Exam Name___________________________________

MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion. 1) AnorganismofthegenusStaphylococcus is________,whileanorganismofthegenus Spirochaeta is ________. A) coiled/spherical B) rodshaped/coiled C) spherical/coiled D) spherical/rodshaped 2) Bacteriawithappendages A) possesstubularorstalk-likeextensionsoftheircells. B) donotexist. C) havefilamentsthatarecommonlycalledappendages. D) havethebasiccharacteristicsofeukaryoticcells. 3) Thetermsrunandtumblearegenerallyassociatedwith A) clusteringpropertiesofcertainrod-shapedbacteria. B) movementofthecell. C) cellmembranestructures. D) cellwallfluidity. 4) Morphologyisatermthatreferstothe________ofanorganism. A) attachmentsites B) size C) appendages D) shape 5) Nutrientsandwasteproductspassintoandoutofacellin________proportiontothecellssize. A) exponential B) direct C) inverse D) logarithmic 6) Thecytoplasmicmembranecouldbestbedescribedas A) ahighlyselectivepermeabilitybarrier. B) slightlypermeabletowaterbutimpermeabletometabolicsolutes. C) animpermeablebarrier. D) apassiveconduitforintracellulartransport. 7) Sterolsarevirtuallyalways A) presentineukaryoticmembranesbutabsentinprokaryoticmembranes. B) presentinbotheukaryoticandprokaryoticmembranes. C) absentinbotheukaryoticandprokaryoticmembranes. D) absentineukaryoticmembranesbutpresentinprokaryoticmembranes. 8) Regardingmembranelinkages,whichstatementisTRUE? A) BacteriaandEukaryahaveesterlinkages;Archaea linkagesarenotyetknown. B) Eukaryahaveesterlinkages;Bacteria haveetherlinkages. C) Archaeahaveesterlinkages;Eukarya haveetherlinkages. D) BacteriaandEukaryahaveesterlinkages;Archaea haveetherlinkages. 1)

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9) Carrier-mediatedtransportisnecessarywhen A) movementintothecellisagainstaconcentrationgradient. B) thelevelofnutrientsinnatureisverylow. C) diffusionwillnotallowadequateamountsofasubstancetoenterthecell. D) Alloftheabovearetrue. 10) WhichstatementisTRUE? A) Thephosphotransferasesystemhasnothingtodowithgrouptranslocation. B) Grouptranslocationisapartofthephosphotransferasesystem. C) Thephosphotransferasesystemissynonymouswithgrouptranslocation. D) Thephosphotransferasesystemisatypeofgrouptranslocation. 11) Theperiplasmisa(n) A) regionbetweenthecytoplasmicmembraneandtheoutermembraneofgram -negative Bacteria. B) partoftheoutercellmembraneofgram -negativeorganisms. C) alternatenamefortheinnercellmembraneofanyprokaryoticcell. D) partoftheinnercellmembraneofgram -negativeorganisms. 12) Bacteriastainasgram-positiveorgram-negativebecauseofdifferencesinthecell A) wall. B) chromosome. C) nucleus. D) cytoplasm. 13) WhichofthesestatementsisTRUE? A) Thegram-positivewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerbutisaboutascomplexasthe gram-negativewall. B) Thegram-negativewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerandismorecomplexthanthe gram-positivewall. C) Thegram-positivewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerbutislesscomplexthanthe gram-negativewall. D) Thegram-positivewallcontainsathickpeptidoglycanlayerandismorecomplexthanthe gram-negativewall. 14) Ingram-positiveBacteria,thecellwallmaybeupto________peptidoglycan. A) 90% B) 48% C) 25% 15) Thepolysaccharidepseudomureinispresentinthewallsof A) someArchaea. B) Eukarya. C) Bacteria. D) Bacteria andArchaea. 16) Thelipopolysaccharide(LPS)layerisfoundONLYinthecellwallof A) gram-positiveBacteria. B) gram-negativeBacteria. C) Eukarya. D) Archaea. 17) Anendotoxinis A) atoxinknownforitsprimaryattackontheepidermisofmammals. B) atoxinproducedwithinarchaealcells. C) thetoxicportionoftheLPS. D) thetoxinproducedintheperiplasmofmostbacteria.

