ee So Say “|, NUMBER TWO RV) eS “- THENATIONA GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE AUGUST, 1930 CONTENTS ZZ . i BR Twenty-four Pages of Illustrations in Color and Gravure The Conquest of Antarctica by Air With 89 THiustrations RICHARD EVELYN BYRD Admiral Byrd Receives The Society's Special Gold Medal of Honor With 4 Illustrations Working Teak in the Burma Forests With 5 Tiustrations A.W. SMITH Strange Tribes in the Shan States of Burma 15 Natural-Coler Photographs W. ROBERT MOORE PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON _if s oe Rey ye ae ae copyMedel BOBoINAe- tion Express Rite Rem; 30/06 Sprtngti Rleaubrore Car As 10, Cartvide 30/30 Ex Cartrii 363 Sava 2 Lang Kitle Ki k Shot L BE Loarke 12 ga. Nitro Exp 12 ga. Nitro Exp ton With Byrd from Pole to Pole WONG the most important articles of equipment for polar exploration ore firearms, ammunition, and cutlery. Naturally, such equipment is selected with great care. It is @ high tribute to the reliability, accuracy, | ond sturdy construction of Remington products that they were selected for Rear Admiral Byrd's expeditions fo the North and South Poles. You can find no better guide in selecting your own sporting equip: ment than the judament of these intrepid ond successful explorers, nipment that went with the Byrd Expedition to the South Pole Kleanbore Mislinwins Ku + Mushroom Oilproof Model 10 Bol Ac xpress Bi Model 120 101/06 eater Be ating Model 29 Repeating Shotguas— Rem Oil Gon Grease Pawder Solvent, Sheath Kuives No, RIS Butcher Knives No. KALI6 Butcher Knives No, Kt126 General Utility Knives No. RIA REMINGTON ARMS COMPANY, Inc. riginalors of Keandare Armmiition 25 Broodway New York CityVor. LVIL, No. 2 WASHINGTC Avcusr, 1930 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Te peaT aA SAA wna ROT caiavaton Ss We See were Sere AAT ET THE GONQUEST OF ANTARCTICA BY AIR By Ricvarp Everys Byep Rear Admiral, U.S. Naty, Retieed ‘Viiraaun sate) Srecian Gon Mepuiisr, Navtoxar Geoomarme Socury) Autmu or "Tad Biase Puidier 10 ‘tus Noatit Haug," “Ore Teasers aetye Fuiniry ‘i rin Naniimt, Gree duced the existence of a South Polar fand muss. from the icebergs and ocean currents af his farthest south voyag . the Antarctic Continent jos remained "the world's greatest geo~ graphic myst whole continent of the planet we inhabit, an area of four and a half million square tmiles—even the area is an estimate—largely has resisted man's Testless curio The expanse of territory, of this conti nent is comparable to that of the United States and Mexico, Imagine these coun- ries sheathied hy the world's mightiest ice ts thickness unknown, its norms ‘peninsulas protending far inte the the meeting of underlying cured, Imnagite the tremendous rim of this area pinrtly. belted by high almost impene- trable ice. Such, in its most characteristic features, is the aspeet of this unique con- tinent at the bottom ef thé world. Two men have struggled afnot thrangh vicious snows and winds, through the passes of a, twowntnin rin igh as: parts of the Rockies, to reach the South c, the great, mgged Amiinisen, to tell the the other, the immortal Scott, and his companions per- ished ita “stabbing, blinding biizzard.” Explorers have from time to time ap- preached other coastal points—notably | “aS since Captain James Cook de- Aap “Fivtac Ovee me AReTiC,” \e Maourrae Wilkes, just go years age—the only other American to go there before ms: A few have trudged inland = way, notably the in- domitable Shackleton, each alding an iota to our scant knowledge of Antarctica, RIDDLES OF ANTARCTICA What a challenge to the explorer! ts ita continent? Some geographers believe it is two huge islands. How far does its mountain chain extetid, and is the chain linked with the New Zealand ridges or the mighty Andean range? How thick is the ice cap? How is it fed? What af goulogy? Are