ATVSLDtrong Co Khi - Full

N
H
A
X
U
L
A
O
N
G
A
n
t
o
l
a
o
n
g
A
n
t
o
s
i
n
h
l
a
o
n
g
T
r
o
n
g
x
u
k
h
An ton v sinh lao ng

Ti liu dnh cho ging vin An ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc an ton
V ngi lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan
Trong sn xut c kh Trong sn xut c kh
Thc hin trong khun kh
D n Nng cao Nng lc Hun luyn An ton V sinh Lao ng Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)
Muc tiu ca D n: Tng cng cng tc an ton v sinh lao ng, gp phn gim
tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip ni lm vic; ci thin quan h x hi gia
cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cc t chc i din ca ngi lao ng v ngi s
dng lao ng thng qua tng cng nng lc ca Trung tm Hun luyn An ton -
V sinh Lao ng, cng c h thng hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng, xy dng
chnh sch hun luyn v dch v hun luyn v an ton - v sinh lao ng cho cc
i tc x hi m bo an ton v sinh lao ng v iu kin lao ng.
Vn phng T chc Lao ng Quc t tai Vit Nam
48-50 Nguyn Thi Hoc, H Ni, Vit Nam
Tel: 84 43 7340902 * Fax: 84 43 7340904
Trong sn xut c kh
Trong sn xut c kh
UT NHA X BN LAO NG - X HI
D n Nng cao Nng lc
Hun luyn ATVSL Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)

1

NH XUT BAN LAO NG - X HI
H NI - 2008

2
Bn quyn @ T chc Lao ng Quc t 2008
Xut bn ln th nht nm 2008
n phm ca T chc Lao ng Quc t (International Labour Organization) c
hng qui ch bn quyn theo Ngh nh Th s 2 ca Cng c Bn quyn Ton cu.
Tuy nhin, mt s trch on ngn t nhng n phm ny c th c ti s dng m
khng cn xin php vi iu kin phi nu r ngun trch dn. Mi hot ng ti bn
hoc bin dch ton b n phm ny phi c Phng Xut bn (Quyn v Giy php)
ca T chc Lao ng Quc t, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Thy S; hoc qua email
pubdroit@ilo.org. T chc Lao ng Quc t sn sng tip nhn cc yu cu cp php.
Cc th vin, cc vin nghin cu v cc c quan khc c ng k ti cc t chc
quyn ti bn c th sao chp trong phm vi giy php c cp cho mc ch ny.
tham kho thng tin v cc c quan ng k quyn ti bn quc gia ca bn, hy
truy cp ti a ch http://www.ifrro.org

An ton - v sinh lao ng trong sn xut c kh/Safety in mechanical
manufacturing
Ti liu dnh cho ging vin an ton lao ng, ngi lm cng tc an ton v ngi
lao ng lm vic trong cc cng vic lin quan.
ISBN: 978-92-2-821631-8 (bn in/print)
ISBN: 978-92-2-821632-5 (bn pdf/web pdf)
c thc hin trong khun kh D n Nng cao Nng lc Hun luyn An ton V
sinh Lao ng (VIE/05/01/LUX) do Chnh ph Luxembourg ti tr.

Cc ch nh trong cc n phm tun theo quy nh ca Lin Hp Quc v khng c
th hin bt c quan im no ca T chc Lao ng Quc t v quy ch php l hoc
ranh gii lnh th ca bt c quc gia, khu vc, lnh th hoc chnh quyn no.
Cc tc gi chu trch nhim hon ton v cc kin th hin trong cc bi vit,
nghin cu v trong cc ti liu lin quan. n phm ny khng phi l s xc nhn ca
T chc Lao ng Quc t v cc quan im th hin trong .
Nhng dn chng v tn cng ty, sn phm v qui trnh thng mi khng ng th
hin s xc nhn ca Vn phng Lao ng Quc t. Bt c cng ty, sn phm hoc quy
trnh thng mi no khng c nu trong n phm cng khng nhm th hin s phn
i ca T chc Lao ng Quc t.
Cc n phm ca ILO hin c mt cc ca hng sch hoc ti cc Vn phng ILO
cc nc, hoc trc tip ti Phng Xut bn ca T chc Lao ng Quc t, CH-1211,
Geneva 22, Thy S. Catolog hoc danh mc cc n phm mi c th ly min ph ti
a ch nu trn hoc qua email: pubvente@ilo.org.
Xin tham kho ti trang web ca chng ti: www.ilo.org/publns

In ti Vit Nam

1

Li ni u

Trong nhng nm gn y, tnh hnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh
nghip trn c nc c xu hng gia tng, trong c nhiu v tai nn
lao ng nghim trng lm cht, b thng nhiu ngi v thit hi nhiu
v ti sn. Cc quy nh ca php lut v hun luyn an ton v sinh lao
ng ngy cng c hon thin v c th hn. Cc cp, cc ngnh v cc
doanh nghip quan tm, ch trng vic hun luyn v an ton v sinh
lao ng. Tuy nhin, qua iu tra v nhu cu hun luyn an ton v sinh
lao ng trong nm 2007 cho thy cng tc hun luyn v an ton v sinh
lao ng cn nhiu hn ch, bt cp nh: T l hun luyn cn thp v
mang tnh hnh thc, s lng ging vin cn thiu v cha c o to
bi bn, phng php hun luyn cha ph hp, cha c nhng b gio
trnh chun v cc ni dung hun luyn phc v cho tng i tng
hun luyn...
gp phn thc hin tt cc mc tiu Chng trnh Quc gia v
Bo h lao ng n nm 2010 do Chnh ph ban hnh, trong c mc
tiu trung bnh hng nm gim 5% tn sut tai nn lao ng trong cc
ngnh, lnh vc c nguy c cao v tai nn lao ng (khai khong, xy dng
v s dng in), Cc An ton Lao ng, B Lao ng-Thng binh v X
hi phi hp vi T chc Lao ng Quc t trong khun kh D n
Nng cao nng lc hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX) do Chnh ph Luxembourg ti tr thc hin vic bin son
4 b ti liu cho bn ngnh c nguy c cao v an ton v sinh lao ng sau:
1. An ton - v sinh lao ng trong sn xut c kh
2. An ton - v sinh lao ng trong thi cng xy dng
3. An ton - v sinh lao ng trong khai thc m
4. An ton - v sinh lao ng trong s dng in

2
Bn b ti liu ny c bin son trn c s nghin cu v k tha
cc ti liu quc t v trong nc, cc tiu chun v quy chun v an ton
v sinh lao ng cng nh cc bo co nghin cu khoa hc ca cc chuyn
gia trong bn ngnh ni trn. Ni dung ti liu ch yu a ra nhng kin
thc chung, c bn v an ton cho tng ngnh/lnh vc, lm c s cho vic
bin son bi ging cho cc i tng c lin quan. Ti liu c chnh
sa trn c s tip thu kin gp ca chuyn gia cc ngnh, a phng
v lnh vc ny. Ty theo tng i tng cn hun luyn m c th tham
kho, chn lc nhng ni dung thit yu v b tr thi lng ph hp vi
tng i tng.
Ban qun l D n xin chn thnh cm n cc tc gi c tn sau y
tham gia bin son, chnh sa, hiu nh b ti liu: ng Nguyn Kh
nh, ng L Cng Tnh, ng Phm Ton, ng Trn Ngc Ln, b Nguyn
Trn Bch Phng v cc cn b t Trung tm Hun luyn An ton V sinh
Lao ng; v c bit cm n cc kin phn bin, nhn xt ca ng Phm
Gia Lng, Ph Cc trng Cc An ton Lao ng v s ng gp ca cc
ng nghip trong qu trnh hon thin b ti liu An ton v sinh lao ng
trong sn xut c kh ny.
Ti liu c bin son ln u nn khng trnh khi thiu st,
D n VIE/05/01LUX v Ban son tho rt mong c s ng gp qu
bu ca cc chuyn gia v ng nghip.

V Nh Vn
Ph Cc trng Cc An ton Lao ng
Trng ban Qun l D n

3

Chng I
khi nim c bn v sn xut c kh
A. khi nim v qu trnh sn xut c kh
sn xut mt sn phm c kh cn qua nhiu cng on khc nhau,
t ch to phi n gia cng ct gt, x l nhit b mt, lp rp...
Trc tin, cc vt liu kim loi (gang, thp, kim loi mu...), cn qua
qu trnh c, cn, rn, dp, hn, ct... ch to phi.
Phi cn qua qu trnh ct gt kim loi (tin, phay bo, khoan, mi...)
tng chnh xc v kch thc v bng b mt gia cng cho cc chi
tit my. Nu cc chi tit my c yu cu cao v cht lng b mt th phi
nhit luyn hoc ho nhit luyn.
bo qun v chng li s n mn trong qu trnh s dng, cc
chi tit my cn phi c sn, m... Cui cng, cc chi tit my hon
chnh s c lp ghp vi nhau thnh sn phm c kh (cm my hay
my hon chnh).
Cc ph phm trong qu trnh ch to phi hoc ct gt s c ch
to li qua qu trnh c, rn...
B. Cc phng php ch to phi
I. Phng php c
1. c im ca c
c l phng php ch to bng cch rt kim loi lng vo lng
khun c hnh dng v kch thc nht nh, sau khi kim loi ho rn trong
khun ta c vt c ging nh khun c.
* u im ca phng php c:
- C th c c nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau (gang, thp, kim loi
mu).

4
- Kch c vt c c th t rt nh n rt to.
- Hnh dng vt c c th phc tp nn kh ch to c bng cc
phng php khc.
- C th c c nhiu lp kim loi trong mt vt c.
- Phng php c d thc hin bng cch c kh ho, t ng ho
- Gi thnh vt c thp v u t t, tnh cht sn xut linh hot.
* Nhc im:
- Tn kim loi cho h thng rt
- C nhiu khuyt tt bn trong vt c (r x, r co)
- Vic kim tra khuyt tt bn trong vt c i hi phi c thit b
hin i.
2. Khi qut v qu trnh sn xut c
Qu trnh sn xut c c biu din theo s

Hnh 1.1. Qu trnh lm khun ct

Ch to b mu
Ch to hn hp
lm khun
Ch to hn hp
lm thao
D khun ly
vt c
Tho thao khi
vt c
Lm sch
vt c
Lm khun
Sy khun
Lp khun v thao
Lm thao
Sy thao
Kim tra
Nu
kim loi
(hp kim)
v rt

5

Hnh 1.2. Lm khun trong hai hm khun theo mu ri

hoc ch to khun bng my dn (hnh 1.3) hoc my va dn va p

Hnh 1.3. S my dn Hnh 1.4. My va dn va p
1. Bn my
2. Mu
3. Hm khun
4. ng dn kh p vo
5. Xi lanh
6. Pit tng
7. ng thot kh ra
1. Bn my
2. Mu
3. Hm khun
4. ng dn kh p vo
5. ng dn kh p vo xi
lanh 8
6. Pit tng
7. L thot kh ga sau
khi dn
8. Xi lanh
9. Chy p
10. Kh p vo, ra p
a-h. Trnh t lm khun
1. Tm lt mu;
2, 4. Mu
i. Vt c
3. Hm khun;
5. Mu u rt
6. Mu u ngt;
7. Thao (rut)

6
2.1. To khun c
- to cc phn rng ca vt c ta phi ch to thao (rut).
- Sau khi ch to khun v thao, cn sy khun v thao nng cao
cht lng vt c - nhit sy thng thng t 175
o
C - 450
o
C.
- Sau cng lp mu, thao vo lm khun (hnh 1.2)
2.2. To m liu c
- nu chy kim loi ta dng l ng (hnh 1.5)
- M liu nu gang gm: Gang thi l cao, thp ph liu, cc vt
c hng... v hp kim pher nh Fe - Si, Fe - Mn
- Nhin liu thng dng l than cc, than gy nhit luyn... (tiu hao
cc 10- 16% so vi vt liu kim loi; than gy nhit luyn tiu hao 20-22%).
- Cht tr dung to x, tr dung thng l vi (CaCO
3
), -l-mt...

Hnh 1.5. S cu to l ng nu gang
1. Ct chng l
2. V l bng thp dy 2 8mm
3. Gch chu la
4. ng gang c l
5. Than cc
6. Kim loi cn nu
7. Ca a m liu vo
8. Thng tip liu y m
9. ng gi
10. ng khi
11. Thit b dp la
12. y l
13. Ni l
14. Ca ra gang t l cao ra l tin
15. L tin (l trc)
16. Ca ra gang t l tin
17. Mng ra gang
18. Ca ra x

7
M liu c rt vo ca l pha trn xung di, gi nng c
thi t mt gi t di i ln pha trn- nhit l c th n 1450
o
C. Gang
lng c rt ra l tin qua ca 14 v rt ra mng ra gang 17 - (hnh 1.5)
2.3. Rt kim loi lng vo khun
Thng thng khun c c b tr gn l - khun phi kp cht hay
khun m bo kim loi lng khng chy ra ngoi. Nhit rt:
- Vi gang 1200
o
- 1350
o
C
- Thp cacbon, thp hp kim 1500
o
- 1600
o
C
- Hp kim ng 1040
o
- 1170
o
C
- Hp kim nhm 700
o
- 750
o
C
2.4. D khun
Sau khi vt c kt tinh v ngui n 400-500
o
C, th d khun ly
vt c ra. Vic d khun rt nng, bi, bn. Vic ph thao thng dng
my rung, my phun nc p sut cao 25-100at.
3. Cc phng php c c bit
nng cao cht lng vt c, p dng phng php c trong
khun kim loi v nu:
- Dng p lc p kim loi lng vo khun gi l c p lc.
- c trong khun kim loi quay trn gi l c ly tm (hnh 1.6)
c ly tm v khun lun quay trn m trong lng khun li c kim loi
lng nhit cao rt nguy him (nu kim loi vng ra ngoi). V vy, c ly
tm thng c thc hin trong hm ngm khng c ngi trc tip tham gia.

Hnh 1.6. S c ly tm
a) c ly tm ng b) c ly tm ngang
a)
b)

8
II. Gia cng kim loi bng p lc
1. Khi nim
Gia cng kim loi bng p lc l da vo tnh do ca kim loi, dng
ngoi lc ca thit b lm cho kim loi bin dng theo hnh dng yu cu.
Kim loi vn gi c tnh nguyn vn khng b ph hu.
Gia cng kim loi bng p lc l phng php gia cng khng phoi, t
hao tn kim loi, c nng sut cao. Sau khi gia cng bng p lc, cht lng
kim loi c ci thin nn nhng chi tit kim loi quan trng thng c
ch to t kim loi qua gia cng bng p lc.
Nhng dng c bn ca gia cng kim loi bng p lc l cn, ko si,
p, rn (t do, khun) v dp. (hnh 1.7)
- Cn l p kim loi bng cch cho kim loi i gia hai trc quay ca
my cn, phi bin dng v di chuyn nh s quay lin tc ca trc cn v
ma st gia trc cn vi phi (hnh 1.7a). Trn 60% phi rn v dp u
do cn cung cp.
- Ko si l s ko di phi qua l khun ko di tc dng ca lc
ko, sn phm s c hnh dng v kch thc nh hn tit din phi (hnh
1-7b). Ko si c c im l b mt sn phm nhn bng, chnh xc
cao, dng ch to cc si, thi hoc ng chiu di khng hn ch.
- p kim loi l qu trnh nn kim loi trong khun kn qua l ca
khun p nhn c hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit cn ch to
(hnh 1.7c).
- Rn t do l phng php bin dng kim loi di tc dng lc p
ca ba hoc lc p ca my p. Qu trnh bin dng t do ca kim loi
khng b hn ch trong khun (hnh1.7d).
- Dp th tch (rn khun) l phng php rn m kim loi bin dng
trong lng khun c hnh dng v kch thc nht nh (hnh 1.7e).

9

Hnh 1.7. Cc phng php gia cng bng p lc

- Dp tm l phng php ch to chi tit t phi liu dng tm. S
bin dng ca kim loi trong khun dp c hnh dng kch thc xc nh
(hnh 1.7g).
Gia cng kim loi bng p lc l mt phng php c dng nhiu
trong cc xng c kh ch to hoc sa cha chi tit my.
Sn phm ca n cn dng nhiu trong cc ngnh xy dng, kin trc,
cu ng, hng tiu dng...
2. nh hng ca gia cng kim loi bng p lc n tnh cht v
t chc ca kim loi
Gia cng kim loi bng p lc khng nhng ch thay i hnh dng ca
phi liu m cn nh hng ngay n c tnh cht v t chc ca kim loi
c gia cng. Trong , cn phn bit gia cng nng v gia cng ngui
bng p lc.
2.1. Gia cng ngui
Gia cng ngui l gia cng kim loi nhit di nhit kt tinh
li. Sau khi gia cng xong, kim loi b bin cng.
Nhng du hiu c bn ca bin cng nhn thy trong t chc t vi ca
kim loi l s thay i dng ca ht - ko di ht theo phng bin dng ln
nht (dng th) (hnh 1.8).
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
g)

10

Hnh 1.8. S biu din s thay i dng ht
v c tnh khi gia cng

Mt khc, sau khi gia cng ngui, kim loi s gim tnh do, bn v
cng tng ln.
2.2. Gia cng nng
Gia cng nng l gia cng kim loi nhit trn nhit kt tinh li
ca n. Qu trnh gia cng c hin tng bin cng, nhng v nhit trn
nhit kt tinh li nn hin tng bin cng c kh ngay, do tnh do
khng b mt i, vic gia cng tip tc khng phi ngng li ( lm
mt bin cng khi gia cng ngui).
Gia cng kim loi bng p lc lm bin dng v thay i t chc ban
u ca phi, tinh th ko di v nh hng. Kt qu s to ra t chc
si hoc tm, nn cht lng c hc ca vt c c trng bi phng
hng si (th).
T chc th trong k thut c mt cng dng quan trng. Khi thit k,
cc chi tit v qu trnh ch to chi tit cn thit phi xt n t chc th
theo cc nguyn tc c bn sau:
- Khi chi tit chu ng sut ct, th tt nht l mt ct phi vung gc
vi phng ca th.

11
- Khi chi tit chu ng sut ko, th tt nht l phng ca lc ko cn
trng vi phng ca th.
Trnh ct t th khi gia cng v nn tm cch un cc th theo ng
bao quanh ca chi tit (hnh 1.9).

Hnh 1.9. Cc phng php ch to bulng
a. Tin b. Vut c. Chn

III. Hn v ct kim loi
1. Khi nim - c im - Phn loi
1.1. Khi nim
Hn l phng php cng ngh ni cc chi tit my bng kim loi (hay
phi kim loi) vi nhau bng cch nung nng ch ni n trng thi chy
(hoc do). Sau khi kim loi ho rn hoc p li, s thnh mi hn.
1.2. c im
* u im:
- Tit kim kim loi so vi cc phng php ni khc;
- C th hn cc kim loi c tnh cht khc nhau (kim loi vi phi
kim loi);
- C th to c chi tit my phc tp;
- bn cao, kn kht cao.
a) b) c)

12
* Nhc im
- Sau hn tn ti ng sut d, vt hn cong vnh;
- Kh kim tra cht lng bn trong mi hn, khi cn kim tra cn
thn phi dng my t tin.
1.3. Phn loi hn
- Cn c theo trng thi kim loi mi hn c: hn nng chy, hn p lc.
- Cn c theo ngun nng lng hn c: hn in, hn hi, hn c hc
(s dng c nng bin thnh nhit lm do ch hn, nh: hn ma st, hn
ngui, hn n).
2. Hn h quang tay
Hn h quang tay l phng php hn ph bin, s dng nng lng
h quang in hn nng chy.

Hnh 1.10
a. Hn bng in cc khng chy b. Hn bng in cc kim loi chy
1. in cc; 2. Kim hn; 3. Vt liu hn; 4. H quang in; 5. Dy dn; 6. Que hn

- C 2 phng php hn h quang tay: in cc nng chy (que hn)
v in cc khng nng chy (than). Mi trng xung quanh nh hng n
cht lng mi hn.
C 3 loi h quang hn: h quang kn, h quang c bo v, h
quang h. H quang kn c bo v trong tr dung, h quang c bo v
trong x hoc kh, h quang h l hn trong khng kh.
- H quang c th to ra bi dng in 1 chiu: n nh cao, c th i
cc iu chnh mc t nng vt hn. Thc t thng dng h quang
in xoay chiu v r tin.
a) b)

13
Ngun in hn: in th khng ti U
o
phi ln gy h quang
nhng t nguy him cho ngi s dng.
in xoay chiu: U
O
= 55 - 80V
in mt chiu: U
O
= 35 - 55V.
Khi c ti (c h quang): U
1
= 25 40V (xoay chiu)
U
1
= 15 - 25V (1 chiu)
Cng dng in ngn mch phi nh nng cao tui bn cho
my hn.
I
n/m
= (1,3 1,4) I
h
(I
n/m
-

Dng in ngn mch)
I
h
dng in hn (A)
My hn in 1 chiu (hnh 1.11a), xoay chiu (hnh 1.11b,c) thc
cht l my bin p gim thp in p hn. C 3 phng php iu chnh
cng hn:
+ iu chnh in p iu chnh cng hn
+ iu chnh in tr iu chnh cng hn
+ iu chnh t r iu chnh cng hn
in cc hn l que hn c th bng thp, gang, ng... v c lp
thuc bc bo v.

Hnh 1.11
a. My hn in 1 chiu; b. My hn xoay chiu; c. S my hn xoay chiu.
a)
c)
b)

14

Hnh 1.12
Tu theo v tr c 3 loi mi hn trong khng gian (hnh 1.12)
+ Hn sp (d hn nht)
+ Hn ng
+ Hn trn (kh hn nht)
3. Hn h quang t ng
- Hn h quang t ng c
nng sut cao 5 10 ln so vi
hn tay, cht lng mi hn tt v
mt dng in cao v que hn
chy lin tc.
- Hn h quang t ng l phng php hn h quang kn.
4. Hn h quang trong mi trng c kh bo v
Ngoi lp thuc bc, cn c cch bo v mi hn khi b oxy ho nit
ho bng kh bo v, y khng kh ra khi khu vc hn. Cc kh bo v l
kh kh oxy (H
2
, CO). Cc kh tr (ac-gng, hli) v kh CO
2
.

Hnh 1.13 Hnh 1.14

15
5. Hn in tip xc
Hn in tip xc l phng php hn tin tin khng phi dng que
hn, tr dung m mi hn vn rt tt (d c kh ho).
Hn in tip xc da trn nguyn l pht nhit khi dng in qua ch
tip xc gia 2 vt hn, kim loi nng n trng thi do v p li. Thi gian
t nng ch hn rt nhanh (vi phn trm giy).