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18) Hydrolyticenzymesfunctioninthe A) regenerationoftheperiplasm. B) chemotacticresponse,particularlyingram-negativeBacteria. C) initialdegradationofnutrients. D) transportofsubstrateswithinthecell. 19) WhichstatementisTRUE? A) Polarflagellaareindividualflagellaontheendsofbacterialcells;peritrichousflagellaare tuftsontheendsofbacterialcells. B) Polarflagellaarealloverthebacterialcells;lophotrichousflagellaareindividualflagellaon theendsofbacterialcells. C) Peritrichousflagellaarealloverthebacterialcells;lophotrichousflagellaaretuftsonthe endsofbacterialcells. D) Lophotrichousflagellaaretuftsontheendsofbacterialcells;peritrichousflagellaare individualflagellaontheendsofbacterialcells. 20) WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE? A) Aflagellarproteinsubunitisflagellin. B) Thehookisthewiderregionatthebaseoftheflagellum. C) Flagellarotateataconstantspeed. D) Inflagellarmotion,thebasalbodyactsasamotor. 21) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis/areTRUE? A) Fimbriaeenablecellstosticktosurfaces. B) Fimbriaearegenerallyshorterandmorenumerousthanflagella. C) Piliserveasreceptorsandfacilitategeneticexchangebetweenprokaryoticcells. D) Alloftheabovearetrue. 22) Glycogengranules A) functionasstoragedepotsforcarbonandenergy. B) cannotbedetectedbylightmicroscopy,evenifiodineisadded. C) arederiveddirectlyfromeitherPHBorPHA. D) Noneoftheaboveappliestoglycogengranules. 23) Amajorfunctionofprokaryoticgasvesiclesis A) toserveasareservoirforoxygenandcarbondioxide. B) toconferbuoyancyoncellsbydecreasingtheirdensity. C) tokeepthecellsorganellesseparatedduringflagellarmotion. D) noneoftheabove. 24) Themembraneofagasvesicleiscomposedof A) protein. C) carbohydrate.

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24) B) variousphospholipids. D) bothglycoproteinsandphospholipids. 25)

25) Whatisthebiologicalfunctionofendospores? A) Theyareformedasevaginationsofthebacterialcellwalls. B) Theyenableorganismstoendureextremesoftemperature,drying,andnutrientdepletion. C) Theyarebacterialreproductivestructures. D) Alloftheaboveareendosporefunctions.

26) Thetetraethermoleculewithinthemembranestructureofthe________yieldsalipid________. A) Archaea/bilayer B) Bacteria /monolayer C) Bacteria/bilayer D) Archaea /monolayer 27) Aquaporinsare A) watertransportproteins. B) moleculesthatpreventwaterfromcrossingamembrane. C) cationsboundtowatermolecules. D) enzymesinvolvedinthegenerationofwaterwithincells. 28) Translocasesarespecificforthetransportof A) nucleicacids. B) carbohydrates.

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29) Theprokaryotictransportsystemthatinvolvesasubstrate-bindingprotein,a membrane-integratedtransporter,andanATP -hydrolyzingproteinis A) theABCsystem. B) grouptranslocation. C) simpletransport. D) symport. 30) Negativelychargedmoleculesthatarepartiallyresponsibleforthenegativechargeofthe gram-positivebacterialcellsurfaceare A) phospholipids. B) diaminopimelicacids. C) teichoicacids. D) peptideinterbridges. 31) Althoughtheinnerleafletofthegram-negativeoutermembranecontainsphospholipids,theouter leafletoftheoutermembranecontains A) pseudopeptidoglycan. B) poly--hydroxybutyricacid(PHB). C) lipoteichoicacids. D) lipopolysaccharide(LPS). 32) Oneofthemanytypesofproteinsfoundinthecytoplasmicmembraneisinvolvedinthe chemotacticresponseandiscalleda A) bindingprotein. B) hydrolyticenzyme. C) porin. D) chemoreceptor. 33) Whendoesendosporeformationcommence? A) followingbacterialdeath B) whenbacteriaaredividingexponentially C) whenbacterialgrowthceasesduetolimitationofanessentialnutrient D) whenthebacteriumisundergoingbinaryfission 34) Whichisafunctionofthecytoplasmicmembraneinprokaryotes? A) Itisananchorformanyproteinsinvolvedinbioenergeticreactionsandtransport. B) Itisamajorsiteofenergyconservation. C) Itfunctionsasapermeabilitybarrier. D) Allofthesearefunctionsofthecytoplasmicmembrane. TRUE/FALSE.WriteTifthestatementistrueandFifthestatementisfalse. 35) Theprotonmotiveforcehelpsdrivecellularfunctionsthatrequireenergybymaintaininga positivelychargedsideofthecellandtheothernegativelycharged.