there coal beds, minerals, fossils? are only a: few.of the questions awe knew awaited solution, No single ex pedition might hope to answer them. But we-conld bring all the appurtenances of modern science to hear upon adding our nition to the ultimate answers. With onr airplane, in a single fight, we siw tore of the continent than all the previous-cxplorers, necessarily land-howsd, could possibly haye beheld, And our map- ping camera registered permanent, au- thentic, and complete reesrds of what the human eye only had time to scan, as we sped through these chill skies at 100 miles ‘an hour, Of all we might find out, meteorological data, we realized, would be of highest im- How old?THE N MAGAZI rae NEW YoRR,” The staunch litte Antarctic iee yack aril b sien E tH their meclinte value. rid’s w eas the w Arctic graphic y had. get rously toward our expedition at a mast critical subse at tine hyartenedd ws by radioing that an additional grant af had heen made, to asiig arological expert FIERDS OF SCIENCE INVITING STUDY wr -years Thad real every record of Antaretic exploration and ew entific dliscussic I determine aphical Antarctic prot the fields of vical, oces on—that cope of ne needed to f enc 2 program scores of subject headings and would take WY CARRIER Fi 2OTH-CENTURY ARGOSAUTS hut she withstood the tiatteriry a dellow explorer of Tre Grocrarmie wight on the bk We were and all our scientific phasos of our we going for scientific explor ther plans were to keep tis hicalthy efficient while we were doing it, and, abave iN, to prevent the loss of lives: Our air: so our railing sto make these We sc world forthe best ship, and foc ky hark, whieh we res City of New York, in Norway 1885 this 512-tom vessel has heen ring mugh seas and the Polar re- gigns. Her hull is wedge-shaped, esbling her to rise when the ice efutehes her its treme pressure, It is reinforce with timbers 24 inches thick. T know of no other ship with sides that thiek We arried full rigging to inerense her iso as life insurance, 1 give out while ba ail the ice. iling witANTARCTICA BY NO MOVIES UNDER DIFFICULTIES re was litt companineis ralliec they had into the fight exam wn the choppy w rately exrtogrnpher, dietitian, vane ailure would be mo: perfect y the adlequaey and for us rat ' The battle ah lose or w battle of ld wreath aration w Yor far preeS. LD Cait © MeRieley THR “CETY GF NEW YORK” ERAVING ANTARCTICA the ice party Little e itl tilted! there until time to! return and 1 hori he entYOR HUNDREDS 1 cE A NOW FORM A HARRIE AIOUT ayure of comparison dor thesea2 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ADMIRAL DVD TAS SAREE MY ARIAL HHOTOGRADHY 160,000 SOTAME MILES OF ANTARCTICA Among the geazraphic achievements uf the Byrd Antarctic Expedition eluting ite 14-monthe say South Polar rexions were: the diservery of Marie Byrd Lan, the discovery of importurt mca tain ranges, the elimi of 0 large portion of Carmen, Land, the charting of new inlets and bays of the Rows Ice Barrier, ani the first comqnest of the Sauth Fole by air. ‘The locations of varions physiographic features oh this map. are nite: a complete chart of Adsiral Byrd's findings, th new nomenclature, will be published hy the Naliunal Geographic Society as soon as his valu mings data can be incorporated om a large-scale map. At the lower felt is am iinet showing the re- lve Antarctic Continent to Australia, New Zealand, South ica, und Alrica; at ee, le America, Anturetic hewlquarters of the exyiition, ‘The dotted lines show the principalTHE CONQUEST OF ANTARCTICA BY AIR ‘Ailmaital Peary always sald the best eluthes for Axetic wear are the skins of ani- mals which live in the Arctic. He copicsl the clothes of the Eskimos around Ftah, Greenland, the northernmost tribe in the world, and said we. 1 studied their methods when E went up there in 1925 for the, National Geographic