Hnh 1.15. Gii thiu cc phng php hn in tip xc
a. Hn i u b. Hn im c. Hn ng
A. Hn in tr; B. Hn nng chy
a)
b)
c)

16
6. Hn hi (hn kh)
- Hn hi l phng php hn dng nhit do kh chy trong O
2
nung
nng kim loi hn. Que hn thng l thanh kim loi ng cht vi kim loi
hn, c nung nng chy vi kim loi hn. Hn hi thng hn cc tm
mng bng thp, kim loi mu.
- Kh dng trong hn hi:
+ O
2
duy tr s chy c ng chai c p sut 150at cha trong
bnh 40lt.
+ Axtylen (C
2
H
2
) kh khng mu, mi hi, d chy n. Ht phi kh
ny trong thi gian di b chng mt, bun nn, c th b nhim c. C
2
H
2

c iu ch t t n (CaC
2
). chy hon ton mt th tch C
2
H
2
cn
2,5 ln th tch O
2
. Ngn la chy C
2
H
2
c th t 3150
o
C. C
2
H
2
d n khi p
sut ln hn 1,75at, khi tip xc vi Cu v Ag.
+ Cc cht kh khc:
Kh thin nhin: l cc kh cha trong cc m kh ring bit. Kh ny
cha ch yu l mtan (CH
4
), chim t 93 99%. Cn li l cc khi khc
nh etan (C
2
H
6
), propan (C
3
H
8
) v rt t butan (C
4
H
10
).
Kh thin nhin ho lng (LNG): l ngun nng lng un nu, sn
xut kh tng hp (CO + 3H
2
), CS
2
, axtylen, ch bin thnh ammiac,
etanol... ch bin phn bn, si bng tng hp...
Kh du m (kh ng hnh): l kh nm ln vi du m, c hnh
thnh cng vi du m, cha ch yu l cc kh propan, butan, pentan.
Thnh phn ch yu ca kh du m v kh thin nhin
Kh ng hnh Kh thin nhin
Thnh phn
% th tch % khi lng % th tch % khi lng
Metan 51,06 35,7 92,34 89,4
Etan 18,52 24,3 1,92 3,5
Propan 11,53 22,2 0,58 1,4
Butan 4,37 11,1 0,30 1,1
Pentan 2,14 6,7 1,05 4,6
Phi Hydro cacbon 13,38 6,7 3,85 4,6

17
Gas hay cn gi l kh t ho lng vit l LPG (Liquefied Petroleum
gas) l nng lng ph bin trong i sng v cng nghip. Khi ho lng,
th tch kh gim nn c th cha c mt lng ln kh trong bnh v vn
chuyn d dng.
1 lt propan lng cho 270 lt hi 1at
1 lt butan lng cho 238 lt hi 1at
Nhit lng to ra khi chy LPG l rt ln (10900 11200 kcal/kg),
nhit chy trong khng kh l 1890 1935
o
C, nn c th dng cho l
cng nghip sn xut in nng, hn, un nu...
- Cc hn hp protan, butan l: 100% propan
100% butan
hoc 30% propan + 70% butan
LPG khng mu, khng mi. Trong thc t, khi ch bin LPG cn pha
thm mi c trng ca cht Ethyl Mecaptan d pht hin khi r r (nng
mi c pha ch c th nhn bit trc khi chng to thnh hn
hp n).
Gas khng c, khng gy nhim mi trng, khng nh hng n
thc phm. Gas nng hn khng kh, nu r r gas trong khng gian kn hi
th gas chim ch khng kh v c th gy ngt v thiu O
2
. T trng gas ho
lng bng mt na t trng nc, cn hi gas nng gp 2 ln khng kh, do
nu gas thot ra s tp trung ch thp nh h thot nc, rnh su...
LPG cha trong bnh p lc v tn ti trng thi bo ho, gas lng
di, gas kh trn. m bo an ton, cc bnh gas ch c cha 80-
85% dung tch bnh. c trng ca LPG khc vi kh khc l chng c
tn ti trng thi bo ho tc l tn ti c dng lng v dng hi, p sut
bo ho khng ph thuc vo lng LPG bn trong bnh m ph thuc vo
nhit bn ngoi.
Gii hn n ca hi gas 2,05 8,9%, di v qu gii hn ny hn
hp khng n.
Bnh gas c thit k vi p sut p = 17kG/cm
2
, p sut th
34kG/cm
2
, trong khi p sut ln nht ca gas trong bnh iu kin bnh
thng l 6kG/cm
2
.

18
Bnh gas gm cc loi 9kg, 12kg, 13kg, 48kg. Trong , loi bnh 9kg,
13kg lp kiu van click - on t ng ng; loi bnh 12kg, 48kg lp kiu van
vn bng tay v c van vn an ton dng cho hot ng loi bnh
26kG/cm
2
.
V l do no p sut trong bnh tng cao n 26kG/cm
2
, van an ton
t ng x hi gas ra ngoi lm gim p sut v nhit trong bnh m bo
bnh gas khng b hng v p sut.
Cc bnh gas c iu p, m bo p sut ra ca gas l 0,03kG/cm
2
.
Loi iu p HP c th iu chnh c p sut cp gas (0
2,5kG/cm
2
).
- Thit b hn hi gm:
+ Bnh ch kh C
2
H
2

(hoc bnh cha kh C
2
H
2
;
Gas LPG, kh thin nhin,...).
+ Bnh O
2

+ Van gim p
+ Van an ton
+ M hn
+ ng dn kh
+ Cc dng c ph bo v mt
7. Ct t kim loi
Ct t kim loi bng h quang, bng kh chy l phng php t
nng ch cn ct n nhit nng chy, b chy mnh v ct ri ra.
7.1. Ct t bng h quang
in cc c th l than hay kim loi, ct t bng h quang kh thc
hin vi cc tm dy, ch ct khng u. Thng dng ct cc kt cu kim
loi c, h quang c th ct c thp, gang, kim loi mu.
7.2. Ct t bng ngn la kh
C 2 phng php:
- Ct t bng O
2
: Mt s kim loi khi chy trong O
2
to ra nhit lng
ln lm chy kim loi v xt ca n. M ct c 2 b phn l ming ct v

Hnh 1.16. S trm hn kh

19

Hnh 1.17. S ct kim loi bng O
2

1. Ming t; 2. Ming ct;
3. Lung O
2
4, Ngn la
ming t. Ming t x hn
hp kh chy v O
2
t nng
chy kim loi. Khi ming
ct x O
2
c p sut cao
chy nhanh, thi oxit kim loi
i. Ct bng O
2
dng cho thp
t cacbon, thp kt cu hp kim
thp; vi thp hp kim cao phi
t nng trc 650 700
o
C.
- Ct bng O
2
c tr dung:
Dng tr dung l bt st
v ph gia dn cng O
2
ti
vng ct. Tr dung chy to
nhit cao lm nng chy
oxt kim loi kh chy v ct
c d dng. Thng dng ct
thp khng g, thp chu nhit, gang... chiu dy ct c th n 1m.
Ngi ta cn phi hp gia h quang v ngn la kh. Khi vt ct
c t nng bng h quang, in cc l ng dn kh O
2
ct. C khi
dng phng php ct bng plasma.
IV. X l nhit kim loi
X l nhit kim loi l phng php gia cng nhit nhm thay i tnh
cht ca kim loi nhng khng thay i hnh dng, kch thc ca chng.
C 2 phng php x l nhit l nhit luyn v ha nhit luyn.
1. Nhit luyn
Nhit luyn l qu trnh thay i tnh cht ca kim loi bng cch
nung nng n nhit nht nh, gi nhit mt thi gian v lm ngui vi
cc tc ngui khc nhau. C kim loi khng thay i tnh cht khi nhit
luyn nh: thp t cacbon; c kim loi thay i tnh cht nhiu, khi nhit
luyn nh: gang, thp nhiu cacbon.
1.1.
U l phng php nhit luyn nung nng thp n nhit nht nh
v gi nguyn nhit cho n khi thp ngui (lm ngui chm), thng
thng thp ngui cng vi l. Sau khi thp c , s kh c ng sut
O
2
+ C
2
H
2

20
d, lm b mt bt cng, tng tnh do ca kim loi. Thp sau c rn, cn,
thng qua trc khi gia cng c kh.
1.2. Thng ho
Thng ho ch khc l c lm ngui ngoi khng kh tnh, v vy
thng ho ngui nhanh hn nn hay dng. Sau thng ho, thp c
do, bn, cng cao hn .
1.3. Ti
Ti l qu trnh nung thp n nhit chuyn bin pha gi nhit v
lm ngui nhanh. Sau ti, thp cng v bn, do gim xung, gin
tng ln c th lm bin dng chi tit my.
1.4. Ram
gim bin dng ca thp sau khi ti, ta cn ram, nung thp n
nhit thp hn nhit ti gi nhit v lm ngui chm.
Ram nhit thp t
o
nung
150 - 300
o
C
Ram nhit trung bnh t
o
nung
300 - 450
o
C
Ram nhit cao t
o
nung
500 - 680
o
C
2. Ho nhit luyn
- Ho nhit luyn l phng php gia cng nhit lm thay i c thnh
phn ca lp kim loi b mt, do thay i cu to v tnh cht ca chng,
lm cho b mt cng hn, chng mi mn v chng n mn cao hn...
- C 4 phng php ho nhit luyn thng dng:
2.1. Thm C
Thm C l tng cng thm cacbon (C) ln b mt kim loi l thp t
cacbon (0,12 - 0,25%C). Phng php ny dng cho sn phm cn b mt cng
nhng li vn do chng li lc va p. Khi thm C, ta nung thp trong mi
trng giu C nhit t 600
o
C - 850
o
C C khuch tn ln b mt kim loi
lm nng C tng ln t 0,91%C, chiu su thm t 0,5 2mm.
2.2. Thm Nit
Thm Nit thng dng cho thp hp kim tng cng Nit ln b
mt lm tng cng, chng li n mn. Khi thm Nit nung n nhit
t 500
o
C 600
o
C trong l kn c kh NH
3
i qua. Nit khuch tn ln b mt
kim loi, H
2
v NH
3
d i ra ngoi... chiu su thm t 0,1 0,5mm.
2.3. Thm CN
Thm CN gi l thm Xyanua, tng cng thm c C v Nit ln b
mt kim loi.
- Mui c gc CN rt c cho ngi cng nhn thm.

21
- Thm CN trong mi trng rn vi nhit : 540 560
o
C
- Thm CN trong mi trng lng vi nhit : 550 950
o
C
- Thm CN trong mi trng kh vi nhit : 850 930
o
C
2.4. Thm kim loi
Thm kim loi l tng cng cc nguyn t Al, Cr, Si... ln lp b mt
kim loi lm tng tnh chu nhit, chng n mn, mi mn... Nung thp n
nhit nht nh v cho tip xc vi mt trong cc nguyn t trn nh vy
cc nguyn t trn khuch tn ln b mt kim loi.
c. Gia cng ct gt kim loi
Gia cng kim loi bng ct gt l mt qu trnh cng ngh rt quan
trng trong ngnh c kh, c thc hin bng phng php ct mt lp kim
loi (phoi) khi phi liu c c sn phm vi hnh dng v kch thc
cn thit. Qu trnh gia cng bng ct gt c tin hnh trn cc my cng
c vi cc dng c ct gt.
I. Nhng khi nim c bn v qu trnh ct gt kim loi
Trong qu trnh gia cng c kh, phi v dng c ct di chuyn tng
i vi nhau nh nhng c cu ca my cng c. Nhng chuyn ng lm
vic ca my cng c chia ra chuyn ng c bn v chuyn ng ph.
Chuyn ng c bn c th chia ra chuyn ng chnh c tc ln hn tt
c cc chuyn ng khc v chuyn ng bc tin (chuyn ng chy dao)
c tc nh hn chuyn ng chnh. Vic ct phoi, tc l cng tc ct gt
ch c thc hin di s phi hp ca hai chuyn ng ny.
Nhng phng php gia cng kim loi bng ct gt thng dng nht
l tin, khoan, phay, bo, mi.

Hnh 1.18. Qu trnh gia cng kim loi bng ct gt
a. Tin; b-c. Bo; d. Khoan; e. Phay; g. Mi

22
1. Nhng thng s c bn ca ch ct gt
Nhng thng s c bn ca ch ct gt l: tc ct, lng chy
dao, chiu su ct. Thi gian gia cng 1 chi tit my, thi gian chy my.
1.1. Tc ct gt
Tc ct gt l on ng i trong mt n v thi gian ca mt
im trn b mt gia cng.
- Phi hay dng c ct quay trn:
D: ng knh phi (mm)
n: S vng quay phi/pht
- Khi phi chy hay dng c ct i li:
L: Chiu di hnh trnh (mm)
t: Thi gian ca 1 hnh trnh (p)
1.2. Lng chy dao (S)
Lng chy dao l khong di chuyn ca dng c ct theo chiu dc
phi khi quay 1 vng S(mm/vng).
1.3. Chiu su ct (t)
Chiu su ct l khong cch gia mt cn gia cng v mt gia
cng sau 1 ln dng c ct chy qua.
Tin ngoi

Khoan l c D: ng knh mi khoan
1.4. Thi gian gia cng mt chi tit my gm
Thi gian gia cng mt chi tit my, thi gian chy my, thi gian
ph, thi gian phc v, thi gian ngh ngi.
T
m
: Thi gian chy my l thi gian trc tip ct gt
Khi tin:
L: Chiu di hnh trnh dao theo hng chy dao (mm)
i: S ln ct gt
s: Lng chy dao (mm/vng)
n: S vng quay phi trong 1 pht (vng/pht)
T
p
: Thi gian ph nh thi gian lp t, kp chi tit my, iu khin
my, o kch thc ca sn phm.
D - d
t =
2
(mm)

. D. n
V =
1000
(m/p)

L
V =
1000t
(m/p)

D
t =
2
(mm)

Li
T
m
=
S. n
(pht)

23
T
pv
: Thi gian phc v: chun b ngh lm vic, lau chi my, thit
b trong 1 ca.
T
n
: Thi gian ngh ngi v lm cng vic t nhin.
T
c
= T
m
+ T
p
+ T
pv
+ T
n
(pht)
Nng sut trong 1 gi tnh nh sau:
2. Dng c ct gt
Dng c ct gt (dao ct) khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc v cng
dng, nhng c th ly dao tin lm in hnh nghin cu. Dao tin gm
u dao (A) v thn dao (B). Thn dao g dao ln my. u dao c li
ct chnh, li ct ph, mi dao. u dao c gn thp tt nh thp gi, hp
kim cng...

Hnh 1.19 Hnh 1.20

Khi gia cng phi v dao chuyn ng nh hnh 1.20.

3. Cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh ct gt
Trong qu trnh ct gt xy ra cc hin tng:
- Qu trnh hnh thnh phoi;
- Nhit khi ct gt v nh hng ca n n qu trnh ct;
- S mi mn ca dng c ct;
- Lc ct gt.
60
N =
T
c
ci/gi

24
II. My cng c
My cng c l thit b dng gia cng ct gt kim loi thng dng
trong cc nh my c kh.
1. Phn loi my cng c
- Theo khi lng: chia ra loi nh di 1 tn, loi trung bnh di 10
tn v loi nng t 10 tn tr ln. C nhng my cng c c khi lng dn
1600 tn.
- Theo chnh xc ca my: chnh xc thng, chnh xc cao
v chnh xc rt cao.
- Theo mc gia cng ca my gm:
+ My vn nng dng gia cng nhiu loi chi tit c hnh dng, knh
thc khc nhau, thng s dng trong sn xut n chic, hng lot nh.
+ My chuyn mn ho dng gia cng mt loi hay mt vi loi chi
tit c hnh dng tng t nh dng trc bc, bc, vng bi... Loi my ny s
dng trong sn xut hng lot nh my gia cng bnh rng, vng bi, tin ren...
+ My chuyn dng gia cng mt loi chi tit c hnh dng knh thc
nht nh. Loi my ny s dng ch yu trong sn xut hng lot ln v
hng khi.
- Phn loi theo cng dng v chc nng lm vic: c cc nhm my
tin, khoan, mi, phay, bo v.v... Tng nhm ny li chia thnh cc kiu ring
c phm vi, knh thc v thng s c th v cc loi cu trc khc nhau.
2. Cc c cu truyn ng
2.1. T s truyn
Ngi ta gi t s truyn (i) l t s vng quay ca trc b dn (n
2
)
trn s vng quay ca trc dn (n
1
)
n
2
d
1
Z
1
k
i =
n
1
=
d
2
=
Z
2
=
Z
Trong : i: T s truyn
n: S vng quay
d: ng knh puli
Z: S rng ca bnh rng
k: S u mi ca trc vt
S 1: Biu th trc dn
S 2: Biu th trc b dn

25
2.2. Phn loi theo t s truyn
Trong my cng c s dng nhiu loi c cu truyn ng. C th chia
lm 3 loi:
- C cu truyn ng phn cp l c cu truyn ng ch cho mt hoc
mt s cp tc nht nh. T trc dn truyn sang trc b dn c mt hoc
mt s t s truyn (i). V d: Truyn ng bnh rng, ai truyn.
- C cu truyn ng v cp l c cu truyn ng cho nhiu cp tc
lin tc. V d: c cu truyn ng thu lc, c cu bnh ma st.
- C cu truyn ng gin on l c cu truyn ng m khu b dn
ch thc hin gin on sau mi hnh trnh y ca khu dn. V d: c
cu chy dao my bo.
2.3. Cc c cu truyn ng trong my thng dng
Trong cc my cng c ngi ta truyn ng bng c cu ai truyn,
c cu bnh rng, c cu trc vt bnh vt, c cu bnh rng thanh rng, c
cu o chiu quay...
3. My tin
3.1. Cng dng v phn loi
- Cng dng: My tin gia cng c nhiu dng b mt, c th:
+ Mt trn xoay ngoi v trong (l)
+ Mt cn, mt nh hnh
+ Cc loi ren (tam gic, vung, thang)
+ Mt phng mt u
+ My tin c th khoan, doa l
Gia cng trn my tin t chnh xc v bng cao.
- Phn loi: Cn c vo cng dng, my tin c phn loi nh sau:
+ My tin ren vt vn nng
+ My tin nhiu dao
+ My tin t ng, bn t ng
+ My tin chuyn dng
+ My tin ng, my tin ct

26

Hnh 1.21. My tin ren vt vn nng

3.2. Cc b phn chnh ca my
- Thn my - U ng
- Mm cp (3 chu, 4 chu) - U ng
- Mi tm - Hp xe dao
- Gi

Hnh 1.22. Cc loi mm cp my tin
a. Mm cp 3 chu; b. g tin vn nng

ng
ng
b) a)

Phi

27

Hnh 1.23. Mi tm
a. Mi tm quay; b. Mi tm khot lm; c. Mi tm cu

Hnh 1.24. Cc loi dao v s ct
a. Tin ngoi, tin l, tin mt u; b. Tin ct;
c. Tin ren; d. Khoan trn my tin; e. Tin nh hnh
a)
b)
c)
c)
a)
b)
d)
e)

28
3.3. Gia cng trn my tin
+ Khi gia cng: vt gia cng quay trn theo mm cp (n
v/P)
Dao chuyn ng tnh tin s
mm/v
(hnh 1.24)
+ Khi vt di (l/d 12) cn c gi nng cao chnh xc gia cng.
4. My khoan
4.1. Cng dng
+ Gia cng l hnh tr bng mi khoan, khot, doa (khoan l gia cng
th, khot gia cng bn tinh, doa l gia cng tinh).
+ C th ta-r trn my khoan.
4.2. Nguyn l gia cng
Khi gia cng mi khoan, khot doa va quay trn va chuyn ng
tnh tin to ra bc tin (hnh 1.25).
4.3. My khoan
+ My khoan bn: gia cng l nh < 10mm (hnh 1.25).
+ My khoan ng: gia cng l > 10 50mm (hnh 1.26)
+ My khoan cn: gia cng l ln trn vt c khi lng ln kh di
chuyn. Mi khoan c th dch chuyn n ch cn gia cng (hnh 1.27).
4.4. Mi khoan
- Mi khoan rut g: C cu to c bit (hnh 1.28).
- Mi khot, doa: c nhiu li ct gt (hnh 1.29).

29

Hnh 1.25. My khoan bn Hnh 1.26. My khoan ng 1 trc
1. Bn ny; 2. Trc chnh; 3.Gi
4. B dn ng; 5. Tr my; 6. Thanh rng

Hnh 1.27. My khoan cn
1. Tr ng; 2. Cn; 3. u trc chnh

30

Hnh 1.28. Mi khoan rut g
a. Chui cn; b. Chui tr; c. Cu to phn ct

Hnh 1.29. Mi khot, doa
a. Mi khot; b. Mi doa

5. My bo, my xc
5.1. Cng dng
My c chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi dng gia cng cc mt phng
ngang, thng ng, nghing, rnh mang c, rnh. Thng thch hp cho chi
tit my di, hp.
Ct nh hng
Li ct chnh
Li ct ph
Rnh thot phoi
Li ct ngang
Mt sau
Chui
a)
b)
c)
C
D

a)
a)
C
Chui
Phn ct
Phn cng tc

31
- My bo chuyn ng theo chiu nm ngang.
- My sc chuyn ng theo chiu thng ng.
5.2. Phn loi
- My bo c 2 loi:
+ My bo ngang (hnh 1.30) dng gia cng cc chi tit my nh.
+ My bo ging gia cng cc chi tit my ln.
- My sc thng gia cng cc l, rnh... m my bo kh gia cng
(hnh 1.31).
Khi gia cng c 1 hnh trnh tnh tin ct gt vi tc chm v hnh
trnh tnh tin ngc li khng ct gt c tc ln hn nng cao nng
sut. Dao bo thng c lm cong khng lm vo b mt gia cng.
(hnh 31)
6. My phay
6.1. Cng dng
Dng gia cng mt phng, gia cng bnh rng, gia cng cc b mt
nh hnh... Phay c nng sut cao v nhiu dao cng ct gt

Hnh 1.30. My bo ngang

32

Hnh 1.31. My sc Hnh 1.32. Cc loi dao bo
1. Gi dao; 2. Thn my; 3. Bn my a. Dao bo ngoi;
d. Dao nh hnh;
b. Dao bo mt mt;
e. Do bo thng;
c. Dao bo ct;
g. Dao bo cong

Hnh 1.33. My phay vn nng Hnh 1.34. Cc loi dao phay
nm ngang v s ct

33

Hnh 1.35. mi
6.2. Phn loi
C 3 loi my phay chnh:
- My phay vn nng c th gia cng c nhiu dng b mt khc nhau.
- My phay chuyn dng ch c th gia cng c b mt nht nh
nh my phay bnh rng, my phay ren.
- My phay ging gia cng cc chi tit ln.
- Khi phay dao chuyn ng quay trn to ra tc ct gt (v).
- Vt gia cng tnh tin to ra lng chy dao (s) ti im tip xc gia
dao v vt gia cng. Khi v v s cng chiu gi l phay thun, v v s ngc
chiu gi l phay nghch.
7. My mi
7.1. Cng dng
Mi l phng php gia cng dng mi ct gt. Mi c th gia
cng th ct b lp kim loi cng cc loi phi, nhng a s mi l gia
cng tinh.
7.2. c im ca mi
- Cc ht mi khi ct gt v km sc nn lc ct gt ln d b trt nh
hng n mt gia cng.
- Tc mi ln (v = 30 50m/s)
- mi c kh nng t bong
ht cn ra to ra lp ht mi sc hn
mi. mi gm ht mi c
cng cao c dnh kt bng cht dnh
kt kera mt, bakelit (hnh 1.35).
- Nhit ch mi: cao (n
1500
o
C).
7.3. Cc phng php mi
- My mi c nhiu chuyn ng to ra tc ct v lng chy dao
(hnh 1.36).