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36) Asageneralstatement,inclusionsfunctionasenergyreservesorasareservoirofstructural buildingblocks. 37) Theexistenceofnanobacteriawasconfirmedin2006. 38) Smallerprokaryoticcellsgenerallygrowfasterthanlargeronesduetoahigher surface-area-to-volumeratio. 39) Hopanoidsstrengthentheplasmamembraneinprokaryotesandformahighlyrigidmembrane, analogoustothefunctionofcholesterolinanimals. 40) Ingeneral,lipidsinthearchaealmembranelacktruefattyacids. 41) Somemembraneproteinsareinvolvedinbioenergeticreactions,whileothersareinvolvedin membranetransport. 42) Bothhydrophilicandchargedmoleculesreadilydiffusethroughthecytoplasmicmembrane. 43) ABCtransportsystemsarepresentinbothgram-positiveandgram-negativeBacteria. 44) Teichoicacidsarecommonlyfoundingram-negativecellwalls. 45) Despitetheinvarianceofthepeptidoglycanbackbonesstructure,therearemorethan100different typesofpeptidoglycan. 46) Lysozymeisanenzymethatcanultimatelylyseandkillbacterialcellsbybreaking -1,4-glycosidicbondsinpeptidoglycan. 47) Porinsarechannelsintheoutermembranesofgram -positiveBacteria. 48) Apurplebacterialcellisinterpretedasgram-positivewhenitformsinsolublecrystalviolet-iodine complexeswithinthecellduringtheGramstain. 49) Ingeneral,swimmingisperformedwithflagella,whereasglidingusesothercellularcomponents suchaspili. 50) Organismsmayrespondtotemporalratherthanspatialgradients. 51) Chemotaxisisasensoryresponseaffectingflagellarfunction. 52) Inphototaxis,photosyntheticorganismsmoveawayfromalightsource. 53) Photoreceptorsareanalogoustochemoreceptorsinthattheyarebothproteinaceoussensors. 54) PathogenicbacteriathatcontainS-layersareprotectedagainsthostdefensemechanisms. 55) Poly--hydroxybutyricacid(PHB)isacarbon- andenergy-storingpolymer.

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56) Thelipidportionofthelipopolysaccharide(LPS)isknownaslipidA. SHORTANSWER.Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion. 57) Thetermgiventothephospholipidbilayerandtheproteinsembeddedwithinitis ________. 58) Theenergysourcederivedfromthechargeseparationacrossthecytoplasmicmembrane isreferredtoasthe________. 59) Anindividualrod-shapedbacteriumisalsocalleda(n)________morphology,whiletwo ormoreofthesearecollectivelydescribedas________.Similarly,one________isa sphericalbacterium,andtwoormorearetermed________. 60) Ageneraltermtodescribeintracellularaccumulationsofpolyphosphate,elementalsulfur, ormagnetosomesisa(n)________. 61) Aphototrophicbacteriumswimsoutsidetheilluminatedfieldofviewofthemicroscope, reversesdirection,andscurriesbackintothelightedarea.Thisisanexampleof________. 62) Smallacid-solubleproteins(SASPs)arefoundinhighnumberswithinthecoreof ________,whichhelptoprotectDNAfrom________.Theyalsoserveasa(n)________ sourceduringoutgrowth. 63) Theprotonmotiveforceisresponsiblefordrivingmanyenergy-requiringfunctionsinthe cell,includingsomeformsof________,________,andbiosynthesisof________. 64) ThepeptideinterbridgecrosslinkingisfoundONLYinthecellwallsof________Bacteria. 65) Twitchingmotilityisanunusualformofmotilityinsomebacteriathatisaresultofaclass ofsurfacestructuresknownas________. 66) Eukaryoteshave________intheircytoplasmicmembranes,whichservetostrengthen andstabilizethemembraneandmakeitlessflexible.Many Bacteriahavesimilar molecules,knownas________,intheirmembranesthatlikelyhaveasimilarrole. 67) TherigidlayerthatispresentinthecellwallsofBacteria thatisprimarilyresponsiblefor thestrengthofthewallisknownas________. 68) SomeoftheintestinalsymptomselicitedbypathogenssuchasSalmonella,Shigella,and Escherichiaareduetothepresenceof________. ESSAY.Writeyouranswerinthespaceprovidedoronaseparatesheetofpaper. 69) Explainhowthesaturationeffectcaninfluencecarrier-mediatedtransport. 57)

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70) Describethemakeupofthephospholipidbilayer.Includemolecularorientationandembeddedproteins. 71) Whatistheevolutionaryadvantageofthemonolayeroftenfoundinarchaealmembranes?