Society." The lightest and warmest, and therefore most practical, bind af fe seins. to he reindeer skin : so our imulduks (or boots), parkas (or coats), and many of or pants were made of reindeer skin, ‘Tu. give ‘qual warmth, woolen eluthes woulid hve to be twice as heavy. When moving on the trail fin fate spring, stimmet, or early fall, windproof aver. tit derclothes is sufficient to wear. 1 have a pair of polarbear pants which T some= times wear and find ever wa ‘ reindeer-skin parka, with armpit i to bring the arms inside, polar-bear pants and. rein= one ean sleeps ini thes epers nal covering or tent in the coldest weather. When on the trail, however, where ex- ercise is most vigorous, firs are much too warm and in midsummer are needless. In bitter cal it is necessary to have them to wear at the end of the day's inarch, Wolverine is used around the parka hood anu sleew isture that freems tapon it eam jv be brushed off it than from any other fur. ‘Martin Ronnie made all these cloth tind was kept busy during working hours the whale of the winter night, T doubt whether there is another man in the world who knows ‘gs much about cold-weather clothing as Ronne, or wh would work more conscientiously ar good-natured|y. YOOTCEAR VITAL mx POLAR WORK Footgear is perhaps the most important item of clothing. For the cold weather, the vital thing is to have footgear large enough, We aged reindeer moccasins, rubber-saied Iumberjack boots, and large ski boots, in addition to. mukinks, ‘The bottoms of the mukluks were made of sealskin, Amundsen. told me many tines that it was almost impossible to get * See “Flpinig Over the Aveite,” by Richart Berd, in the Natignnt, Geokarnic MAGArINE for November, 1925. 130) ski boots big enough. We had curs spe- cally made, adequate far 70° below zero; hut they were too hig for Summer use and in'summer we had to eut these boots down and make entirely new ones. Mike Thorne made boots which gaye exvellent results. Each ina was provided with four suits of heavy underwear, ten pairs ef socks, two pairs of breeches, six pairs of boots, two pairs of moccasins, two woolen shirts, thvo sweaters, one reindeer parka, one light parks, six pairs of mittens, dimgarees, 1 muskrat cap and a reindeer skin of cider duck sleeping bag: Contrary te general belief, the great problem in Antarctica arises, not from cold, but from the moisture, Moisture always forms and then freczes, That is why men lose fect and fingers, and that is why they have such a difficult time with sleeping bags. The whole camp, espe- cially the trail parties, spent the entire win- ter Working and experimenting with this problem, We licked it by doing such sim- ple things as using sennagrass in the hoots, windproof socks, pumping, air regularly into the sleeping lags, and taking any extra pairs of socks and mittens, which could be dried when put out in certain conditions of weather. WHAT THE EXTENTION TOOK To EAT Anyone who has planed a month's camping trip away from civilization must appreciate the commissary problem of camping for a year in the world’s larg- cat honshop afea. Dr. Coman selected food with the proper fucl and vitamin value and. estimated the daily necds and food constmption for each man, covered sheaves of paper with his calculations, then went out and bought: Ham, two tons; bacon, three tors; heef, five tems; pork, two tons; lamb, one ton! chicken, one ton; turkey, 600 pounds; corned beef, two: toms: salt pork, one and a half tons; corned shoulder; corned tongue, corned spurerilis, pork satsage, two tons cach; tinned butter, two tons; eegs, 500 cases} powdered milk, one ton ; condensed, evaporated, and malted milk, 100 cases tach ; cookies, one thousand two hundred pounds; jams, jellies, and marmalade, one fon; lane, fifteen tons; lard, one: ton, ‘Then there were: baking powder, 250 pounds: shaving soap, 1.200 