34
- Cc phng php mi (hnh 1.37).
- Mi mt phng
- Mi mt tr ngoi, mt tr trong...

Hnh 1.36. My mi trn trong
1. Thn my; 2. trc; 3. Mm cp; 4. Chi tit gia cng;
5. U mi; 6. Bn my; 7. Bn trt ngang; 8. Trc chnh mi

Hnh 1.37. Cc chuyn ng c bn khi mi

35

Chng II
cc yu t nguy him, c hi
trong sn xut c kh
A. Cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut c kh
I. Cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut c kh
- Cc b phn v c cu ca my: c cu chuyn ng, trc, khp ni,
g, cc kt cu chu lc... ca my cng c v thit b c kh vng ra hoc
cun qun o vo vng nguy him.
- Cc mnh dng c, vt liu gia cng bn ra: mnh cng c ct;
mi, phoi, mnh vt liu khi lm sch vt c, khi p gang,...
- in git: do r in ra v my, thit b v ph thuc vo cc yu
t nh cng dng in, in p, ng i ca dng in qua c th con
ngi, thi gian tc ng...
- Cc yu t v nhit: bng in do h quang in gy ra; kim loi
nng chy khi c, kh nng, vt liu chi tit c nung nng khi gia cng
nng u c th gy bng cho cc b phn c th ca con ngi.
- Cht c cng nghip: c dng trong qu trnh x l nhit kim
loi, c th nh hng n sc kho con ngi trong qu trnh thao tc v
tip xc.
- Cc cht lng hot tnh nh cc ho cht axit hay base khi m, sn.
- Bi cng nghip gy ra tn thng c hc; bi c gy ra bnh ngh
nghip khi lm khun c, bi gy chy n, hoc bi m gy ngn mch in.
- Cc cht gy chy n khi hn hi, khi rt kim loi lng vo khun c
m cao.
- Cc yu t nguy him khc:
+ Lm vic trn cao
+ Vt ri t trn cao
+ Trn trt, vp ng...

36
II. Phn loi cc nguy c gy tai nn lao ng, s c
trong sn xut
1. Nguy c do cc nguyn nhn v k thut
- Cc my, thit b sn xut, cc quy trnh cng ngh cha ng cc
yu t nguy him, c hi nh bi c, n, rung, bc x, in p nguy him...
- My, thit b khi thit k khng ph hp vi c im tm sinh l
ca ngi s dng (thuc phm tr nhn trc hc).
- bn ca chi tit my khng m bo khi s dng.
- Thiu cc thit b che chn an ton.
- Khng c h thng pht tn hiu an ton, cc c cu phng nga qu
ti, nh van an ton, phanh hm, c cu khng ch hnh trnh...
- Khng thc hin hay thc hin khng ng cc quy tc an ton, v d
nh thit b chu p lc khng c kim nghim trc khi a vo s dng...
- Khng thc hin c kh ho, t ng ho nhng khu lao ng nng
nhc, nguy him, c hi, vn chuyn vt nng ln cao...
- Thiu cc phng tin bo v c nhn ph hp, v d nh: dng thm
cch in khng ng tiu chun, dng nhm mt n phng c...
2. Cc nguy c do t chc sn xut v qun l
- B tr lao ng cha hp l: T chc lao ng khng ph hp vi
trnh ngh, sc kho, trng thi tm, sinh l ngi lao ng nn khng
m bo nng sut, cht lng, an ton v phng trnh bnh ngh nghip.
- Khng xy dng cc quy trnh, quy phm, ni quy an ton ph hp
vi cc quy nh php lut chung, vi tng my, thit b v tng ch lm
vic cng nh khng thng xuyn b sung, sa i cho ph hp vi thc t
sn xut trong tng giai on.
- Khng t chc hoc t chc hun luyn phng php lm vic an
ton cho ngi lao ng mt cch hnh thc, thiu c th, thit thc.
- Khng c s theo di tnh hnh chp hnh ni quy lao ng, theo di
v an ton v sinh lao ng, bnh ngh nghip t t sn xut tr ln. Khng
c s kin ngh ca ngi lao ng v an ton v sinh lao ng, kin gii
quyt ca cc cp qun l...

37
- Khng c cn b chuyn trch v an ton v sinh an ton lao ng
theo quy nh ca B lut Lao ng; cn b lm vic tc trch, khng c
chuyn mn ph hp.
- Khng thc hin khm sc khe ban u khi mi tuyn vo lm vic,
khm sc khe nh k b tr lao ng ph hp vi sc kho ca ngi
lao ng. Khng thc hin cc chnh sch v bi dng bng hin vt, v
gim gi lm vic... cho ngi lao ng lm cng vic nng nhc, c hi,
nguy him v c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him theo quy nh ca
php lut.
- S dng lao ng cha thnh nin, lao ng n... nhng ni nguy
him c hi m B lut Lao ng cm.
3. Cc nguy c do khng thc hin cc bin php v v sinh lao ng
- Cc my, thit b, khu vc sn xut pht sinh nhiu yu t nguy him
c hi nh: bi, hi, kh c, nhng b tr khng ph hp, thiu thit b lc
bi, thng gi, kh c...
- iu kin vi kh hu xu, vi phm cc tiu chun v sinh lao ng ti
ni lm vic.
- Chiu sng khng hp l.
- n, rung, vt qu tiu chun cho php.
- Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn khng ph hp.
- Khng thc hin cc quy nh php lut, quy chun, tiu chun v
m bo v sinh c nhn cho ngi lao ng, nht l ni c nhiu lao ng
n, ni lm vic c nhiu yu t c hi nguy him.
III. Cc nguyn tc chung m bo an ton trong
sn xut c kh
1. An ton nh xng
- Nh xng phi c ca s, hoc ca tri (bng knh c li bo v)
thng gi v chiu sng t nhin. Phi c bin php chng tia nng mt tri
chiu thng vo mt ngi lao ng. i vi mt s nh xng s dng cho:
+ B phn sn xut c s dng hoc pht sinh cc cht n mn phi c
kt cu thng thong, lm t vt liu chng n mn.

38
+ B phn sn xut c to nhit, bc x ln hoc d chy phi lm t
vt liu khng chy.
+ B phn sn xut c s dng cc loi ho cht n mn phi c lm
bng vt liu chng c tc ng n mn ca chng.
- Nn nh, xng phi bng phng, khng trn trt, khng sinh bi,
m bo cc yu cu v v sinh. Nn nh xng ca cc b phn c thi
nc hoc cht lng khc phi m bo khng thm nc, c dc cn
thit thi cht lng.
- ng thi khi, hi nng, bi phi cao hn im cao nht ca cc
cng trnh xung quanh trong phm vi 20m.
- Ca nh xng phi rng, phi c t nht 2 ca cho 1 phn xng.
Ca m ra pha ngoi phng chy n, cng nhn thot c d dng.
- Phi c h thng cp thot nc phc v sn xut v sinh hot, nu
nc thi c nng cht thi vt qu tiu chun cho php, phi x l nc
thi trc khi thi ra h thng thot nc chung.
2. An ton ni lm vic
- Ch lm vic phi m bo iu kin an ton v v sinh cho ngi
lao ng.
- Cc yu t c hi ti ch lm vic khng c vt qu gii hn
cho php.
- Vic b tr sp xp ch lm vic phi m bo i li an ton, v s
tn nhanh trong trng hp xy ra s c hoc tai nn bt ng, ng i li
cn c chiu sng y .
* Phi thc hin cc bin php sau ni d chy n
- Cm tin hnh cc cng vic c s dng ngn la trn hoc pht sinh
tia la.
- Cc thit b in phi l loi phng n hoc c thit b phng chy n
i km.
- nh k o nng bi, kh chy n.
- Trang b thit b bo hiu chy n.
- Trang b vt liu v phng tin cha chy.

39
* i vi ch lm vic s dng thit b nng
Nhng ch lm vic thng tin hnh vic nng, vn chuyn cc vt nng
trn 20kg, cn trang b thit b nng v cn thc hin nhng nguyn tc sau:
- Khng b tr ch lm vic, ng i li v tr pha di ni thit b
nng thng xuyn hot ng, nu buc phi b tr th phi c chung cnh
bo, bin bo an ton, hoc c ngi cnh gii...
- My, thit b nng phi y thit b an ton, tin cy: phanh hm,
c cu hn ch hnh trnh, c cu phng qu ti, c cu chng tut cp...
- Thit b nng phi m bo cc thng s c bn: c sc nng ph
hp, tc di chuyn ln xung, di chuyn ngang hp l... ph hp vi iu
kin sn xut.
- m bo ch lm vic ca my nng: theo thi gian, theo mc
cht ti, m bo an ton v tui th ca thit b ph hp vi iu kin sn xut.
- Duy tr nghim ngt ch bo dng, kim tra v xin cp giy php
s dng theo quy nh.
3. An ton my, thit b trong xng c kh
3.1. B tr my, thit b
- B tr my thit b trong xng c kh cn m bo thun tin cho
ngi s dng, ng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, khong cch gia cc
my hp l bt k s c xy ra my ny khng nh hng n my
khc, tn dng nh sng t nhin chiu sng chung, nu khng m bo
phi c h thng chiu sng nhn to.
- My, thit b phi c lp t trn nn cng vng, chu c
trng lng ca my v cc lc ct gt khi gia cng gy ra, trnh n, rung.
- Cc my, thit b khi sn xut gy rung ng ln cn b tr xa cc
my chnh xc, c cch ly chng lan truyn rung ng. Nn my phi
cng vng v thn my phi c hoc trang b thm c cu phng lng...
- Cc my nguy him c th gy tai nn lao ng (nh my mi 2 )
cn b tr gc xng hn ch cc nguy him c th xy ra.
- Cc my c chuyn ng i li kh hi nh my bo ging, my
phay ging cn b tr khong khng gian v tr li xa nht ca bn my
phi cch tng ti thiu 0,5m, cch mp ng vn chuyn ti thiu 1m.

40
3.2. Vn hnh, s dng my, thit b v dng c sn xut
+ Mi my, thit b sn xut phi c h s, ti liu k thut hng dn
v cu to, hot ng v cc yu cu m bo an ton, khi lp rp, vn hnh,
sa cha, bo qun. Ti ni lp t my, thit b phi c ni quy, quy trnh
lm vic vi tng my, thit b.
- My, thit b sn xut phi c kim tra, kim nh trc khi a
vo s dng v nh k phi c kim tra, kim nh li.
- Nhng my, thit b sn xut c pht sinh bi hoc cc cht c hi
vt qu tiu chun cho php phi c b phn ht thi chng.
- B phn chuyn ng ca my, thit b sn xut (bnh rng, ai
truyn, trc truyn...) phi c bao che an ton, vng chc, thun tin khi
s dng v tho lp. Nu cc b phn chuyn ng ca my, thit b v mt
l do no khng th bao che c th phi thc hin cc bin php khc
ngn nga khng cho ngi (hoc cc b phn c th) tip xc hoc i vo
vng nguy him ca cc b phn .
- Nhng my, thit b sn xut khi m thng s k thut c th vt
qu gii hn cho php (qu ti, qu hnh trnh...) c th gy tai nn lao ng
th phi c cc c cu ngn chn hin tng .
- My thit b s dng nng lng in phi m bo:
+ Cc phn dn in phi c cch ly, che chn.
+ Cc u dy ni vo thit b phi c che kn.
+ Cm dng mt cu dao cho 2 thit b tr ln,
+ V kim loi ca my, thit b phi c ni t bo v theo QPVN
13 - 78.
- Cc thit b khi hot ng c kh nng vng bn cht lng hoc vt
rn ra ngoi phi c che chn bo v.
- Cu to v v tr lp t cc b phn iu khin phi loi tr c kh
nng t ng m thit b mt cch ngu nhin.
- Cm s dng my, thit b, dng c sn xut khi chng b h hng,
khng m bo an ton.
- Ht ca sn xut phi ngt in, lau chi my, thu dn dng c, bi trn
cc ni quy nh, thu dn phoi bng mc, bn chi... cm dng tay dn phoi.
- Ghi s giao ca cc bt thng v my, thit b xy ra trong ca lm
vic, bo co cho ngi ph trch.

41
3.3. Bo dng, sa cha my, thit b
- Trong khi my thit b ang lm vic, khng c lau chi cc b
phn my, khng c tra du m cc b phn ang chuyn ng. Trong khi
my thit b lm vic t ng, khng c ri khi v tr lm vic.
- Vic bo dng sa cha nh k phi c k hoch ngay t u nm.
Ngi sa cha phi c chuyn mn su, khi sa cha phi ngt in, tho dy
ai, phi c bin bo: "Cm ng in". Cm dng v ko, ct, tng neo,
kch, ko my, thit b trong qu trnh sa cha v c th gy hoc sp nh.
- Ch cng nhn in mi c sa cha cc h hng v in.
- Sa cha my cao qu 2m phi c dn gio vi sn lm vic chc
chn, v s dng tht lng an ton trong qu trnh sa cha trn cao.
- Khi sa cha xong phi hiu chnh, kim tra, lp ton b thit b an
ton... mi c th my.
4. An ton trong lp t, b tr, s dng in
4.1. H thng ng dy in
- Cc ng dy in phi i trn s cch in. Cm qun hoc
ng dy in i trc tip trn cc kt cu kim loi ca xng, cng trnh.
- Cc ng dy in i n tng thit b c nh cn c b tr i
ngm di nn nh v i trong mt ng bo v.
- Khi s dng hai ngun in cung cp in cho thit b phi c
bin php loi tr kh nng ng hai ngun in cng mt lc.
- Cm s dng in bng cch u mt u dy pha ca ngun ny v
dy trung tnh ca mt ngun khc vo thit b.
- Cm mc n chiu sng bng cch u 1 dy vo dy pha cn u
dy kia cm xung t.
4.2. Cu dao in phi m bo cc yu cu sau
- Lp t chc chn v tr v cao thun li cho vic thao tc.
- C np y.
- Dy chy ng thng s k thut.
- Cc u dy ra vo cu dao phi c bt cht bng ai c, khng
c u kiu xon dy vo bu lng.
- Cu dao t ngoi tri phi c che ma, nng.

42
- Cm cu dao nm trn mt t.
- Cm u dy trc tip vi cu dao khng qua dy chy bo v.
- Nhiu cu dao b tr cnh nhau phi ghi r i tng phc v ca
tng cu dao.
IV. Cc bin php k thut an ton c bn
1. Bin php an ton tnh n s ph hp vi ngi s dng
- m bo an ton trong qu trnh lao ng, sn xut, th ngay t
khi thit k v a vo s dng my, thit b, phi ch c trng ca ngi
lao ng:
c trng ca ngi lao ng cn c quan tm
Tui/Gii tnh
Tnh trng sc kho
Vn x hi, dn tc
o to/Kinh nghim lao ng

c im
c th
Kh nng
ca c th
Tinh thn
thch c nhn
- Chiu cao
- Trng lng
- Kh nng chuyn
ng ca cc b
phn ca c th
- Kh nng thao tc
v duy tr sc kho
- nh hng ca
mi trng do cc
yu t vt l, ho
hc...
- Tip nhn thng tin
(nghe, nhn)
- Chuyn i thng tin
- Kh nng phn ng
- Ging ni
- S ch v nhy cm
- Suy ngh logic, sng to
- Kinh nghim
- Kh nng tru tng
- Kh nng tip thu
- ng c lm vic
- Kh nng chu ng xc
cm v nhng tc ng
trong hot ng v mi
trng.
- Kh nng tp trung
- Thao tc lao ng: nng, mang vc vt nng theo ng nguyn tc an
ton, trnh nh hng n ct sng hay thot v a m...
- Khng gian thao tc trong tm vi ti u, thch ng 90% s ngi s
dng: v t th lm vic, iu khin thun li... (hnh 2.1)
- Kh nng quan st tt, thy r cc phng tin thng tin, c cu iu
khin, cc k hiu, biu , mu sc.
- m bo iu kin s dng thng tin thnh gic, khu gic.

43
- m bo ti trng th lc i vi tay chn (ti trng tnh v ti trng
ng).
- To iu kin tm l lao ng tt, trnh qu ti hay n iu.

Hnh 2.1. Kh nng hot ng ca cnh tay
nhng t th khc nhau

44
2. Bin php an ton k thut
2.1. Thit b che chn an ton (TCVN 4117 - 89)
- Mc ch ca thit b che chn an ton:
+ Cch ly vng nguy him vi ngi lao ng;
+ Ngn nga tai nn lao ng nh ri, ng, vt rn bn vo ngi...
- Yu cu i vi thit b che chn:
+ Ngn nga c tc ng xu do cc thit b trong sn xut gy ra;
+ Khng gy tr ngi cho thao tc ca ngi lao ng;
+ Khng nh hng n cng sut ca thit b v nng sut lao ng.
- Phn loi mt s thit b che chn:
+ Che chn cc b phn, c cu chuyn ng.
+ Che chn vng vng bn cc mnh dng c, vt liu gia cng.
+ Che chn b phn dn in.
+ Che chn ngun bc x c hi.
+ Che chn lm vic trn cao, ho hoc h su.
+ Che chn tm thi c th di chuyn hay che chn c nh.
2.2. Thit b v c cu phng nga
Mc ch s dng c cu phng nga l ngn chn s c xu xy
ra trong qu trnh sn xut lm nh hng n sc kho con ngi v nng
sut sn xut, v d nh my hot ng qu ti, chuyn ng vt qu v tr
gii hn, nhit khng ng quy nh, cng dng in khng n
nh... Khi c cc s c trn, cn c cc c cu v thit b phng nga c
th t iu chnh c hoc t ng dng hot ng ca thit b hay b
phn ca my.
c im ca thit b phng nga l qu trnh t ng loi tr nguy c
s c hoc tai nn khi i tng phng nga vt qu gii hn quy nh.
Thit b phng nga c cu to, cng dng rt khc nhau tu thuc vo
i tng phng nga v qu trnh cng ngh. V d: bo v thit b in,
khi cng dng in vt qu gii hn cho php c th dng cu ch, rle
nhit, c cu ngt t ng...; bo v thit b chu p lc khi p sut vt

45
qu gii hn cho php c th dng van bo him kiu ti trng, kiu l xo,
cc loi mng an ton... (xem hnh chng IV).
Thit b phng nga ch bo m lm vic tt khi tnh ton chnh xc
khu thit k, ch to v khi s dng phi m bo cc quy nh v k thut
an ton.
* Cc thit b v c cu phng nga c th c phn loi nh sau:
- H thng c th t phc hi li kh nng lm vic khi i tng phng
nga tr li gii hn quy nh nh van an ton kiu ti trng, r le nhit...
- H thng phc hi li kh nng lm vic bng tay, nh trc vt ri
trn my tin (xem hnh chng IV).
- H thng phc hi li chc nng lm vic bng cch thay th ci mi
nh cu ch, cht cm...
* Cc thit b v c cu phng nga c chia thnh cc chng loi
sau:
- Phng nga qu ti ca thit b chu p lc; thit b nng;
- Phng nga qu ti ca my ng lc;
- Phng nga s dch chuyn ca cc b phn vt qu gii hn cho
php;
- Phng nga chy n.
2.3. Tn hiu an ton (TCNN 4979 - 89): (Xem ph lc)
- Mc ch ca tn hiu an ton
+ Bo trc cho ngi lao ng nhng nguy him c th xy ra.
+ Hng dn thao tc: cc bng iu khin cc h thng tn hiu bng
tay khi iu khin cn trc, cc my cng c...
+ Nhn bit quy nh v k thut v k thut an ton qua du hiu quy
c v mu sc, hnh v.
- Cc dng tn hiu an ton:
+ nh sng, mu sc: mu , vng, xanh lc, xanh lam, cc mu
tng phn.
+ m thanh: ci, chung, kng.

46
+ Mu sn, hnh v, bng ch.
+ ng h, dng c o lng o cng , in p, p sut nhit
, bc x...
- Yu cu i vi tn hiu an ton:
+ D nhn bit.
+ tin cy cao.
+ D thc hin v thao tc.
2.4. Khong cch an ton, kch thc an ton
* Khong cch an ton l khong khng gian ti thiu gia ngi lao
ng v my, thit b (hoc gia my, thit b ny vi my, thit b khc)
khng b tc ng xu ca cc yu t nguy him, c hi.
Ty theo qu trnh cng ngh, c im ca tng loi thit b m xc
nh cc khong cch an ton khc nhau. Vic xc nh khong cch an ton
cn tnh ton c th da theo cc nguyn tc chung v khong cch an ton
trong cc tiu chun: TCVN 7014- 2002, TCVN 6721-2000, TCVN 6720-
2000... Di y l mt s quy nh c th v khong cch an ton:
- Khong cch an ton gia cc my, thit b khng c nh hn 1m.
Trng hp my, thit b c b phn chuyn ng (ng c, my nn kh,
my ly tm...) hoc thit b c qu trnh sn xut nhiu nguy him (nh l,
ni hi...) khong cch gia cc my, thit b phi tng ln 2m. i vi my,
thit b c chuyn ng i li kh hi (my bo, my phay ging) cn c
khong cch khng gian ln v tr li xa nht ca my cch tng ti
thiu 0,5m, cch mp ng vn chuyn ti thiu 1m.
- Gia cc hng thit b phi li qua li rng t nht 2,5m.
- Trong khng gian sn xut c cc my vn chuyn bn trong (xe
gong, bng ti, xe ln...) th gia cc b phn chuyn ng v phn nh ra
ca cc thit b cn li i rng t nht 1m.
- Cc ng ng dn nc, hi, kh... hoc cch thit b khc di trn
nh cc li qua li khng c php thp hn 2,2m.
- Phi, bn thnh phm trong cc xng c kh khng c xp cao
qu 1,5m.
- Cc e trong phn xng rn cch nhau ti thiu 2,5m.
- Ni t cc my sinh kh C
2
H
2
, ch thi b t n... phi cch xa
ngn la trn ti thiu 10m, cch xa l sy ti thiu 1m, cch xa bnh cha
xy 0,5m, cch xa ng dn C
2
H
2
ti thiu 1m.