72) Explainthedifferencesbetweenuniporters,symporters,andantiporters. 73) Describethegrowthofaflagellum. 74) Describethemechanismsbywhichcertainprokaryotesglide.Whataretheecologicaladvantagesofgliding motility? 75) Describetheprocessesofendosporeformationandgermination. 76) Compareandcontrastaerotaxisandosmotaxis. 77) Compareandcontrastfimbriaeandpili. 78) Constructacharttoshowatleastfivemajordifferencesbetweenthecellwallandthecellmembraneof bacterialcellsandarchaealcells. 79) Explainwhyprokaryotestendtoadaptmorerapidlytochangingenvironmentalconditionsandmoreeasily exploitnewhabitatsthandoeukaryotes. 80) Compareandcontrastthelocationandactivitiesofperiplasm-bindingproteinsofABCtransportsystemsin gram-negativeandgram -positiveBacteria. 81) Compareandcontrastacapsuleandaslimelayerintermsofcomposition,organization,andfunction. 82) Elaborateonwhythediscoveryofendosporeswasimportanttomicrobiology. 83) ExplainwhatwouldhappentoamotilebacteriumundergoingchemotaxisiftheFliproteinssuddenlyceased tofunction. 84) Speculateonwhyallprokaryotictransportsystemsrequireenergyinsomeformoranother. 85) Explainwhyproteinexportisimportantformicroorganisms.

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED3

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50)

C A B D C A A D D D A A C A A B C C C C D A B A B D A D A C D D C D FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE 8

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED3

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TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE unitmembrane protonmotiveforce bacillus/bacilli/coccus/cocci inclusion scotophobotaxis endospores/desiccationorultravioletlight(either)/carbonorenergy(either) transport/motility/ATP(firsttwoanyorder) gram-positive typeIVpili sterols/hopanoids peptidoglycan theirtoxiclipopolysaccharide(LPS)layer(specificallylipidA) Answersshouldexplainthatuptakebecomesmaximalandtheadditionofmoresubstratecannotincreasetherateof transport. Figure3.5inthetextbookillustratesthephospholipidbilayerscomposition,inwhichthefattyacidcomponentsofthe lipidsareorientedtowardeachother,whereastheglycerol-phosphatespointouttowardthecytoplasmandexternal environment. Answerswillvary,butonemajoradvantageistheabilitytowithstandrelativelyhightemperatures. Answersshouldhighlightdifferencesintransportdirectionandenergyinput. TheorderofsynthesisandformationshouldbedescribedbyfirsthavingtheMSring,anchoringproteins,andthe hookextendoffofthecytoplasmicmembrane.Flagellinproteinsthenpassthroughthenarrowfilamentchanneland capproteinsfinallyareputontotheendwhenroughly20,000flagellinhavebeenassembled.Flagellargrowthshould alsobeemphasizedasoccurringfromtheterminusextendingratherthanaprotrusioncomingfromthebase. Mechanismswillvarydependingontheorganismdescribed,someofwhichincludetheinvolvementofproteinsin thecytoplasmicmembrane,slimeextrusion,andtypeIVpili.Examplesofadvantagescouldincludebiofilmformation onasurfaceormovementtowardsadifferenthabitatwithnewresources. Answerswillvary,buttheemphasisshouldbeonformationbeingtheresponseofavegetativecellgoingintoa dormantstage,whilegerminationistheoppositewheretheendosporesloseitsdormantandresistantcharacteristics. Answersshouldfocusonhowbothhavetodowithmovement( -taxis)inresponsetoeitheroxygencontent(aero-)or ionicstrength(osmo-). Similaritiescouldincludebeingcomposedofproteinsandbeingonthecellssurface,whiledifferencessuchas function,length,andnumberpercellcouldalsobedescribed. Answerscouldincludethefollowing:theabundanceorpresenceofaminoacidstereoisomers,polysaccharides, pseudomureinandS-layers,actionoflysozymeandpenicillin,andtypeofglycosidicbonds. Answerswillvary,butshouldmentionhowtheS/Vratioinfluencesthegrowthrateandtotalaccumulationof mutations,whichareimmediatelyexpressedinprokaryotes. Answerswillvary,butthemaindifferenceisgramnegativeshavemanytransportproteinswithinthecells periplasmicspaceandgrampositives(whichlackaperiplasm)havethemanchoredtotheexternalsurfaceofthecell; overallATP-hydrolysistransportationisthesame. Answerswillvary,butcapsulesshouldbegenerallydescribedasmorerigidbarriersthanslimelayers. Twopossiblethemescouldbehowtheirpresenceisanimportantconsiderationduringsterilizationinthelabortheir persistenceintheenvironment. Answerswillvary,butthefunctionofFliproteinsshouldbedescribedasreversingflagellarrotation. 9

AnswerKey Testname:UNTITLED3

84) Answerswillvary,butakeyprinciplethatshouldbedescribedisthatmovementofanythingwillrequireenergy input. 85) Answerswillvary,butafocuscouldbeonexoenzymesfunctioningoutsideofacell.

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