sticks; tal- cum powder, 1,000-cans; hand soap, 8.840:sr x HOW ‘the “smoke.” tale X) KEL flying In the KE A DAPPLED STUB DOVER decks toast eat Forty tt ot Whale106 OX, VOL w RET LD, AUMIRAL wWkn's “CariTAL criv" UNDER CONSTRUCTION Late America was a metropolis compared to any Anturctic tase which hail preceded it, improvised scientife laburataries, Hus pita chitte shop, doe Eeimnels, aitd tadio station ( wo men spent fourteen mauths there without critical illness Or distress Rtinasium, storerooms, mess bull, offices, tise text nage 130). Te was equipped ‘This photograph of the tree cup was made belure its completion and when some ol the supplies were still stored ia tents, ‘Tho Adolph Oche Ratio Towers were nained for the publisher of the New York Thc, cakes; face cream, 30 cans; 60 razors: and 1,200 packets of blades; cereals, two: and a squarter tons; coffee, twe and three- qxtarters tobs ; tea, 373 pounds : cuca, 600! pounds; dry codfish, 600 pounds; brown liven, 43 eases: assurted pickles, t.200 gallons; kippored herring and herring and tonto satiee, 1,500 pounds each: ean two and a half tons; American cheese, 1.230 pounde; dehydrated fruits and vegetables, four tong; dricd fruits, five tons. An! here are some of the sundries on our list One ton of cooking utensils, ane kitchen range, Go,000 sheets of writing paper, S00 her sheets, goo pillow cases, five fold- ing bathtubs. two clectrie washing ma- chines, twelve barrels of washing powder, table silver, thirty dozen toothbrushes, five dozen hand brushes, five dozen hi Tani, and 4 number of folding ects and hairs We prepared for three years! stay ine steal of tier in case we should get caught down there another year: "Transportation needs in a continent where only the sledge and the pedestrian hid traveled before is required months of planning and tests. We chose a tri- motored Ford, a single-mptored Fairchild, cand a. single-motored: Fokker, all -mouo- planes, to hurle with the unknown fying wonditions ahead of us We took 80 huskies and Mafemutes (Tskimio dogs) fo transport our tons of equipment {rom the edge of the ice harrier to Little Amer- ica sul to enable the geological party. reach the mountains for scientific inves gation: A snowmohite was carried to move supplies and equipment tu our hase. A DEDT OF GRATITUDE To NEW ZEALAXD Many of the supplies were shipped alead to Dimedin, New Zealand, our final em- barkation point for the south,MUSIC HELD To Pas atly tle Are Wi he helpful ender ere ed inc that a8 8 reatly enriched. New When the winter ni dmerchant marines and n ive lines 2,000 men, women, the mamsail worm Our wayTHE NATIONS EXILORTNG PARTIES yf. carmunicate ts The trail sets we «1 the expedition, Ww WEA (Little Amer han re” he sail pointing to the south, “and I don't think I'ilsce you fellowsagain. | Y make it, ‘Too he: his was not en Tknew that the ¢ were ship won't loaded.” iil, Hesidles, ite geration n enacting. expe from the stormy area we would have s through with our heavy bh The ships did carry tmusually heavy: bur we had to take this chit al was indispens All Anturetic expeditions have had to face the problem coal in r sil for exploration’ down there are too small to allow, a normally safe surplus of cruising radius. For one ure no larger vessels that can mt all GRAPHIC MAG AZINE Photon TOUCH WITH TE If they were ners Cotild net very And we were ry enbugh coal not only for round trip between the E Dunedin, but also an addi- anal 75 tons to be deposited at ent biise with the jee pressure available, indigent 1 to ¢ the 4.700-m ‘rene, ERs The New York set sail from Dunedin at 6 the morning nf Deeember 2 had a: perfect day at sea, with nly heavy swell hotore When the wind was right, the Neu York plowed throtigh the heavy swell umider sail steam at knots. A ARCTIC 'STORAL id the Heanor Boll yelock 7 on We winrl from a gale of the day and sev