47
* Khi nim v kch thc an ton
Cng vi vic quy nh khong cch an ton, ngi ta cn quy nh
kch thc an ton cho cc my, thit b loi tr kh nng pht sinh nguy
c gy tai nn lao ng. V d:
- Khong cch t b t ca my mi 2 n mp khng c vt
qu 3mm trnh vt gia cng kt gia v b t d gy v .
- Lan can bo v trong cc sn lm vic trn cao phi cao hn 1m
ngn khng cho ngi ng xung.
2.5. C kh ho - t ng ho v iu khin t xa
Nh nhng tin b khoa hc k thut ngi ta c th ng dng vic c kh
ho hay t ng ho thay th cho ngi lao ng nhng ch lm vic khng tt
cho ngi lao ng, chng hn nh khu vc chu nhit cao, c bc x...
Vic c kh ho vi mc ch to ra nng sut lao ng cao hn ng
thi gii phng ngi lao ng khi nhng cng vic nng nhc nguy him.
C th c kh ha tng phn hay ton b mt qu trnh sn xut.
T ng ho l bin php cao hn to ra nng sut lao ng v to
iu kin tt cho ngi lao ng khi lm vic. Mt qu trnh t ng ho v
mt k thut an ton phi m bo nhng yu cu sau:
- Cc b phn chuyn ng u phi c bao che thch hp.
- Trang b thit b bo him, kho lin ng.
- h thng tn hiu, bo hiu i vi tt c cc trng hp c s c.
- C th iu khin ring tng my, tng cng on, c th dng my
hay mt cng on theo yu cu.
- C cc c cu t ng kim tra.
- Khng phi sa cha, bo dng khi my ang chy.
- m bo cc yu cu an ton v in, thit b chu p lc,...
- m bo thao tc chnh xc, lin tc.
2.6. Phng tin bo v c nhn
Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn l bin php k thut b sung, nhng
c vai tr rt quan trng (c bit trong iu kin thit b, cng ngh lc hu).
Cc loi phng tin bo v c nhn:
- Phng tin bo v mt:
+ Trang b bo v mt khi b tn thng do vt rn bn phi.

48
+ Trang b bo v mt khi b tn thng bi cc tia nng lng khi hn.
- Phng tin bo v c quan h hp: Loi trang b ny nhm phng
trnh cc loi hi, kh c, cc loi bi, chng hn nh bnh th, bnh t cu,
mt n phng c, khu trang.
- Phng tin bo v c quan thnh gic ngn chn tc hi xu ca
ting n n c quan thnh gic ca ngi lao ng, nh cc loi: nt bt tai,
bao p tai khi ting n ln hn 120 dBA...
- Phng tin bo v u: Tu theo yu cu bo v chng chn thng
c hc, chng cun tc hay chng cc tia nng lng... m s dng cc loi
m khc nhau.
- Phng tin bo v chn tay: C cc loi ng hoc giy chng m
t, chng n mn ho cht, cch in, chng rung... v cc loi bao tay
tng t.
- Qun o bo h lao ng chng tc ng nhit, tia nng lng, ho
cht, chng chy...
Cc phng tin bo v c nhn c sn xut theo tiu chun nh
nc; vic cp pht, s dng theo quy nh ca php lut.
2.7. Kim nh my, thit b
Kim nh my, thit b l hot ng nh gi tnh trng k thut ca
my, thit b, t xc nh s tho mn cc yu cu v thng s k thut
v bn, tin cy ca ton b my, thit b hoc ca chi tit, b phn
my n an ton khi vn hnh. T s quyt nh vic cp php s dng
hoc cp giy php gia hn s dng i vi tng loi my, thit b c th.
Theo thng t s 04/2008/TT-LTBXH ngy 27/02/2008 cu B Lao
ng - Thng binh v X hi quy nh, hng dn th tc ng k v kim
nh cc loi my, thit b, vt t c yu cu nghim ngt v an ton lao
ng quy nh 24 loi thit b cn phi ng k v kim nh.
Kim nghim bn, tin cy ca my, thit b, cng trnh l bin
php an ton nht thit phi thc hin trc khi a vo s dng.
+ Kim nh d phng, tin hnh nh k hoc sau k sa cha, bo dng.
+ Th nghim bn (tnh hoc ng) theo ti trng v thi gian:
bn cp, xch, dy an ton...

49
+ Th nghim tin cy ca phanh hm.
+ Th nghim bn, kn kht ca thit b p lc, ng ng, tin
cy ca van an ton...
+ Th nghim cch in ca dng c k thut in.
B. Cc yu t c hi trong sn xut c kh
I. Mt s vn v v sinh lao ng
1. Khi nim v v sinh lao ng
V sinh lao ng l mn hc nghin cu nh hng ca nhng yu t
c hi trong sn xut i vi sc khe ngi lao ng, nhm bo v sc kho
ngi lao ng, ng thi nng cao nng sut lao ng.
Trong sn xut, ngi lao ng c th phi tip xc vi nhng yu t
c nh hng khng tt n sc kho, cc yu t ny c gi l tc hi
ngh nghip. Chng hn, nhng ngi lao ng lm vic trong ngnh rn,
c th tc hi chnh l nhit cao; ngh dt l ting n v bi...
Tc hi ngh nghip nh hng n sc kho nhiu mc khc
nhau nh mt mi, suy nhc, gim kh nng lao ng, lm tng kh nng
sinh bnh (nh vim phi khi tip xc nhiu vi bi than, bnh nhim c
ch trong sn xut cquy...).
Ni dung ca mn v sinh lao ng bao gm:
+ Nghin cu c im v sinh ca cc qu trnh sn xut.
+ Nghin cu bin i sinh l, sinh ho ca c th.
+ Nghin cu vic t chc lao ng v ngh ngi hp l.
+ Nghin cu cc bin php phng tnh trng mt mi trong lao
ng, hn ch nh hng ca cc yu t tc hi ngh nghip trong sn xut.
+ Quy nh cc tiu chun v sinh, ch bo h lao ng cho x
nghip v cho ngi lao ng.
2. Cc bin i sinh l ca c th ngi lao ng
C nhiu hnh thi lao ng khc nhau trong sn xut, nhng tnh cht
lao ng u th hin trn 3 mt: lao ng th lc, lao ng tr c, lao ng
cng thng v thn kinh v tm l. Hin nay, vic nh gi nh hng ca

50
qu trnh lao ng i vi con ngi cn l mt vn phc tp, bi vy,
ngi ta mi ch c th a ra mt s ch tiu nh: s tiu hao nng lng,
lng xy tiu th, nhp p ca tim, thn nhit thay i... Bng 2.1 cho thy
mc tiu hao nng lng cc loi hnh lao ng khc nhau.
Bng 2.1. Tiu hao nng lng cc loi lao ng khc nhau
Tiu hao nng lng
Cng lao ng
kcal/pht kcal/24 gi
Ngh tng ng
Lao ng nh 2,5 2300 3000 Gio vin, thy thuc
Lao ng trung bnh 2,5 5 3100 3900 Th ngui, th dt
Lao ng nng 5 10 4000 4500 Th m, th khun vc
Trong bng 2.2 l cc thng s sinh l, sinh ho nh gi mc chu
ti ca th lc ngi lao ng ca Christensen.
Bng 2.2. Cc thng s nh gi mc chu ti th lc
ca ngi lao ng
Mc chu ti
Tiu th oxy
(l/pht)
Thng kh
phi (l/pht)
Thn nhit
(
o
C)
Nhp p tim
(ln/pht)
Acitlactic
trong 100
cm
3
(mmg)
Rt nh 0,25 0,5 6 7 37,5 60 70 10
Nh 0,5 1 11 20 37,5 75 100 10
Trung bnh 1 1,5 20 31 35,5 38 100 125 15
Nng 1,5 2 31 43 38 38,5 125 150 15
Rt nng 2 2,5 43 56 38,5 39 150 175 20
Cc nng 2,5 4 60 100 > 39 > 175 50 60
Thi gian t khi kt thc cng vic n khi cc ch s sinh l ca c th
tr v mc ban u l thi k hi phc. Theo di kh nng lm vic ca ngi
cng nhn trong mt ngy lao ng thy: lc u nng sut lao ng tng theo
thi gian; l thi k u, c th dn thch nghi vi iu kin lao ng.
Nng sut lao ng t cao nht sau 1 1,5 gi lm vic. Sau , nng sut
lao ng duy tr mt thi gian n mt lc nng sut lao ng gim xung.
Thi gian ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, con ngi cn xc nh c
khong thi gian ny c th b tr thi gian lao ng mt cch hp l.

51

Hnh 2.2. Chu k sinh hc ca con ngi trong mt ngy
v kh nng to ra nng sut lao ng

3. Bnh ngh nghip
Bnh ngh nghip l mt hin trng bnh l ca ngi lao ng pht
sinh do tc ng thng xuyn v ko di ca iu kin lao ng xu, c
hi, mang tnh cht c trng cho mt loi ngh nghip, cng vic hoc c
lin quan n ngh nghip, cng vic trong qu trnh lao ng. V d:
bnh bi phi Silic, Anthracose xut hin ngnh khai thc , khai
thc m...
T khi lao ng xut hin, con ngi c th bt u b bnh ngh
nghip khi phi chu nh hng ca cc tc hi ngh nghip, nht l trong
lao ng nng nhc (c kh, hm m...). Tuy nhin, cc bnh ny thng
xy ra t t v mn tnh. Bnh ngh nghip c th phng trnh c mc d
c mt s bnh kh cu cha v li di chng. Cc nh khoa hc u cho
rng ngi lao ng b bnh ngh nghip phi c hng cc ch bi
thng v vt cht c th b p c phn no thit hi cho h khi mt
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
S

s
a
i

s
t

x
y

r
a

S sai st
xy ra
Kh nng to
ra nng sut
Thi gian (gi)

52
i mt phn sc lao ng do bnh gy ra. Cn thit phi gip h khi
phc sc kho v phc hi chc nng trong kh nng ca y hc.
Cc quc gia u cng b danh mc cc bnh ngh nghip c bo
him v ban hnh cc ch n b hoc bo him.
T chc Lao ng quc t (ILO) xp bnh ngh nghip thnh 29
nhm gm hng trm bnh ngh nghip khc nhau. n nm 2006, Vit
Nam cng nhn 25 bnh ngh nghip c bo him...
DANH MUC BNH NGH NGHIP OC HONG
BAO HIM CUA VIT NAM
Nhm I: Cc bnh bi phi v ph qun
1. Bnh bi phi do Silic;
2. Bnh bi phi do Aming;
3. Bnh bi phi bng;
4. Bnh vim ph qun mn tnh ngh nghip;
5. Bnh hen ph qun ngh nghip.
Nhm II: Cc bnh ngh nghip do yu t vt l
1. Bnh do quang tuyn X v cc tia phng x;
2. Bnh ic ngh nghip;
3. Bnh rung chuyn ngh nghip;
4. Bnh gim p ngh nghip.
Nhm III: Cc bnh nhim c ngh nghip
1. Bnh nhim c ch v hp cht ch;
2. Bnh nhim c Benzen v ng ng ca Benzen;
3. Bnh nhim c Hg v hp cht ca Thu ngn;
4. Bnh nhim c Mangan v hp cht ca Mangan;
5. Bnh nhim c TNT (trinitrotoluen);
6. Bnh nhim c Asen v hp cht Asen;
7. Bnh nhim c Nicotin ngh nghip;

53
8. Bnh nhim c ho cht, thuc tr su ngh nghip;
9. Bnh nhim c cacbon monoxit ngh nghip.
Nhm IV: Cc bnh v da ngh nghip
1. Bnh sm da ngh nghip;
2. Bnh lot d dy, lot vch ngn mi, vim da, chm tip xc;
3. Bnh vim lot da, vim mng v xung quanh mng ngh nghip;
4. Bnh nt du ngh nghip.
Nhm V: Cc bnh nhim khun ngh nghip
1. Bnh lao ngh nghip;
2. Bnh vin gan do virus ngh nghip;
3. Bnh do xon khun Leptospira ngh nghip.
4. Cc bin php phng tc hi ngh nghip
4.1. Bin php k thut cng ngh
ng dng cc tin b k thut, i mi cng ngh, c kh ho v t
ng ho nhng khu c th gy nguy hi cho con ngi.
4.2. Bin php k thut v sinh lao ng
ng dng k thut thc hin cc gii php v sinh lao ng nh
thng gi, chiu sng, chng n, chng rung...
4.3. Bin php phng h c nhn
Bo m cc trang b phng h c nhn vi yu cu s dng tt nht.
4.4. Bin php t chc lao ng khoa hc
Vic t chc lao ng khoa hc thuc phm tr khoa hc lao ng v
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh tnh cht cng vic, kh nng v th trng
ngi lao ng, iu kin v phng tin lao ng...
4.5. Bin php y t bo v sc kho ngi lao ng
Thc hin ng cc quy nh v bo v sc kho cho ngi lao ng:
Khm sc khe nh k, gim nh kh nng lao ng, iu chnh gia kh
nng lao ng v nhim v lao ng cho ph hp...

54
II. Cc yu t c hi trong sn xut c kh v bin
php phng
1. Vi kh hu trong sn xut
1.1. Khi nim
Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian
thu hp gm cc yu t nhit , m, bc x nhit v vn tc ca khng
kh. iu kin vi kh hu trong sn xut ph thuc vo tnh cht ca qu
trnh cng ngh v kh hu ca khu vc.
V mt v sinh lao ng, vi kh hu c th nh hng n sc kho
ngi lao ng; chng hn trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh, m cao c th
gy ra cc bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp, vim phi...
Tu theo tnh cht to nhit ca qu trnh sn xut, ngi ta chia ra ba
loi vi kh hu sau:
- Vi kh hu tng i n nh, nhit to ra khong 20 kcal/m
3
.h, nh
phn xng c kh, dt...
- Vi kh hu nng to nhiu nhit hn 20 kcal/m
3
.h xng c, rn,
cn thp...
- Vi kh hu lnh, nhit to ra di 20 kcal/m
3
.h cc xng ln men
ru bia, nh lnh ch bin thc phm.
1.2. Cc yu t vi kh hu
- Nhit : ph thuc vo qu trnh sn xut, c khi lm tng nhit
khng kh ti 50 60
o
C. Nhit ti a cho php ni lm vic v ma h l
30
o
C v khng c vt qu t 3 5
o
C.
- Bc x nhit: pht sinh t cc vt nung nng, khi t = 500
o
C th vt
sinh ra tia hng ngoi, t = 1800
o
C 2000
o
C pht ra tia t ngoi, n 3000
o
C
tia t ngoi cng pht ra nhiu.
Cng x nhit c biu th bng cal/m
2
.pht c o bng nhit
k cu hay actinometre, chng hn xng c, rn, cn thp c cng
bc x n 5 10 kcal/m
2
.pht. Tiu chun v sinh cho php l 1
kcal/m
2
.pht. Bng 2.3 l s tc ng tng quan gia thi gian v nng
lng bc x.

55
- m: l lng hi nc c trong khng kh biu th bng gram
trong mt mt khi khng kh hoc bng sc trng ca nc tnh bng mm
ct thu ngn.
Thng ngi ta dng m tng i l t l phn trm gia m
tuyt i mt thi im no so vi m ti a biu th mc m cao
hay thp. Theo tiu chun v sinh quy nh, m tng i ni sn xut
trong khong 75 85%.
- Vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh V(m/s): theo tiu chun v sinh
quy nh V 3m/s.
Ngi ta a ra khi nim: Nhit hiu qu tng ng (t
hqt
)
nh gi tc dng tng hp cc yu t nhit , m v vn tc gi ca
mi trng khng kh i vi cm gic nhit ca c th con ngi, nhit
hiu qu tng ng (t
hqt
) ca khng kh c nhit , m v vn tc
ca khng kh V l nhit ca khng kh bo ho hi nc c = 100%
v khng c gi (V = 0) m gy ra cm gic nhit ging nh cm gic gy ra
bi khng kh vi t, , V cho.
Bng 2.3. Cm gic nhit ph thuc vo nng lng bc x
v thi gian tc dng
Nng lng bc x kcal/m
3
.h Mc
Thi gian chu c
di tc dng lin tc
240 480 Yu Thi gian di
480 900 Va phi 3 5 pht
900 1380 Trung bnh 40 60 giy
1380 1800 ng k 20 30 giy
1800 2400 Cao 12 24 giy
2400 3000 Mnh 8 10 giy
> 3000 Rt mnh 2 5 giy

1.3. iu ho thn nhit ca ngi
Thn nhit ca ngi c nhit khng i trong khong 37
o
C 0,5
o
C
l nh hai qu trnh iu nhit do trung tm ch huy iu nhit iu khin.
duy tr cn bng thn nhit trong iu kin vi kh hu nng, c th thi

56
nhit tha bng cch tit m hi. Chuyn 1 lt mu t ni tng ra ngoi da
thi c khong 2,5 kcal v nhit h c 3
o
C; mt lt m hi bay hi
hon ton thi c 580 kcal. Cn trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh; c th
tng cng qu trnh sinh nhit v hn ch qu trnh thi nhit duy tr s
cn bng nhit (hnh 2.3).

Hnh 2.3. ng cong chuyn ho
cc nhit khc nhau

- iu nhit ho hc l qu trnh bin i sinh nhit do s xy ho cc
cht dinh dng. Bin i chuyn ho thay i theo nhit khng kh bn
ngoi v trng thi lao ng hay ngh ngi ca c th. Qu trnh chuyn ho
tng khi nhit bn ngoi thp v lao ng nng, ngc li qu trnh gim
khi nhit mi trng cao v c th trng thi ngh ngi (bng 2.4).
- iu nhit l hc l tt c cc qu trnh bin i thi nhit ca c th
gm truyn nhit, i lu, bc x v bay m hi... Thi nhit bng truyn
nhit l hnh thc mt nhit ca c th khi nhit ca khng kh v cc vt
th m ta tip xc c nhit thp hn nhit ca da.
C th ca ngi cng nh cc vt th xung quanh c th sinh ra bc
x nhit. Trng hp da ngi c nhit thp hn nhit ca cc vt th
xung quanh th ngi ta s nhn bc x v ngc li.
Khi nhit khng kh ln hn 34
o
C (ln hn nhit da) c th s
thi nhit bng bay hi m hi.

57
Bng 2.4. Bin i qu trnh iu nhit
theo nhit khng kh
Bin thin nhit
Loi iu
nhit
Qu trnh
iu nhit
Gim Tng
Kt qu
iu nhit
Ho hc Bin i qu trnh
sinh nhit
Chuyn ho tng Chuyn ho gim
L hc Bin i qu trnh
thi nhit
Thi nhit gim Thi nhit tng
Thng bng nhit
ca c th duy tr
thn nhit mc 37
0,5
o
C

1.4. nh hng ca vi kh hu i vi c th ngi
Nhit khng kh v s lu chuyn khng kh quyt nh s trao i
nhit bng i lu; b mt cc vt rn nh tng, trn, sn nh, my, thit
b... to ra s trao i nhit bng bc x; m khng kh v nhit to ra
s trao i nhit bng bay hi m hi.
- nh hng ca vi kh hu nng
+ Bin i v sinh l nhit da (c bit l da trn) rt nhy
cm vi nhit khng kh bn ngoi. Bin i v cm gic nhit da trn
nh sau:
28 29
o
C cm gic lnh 31,5 32,5
o
C cm gic nng
29 30
o
C cm gic mt 32,5 33,5
o
C cm gic rt nng
30 31
o
C cm gic d chu 33,5
o
C cm gic cc nng
Thn nhit ( di li) nu thy tng thm 0,3 1
o
C l c th c s
tch nhit. Thn nhit 38,5
o
C c coi l nhit bo ng nguy him (nh
chng say nng).
+ Chuyn ho nc:
Hng ngy, c th c s cn bng gia lng nc ung vo v thi ra;
ung vo 2,5 3 lt nc v thi ra 1,5 lt qua thn, 0,2 lt qua phn, lng
cn li theo hi th v m hi ra ngoi. Lm vic trong iu kin nng bc,
lng m hi tit ra c khi t 5 7 lt trong mt ca lm vic, trong mt i

58
mt lng mui n khong 20 gram, mt s mui khong gm cc ion Na,
K, Ca, Fe, I v mt s sinh t C, B
1
, PP. Do mt nhiu nc, t trng mu
tng ln, tim phi lm vic nhiu thi lng nhit tha ca c th. V th,
nc qua thn cn 10 15% so vi mc bnh thng, nn chc phn thn b
nh hng. Mt khc, do phi ung nc b sung nn dch v long ra, lm
mt cm gic thm n v n mt ngon, chc nng thn kinh b nh hng,
phn x gim, d xy ra tai nn.
- nh hng ca vi kh hu lnh
Lnh lm cho c th mt nhiu nhit, nhp tim, nhp th gim v tiu
th oxy tng. Lnh lm cho cc c co li gy hin tng ni da g, mch
mu co tht sinh cm gic t cng chn tay. Vi kh hu lnh d sinh ra cc
bnh vim khp, vim ph qun, hen...
- nh hng ca bc x nhit
Trong cc phn xng nng, cc dng bc x nhit ch yu l cc tia
hng ngoi c bc sng = 10m; khi hp th tia ny to nhit, bc x
nhit ph thuc vo di bc sng, cng bc x, thi gian chiu x,
din tch b mt b chiu, vng b chiu, gin on hay lin tc. Cc tia hng
ngoi vng nh sng thy c v cc tia hng ngoi c bc sng n 1,5
m c kh nng thm su vo c th, t b da hp th. V th, lc lm vic
di nng c th b chng say nng do tia hng ngoi c th xuyn qua hp
s nung nng mng no v cc t chc. Nhng tia bc x c bc sng 3 m
gy bng da mnh nht. Tia hng ngoi cn gy ra gim th lc mt, au
nhn mt...
Tia t ngoi c 3 loi:
+ Loi A c bc sng t 400 315 nm
+ Loi B c bc sng t 315 280 nm
+ Loi C c bc sng nh hn 280 nm
Tia t ngoi A xut hin nhit cao hn, thng c trong tia la
hn, n dy tc, n hunh quang; tia t ngoi B thng xut hin trong
cc n thu ngn, l h quang... Tia t ngoi gy cm gic nh gim th
lc, bng da, ung th da. Tia laser cng gy ra bng da, vng mc.

