGRABHLI mite th Rader JOUN OLIVER LA GORGE, View Medidaut GEO. W. HUTCHISON, Anmciate Secretary HERIERT A, POOLE, Avisiant Trenerer EDWIN P. GROSVENOM, General Cauneed MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, spiton JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE, Ampcate Baitir LIIAM. J. SHOWALTER ‘Keslata Bolton ‘hanbean Jum RALPH A. GRAVES FRANKLIN L. FISHER ita (Chief of Hsstrations EMvinion _DEMRAND, Chet af Sehoal Service BOARD OF TRUSTEES CHARLES J. mELL, Chairmen “of thr hinged, Amore ‘Recurity and Trust Cs ¢ JON EDSON Telia the: Mas, Wonbe "hgton Lenn Tewot Company baviD, varicAILD, ‘plipsabos. "U8 2 Xeveatiuee Chet Justiee of JOH 1. In Cesiend af the Cilled States s. CHEST ER, eanural sage Beat Ailend ‘Departaient ‘erly. Su stay J. Henwanup Gon Prof. Emeriins Mhithemsiles, Te ‘Gewese Woskin 0. F. AUSTIN ‘Statistica GEORGE R PITNAA Commiswirncr US Wureal of Wiekiinouses THEODORE W. NOTES uizse ot ibe Eesha Stat STEPHEN T MATHER. fuguerly Denson Natloosl Park Service itnixelats U Aeritleuy fe Foray 8 sia.came Phe Aa ORGANIZED FOR “THE INCREASE AND DI TO carry out the purposrs for which it was founded forty: one Years agn the National Gee Aivecly bo eromote pevarankie Raves ARTICLES and photographs are desired: Fur material whieh th Magazine can use, secarrous reutunesatiom i ifn stl reehopy asa. posal. vet ten ieee Toowong selenite da young even tr the we Wicnity mn, alabed, wondey "the AT an, expense’ of over $50,000 The Society sent # notable series of expeditions into P fo fovealinite the trares of the Inca rae crit 480: Nathonl Gcveraghe Society, W ‘il eh oeroed “goa a the Ro Bee at Wa ‘ailing at special rate Hf postaye provided for la Sex id, WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT WREDEWICE ¥ C4 GEORGE sHIAS, 20 Wont JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE ‘Aatoct a Washington CALWIx CoouIDGE be United ‘State rurmserly President of the Wited ates ERSHIN' CHARLES G DAWES American Auylmamatier Le ral JOHN BATON: PAYNE ‘Chaietaas American Red Crise ACW. GREELY Arctic Rxilorer. Anny" LUERT GROSVENOR Falhor if Natinnal Genraphi Mawazini GkORGE OTIS SutITH Director Ui, S Govdogieal Survey. 4H, HITTMANN Funetiy Superitendent Chaat and Coodeue Survey JOHN PORTE, MLD. Dean! and Profemoe of Pediatrics, ‘onrgetamn Unversity ‘Arvilen el the at & Nave. Tot 8 Nama OL "3 Major Gener yates Unaversty HLL Department ot a a stcgmaper National Geoe FFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE" iasorerien forin ‘a large share of ine Ranqwledae ot Hivilaation wale whem Pesto Gt met foot Un Bu THE Society als, bart the honor of sab- ing a, substantial suin 19 the expedition SE Alma Roaty” wit dimmed te Pert Boles Hhetconeritated £58100) fn Cenatuantee Botta Rati Eipesion NOT long aga ‘The Society, grated $25,000, nd in addition $75,000 was given by individual thant te Cvrnment shen tht nga tie Reese tf use elant atqila nen ef Callers were Heer tal tlhe Acietae poe THE Society has conducted extensive excava~ tions at Pueblo Bonita, New Mexico, where mene ice Aieed io'"vaxe ensnimanal dwelfcas Neosat sholverarbie amt Yoana Prov ‘FO further the said of solar radiation in re lation to long range weather foreeastings, The Sete ay geiacn 8080 1) wre the lt ralan tel (atlon' ty extablih a pation fo five Yee fie de. Hrukame, fa Seotliwest"Adsica po BC. te Ueleed Stten std Great Bia mY Sake hie ee