59
1.5. Cc bin php phng chng vi kh hu xu
- Vi kh hu nng:
+ T chc lao ng hp l: vic t chc lao ng da trn c s cc
tiu chun v sinh lao ng t vic lp k hoch sn xut n tin trnh thc
hin sn xut.
+ Quy hoch nh xng thit b theo cc tiu chun v sinh lao ng.
+ H thng thng gi, c bit l nhng phn xng to nhiu nhit
nh phn xng c hay rn...
+ Lm ngui: c th to nn cc mng chn nc trc ca l luyn
gang, c th hp th 80 - 90% nng lng bc x, hoc phun nc vi c
ht 50 -60m m bo m 13 - 14g/m
3
, hoc thay i vn tc gi tn
nhit tt. V d:
Vn tc gi V (m/s) Nhit khng kh (
o
C)
1 25 30
2 27 33
3 > 33
+ i mi trang thit b v cng ngh
O nhng ni lm vic c hi c th tng cng c kh ho v t ng
ho hoc trang thit b thu nhit, dng cc bin php cch nhit tt, dng
mn chn nhit.
+ Trang b phng h c nhn tt: iu cn lu l cc trang b phng
h c nhn phi c tnh nng s dng cao.
+ Ch ung cho ngi lao ng cn c lu , cn cho cng nhn
ung nc c pha thm cc loi mui khong nh K, Na, Ca, P... v cc
vitamin B, C... hoc dng cc loi nc ung tho mc.
- Vi kh hu lnh
Ngi lao ng phi mc m phng mt nhit, cn ch n
ch n phi m bo nng lng tiu hao trong lao ng vi iu kin
vi kh hu lnh nh tng lng du m trong khu phn n.

60
2. Ting n trong sn xut c kh
2.1. Khi nim
Ting n l tp hp cc m thanh c cng v tn s khc nhau gy
cm gic kh chu cho con ngi trong iu kin lm vic cng nh ngh ngi.
- Cc tham s chnh ca ting n:
+ Tn s (Hz): l s dao ng ca sng m trong mt n v thi gian
v c trng cho trm hay bng ca m thanh. Tn s thp m trm, tn
s cao m bng.
+ Cng ting n (dB): c trng cho mnh hay yu ca m
thanh. Cng cng ln nghe cng r, cng cng nh nghe cng b.
Cng ph thuc vo mc p sut m n v l dB. Thang o cng
n c mc p sut m t 0 130dB. Mc p sut m ln hn 130dB gy cm
gic chi tai, ln hn 140dB c th gy thng mng nh.
+ cta: l khong tn s m m u c tn s bng na m cui. Tn
s trung tm ca cta l tn s trung bnh nhn. Trong thc t o n c phn
tch cc gii tn s cn o 8 tn s trung tm ca cta t 63Hz n 8000Hz.
2.2. Phn loi ting n
+ Theo c tnh ca ngun n
- Ting n c hc do chuyn ng ca cc b phn my.
- Ting n do va chm nh qu trnh rn, dp, tn.
- Ting n kh ng do hi chuyn ng vi tc cao: ting ng c
phn lc, ting my nn ht kh...
- Ting n hoc xung khi ng c t trong hoc Diesel lm vic.
+ Theo tn s m thanh
- H m c tn s di 20Hz (tai ngi khng nghe thy).
- m tai ngi nghe c c tn s t 20Hz n 16kHz.
- Siu m c tn s trn 20kHz (tai ngi khng nghe thy).
+ Theo di tn s
- Ting n tn s cao khi f > 1000Hz.
- Ting n tn s trung bnh khi f t 300 1000Hz.
- Ting n tn s thp khi f < 300Hz.

61
Trong mi trng lao ng c nhiu ngun n (n ngun), th mc n
khng phi l tng s mc n tng ngun. Mc n tng cng mt im
cch u nhiu ngun n c xc nh theo cng thc:
L
z
= L
1
+ 10.lgn (dB)
* Cc ngh hoc cng vic c nguy c tip xc vi ting n
+ Ngh dt, si
+ Sn xut vt liu xy dng: xi mng, gch, ngi, ...
+ C kh: ba, kh nn, g hn, dp, cn, khoan.
+ Ngh mc: bo, ca...
Di y l mt vi v d:
Ting n va chm dB Trong c kh dB
Xng rn 98 My in 93 - 96
Xng g 113 - 114 My khoan 114
Xng c 112 My bo 97
Xng ni hi 99 My nh bng 109
2.3. Tc hi ca ting n
Con ngi thu nhn ting n qua c quan thnh gic nhng ting n
nh hng trc ht n h thn kinh trung ng, n h tim mch v cc c
quan khc. S thay i trong c quan thnh gic pht trin mun hn nhng
khi tc ng ti c quan thnh gic c th gy nn tn thng vnh vin
mc gim thnh lc hoc ic ngh nghip. Bnh ic ngh nghip l
bnh khng hi phc. Tc hi ca ting n ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht
vt l do mc n quyt nh. Ting n ph lin tc gy kh chu hn ting
n ph khng lin tc, ting n tn s cao gy kh chu hn ting n tn s
thp, thi gian b kch thch bi ting n cng di cng c hi. Tc ng c
hi cn ph thuc vo hng ca nng lng m ti, thi gian tip xc ca
ngi lao ng, mc nhy cm, c a p ng ca tng c th, gii
tnh... i vi tc ng ca ting n.
* nh hng ti c quan thnh gic
Tai l c quan thnh gic gip con ngi nhn bit c m thanh
xung quanh. Tai ngi cu to gm 3 phn:

62
- Tai ngoi: Gm vnh tai v l tai.
- Tai gia: Gm ng xng c bao bi xng chm, khu
vc ny gm: b thn kinh, mch mu i qua, m thanh c phn tch tc
ng ti mng nh,
- Tai trong b phn Corti gm: xng e, xng ba v b thn kinh,
y l c quan cm nhn, phn tch m v truyn v cc trung tm thn kinh
no, ch o cc phn x c iu kin c thc hin.
Di tc ng ca ting n ko di, thnh lc gim dn, nhy cm
ca thnh gic gim r rt, nu tc ng ko di cc hin tng mt mi
thnh gic khng c kh nng phc hi v pht trin bin i bnh l. Giai
on u ca bnh, ngi lao ng b gim thnh lc, nghe km i, ni to
hn. Nu khng c bin php iu tr tch cc, mt thi gian tip xc ting
n ko di s gy bnh ic ngh nghip.
Vi m tn t 2000 4000Hz, mt mi bt u t 80dB, 5000
6000Hz bt u t 60dB. O di tn s ny, kh nng gy bnh ngh nghip
cho ngi lao ng l rt cao. Din bin ca bnh c th tin trin theo tng
giai on.
Giai on u, c cm gic au u v tai i khi c cm gic chng
mt v bun nn. Sau , xut hin nng tai, mng nh dy ln v dy thn
kinh thnh gic trong c quan Corti b tn thng. Trung tm thnh gic di
no iu ho dinh dng ca tai ri lon. Thm ch c th nhn bit cc tn
thng thc th bng o thnh lc v pht hin tn thng xng e,
xng ba nh: m, v xng, khuyt xng...
Ting n gy ic ngh nghip tai trong, i xng v khng hi
phc, gim ngng nghe vnh vin v c c im gim thnh lc r rt tn
s 4000Hz.
* nh hng ti cc c quan khc
- Ting n cng cao v trung bnh kch thch mnh h thn kinh
trung ng, gy ri lon nhp tim. Tip xc trc tip v lu di vi ting n
c th gy bnh cao huyt p v cc bnh tim mch khc.
- Ting n lm ri lon chc nng bnh thng ca d dy, gim dch
v, gim toan nh hng ti co bp ca d dy. Tc ng ny c th
lm ri lon tiu ho, gim hp thu dinh dng thm ch lu di c th gy
vim lot d dy.

63
- Ting n che lp cc tn hiu m thanh gim tp trung, gim nng
sut lao ng. Ting n cao lm r ca ting ni gim. C th, cng
n trn 70dB, ting ni nghe khng r, c bit i vi cc lao ng tr c
nh hng ting n lm cht lng cng vic gim i r rt.
2.4. Tiu chun ting n (TCVN 3985 - 1999 v TCVN 5964 - 1995)
Theo tiu chun v sinh cho php, mc m lin tc hoc mc tng
ng ti ni lm vic khng qu 85dBA trong 8 gi. Thi gian lm vic
trong mi trng lao ng c cng ting n cao t th mc m cho php
tip xc c th cao hn nhng phi qui nh ngng. Nu thi gian tip xc
vi ting n gim 1/2 th mc n tip xc cho php tng thm 5dB. C th,
thi gian tip xc vi mc m tng ng nh sau:
- Tip xc 4 gi/ngy thm 5dB mc m cho php 90 dBA
- Tip xc 2 gi/ngy 95 dBA
- 1 gi/ngy 100 dBA
- 30 pht 105 dBA
- 15 pht 110 dBA
- Nh hn 15 pht 115 dBA
Ch : Mc cc i khng qu 115 dBA. Qu ngng m ny, tc
ng c th gy nn ic t ngt, ic c hai tai v khng hi phc.
- Thi gian cn li trong ngy ch c tip xc vi ting n di
80dBA. Lu rng gim thnh lc t l thun vi thi gian lm vic.
Tip xc trc tip vi ting n, mc n cng cao mc gim thnh lc
cng nhanh.
Bng 2.5. Mc p m cho php ti cc v tr lm vic khc nhau
Mc m di cta vi tn s trung bnh
khng vt qu (dB)
V tr lao ng
Mc
m/mc
m tng
ng
(dBA)
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Ch lm vic ca
cng nhn, vng c
cng nhn trong phn
xng, nh my
85 99 92 86 83 80 78 76 74

64
Bung theo di v
iu khin t xa
khng c thng tin
bng in thoi, cc
phng th nghim,
thc nghim, cc
phng my tnh c
ngun n
80 94 87 82 78 75 73 71 70
Bung theo di v
iu khin t xa c
thng tin bng in
thoi, phng iu
phi, phng lp my
chnh xc, nh my
70 87 79 72 68 65 63 61 59
Cc phng chc
nng, hnh chnh, k
ton, k hoch thng
k
65 83 74 68 63 60 57 55 54
Cc phng lao ng
tr c, nghin cu,
thit k, lp chng
trnh my tnh, phng
th nghim l thuyt
v x l s liu thc
nghim
55 75 66 59 54 50 47 45 43

2.5. Cc bin php phng chng ting n
Phng chng tc hi ting n trong mi trng lao ng l cng vic
kh khn ph thuc nhiu vo qui trnh cng ngh, kh nng kinh t ca
doanh nghip. gim thiu ting n ci thin iu kin lao ng c th
thc hin mt s gii php sau:
- p dng cc bin php qui hoch, xy dng nh xng chng ting
n, b tr khong cch hp l gia cc xng, trng cy xanh, chn hng
gi hp l trnh pht tn, nh hng ca ting n gia cc xng sn xut
vi nhau.
- p dng cc bin php gim thiu ting n ti ngun: hin i ho s
dng thit b pht ra ting n cng nh, hon chnh cc qui trnh cng
ngh s dng k thut t ng ho, iu khin t xa gim thiu thi gian
tip xc ting n vi ngi lao ng.

65
- Tun th cc qui nh bo dng nh k my mc, cng ngh lun
m bo thit b cn hot ng tt, m bo an ton v pht sinh ting n
cng nh nht khi vn hnh.
- Cch ly bao kn cc ngun n bng vt liu kt cu ht m, cch m
ph hp, s dng cc kt cu tm, bung tiu m hiu qu. Cc loi vt liu
v nh xng c la chn ph hp nhm gim ting n.
- B tr hp l thi gian lm vic cc phn xng c ngun n
cng ln v hn ch ngi lao ng tip xc vi ting n, gim thiu
nh hng c hi ca ting n ti ngi lao ng.
- S dng hp l cc phng tin bo v c nhn chng ting n nh:
nt tai, bao tai chng ting n c hiu qu, yu cu bt buc phi s dng
phng tin bo v c nhn i vi ngi lao ng cc phn xng c
cng ting n vt qu tiu chun v sinh cho php.
- Khm sc kho nh k, xc nh biu thnh lc cho cng nhn
kp thi pht hin mc gim thnh lc v x l, chuyn i cng vic, iu
tr bnh, phc hi chc nng...
3. Rung ng trong sn xut c kh
3.1. Khi nim
Rung ng l nhng dao ng c hc pht sinh t cc ng c v dng
c sn xut. Nhng dao ng l dao ng iu ho hoc khng iu ho.
Trong dao ng iu ho, vt chuyn t v tr xut pht v v tr ny hoc v
tr kia sau tr v v tr xut pht trong mt thi gian nht nh.
Cc tham s chnh ca rung ng l:
- Tn s dao ng (f): S ln dao ng trong n v thi gian (Hz).
- Chu k (T): Thi gian thc hin mt dao ng ton phn.
- Bin (a): ri ln nht ca vt th k t v tr cn bng (mm).
- Vn tc rung (v): i lng dn xut ca ri theo thi gian
(cm/s).
- Gia tc (g): i lng dn xut ca vn tc theo thi gian (m/s
2
).
Rung do cc loi cng c lao ng gy ra thng l hn hp ca
nhiu tn s v bin khc nhau. Tn s no c bin v vn tc ln

66
nht th tn s l tn s chnh ca rung v coi nh rung c tn s .
Rung cng c phn tch theo cc cta nh n; rung cng c th nh gi
bng n v dB.
3.2. Ngun rung ng
- Ngun rung: Cc loi thit b, my, xe vn ti c ln... khi lm vic
u pht sinh ra cc dng dao ng c hc di dng rung ng.
- Cc ngh hoc cng vic c nguy c tip xc: Cng vic s dng cc
ba kh nn, my mi, ca my, iu khin cc loi phng tin giao thng
vn ti, cc loi thit b khai thc m v xy dng...
Rung ng l yu t vt l tc ng qua ng truyn nng lng t
ngun rung ng n con ngi.
Rung ng c phn thnh rung ng ton thn v rung ng cc b.
- Rung ng ton thn: Thng cc dao ng c hc c tn s thp
truyn ti c th ngi t th ng hoc ngi qua hai chn, mng, lng
hoc sn, hng lan to dao ng thng theo mt phng ng t di ln
trn nh cc loi phng tin giao thng vn ti c ti trng ln, cc xe my,
thit b dng trong khai thc m, xy dng, lm ng...
- Rung ng cc b: Thng l cc dao ng c hc c tn s cao, tc
ng cc b theo bn tay hoc cnh tay, hng truyn dao ng dc theo
bn tay hoc cnh tay nh ba, ba kh nn, ca tay, my mi, khoan tay...
3.3. Tc hi ca rung ng n c th
- Tc hi ca rung ton thn
Ph thuc vo cc thng s: Bin , tn s, gia tc dao ng v thi
gian tip xc vi rung ng. Thi gian tip xc cng di, rung ng c tn
s v gia tc ln s dn n tc hi rt nguy him lm tn thng thn kinh,
h tim mch v xng c khp ca ngi lao ng.
Tc ng nguy him nht ca rung ng ton thn l cc tn s dao
ng ca n, c bit l cc tn s trng vo cc dao ng t nhin ca cc
b phn trong c th. Lc ny, ti cc b phn c th gy nn nhng dao
ng cng hng c bin dch chuyn ln m hu qu l s gy ra nhng
bin i chc nng ca c th pht trin thnh bnh l trm trng. Tc ng

67
ca bnh l cng trm trng khi thi gian tip xc cng ko di v cng c
hi khi kt hp ng thi vi mt s tc ng nh: lnh, n, hot ng tnh
ca c bp, lm vic trong trng thi cng thng thn kinh tm l, lao ng
n iu, g b,...
O tn s thp rung ng thng gy tn thng c bp.
O tn s cao rung ng thng gy nhng bin i trong thnh mch,
ngn cn lu thng tun hon, lu di c th ph hoi h thng mu. Trn
hnh nh X quang thy r tn thng ca h mch. Cc mch mu bin
dng, sun li, gp khc nh si chun...
Rung ng ton thn gy thng tn n h thn kinh trung ng, ph
hu s iu chnh ca thn kinh th dch v s trao i cht, dn n ri lon
chc nng ca h thng khc. Rung ng ton thn mnh gy nn tn
thng cc c quan ni tng, tc dng lu ngy gy ra cc bin i v t
chc t bo gy ra cc ri lon dinh dng. Rung ng ton thn c tn s
cao 30 80Hz v bin dao ng ln c tc ng ti th gic, lm gim
r nt, thu hp th trng, gim nhy ca mt v ph hoi chc nng tin
nh, gy trng thi mt thng bng, ngi lao ng thng xuyn b au
u, chng mt, iu tr kh, thm ch gy h huyt p, chong ngt...
- Tc hi ca rung cc b
Bt u bng nhng ri lon cm gic ngoi da: t nhc, kin b, gim
cm gic au, ra nhiu m hi, kh cm nm cc dng c, da tay mng hoc
dy thm c mu hoc xanh tm, trng bch, mng tay bin dng d gy.
Nng hn l cc ri lon h vn ng, au cc khp ng tay, c tay, khuu
tay, khp vai.
- Nhng bnh l ca rung ng cc b
+ Ri lon vn mch gy bnh trng ngn tay.
+ Tn thng gn c, thn kinh, au gn c dn n teo c, thng
xy ra tn s 300Hz.
- Tn thng xng khp: c cc triu chng nh au khp xng, c
ng hn ch c th gy mt sc lao ng hon ton. X quang c hnh nh:
khuyt xng, li xng, tha xng, hoi t xng bn nguyt, h khp
xng thuyn.

68
+ Tc ng ti cc c quan khc nh: ri lon thn kinh, h hp, tun
hon, tiu ho.
+ i vi ph n cn nh hng n b phn sinh dc, au bng nhiu
khi hnh kinh, lch t cung, sa m o, nh hng nghim trng ti chc
nng sinh n ca ph n. c bit lu tm ti mi trng lao ng c nhiu
lao ng n vi cc cng vic tip xc trc tip v thng xuyn vi yu t
rung ng.
3.4. Tiu chun rung cho php (TCVN 5127 - 90, Quyt nh s
3733/Q-BYT)
Bng 2.6. Tiu chun cho php mc rung gh ngi, bn lm vic
Vn tc rung cho php (cm/s)
Di tn s (Hz)
Rung ng Rung ngang
1 (0,88 1,4) 12,6 5.0
2 (1,4 2,8) 7,1 3,5
4 (2,8 5,6) 2,5 3,2
8 (5,6 11,2) 1,3 3,2
16 (11,2 22,4) 1,1 3,2
31.5 (22,4 45) 1,1 3,2
63 (45 90) 1,1 3,2
125 (90 180) 1,1 3,2
250 (180 355) 1,1 3,2

Bng 2.7. Rung cc b phn iu khin
Vn tc rung cho php (cm/s)
Di tn s (Hz)
Rung ng Rung ngang
16 (11,2 22,4) 4,0 4,0
31.5 (22,4 45) 2,8 2,8
63 (45 90) 2,0 2,0
125 (90 180) 1,4 1,4
250 (180 355) 1,0 1,0

69
Bng 2.8. Rung ca cc dng c cm tay
Di tn s (Hz) Vn tc rung cho php (cm/s) H s hiu nh (K
0
)
8 (5,6 12,) 2.8 0,15
16 (11,2 22,4) 1,4 1
31.5 (22,4 45) 1,4 1
63 (45 90) 1,4 1
125 (90 180) 1,4 1
250 (180 355) 1,4 1
500 (180 700) 1,4 1
1000 (700 1000) 1,4 1
3.5. Cc bin php phng chng rung ng
- p dng cc qu trnh sn xut t ng ho v iu khin t xa
nhm trnh tip xc trc tip v thng xuyn i vi yu t rung chuyn
ngh nghip.
- Ch to my, thit b khng pht sinh rung ng, thit b lm gim
cng ngun rung hoc thay i qui trnh cng ngh mi, s dng my,
thit b t pht sinh rung ng.
- Chng rung ng lan truyn bng cc c cu gi ta kh rung. S
dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn gim rung thng xuyn v ng
chng loi nh ng, giy, gng tay cao su,...
- Hc tp v s dng ng k thut cm, gi cc thit b rung cm tay
nh: khoan, ca, my ct, m,...
- Gi gn bo dng my, thit b lun trng thi tt v kim tra bo
dng nh k theo qui nh.
- B tr v thay i v tr hp l, b tr thi gian lm vic, ngh ngi th
dc trong ca lm vic.
- Khm tuyn dng, khm sc kho nh k v lm cc xt nghim
chuyn khoa cho ngi lao ng c tip xc vi rung ng (phn tch mu,
soi mao mch, chiu in quang bn tay, ct sng).
- iu tr phc hi chc nng cho ngi chu tc ng ca rung ng
v b tr ngi b bnh rung ng cch ly vi ngun rung ng.

70
4. nh sng ch lm vic
4.1. Khi nim
n v o ri l Lux: 1 Lux l ri gy ra lung sng c quang
thng l 1 lumen chiu trn din tch 1m
2
.
4.2. Tiu chun v sinh cho php ca nh sng
Tiu chun v sinh (TCVS) cho php ca nh sng theo Quyt nh s
3733/2002/Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 ca B Y t, Theo quyt nh ny,
cng chiu sng chung v cc loi cng vic A, B, C, D, E tng ng
l cng vic i hi: rt chnh xc, chnh xc cao, chnh xc, chnh xc va
v cng vic t i hi chnh xc.
Mi trng lao ng tt phi c nh sng thch hp cho ngi lao
ng v cng vic. Chiu sng khng hp l s lm mt mi th gic, ko
di gy bnh cho mt, lm gim nng sut lao ng, gim cht lng sn
phm v tng nguy c gy tai nn lao ng. C th ni, trong sn xut, nh
sng nh hng rt nhiu ti nng sut lao ng, sc kho v an ton ca
ngi lao ng.
nh sng l mt dng nng lng bc x in t, nh sng t nhin l
nh sng ban ngy do mt tri chiu sng thch hp v c tc dng tt vi
sinh l ngi. nh sng mt tri l bc x cc bc sng nh sng c di
khc nhau. nh sng nhn thy l nhng chm bc x gy cho mt cm gic
v nh sng, c bc sng khong 380nm n 760nm (nanomet) ng vi cc
gii mu: , da cam, vng, lc lam, chm, tm.
Bc x mu tm: = 380 450nm
Bc x mu chm: = 450 480nm
Bc x mu lam: = 480 510nm
Bc x mu lc: = 510 550nm
Bc x mu vng: = 550 585nm
Bc x mu da cam: = 550 585nm
Bc x mu : = 620 760nm
i vi cc bc x c bc sng khc nhau, phn x ca mt ngi
cng khc nhau. Cng mt cng sut bc x nh nhau nhng bc x n sc
khc nhau cho ta cm gic sng khc nhau.

71
Bn cnh ngun sng t nhin, chng ta c ngun sng nhn to t cc
bng in (n nung sng, n hunh quang). Trong k thut, chiu sng
tu tng mc ch ngi ta thit k chiu sng chung, chiu sng cc b v
chiu sng hn hp.
4.3. Nhng yu t nh hng n hiu qu chiu sng
+ ri
ri l i lng nh gi mc c chiu sng ca b mt,
ngha l mt quang thng ca lung nh sng ti mt im trn b mt
c chiu sng. V d, ri ti thiu c, vit v lm cng vic th
cng khong 10 Lux. Nhng cng vic c thc hin d dng v hiu
qu th nhu cu phi gp 30 ln ngha l 300 - 500 Lux.
+ Kh nng phn gii ca mt
L kch thc gc nhn vt ti thiu. y l mt chc nng quan trng
ca mt phn bit nhng chi tit c kch thc nh. Kh nng phn gii
c nh gi bng kch thc gc nhn ti thiu trong iu kin chiu
sng tt. Do , i vi nhng cng vic thng xuyn phi phn bit nhng
vt c kch thc nh th phi m bo chiu sng tt, y v khng c
hin tng chi lo, khi phi phn bit nhng kch thc qu nh cn c
knh phng i.
+ Chi lo
L hin tng chiu sng gy kh chu v lm gim kh nng nhn ca
mt. Chi lo xy ra khi trong phm vi ca trng nhn xut hin mt vt
hoc ngun sng c chi qu ln. Khi mt b chi lo th khng th lm
vic c bnh thng, khng nhn r cc vt, thn kinh cng thng, gim
kh nng lm vic v d xy ra tai nn lao ng. Mt khc chi lo cn gy
lng ph nng lng chiu sng. Ngun sng gy chi lo cng gn trng
nhn, c kch thc cng ln th gy hin tng chi lo cng mnh. V vy,
cn ht sc trnh hin tng ny khi b tr cc ngun sng cng nh gc
nhn ca ngi lao ng n cc vt c b mt phn x ln. V d, khi gp
n pha t chiu ngc chiu, mt ngi khng th quan st phn bit c
mi vt trn ng i do b chi lo d b tai nn. Trong nh xng, n pha
chiu sng nu sp xp khng ng s gy chi lo cho cng nhn mt s
v tr sn xut, ngi cng nhn khng th thao tc, quan st chnh xc mi
s vt v cng vic lao ng.

72
+ Tc phn gii ca mt
Qu trnh nhn thc khi nhn vt ca mt c tin hnh sau mt thi
gian cn thit phn gii c mi chi tit. Tc phn gii l nghch s
ca thi gian cn thit nhn bit cc chi tit ca mt c o bng giy (s).
Cng quan st mt vt, tu thuc chiu sng khc nhau, kh nng phn
gii ca mt cng c thi gian khc nhau.
Tc phn gii ca mt ph thuc ch yu vo ri sng trn vt
tng t 0 2.000 Lux, sau tng khng ng k.
Tc phn gii cn chu nh hng bi thi gian thch ng ca mt.
Mt chuyn t trng nhn sng n trng nhn ti phi mt 15 20 pht.
Ngc li t trng nhn ti sang trng nhn sng mt t 8 10 pht. V
vy, phi m bo sng ln trong trng nhn v nh sng phi c
phn b u trn b mt lm vic.
Bng 2.9. Tnh cht ri sng theo tnh cht cng vic
ri nh nht (lux)
n hunh quang n rung sng
Tnh
cht
cng
vic
Kch
thc
nh nht
S tng phn
gia vt v
ngun sng
c im
ca ngun
sng
Chiu
sng hn
hp
Chiu
sng
chung
Chiu
sng hn
hp
Chiu
sng
chung
Nh Ti 1500 500 750 200
Trung bnh Trung bnh 750 300 400 150
Rt chnh
xc
< 0,15
Ln Sng 500 200 300 100
Nh Ti 1000 400 500 200
Chnh
xc cao
0,15 - 0,3
Ln Sng 400 150 200 75
Chnh
xc
0,3 - 0,5
Nh Ti 500 100 300 100
Ln Sng 200 100 100 50
4.4. Chiu sng hiu qu ch lm vic
c iu kin chiu sng tt ch lm vic, c nh sng thch hp
vi tm sinh l ngi lao ng phi m bo ri nh sng rng bao

73
trm ht vng bc x kh kin gip cho mt ngi lao ng cm nhn
chnh xc v mu sc, hnh th s vic. Trc ht, khi thit k chiu sng
phi lun bm st yu cu m bo cho ngi lao ng c mt ch nh
sng tin nghi ti a trong khi lao ng nhm thao tc chnh xc, khng
cng thng, mt mi thn kinh, th gic... t hiu qu lao ng ngn nga
tai nn lao ng. ri phi m bo tiu chun, khng qu cao hoc qu
thp c bit khng chi lo bt c v tr no trong nh xng. Hng
ly nh sng phi b tr sao cho khng to bng ngi v thit b. S to
bng gy kh chu trong quan st do sng phn b khng u trong mt
bng lm vic, b mt lm vic phi c chiu sng cao hn cc b mt
khc trong nh xng.
Nc ta c kh hu nhit i, quanh nm c nh nng mt tri. y
l iu kin thun li s dng chiu sng t nhin. Trong thc t,
m bo chiu sng trc tip trong mi iu kin cng phi kt hp chiu
sng t nhin v nhn to. C mt s lu trong qu trnh thit k phi
hp chiu sng:
- Nh xng cn c cc loi ca ly nh sng t nhin cu to n
gin, an ton, d sa cha v s dng.
- C nhiu kiu ca sng a dng v m nhiu v tr khc nhau cho
ph hp vi iu kin nh xng nh: ca mi, ca s, ca ln... Lu ,
ca ly nh sng kt hp vi hiu qu thng gi, tng thng thong
trong nh xng.
- Khi s dng chiu sng nhn to, lu nn s dng kt hp c n
nung sng v n hunh quang. Do c tnh n nung sng c quang ph ,
vng gn vi tm sinh l con ngi, d ch to, d s dng, pht sng n
nh, khng gy cm gic chiu sng nhp nhy. n nung sng c kh
nng chiu sng tp trung ph hp cho chiu sng cc b. n hunh quang
c nh sng trng da trn hiu ng quang in, loi thng dng l loi
thu ngn siu cao p c nh sng gn ging nh sng ban ngy. n hunh
quang c hiu sut pht sng cao, thi gian s dng di nhng ch pht
quang n nh khi nhit khng kh dao ng t 15 35
o
C, khi in p
thay i 10% l n khng lm vic c. n hunh quang c hin tng
quang thng dao ng theo tn s ca in p xoay chiu lm kh chu khi
nhn, c hi cho mt.

74
Cn c vo cc u nhc im ca mi loi n, khi thit k nn phi
hp s dng c hai loi tng ri sng theo tiu chun, khc phc nhc
im cng nh tn dng u im mi loi nhm to ra trng sng ph hp
tm sinh l v m bo chiu sng cho ngi lao ng. y cng l mt
trong nhng gii php phng nga tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip c
hiu qu.
Tuy nhin, trong mi trng lao ng, mt vn cn c quan tm
l m bo sng song phi chng chi lo. Hin tng chi lo ti mi
trng lao ng s gy trng thi cng thng v thn kinh, th gic, ngi lao
ng kh thao tc chnh xc v c th dn ti tai nn lao ng.
4.5. Cc bin php hn ch chi lo
- gim bng ca cc b mt c th dng mu sn hoc thay i
hng chiu sng.
- C th dng mn gp hn ch nh sng t nhin chiu qua ca.
- hn ch chi lo ca n in cn lp chao chp n c gc
bo v > 15
o
i vi n hunh quang v >10
o
i vi n nung sng.
- i vi chiu sng cc b (bng hunh quang hoc nung sng) cn
phi c chao chp lm bng vt liu khng xuyn sng c gc bo v > 30
o
.
- i vi cng vic hn in hoc hn hi, ngi th hn phi s dng
knh hn ng s trnh cho mt b tn thng do cc tia cc tm trong
ngn la hn tc ng trc tip gy nn.
- m bo cao treo n (so vi nn nh) va nng cao c hiu
qu chiu sng va ng thi hn ch c chi lo.
Bng 2.10: Cch treo n hunh quang ti ni lm vic
cao theo s lng bng (m)
Tnh cht ca n
Gc bo v
ca n
< 4 bng > 4 bng
15
o
20
o
4 4.5
25
o
40
o
3 3.5
n nh sng trc tip phn x
khuch tn
> 40
o
Khng hn ch
2 3.2 n c nh sng tn x
3 4

75
5. Phng chng bi trong sn xut c kh
5.1. Khi nim
+ Bi l tp hp ca nhiu ht c kch thc ln nh khc nhau tn ti
lu trong khng kh di dng bi bay hay bi lng; bi bay nm l lng
trong khng kh gi l aerozon, cn khi chng ng li trn b mt vt th
no th gi l aerogen.
+ Phn loi bi:
- Theo ngun gc: nh bi hu c t la, len, d, tc... bi v c nh
bi kim loi, aming, bi vi... bi nhn to t nha ho hc, cao su.
- Theo kch thc ht bi: ht bi c kch thc nh hn 10m gi l
bi bay, ht bi c kch thc ln hn 10m gi l bi lng, ht bi c kch
thc t 0,1 10m gi l m, ht bi c kch thc t 0,001 0,1 m gi
l khi, n c chuyn ng Brao (Brown) trong khng kh.
Ht bi c kch thc ln hn 50m ch bm l mi m khng gy tc
hi cho phi, ht bi t 10 50m vo su hn, nhng vo phi khng ng
k, cc ht bi c kch thc nh hn 10m c tc hi nhiu nht i vi phi.
- Theo tc hi ca bi: bi gy nhim c (Pb, Hg, benzen...); bi gy
d ng, vim mi, hen, vim hng nh: bi bng, gai, len, phn ho hc, bi
g; bi gy ung th nh nha ng, phng x, cc hp cht brm; bi gy
nhim trng nh: bi lng, bi xng, mt s bi kim loi...; bi gy x
phi nh: bi silic, aming.
+ phn tn ca bi: l trng thi ca bi trong khng kh, n ph
thuc vo kch thc, trng lng ht bi vo sc cn ca khng kh. Vi ht
bi c kch thc nh hn 0,1m th c chuyn ng Brao trong khng kh.
+ S nhim in ca bi:
Di tc ng ca mt in trng mnh cc ht bi s b nhim in
v s b cc ca in trng ht vi nhng vn tc khc nhau ph thuc vo
kch thc ht bi. Tnh cht ny ca bi c ng dng lc bi bng in.
+ Tnh lng trm nhit ca bi:
Cho mt lung khi bi i qua mt ng dn t vng nng chuyn sang
vng lnh hn, phn ln khi b lng trn b mt ng lnh, hin tng ny l
do cc phn t kh gim vn tc t vng nng sang vng lnh. S lng trm
ca bi c ng dng lc bi.

76
5.2. Tc hi ca bi
Bi gy ra cc bnh v ng h hp, bnh ngoi da, bnh v ng
tiu ho...
Cc ht bi c kch thc ln hn 5m th b gi li hc mi n
90%. Cc ht bi nh hn vo tn ph nang, y bi b cc lp thc bo
bao vy v dit khong 90%, s cn li ng phi v gy ra bnh bi phi
hay cc bnh khc.
Bnh nhim bi phi thng gp nhng cng nhn khai thc, vn
chuyn qung , kim loi, than... Bnh silicose l bnh phi do nhim bi
silic thng gp nhng cng nhn khoan , th m... bnh ny chim
40 70% trong cc bnh v phi; ngoi ra cn c bnh asbestose (nhim bi
aming), athracose (nhim bi than)...
Cc bnh ngoi da: gy kch thch da, gy mn nht, l lot nh: bi
vi, thic, thuc tr su.
Bnh ng h hp nh: vim mi, vim hng, vim ph qun...
Tn thng n mt, bi vo mt gy kch thch mng tip hp, vim
mi mt, bng mt...
Bnh ng tiu ho gy ra tn thng nim mc, ri lon tiu ho.
5.3. Cc bin php phng chng
+ C kh ho v t ng ho c th khng tip xc vi bi, nh khi
ng bao gi ximng, cc bng ti trong ngnh than, cc my ht bi
nhng khu cn thit trong gia cng c kh.
+ p dng phng php cng ngh mi
Trong phn xng c lm sch bng nc thay cho lm sch bng
ct; thay phng php trn kh bng phng php trn t trong ngnh
luyn kim.
+ phng bi chy n
Nng bi n mt gii hn c th gy n; nhng tc nhn kch
thch nh: tia la in, dim, tn la cng c th gy ra n trong mi trng
c bi...
+ V sinh c nhn
Phi c trang b bo h lao ng phng chng bi, nhim c v phng
x. Ch khu v sinh c nhn, khm sc khe nh k cho ngi lao ng.

77

Hnh 2.4. S nguyn l ca thit
b lc bi bng tnh in
1. Dy kim loi ni vi cc m ca ngun in
1 chiu 50kV.
2. ng kim loi ca thit b lc
3. Qu t cng dy 1
4. Cch in 5. Ni t tip a
5.4. Lc bi trong sn xut cng nghip
O mt s ngnh sn xut nh
ximng, dt, luyn kim, c, rn,
hn... lng bi sinh ra trong qu
trnh sn xut rt ln, v vy, cn phi
tin hnh lc bi lm sch khng
kh trc khi thi ra mi trng.
lc bi, ngi ta s dng cc
thit b lc bi, cc thit b ny c
phn ra cc nhm chnh sau y:
- Bung lng bi: da vo tc
dng ca trng lc.
- Thit b lc bi kiu qun
tnh: li dng qun tnh khi thay i
chiu hng chuyn ng tch
bi ra khi khng kh.
- Thit b lc bi kiu ly tm -
xyclon: dng lc ly tm y cc
ht bi ra xa tm quay chm vo
thnh thit b, ht bi b mt ng
nng v ri xung y.
- Lc bi bng vi, li thp,
giy, vt liu xp... Trong cc thit
b lc bi ny, cc lc qun tnh, lc
trng trng v c lc khuch tn u pht huy tc dng.
- Thit b lc bi bng in: di tc dng ca in trng vi in p
cao, cc ht bi c tch in v b ht vo cc bn cc khc du.
6. Thng gi trong sn xut c kh
6.1. Mc ch ca thng gi
+ Thng gi chng nng: trao i khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi
nh, to ra iu kin vi kh hu ti u. Thng gi chng nng kh nhit
tha sinh ra trong nh xng c kh do qu trnh sn xut to nn. Thng
thng nu dng qut th tc gi cho php trong khong 2 5m/s lm
mt khng kh.

78
+ Thng gi kh bi v hi c: nu c ngun bi hay hi c trong
sn xut c kh th cn b tr h thng ht bi v khng kh nhim, ng
thi vi vic x l trc khi thi ra mi trng.
6.2. Cc bin php thng gi
+ Thng gi t nhin: to ra s lu thng khng kh bn trong v bn
ngoi nh nh nhng yu t t nhin nh gi, dng i lu... ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t, chng hn nh kt cu ca nh xng v khng gian xung
quanh, iu kin a l...
+ Thng gi nhn to: c th dng qut, cc h thng ht gi, ngi ta
c th phn chia ra thng gi chung hay khng thng gi cc b.
+ Thng gi d phng s c: nhng phn xng sn xut m qu
trnh cng ngh lin quan n cht c, cht d chy c kh nng gy
nhim mi trng khi ngi ta b tr h thng thng gi d phng. H
thng thng gi ny l h thng thng gi ht ra; lu lng ht c th bng
7-15 ln th tch ca phng trong mi gi.
7. Phng chng bc x ion ho
7.1. Khi nim
- Cc nguyn t phng x t nhin v ng v phng x nhn to l
nhng cht m ht nhn nguyn t c kh nng ion ho vt cht v pht ra
cc tia phng x.
V d: Coban pht ra tia , Uran v Radi pht ra cc tia , , , Cacbon
pht ra tia , Bari pht ra cc tia , . Ngoi ra, cn c cc thit b, my bc
x pht ra tia X (Rghen), bc x neutron...
- Phng x l hin tng thay i bn trong ht nhn khng cn c tc
ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi, t pht ra cc bc x lin tc v khc nhau
m khng c tc nhn no lm tng nhanh hoc chm li cc hin tng .
- Bc x ion ho l cc bc x in t v ht, khi tng tc vi mi
trng to nn cc ion. C th phn chia ngun bc x ion ho thnh 2 loi:
cc cht phng x v cc thit b bc x.
- Cc loi bc x ion ho
+ Bc x anpha (): ht Anpha l ht nhn ca nguyn t Heli gm 2
photon v 2 neutron c khi lng ln, kh nng ion ho cao, do n mt
nhanh nng lng trn ng i nn kh nng m xuyn km.
+ Bc x bta (): Ht Bta c khi lng nh in t t trong ht
nhn bn ra, mang in (-) hay (+). Nng lng v tc ht bta rt ln
nn kh nng m xuyn ln hn ht anpha.

79
+ Bc x Gamma (): l bc x in t (photon) sinh ra trong qu trnh
bin i ht nhn hoc hu bin cc ht.
+ Bc x Rnghen hay tia X: l mt loi sng in t ging nh nh sng,
nhng bc sng di hn, thng thng trong khong t 0,006 n 2,5 x 10
-8
cm.
C hai loi bc x v X u l bc sng in t, khng c khi lng,
khng c in tch, kh nng m xuyn ln v c kh nng ion ho. S khc
nhau gia chng l tia X pht ra t vnh in t cn tia pht ra t ht nhn.
+ Bc x Neutron (trung t): l nhng ht khng mang in, n c
sinh ra trong cc phn ng ht nhn.
7.2. Cc ngh tip xc vi bc x ion ho
- S dng bc x ion ho trong cng nghip kim tra cht lng -
cu trc vt liu trong luyn kim, hn, c; cht ch th, hot ho; trong sinh
hc v sinh ho; trong y hc: my X quang chn on, iu tr v thm
d chc nng.
- Cc thit b s dng ng v phng x trong xc nh thnh phn
dc phm trong nng nghip...
- Thm d a cht, khai thc m, ch bin qung c cht phng x.
- Cc trung tm nghin cu, l phn ng ht nhn, nh my in
nguyn t.
- Cc trung tm chiu x
- Cc phng th nghim hay xng sn xut nguyn t phng x.
- Nhng n v vn chuyn cht phng x, ni cha cht thi phng x.
7.3. nh hng ca bc x ion ho ti c th
* S xm nhp ca bc x ion ho ti c th ngi
Cc bc x chiu t bn ngoi vo b mt c th th gi l tc dng chiu
ngoi. Ti ni sn xut, lm vic nh khai m c qung phng x, cc bc x
pht sinh t l phn ng ht nhn, phng th nghim c s dng ngun phng
x. Khi kim tra mi hn, kim tra vt c, o dy thit b p lc... Cc tia
tc ng trc tip ti ngi lao ng, nghin cu, gy tc dng chiu ngoi.
Cc cht phng x xm nhp vo c th (qua ng h hp, ng tiu
ho) gy tc dng chiu trong. Chiu x ngoi v chiu x trong u gy
nguy him cho c th. Nhng chiu x trong thng nguy him hn do thi
gian b chiu x lu hn, din chiu x rng hn v vic o thi cht phng
x ra khi c th thng khng n gin v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t.

80
Bnh nhim x ph thuc vo cc yu t nh:
- Tng liu chiu x v liu chiu x mt ln
- Din tch c th b chiu x v c quan t chc trong c th b chiu
x. V d: c quan sinh dc, c quan to mu, t bo thai nhi mn cm hn
khi b chiu x...
- Tch cha trong c th: khi mt mi, i, nhim c, nhim trng s
tng thm kh nng nhy cm vi bc x.
- Bn cht vt l ca loi bc x v c tnh l ho ca cht phng x.
* Nhng nh hng sm - bnh nhim x cp tnh
Nhim x cp tnh c th xy ra rt sm sau vi gi hoc vi ngy khi
c th ngi b nhim x mt liu 300 Rem mt ln, vi cc triu chng:
- Ri lon chc phn h thn kinh trung ng: nhc u, chng mt,
bun nn, hi hp, cu knh, kh ng, chn n, mt mi.
- Da b bng hoc ty ch tia phng x chiu qua.
- C quan to mu b tn thng nng n, bnh nhn b thiu mu
nng, gim kh nng chng bnh nhim trng.
- Gy, st cn dn n cht trong tnh trng suy nhc ton thn hay
bnh nhim trng nng.
Bnh nhim x cp tnh thng gp trong nhng v n ht nhn, s c
l phn ng ht nhn, mt hp ch bo v ngun phng x c hot ln.
* Nhng nh hng mun - bnh nhim x mn tnh
Nhim x mn tnh thng gy ra cc triu chng bnh mun, lu ti
hng nm hoc hng chc nm k t lc b chiu tia hoc nhim x. Bnh xy
ra khi c th b nhim mt liu 200 Rem mt ln hoc nhng liu nh tia, cht
phng x trong mt khong thi gian di. Triu chng sm nht trong bnh
nhim x mn tnh l hi chng suy nhc thn kinh, suy nhc c th, ri
lon chc phn c quan to mu, ri lon chuyn ho ng, lipid, protit,
mui khong v sau cng l thoi ho, suy sp chc phn cc c quan, h
thng. Bnh nhn c th b c nhn mt, ung th da, ung th xng...
7.4. Cc bin php an ton tip xc vi tia phng x
* Bo v chng chiu x ngoi
y l nhng cng vic khng phi tip xc trc tip vi cc cht
phng x, ch s dng thit b cha ngun phng x nh dng tia x iu
tr bnh ung th, dng tia kim tra cc vt nt, kn mi hn, tia X
quang kim tra bnh... Ch , khi dng ngun phng x c hot tnh trn

81
10 ng lng gam Radi phi c h thng thng gi, ht kh bt buc nn
c bung ring bit. V nguyn tc, khi tip xc vi cc ngun phng x
kn, m bo an ton cho vng tip xc cn thc hin tt cc yu cu sau:
- Bo qun cc cht phng x trong hp ch kn, bao che bt bng pht
tia Rnghen bng v ch.
- Bo m thi gian chiu v khong cch t ngun n c th
phng chng nguy hi cho c th.
- Bung s dng tia phng x, bung rghen cn c kch thc
rng, khng nhiu c.
- Tu theo tnh cht cng vic m nhn vin khi lm vic phi eo tp
d cao su ch, mang gng tay, ng cao su v eo knh.
* Bo v chng chiu x trong
bo v ngi lao ng khi b tc ng thng xuyn ca bi, hi,
kh phng x,... cn thc hin cc yu cu bt buc sau:
- Cc phng th nghim phng x phi b tr ring bit, c chu vi bo
v 50 300m.
- Cu trc trang thit b ca phng th nghim phng x cn gim bt
tnh hp th phng x, d c ra v ty sch.
- Nhn vin phng th nghim c trang b cc phng tin bo v c
nhn chuyn dng cn thit nh: gng tay cao su, tp d, giy tt, khu
trang, tm che mt.
- Khi lm th nghim, cc nhn vin phi mc y phng tin bo
v c nhn chuyn dng; thc hin cc thao tc chun xc vi thi gian ti
u; khng c n ung khi lm vic; thay qun o, tm ra v kim tra
nhim x trc khi ra v.
- C k hoch ty x hng ngy, hng tun cho ngi lao ng, qun
o, dng c, thit b, bn lm vic, tng, sn, trn, ca phng th nghim v
kim tra kt qu bng my m.
- i vi cng tc khai thc, ch bin, vn chuyn qung phng x,
cn phi tun th cc yu cu AT-VSL nghim ngt. c bit l cng tc
thng gi, cng tc chng bi, cng nh cc nguyn tc v sinh, s dng
PTBVCN... phng chng c hiu qu nguy c chiu x bi qung do
phng x xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp v tiu ho.
- bo v c sc kho ngi lao ng tip xc vi phng x cn
tun th nghim ngt cng tc khm tuyn v khm sc kho nh k loi
nhng ngi khng sc kho v nhng ngi mc cc bnh chng ch
nh lm vic vi bc x ion ho.

82

Chng III
an ton - v sinh lao ng
trong ch to phi
A. c im ca gia cng nng
I. c im
- L phng php gia cng lm thay i hnh dng, kch thc, tnh
cht ca kim loi nhng khng thay i khi lng ca kim loi (gia cng
khng phoi).
- Khi gia cng cn nung nng kim loi n nhit nht nh (khi rn
nung n nhit 700
o
C 800
o
C khi c cn nung kim loi n nhit
nng chy: gang 1200 1350
o
C, thp 1500 1600
o
C).
- Mi trng gia cng c nhiu yu t nguy him, c hi cho ngi lao
ng nhit nh: cao, n, rung, bi, cc tia bc x, phng x, d chy n,
ngi lao ng d mc bnh ngh nghip nh: bnh bi phi do silc, vim
ph qun mn tnh, hen, ic, rung chuyn ngh nghip,...
II. Cc yu t nguy him, c hi xut hin khi gia cng
nng
- Nung nng kim loi gia cng, t
o
nung
= 500
o
C sinh ra tia hng ngoi,
t
o
nung
= 1800 - 2000
o
C (c thp) sinh ra tia t ngoi, t
o
nung
= 3000
o
C (khi hn
h quang) sinh ra nhiu tia t ngoi lm cho cng bc x trong xng
c, rn, cn cao gp 510 ln cng cho php.
- Lun c vi kh hu nng trong mi trng gia cng (lng m hi ra
nhiu lm mt mui v cc sinh t C, B, PP cho ngi lao ng).
- Vng bn phi nng hoc kim loi lng nhit cao nu rt vo
khun m d sinh chy, n.
- Vng nguy him trong my rn, cn, dp l vng gia cng d gy tai
nn lao ng.

83
- n, rung trong cc phn xng gia cng nng cao:
+ V d: Xng rn 98dB
Xng g 113 114dB
Xng c 112dB
Xng tn 117dB
- Khi ho nhit luyn cc kh c CO, CN c nng ln trong mi
trng lm vic ca cng nhn.
- Khi ti cao tn ngi lao ng lm vic trong mi trng c tn s
cao...
- Tia phng x P
210
ion ho khng kh, trung ho cc in tch tnh
in xut hin trong cc phn xng gia cng nng, nhim bi chng
chy n.
B. cc bin php an ton ch yu trong gia cng
nng
I. An ton trong sn xut c
1. An ton chung khi c
- Khi c d xy ra chy n, do tt c dng c s dng trong c
(gu, khun, phi liu...) phi kh ro. Nu thit b dng c b m, gp kim
loi lng nhit cao n 1600
o
C, nc b bc hi t ngt tng th tch
gy ra n bn kim loi lng ra ngoi.
- Ni tho x cng phi kh ro.
- Khun kh khng nhng cho vt c c cht lng m cn phng
chy n.
- Khi v l chy xm, hay b nung phi ngng l - l ngui t
nhin hoc dng kh nn lm ngui, cm dng nc lm ngui. Ch tin
hnh sa cha khi nhit thp hn 40
o
C.
- Trong lc l ang nu, nu qut gi b ngng, phi m ngay cc tm
chn ca ng gi,
- Dng l in cm ng nu thp ch c cp thm liu, khuy kim
loi khi ngt in; nc lm ngui l khi thi ra khng qu 50
o
C.

84
- L kiu quay phi cch xa b phn lm khun, sy khun, d vt
c. C cu quay phi vng chc, d iu khin, phi c b phn quay tay
d phng.
- Pha trn l nu phi c chp ht bi, kh nng ra ngoi khu vc sn
xut.
- M y l ng nu kim loi phi c gii ho - tip liu cho l ng
phi c thang kim loi, c lan can chc chn cao 0,8m.
- Ca phi liu vo l ng phi cao hn sn thao tc 0,5 0,7m.
Nu liu bng tay phi c mng nghing v pha l.
- My p gang phi che chn cn thn, chiu cao che chn t nht
bng 3/4 nng ln nht ca ba.
- Phi liu phi c sp xp sao cho khng b sp khi bc d,
khng chng cao qu 1,5m.
- Lng kim loi lng rt vo gu, thng khng qu 8/10 th tch ca
chng - sao cho trng tm ca gu c cha kim loi lng theo phng thng
ng thp hn trc quay 50 100mm.
- Khing kim loi bng tay khi khi lng c gu v kim loi khng
qu 50kg, nu vt qu phi dng palng, cu trc...
- Li i khi vn chuyn kim loi lng bng tay phi bng phng, rng
khng nh hn 2m; li i gia 2 dy khun khng nh hn 1m.
- Khi x cn nng, cm vn chuyn v ra bi thi.
- Ca np liu my trn vt liu lm khun ct phi c np y an
ton.
- Cm dng tay gi gu khi rt kim loi t l ra.
- Cm dng kh nn lm sch vt c, khi cn lm sch th phi lm
sch trong bung kn, cng nhn ng ngoi bung quan st.
- Lm sch vt c bng phun bi, phun ht cng nhn phi ng
ngoi bung theo di qu trnh lm sch qua ca kim tra.

85

Hnh 3.1. Ni rt gang

2. An ton khi c c bit
- c trong khun kim loi, trc khi rt kim loi lng vo khun phi
sy kh, t nng.
- Khun c lm ngui bng nc phi m bo nc khng r r
ra ngoi.
- c ly tm cn lm trong hm kn, ngi khng c vo, rt kim
loi lng vo khun qua mng rt.
- Gia cc my c p lc phi c tm chn bng thp c chiu cao
2m v chiu di khng nh hn chiu di my.
II. An ton khi lm vic trn cc my rn, dp
1. Cc yu t nguy him, c hi khi rn, dp
1.1. Cc yu t nguy him do nguyn l lm vic ca my
- Vi my rn, dp chuyn ng ln, xung ca u ba, khun trn
vi lc ln, tc cao, khong khng gian gia ba v e gia khun trn v
khun di l vng nguy him, li cn c cc thao tc gia cng: a phi
vo, ly sn phm ra, vi rn li l vng chn, vut, cht kim loi...
Ni rt khing tay
n ngang
Gy chng
Tay gt
Go rt
Bnh xe
Np

86
- Vi my cn: khi 2 trc cn quay ngc chiu nhau (kim loi cn i
vo khe h gia 2 trc cn) y l vng nguy him, nhng khng d che
chn v nu che chn th khng gia cng c.
1.2. Do vng bn phi
- Do phi khng c kp cht khi gia cng, do phi nm khng ng
v tr trong khun nn d vng bn ra vi lc ln.
- Do chi tit gia cng vng ra lm khun trn trc tip p, ln khun
di (ci).
- Do cc b phn chuyn ng ca my khng c bo dng sa
cha kp thi gy ra vng bn, gy chn thng.
1.3. Khi gia cng cn nung nng: Khi nung nng kim loi n nhit
cao, ni lm vic thng xuyn nng, bi, khi.
1.4. Ting n, rung ng: do my gia cng gy ra thng vt qu
tiu chun cho php.
1.5. Nguy him v in: nu c in r ra v thit b, v my khng
c ni trung tnh, ni t theo tiu chun.
2. Cc bin php an ton
2.1. Thit b
+ Cc my rn, dp, phi c b tr nh mt tng.
+ Mng ca ba my cn lm chc chn, nhng ba my ln cn t
trn b gim chn, cm t ba my trc tip trn nn t.
+ e ca ba my t c nh, t trn g chc chn, th dc,
phi c ai xit cht, chn su xung t ti thiu 0,5m, cm t e trn nn
t, cc e phi cch nhau ti thiu 2,5m.
+ Mt e phi nhn, nghing khng qu 2%, khong cch ti thiu t
l nung n e l 1,5m, gia l v e khng c b tr ng vn chuyn.
Ca l phi chc chn v ng kn bng i trng. Khi nung kim loi, nhit
khu vc lm vic khng qu 40
o
C. ng khi l nung cn t cao hn cc
cng trnh xung quanh, phi c thit b chng st, c chp che ma.
+ My rn dp phi c trang b cc thit b an ton loi tr kh
nng cng nhn a tay vo vng nguy him nh:

87
- Che chn di ng cng vi khun trn (chy)
- C cu gt tay cng nhn khi vng nguy him khi chy i xung.

Hnh 3.2. Che chn di ng, tay gt kiu con lc

Hnh 3.3. Nt iu khin bng 2 tay
C
(1)
(2)
1
1

88

Hnh 3.4. Thit b kp v gt tay cng nhn
khi vng nguy him

- Dng thit b in iu khin c 2 tip im thng h cng nhn
phi dng 2 tay iu khin.
- Dng hi, kh p thi sn phm ra khi khun (hn ch v khi lng
v sn phm phi c dng tm).
- C gii ho khu a phi t ng vo my dp.
- Dng t bo quang in nu tay cng nhn cn trong vng nguy
him th my khng lm vic.
+ V my phi c ni t, ni trung tnh m bo an ton khi c
in r ra v my.
+ Cc my p thu lc, my chuyn ng bng trc khuu, bnh lch
tm cn c bo v qu ti bng li hp ma st hoc cht ct an ton.
+ Ba t, ba tay phi c ch to bng thp dng c, u ba phi
li khng c vt rn nt u ba hoc l tra cn. Cn ba t, cn ba
bng g kh do, khng c mt g, khng c vt nt, khng c th ngang.
Cn ba phi thng nhn c chiu di 0,3 0,45m vi ba tay, v t 0,6
0,8m vi ba t. Ba phi c tra cn chc chn loi tr kh nng ba vng
khi cn khi s dng.

89
+ My rn, dp phi c l lch my, c quy trnh kim tra bo
dng, sa cha thay th cc chi tit ca my. C nht k vn hnh my, v
ni quy an ton khi vn hnh c nim yt ti v tr lm vic.
2.2. An ton khi s dng my rn, dp
+ Khi thao tc ba my khng c ba nh trc tip ln mt e,
nu ba nh lin 2 ln ca 1 ln p bn p iu khin phi ngng lm
vic sa cha.
+ Sau khi iu khin, phi nhc chn khi bn p (bn p cn che
trnh vt nng ri vo, my t khi ng rt nguy him).
+ Vi my t dp phi kim tra cc c cu an ton xem c hot ng
bnh thng khng. Khng dng mt tay iu khin cc c cu quy nh
iu khin phi bng hai tay.
+ Ch nhng ngi c hun luyn, c giao nhim v mi c
sa cha, iu chnh, tho lp khun dp. Trc khi giao my cho cng nhn
vn hnh, ngi c trch nhim hiu chnh my phi kim tra ton b hot
ng ca my. Khi c s c ngi vn hnh phi dng my, bo ngay cho
ngi qun l my sa cha kp thi, khng t sa cha, khng s dng
my khi thiu thit b an ton.
+ Khi lp t, iu chnh khun phi ngt in v treo bin bo
"ang thay khun, cm ng in". C bin php kho cht u ba v tr
trn cng.
+ T th lm vic phi thoi mi, khng t ng k thm gh ngi nu
quy nh vn hnh khng cho php.
+ My vn hnh cn 2 ngi, phi c ngi ch huy v hiu lnh phi
thng nht.
+ S dng y trang b phng h c nhn (qun o BHL, m,
gng, giy, ym, nt chng n...).
+ Khi lm vic cn tp trung t tng m bo c nng sut cao,
cht lng sn phm tt v an ton. Cm a nghch, ni chuyn ring, a
tay vo vng nguy him.
+ B tr sn xut cn c gi gii lao xen k, trnh cng thng va gim
nng sut va tim n nguy c tai nn lao ng.

90

Hnh 3.5. Lp c cu bo v trn my dp

II. An ton trong nhit luyn, ho nhit luyn
1. Cc yu t c hi nguy him khi nhit luyn, ho nhit luyn
+ Mi trng lm vic khi nhit luyn, ho nhit luyn c nhit cao
(l nung c t
o
= 540
o
C 930
o
C).
+ C hi ho cht c hi nh: cc mui KNO
3
, NaNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
,
xianuya, bi than...
+ Nguy c in git khi in r ra v thit b nung...
- Khu vc nhit luyn, ho nhit luyn cn b tr cui hng gi, cch
xa cc khu vc khc ti thiu 50m.
- Xng nhit luyn khng c t nh tng, khong cch gia cc
thit b phi ln:
+ L y, l bng ti cch nhau ti thiu 3m.

91
+ L vn nng trung bnh cch nhau ti thiu 1 1,5m.
+ L cao tn trung bnh cch nhau ti thiu 1,5m.
+ Thng ti (du, nc) cch l ti thiu 1m.
- Phi b tr h thng thng gi thu gom kh, bi c qua b lc
m bo an ton.
- L xianuya, khu bo qun xianuya phi b tr ring, thng gi tt v
c tng ngn cch n trn nh. Ca ra vo phi ng kn khng cho hi
kh c to ra khu vc xung quanh.
- Khi cn sa cha thit b hng phi ht ht kh c trong l, trong
ng ng ri mi c sa cha.
- Cc dng c dng trong khi thm xianuya trong thng kim loi
kn c np y, sau mi ca lm vic, phi ra sch bng nc nng. Khi
ngng khng dng b mui xianuya (CN), thit b thng gi vn phi hot
ng n khi b mui ngui hon ton.
- Khi thm C, nguy him nht l chy n do bi than. Cc ng c
in ca thit b thng gi phi l loi phng chng n. Phi loi tr cc
nguyn nhn pht ra ngn la trn khi thm C.
- gim s c do bi than gy ra ca s ca gian thm C phi c
din tch t nht bng 1/8 din tch sn nh.
- Khi nhit luyn trong b mui KNO
3
, NaNO
3
cn khng ch nhit d
KNO
3
, NaNO
3
khng qu 550
o
C (v nu qu 550
o
C KNO
3
, NaNO
3
d chy).
- Cm ti trong b mui KNO
3
, NaNO
3
cc chi tit my c hm lng
Mg vt qu 10%, cc sn phm c dnh du, m, xng v cc cht c nhit
bc chy di 550
o
C. Khi mui trong b Nit rt chy, phi dng ct dp
la, cm dng bnh cha chy cc loi.
- B nc, b du ti phi c ro, lan can ngn ming b, b du
phi c np y kn kp thi y khi du bc chy, cc loi du dng khi
ti phi c nhit t bc chy cao hn 170
o
C, nhit cao nht ca du
khi ti khng c cao qu 85
o
C.
- Xt, axt dng trong nhit luyn phi phng bng khi dng axt
long ty du m, khi pha ch axt phi c dng c chuyn dng. Phi rt
axt vo nc trnh axt bn ra gy bng axt.

92
IV. An ton trong m, sn
1. An ton trong m
1.1. Cc yu t c hi nguy him khi m
- Ti phn xng m c 2 ngun in: in 1 chiu 3 12V m,
in xoay chiu 220/380V dng cho cng vic khc. Cng nhn c khi
"nhm" ngun in d b tai nn in.
- Ni m m cao do nhiu hi nc, hi cc ion... do , cch in
ca thit b in gim i.
- Tnh in do cc c cu ma st c th gy chy n, trong khi khng
gian m c nhiu bi d chy.
1.2. Cc bin php an ton khi m
- phng in git: Cch in c th vi cc vt dn in bng vt
liu cch in nh tay nm, tay vn bng g, nha, dng giy ng cch in,
lt nn bng cao su, g.
- Dng bng bo an ton cng nhn khng th nhm ln 2 loi in
1 chiu v xoay chiu.
- Ni d c r in cn c ng h ch th, n bo hiu.
- Hn ch nng cc ho cht c hi ti ni m, nu nng vt
qu mc cho php th cn thng gi, m ca s, kh c...
Nng d cho php ca mt s ho cht
Ho cht Nng ti a cho php (mg/l)
CrO
3
, cc mui Crm 0,0001
HCl 0,01
CO 0,02
SO
2
0,02
- Chiu cao ca b m tnh t sn thao tc n ming b khng nh
hn 1m. Nhng b m c chiu cao thp hn phi c ro chn lan can xung
quanh l 1m tnh t sn thao tc, khong cch gia cc thanh ngang khng
ln hn 0,1m.
- Mc dung dch trong b m Crm phi thp hn ming b t nht
0,15m.
- Cm nhng tay vo b m ly chi tit.

93
- Phi ngt in trc khi ly chi tit ra khi b m.
- Xng m c s dng axit phi c sn ct v dung dch X da 2%
x l axit ri vi ra nn nh v bn vo c th.
- Cc b m c s dng kim xy ho phi c cch nhit tt, dung
dch cha trong b phi thp hn ming thnh b t nht l 0,3m.
- Thanh dn in, mc treo gi phi c lm sch.
1.3. Cc bnh thng gp khi m
- Ng c: Khi tip xc vi Pb, Hg, Zn, Mn, hi H
2
S, NH
3
, HCl,
xng... c th b ng c.
- Bnh nga ngoi da: Khi tip xc vi keo hu c cch in ch
khng m.
- Vim da mn tnh, vim ng h hp... do tip xc vi ho cht c
tnh kch thch nh H
2
SO
4
, HCl, CrO
3
, HNO
3
...
- Bnh phi nhim bi: Xy ra i vi cng nhn lm vic phun ct
ty ra b mt kim loi, nh bng b mt m, mi r...
2. An ton trong sn
2.1. Cc yu t nguy him, c hi xut hin khi sn
+ n, rung, siu m pht sinh trong qu trnh chun b b mt sn.
+ Bi kim loi, bi sn, xut hin khi lm sch b mt trc khi sn.
+ Nhit ca sn, ca dung mi khi ra v kh du m lm tng
nhit mi trng sn.
+ Ion ho khng kh khi sn in, cng in trng, in tch tnh
in pht sinh khi sn trong in trng tnh in, khi chuyn sn theo
ng ng, khi khuy, rt v phun sn.
+ Cc tia bc x t ngoi, hng ngoi, , , pht sinh khi sn.
+ Cc yu t c hi pht sinh trong hi sn.
+ Cc tia sn x ra do thit b sn bng p lc b h.
2.2. Cc bin php an ton khi sn
+ Phn xng sn cn b tr cch ly vi cc phn xng khc v phi
c t nht 2 li ra ngoi.
+ phng chy n: mi trng sn rt d b chy n v vy phi
trnh mi kch thch sinh ra tia la.

94
+ Cc thit b in dng trong cng vic sn phi m bo an ton,
khng c pht ra cc tia la khi vn hnh.
+ Gia cc thit b phi c li qua li khng nh hn 0,7m.
+ Phi thng gi tht tt cc gian sn. c bit, khi sn cc gian kn
nh khoang tu thu, thng kn... phi c thng gi cc b.
+ Khi sn c tin hnh ti ch lp rp (khng b tr sn ring c)
phi ngng cc cng vic khc xung quanh.
+ Xung quanh ni sn khng c bnh nc ung.
+ Cng nhn phi mang y trang b bo h lao ng nh mt n
phng c, knh s O, gng tay, qun o bo h lao ng...
+ Cng nhn thng xuyn ht th bi sn v dung mi bc hi d
b vim nhim ng h hp. Cn kim tra thng xuyn nng kh c
trong bung sn. Cng nhn sn phi c hc tp v an ton sn, phi c
khm sc kho nh k.
+ Khng c dng benzen lm dung mi pha sn. Trng hp c
bit, do yu cu cng ngh, nht thit phi dng dung mi l benzen, th lng
benzen cha trong dung mi khng c qu 10% phn cht lng ca sn.
+ Cm dng cc nguyn liu sn, dung mi v cht pha ch sn m
trong thnh phn ca chng c cha hydro ccbon v metanol.
+ Khng cho php x sn lt v sn cc b mt trong ca cc sn phm
lm bng nguyn liu c cha cc gc nha epxit hoc nguyn liu c cha
cc hp cht ch v cc dung mi thm khi khng c thng gi hp l v
khng c dng c cch ly bo v.
+ Nhng b cha sn bng phng php nhng c th tch n 0,5m
3

phi c trang b thit b ht mp b v c np ng kn khi ngng
cng vic.
+ Nhng b cha sn c th tch ln hn 0,5m
3
phi c lp t trong
bung kn c trang b thng gi. Phi lp t mt b cha ngm nm ngoi
nh xng x sn t b cng tc ra khi c s c, ng knh v
nghing ca ng x sn t b sn cng tc n b cha, phi m bo ton
b sn chy ra ht t 35 pht. ng x phi c van kho, t ng m khi
nhit trong bung sn n mc cho php.
+ Cc b sn phi t cao hn nn nh khng t hn 0,8m nu b sn
t thp hn th phi c ro chn xung quanh n 0,8m tnh t sn.

95
+ Cng vic sn phi tin hnh bung ring c thng gi. Cho php
sn cc ch khc, nhng phi m bo:
- Cc cng vic v thit b pht sinh tia la in gn ch sn phi
ngng lm vic.
- Thng gi ch sn v sn phm sn xong.
- Trang b y thit b cha chy.

Hnh 3.6. Cc loi khu trang v mt n phng c
Phn mt
Qut
Ca ly
khng kh
ng
Mt n cch ly
dng oxy
Mt n dng qut
thi khng kh sch
Bn mt n
1 hp lc
Bn mt n
2 hp lc
Khu
trang

96
V. An ton khi hn v ct kim loi
1. An ton lao ng trong hn hi
1.1. Cc yu t nguy him c hi trong hn hi
* N vt l
Cc thit b dng trong hn hi (chai O
2
, C
2
H
2
, gas...) u l thit b p
lc, c nhiu nguy c n do bnh, chai khng chu c p lc bn trong.
Nguy c n vt l l do:
- Gn ngun nhit, tip xc vi nh sng mt tri.
- Do va p, rung ng qu mnh vo thn bnh.
- Chai, bnh c ch to khng bo m cc yu cu k thut, hoc
thit b qu c.
- Thit b an ton b hng hc, hoc hot ng khng n nh.
- Bi t lm tc van an ton, p k.
- Ht CaC
2
qu nh lm tng nhanh kh chy khi iu ch C
2
H
2
.
* N ho hc
- Hn hp hi, kh chy vi khng kh ch n c trong mt khong
nng nht nh. Khong nng gi l gii hn n. Cc cht c gii
hn n cng rng cng nguy him v n.
- Mt s gii hn n tnh theo % v th tch vi khng kh:
Axetylen c gii hn n 2,5 80
Axeton c gii hn n 1,6 11
Butan c gii hn n 1,86 8,4
Propan c gii hn n 1,27 6,75
Xng c gii hn n 0,7 8
Vy Axetylen l cht d chy n nht v gii hn n t 2,5% 80%.
Nguyn nhn gy chy n kh Axetylen (C
2
H
2
):
+ Thit b sinh kh C
2
H
2
ch to khng m bo yu cu k thut
khng khng ch c tc to kh, khng m bo ch lm ngui kh.
+ Do la tt li bnh C
2
H
2
t m hn v thit b dp la hot ng
khng tt.
+ Do vn hnh bnh sinh kh C
2
H
2
khng ng phng php cn li
hn hp C
2
H
2
khng kh trong bnh.

97
+ Do thit b khng kn (bnh, chai, van, ng ng...) r kh gy
hn hp n.
+ Bo qun CaC
2
(t n) khng ng d gy n.
* Nguy c chy
- Do hn, ct kim loi pht sinh nhit ln. C nhiu tn la nu mi
trng lm vic c cc cht d chy, hoc cc kh chy d pht sinh chy.
- Do chai O
2
b r r, tip xc vi du, m, bi than...
* Cc tia bc x
- Do hn to ra cc tia hng ngoi, t ngoi tc hi n da, mt ngi
lao ng.
* Do mi trng lm vic
- Hn trong thng kn m trc thng ng kh chy, kh c v
khng c ra, hong kh ng tiu chun k thut an ton.
1.2. Cc thit b ch yu dng trong hn hi
1.2.1. Chai xy (O
2
)
- Chai O
2
c p sut n 150kG/cm
2
( 20
o
C) c nguy c n khi b
nng, ng, va p... chai b n mn, r qu mc lm thnh chai mng i, nu
b n rt nguy him.
- O
2
cha trong chai c tinh khit cao (99,5%) c kh nng duy tr
s chy mnh lit. Cc cht nh than, du, m, khong vt c th t bc
chy khi gp O
2
b nn.
- Chai O
2
sn mu xanh da tri, c ghi ch O
2
mu en.
- p sut ti a cho php (kG/cm
2
) ca cc bnh cha kh ph thuc
vo nhit (Bng 3.1).
Bng 3.1. p sut bnh cha O
2
, C
2
H
2
ph thuc vo nhit
Nhit (
o
C) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
p sut chai
cha O
2
(at)
140 5 142 5 145 5 147 5 150 5 153 5 155 5 157 5 160 5
p sut chai
cha C
2
H
2
(at)
14 15 16,5 18 19 21,5 23,5 26 30

98
Phn u chia O
2
c ng ch chm cc ni dung:
+ K hiu chai
+ S hiu chai
+ Khi lng chai khng (v bnh) (kg)
+ p sut lm vic (at)
+ p sut th thu lc (at)
+ Dung tch chai (lt)
+ Thng, nm ch to, thi hn khm nghim, ln tip theo.
+ Du hiu kim nghim ca n v kim tra.
* Loi b chai O
2
khi
- Chai b phng ln m ta c th quan st c.

Hnh 3.7. Bnh cha kh Oxy

- Chai b lm nu c chiu su ln hn 25% chiu rng ca vt lm,
hoc b lm xung ln hn 5% ng knh ngoi chai.
- Chai b nt, rn, r r mi hn.
- Chai b chy
- Chai b chn cc vt thm vo c chai, chai.
- Chai b n mn b mt vt qu 15% b dy nguyn sinh ca chai.
Kha u bnh
Np bo v
Vi ly kh
Mu k hiu
Vng chn

99
* Quy nh v thao tc khi s dng chai O
2

- Cm s dng chc phn nhnh ni t chai O
2
ra cc m hn, m ct.
- Cm dng tay, dng c c dnh du, m.
- Cm mang, vc, ln chai O
2
.
- Cm tho np chai bng c, ba kim loi en c th pht sinh tia la.
- Cm dng cc chai b nt, hng (mp, st m, b n mn...).
- Vic nng chai O
2
ln cao c cha trong cc thng c bit. Cm
vc chai O
2
ln thang.
- Trnh tia nng trc tip vo chai O
2
.
- Khng bo qun, vn chuyn chai O
2
cng vi cc loi chai dnh cc
loi kh khc.
- Khng t sang chit O
2
, vic chit np O
2
phi c tin hnh cc
trm np, c c quan chc nng cho php.
1.2.2. Chai C
2
H
2

Kh chy lm nhin liu c la chn da trn hai tnh cht: tc
bt chy v cng sut ngn la. Axtylen c s dng rng ri v tc bt
chy cao v cng sut ngn la cao nht. Cc kh chy khc nh: propan,
butan, gas... c tc bc chy v cng sut ngn la thp hn c th s
dng hn ct, c tnh an ton cao, nguy c chy n thp hn nhng nhit
tr v nng sut lao ng thp hn.
- Axetylen c cng thc phn t l C
2
H
2,
l cht kh khng mu, C
2
H
2

trong cng nghip c mi hi v cha tp cht nh NH
3
, PH
3
, H
2
S... v nh
hn khng kh.
- Trong cng nghip, C
2
H
2
c iu ch t canxiccbua k thut (thng
gi l t n CaC
2
) theo phn ng: CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O = C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
+ Q. Ngy
nay, ngi ta dng cc bnh cha kh C
2
H
2
c lc sch cc tp cht c hi
v nn vo bnh thp chuyn dng c cha bt xp c tnh hp th cao, v dung
mi Axton. Khi np vo chai, kh Axtylen ho tan trong Axton lm h thp
kh nng phn hu n ca C
2
H
2
, m bo an ton trong s dng, cn cht bt
xp ngn nga s phn hu ca C
2
H
2
p sut > 0,15 MPa, chai C
2
H
2
sn mu
trng, ch ghi C
2
H
2
sn mu .

100

Hnh 3.8. Bnh cha axtylen

+ Van gim p
Lm gim p sut cao t bnh (hoc t ng dn) xung p sut lm
vic v duy tr p sut trong khi lm vic m bo an ton.

Hnh 3.9. S van gim p
Bng 3.3. Bnh thp cha acethylene ha tan
Np bo v
Kha u bnh
L ht kh ra
Vng mu
Mu k hiu
Cht n
xp cao
Chn
L xo iu chnh
Np y l xo
L thot gim p
Mng mng
Cht p sut
Ch ni
dy dn
Van
chn
c iu chnh
Thn
Lc kh
Ch ni
vo
Van x
L xo ng
Nt ng
ng h p
sut trc
ng h p
sut sau

101
+ C cu an ton
C cu an ton phi ngn chn:
- S dch chuyn ngc oxy vo ng dn kh chy hay vo bnh
cha kh chy.
- S chy ngc vo trong ng dn ng kh chy hay bnh cha kh chy.
+ V tr lp c cu an ton
C cu an ton thng lp v tr ht ra trn h thng ng dn kh hay
bnh cha kh (hnh 3.10)

a. Lp v tr ht kh

b. Lp tay nm m hn

c. Lp v tr ng dn kh mm
Hnh 3.10. V tr lp c cu an ton
ng dn kh chy
Van chy
B phn chng chy ngc
(iu khin bng p sut hoc nhit )
Dn n m hn hoc ct
Chng chy ngc cho bnh kh
Chng chy ngc cho bnh kh
n thit b hn hoc ct

102
- Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu an ton chng dng lu ng ngc
(hnh 3.11).

Hnh 3.11. C cu an ton chng dng lu ng ngc
+ ng dn kh O
2
v dn ng kh chy
ng dn kh O
2
v dn ng kh chy c ch to bng cao su nhiu
lp c tnh n hi v chng r r cao, c phn bit theo mu sc: ng dn
O
2
thng c mu xanh, ng dn C
2
H
2
thng c mu .
+ M hn hi
Cc m hn hi thng c cu to theo kiu ht kh gm 2 ng dn xy
v kh nhin liu, 2 kh ny c a vo bung ho trn, pha ngoi c 2 iu
chnh lng kh xy v kh nhin liu. Hn hp kh sau khi ho trn theo yu
cu, c cung cp qua ng trn v theo ng dn ra ngoi u m hn.

Hnh 3.12. Cu to m hn kiu ht

103
1.3. An ton lao ng trong hn hi
1.3.1. Trc khi lm vic
1. Nhng ngi c cc iu kin sau c lm cng vic hn hi,
ct:
- Trong tui lao ng theo qui nh ca php lut.
- qua kim tra sc kho bi c quan y t.
- c o to chuyn mn v c chng ch km theo, c hun
luyn v cng tc ATVSL v c cp th an ton lao ng.
2. Ngi th hn, ct phi s dng ng v y cc phng tin bo
v c nhn gm: qun o vi bt, m vi, ght vi bt, giy da ln cao c,
m mm hoc cng, khu trang, dy ai an ton (khi lm vic trn cao ch
chnh vnh).
3. Sp xp ni lm vic gn gng, kim tra tnh trng nc, ct, bnh
cu ho v khu vc hn.
4. Chun b nc lm ngui m hn.
5. Kim tra tnh trng hon ho ca:
- Cc ch ni ng cao su vi m hn v b gim p (dng nc x
phng, khng dng la h).
- M hn, b gim p v cc ng cao su dn kh (cm s dng ng cao
su h hng hoc dng bng dnh dn ch b thng trn ng).
- S lu thng ca ming phun m hn.
- S lu thng ca ng dn xy v ng dn axtylen.
- Khng lp ng cao su dn kh axtylen vo chai xy hoc ngc li
(ng mu dn axtylen, ng mu en dn xy) hoc p k ca chai
axtylen vo chai xy hoc ngc li. Nu pht hin thy cc trng hp
ny, phi loi tr ngay.
6. Chai xy v chai axtylen phi t t th ng, dng xch hoc
vng kp gn vo tng gi chai khng .
Cm khng c cc chai cha kh trn trc ng vn chuyn ca
x nghip. O nhng ni chai, phi treo bin "trnh du m". Cc chai ny

104
phi t xa ng dy in, xa cc thit b khc t nht 1m v cch xa cc
ngun nhit nh l rn, l sy t nht l 5m.
7. Khng dng ba hoc cc dng c pht ra tia la g vo np chai
cha kh. Trng hp khng m c np, th phi gi tr chai v nh my
np kh. Khng t tm cch m.
Sau khi m np chai, phi kim tra xem c vt du m bm trn u
chai khng. Khng c du m bm dnh vo chai.
8. Trc khi lp b gim p vo chai phi:
- Kim tra li tnh hnh ren ca ng ct lp b gim p.
- M van chia ra 1/4 hoc 1/2 vng quay ca van xt thng cc bi
bm bm van. Khi xt thng, khng c ng i din vi ming thot
ca van m phi ng trnh v mt bn. Sau khi thng van th ch dng
tay vn kho van m khng dng cha kho na.
9. Khng s dng b gim p chn ren hoc trong tnh trng khng
hon ho. Nghim cm tin hnh hn khi chai xy khng c b gim p.
Vic lp b gim p vo chai phi do ngi th chnh tin hnh lm.
Cha kho vn tho phi lun lun trong ti ngi .
Khi lp xong b gim p vo chai, nu thy c kh x ra th phi dng
cha vn kho van chai li ri mi c thay m lt.
10. Khi m van chai axtylen phi dng loi cha kho vn chuyn
dng. Trong thi gian lm vic, cha kha ny phi thng xuyn treo
chai.
1.3.2. Trong khi lm vic
1. Khi t m hn, u tin phi m kho dn xy ra 1/4 hoc 1/2
vng, sau mi m kho dn axtylen. Sau khi m c hai kho cho xt
thng ra chc lt th mi c chm la m hn.
2. Khi chm la m hn, phi dng dim qut la chuyn dng, cm
chm bng cch d m hn vo mt chi tit kim loi no ang nng .
3. Khi tin hnh hn, ct khng c qung ng cao su dn kh vo c,
vo vai, kp vo chn, cun trn hoc b gp ng, xon ng; khng c
ng dnh du m; khng c ng chm ng dy in hay gn cc
ngun nhit.

105
4. Chiu di ca ng dn kh khng c di qu 20m. Trong iu
kin lm cng vic hn sa cha, lp rp cho php dng ng di n 40m,
nhng khi cn ni ng th ch ni phi dng ng m lng lt vo
trong v hai u phi dng kp c kh kp cht.
Chiu di ca van on ni phi t 3m tr ln v ch c ni hai mi
m thi. Cm s dng bt k kiu ni no khc. Cm gn vo ng mm cc
chc hai, chc ba, phn nhnh cp kh ng thi cho mt s m hn, m
ct khi hn th cng (hn bng tay).
5. Khi m hn, m ct ang chy, khng c mang chng ra khi
khu vc lm vic dnh ring cho th hn - ct khi tin hnh hn, ct trn cao,
cm mang m hn ang chy leo ln thang.
6. Khi nghi gii lao d ch trong chc lt, phi tt la m hn, m ct
v ng cng tc cung cp kh m hn, m ct phng hin tng
"nut la" xy ra khi ngi th b i ni khc.
Khi ngh lu (giao ca, n tra) ngoi vic tt la m hn, m hn ct
nh trn, cn phi kho van chai xy v chai axtylen ng thi cng tc
vn b phn gim p phi ni ra ht c nn ca l xo trong b gim p.
7. Khi thy m hn nng qu th phi tt la m hn, nhng u m
hn vo chu nc sch, ch ngui hn mi c lm vic li.
8. Cm:
- Tin hnh hn khi va t m hn ln m thy u m hn c hoa
hoc khi ngn la m hn tt li (nut la).
- Dng cc si dy thp thay cho dy ng ng c thng ming
phun u m hn b tt.
- Tin hnh sa cha m hn, m ct, van chai cha kh cng nh
nhng thit b khc khu ang hn.
9. Khi pht hin thy c kh x ra van chai hoc ng cao su th
phi bo cho qun c phn xng bit nh ch cc cng vic c ngn
la trn cc khu vc ln cn, ng thi mang chai b x ra khu vc
qui nh.
10. Khi m van chai, iu chnh p sut kh, cm khng c ht
thuc, qut dim.

106
11. Khi thy b gim p chai xy c hin tng b tc th phi dng
nc sch un nng h. Khng dng la sy nng.
12. Khi tin hnh hn, ct trong cc th tch kn, phi t m hn, m
ct t pha ngoi mang vo, khng c vo trong ri mi chm la.
13. Khi tin hnh hn, ct trong cc gian nh c sn bng g hoc vt
liu d chy th phi dng cc tm tn, aming che ph cn thn.
14. Khi tin hnh hn, ct trn cao ch chnh vnh (trn 1,5m) phi
s dng dy an ton.
15. Khi tin hnh hn, ct cc thng cha xng du v cc cht lng d
chy khc phi c gim c nh my cho php, ng thi phi dng dung
dch 5 10% xt n da sc ra. Sau dng nc nng sc ra li, ch
bay hi ht mi c thc hin. Trng hp hn, ct trong cc th tch kn
c ca, np th ca, np phi m ra pha ngoi.
16. Khng c php tin hnh hn, ct cc thng cha, thit b ng
ng... khi trong chng cn tn ti mt p sut hi kh hoc cht lng.
17. Khi tin hnh hn, ct bn trong cc th tch kn phi eo mt n
phng c v thc hin thng gi trao i khng kh. Nu nhit ni lm
vic t 40 50
0
C, th phi lm vic lun phin nhau mi ngi khng qu 20
pht trong . Sau mi phin, phi ra ngoi ngh ngi t nht 20 pht mi
tip tc vo lm vic.
18. Cc chai xy khi em ti nh my np phi cha li mt p sut
khng nh hn 0,5kG/cm
2
, cn cc chai axtylen ho tan cha li mt p
sut nh hn tr s trong bng sau:
Nhit Di 0
o
C T 0 15
o
C T 15 25
o
C T 25 35
o
C
p sut ti thiu phi cha li
trong chai, kG/cm
2

0,5 1,0 2,0 3,0
19. O khong cch ngn di 10m, cho php dch chuyn chai bng
cch vn t th ng bng tay, khng c mang gng tay. Khi vn
chuyn ni b trong phn xng c ly trn 10m, phi dng xe chuyn
dng v chai phi c xch li. Cm khing vc chai xy trn vai.
1.3.3. Sau khi lm vic
1. Khi tt m hn phi ng kho axtylen trc ri mi ng van
xy sau.

107
2. Sau khi tt m hn, phi kho van chai li, x ht kh trong ng
dn, ri ni ht c nn l xo ca b gim p. ng cao su v m hn cun
trn li cho gn gng v vo ch qui nh, cn b gim p th tho ra
ngn ko ring.
3. i vi my ct t ng v bn t ng th phi ngt ngun in,
cn ng cao su v m ct th khng tho ra m ch vic tch chng ra khi
ngun cung cp kh.
4. Phi tt h thng gi cc b (nu c)
5. Lm v sinh ni lm vic, sp xp li ch lm vic trt t gn gng.
Nhng chi tit mi hn xong cn nng hoc cn nng m th phi xp li
mt ch ri treo bng "Ch , vt ang nng".
6. Nu ca lm vic trc pht hin thy nhng hin tng khng an
ton hoc mt s chi tit no ca thit b sp hng cn thay th th phi
bo li cho ca sau bit (ghi vo s trc ca) ca sau khc phc kp thi.
2. An ton trong hn v ct bng in
2.1. Cc yu t nguy him, c hi trong cng vic hn, ct bng in
- in git do kim hn, dy in hn, my hn... b r in ra v my.
- Chy n khi hn trong hm kn, trong thng c cha cht d chy n,
chy lan ti ni hn c cht d chy.
- Bi v hi c
- Bc x nhit c hi
2.2. Cc bin php an ton
- Phi c hun luyn v k thut an ton hn in, c cp th an
ton lao ng, c khm sc kho t yu cu.
- c trang b y qun o bo h lao ng, knh hn lc mu
ng quy nh, tp d, giy, gng tay... Khi hn trong thng, khoang, b kn,
m t cn trang b thm gng tay v giy cch in. Ti v tr lm vic c
thm cch in.
- i vi thit b hn v ni lm vic:
+ My hn phi m bo tt: C v bao che kn, m bo cch in,
v my cn ni t, ni khng theo quy phm.

108
+ Km hn phi m bo k thut c tay cm bng vt liu cch in,
chu nhit, dy hn c v bc cch in, mi ni phi c bng keo kn cch
in. Khng c s dng km hn b hng, trc lp bo v cch in.
+ My hn t ti ni khng c ngi qua li, my hn ngoi tri
phi c mi che bng vt liu khng chy. Khu vc hn phi cch ly vi khu
vc khc, hoc c tm chn bng vt liu khng chy. Phi tun th cc yu
cu phng chng chy n.
+ Hn trn cao phi c sn thao tc bng vt liu khng chy, nu
khng c sn th hn phi eo dy an ton, c ti ng dng c v mu que
hn tha. Phi che chn pha di khng kim loi hn, que hn tha ri
xung di d gy chy, n.
+ u in cho my hn phi do th in thc hin qua cu dao,
ptomt, mi my hn phi c cp in t 1 cu dao ring, khng c ri
dy in trn mt t, dy in chm vo kt cu kim loi. Mi my hn
c ng dy in i v v ring bit.
- Khi hn bng ngun in xoay chiu trong iu kin lm vic c
bit nguy him (trong cc thng kim loi kn, trong cc bung c nguy him
cao) cn s dng thit b hn ch in p khng ti m bo an ton khi
cng nhn thay que hn.
Quy phm ngnh ca cng ty in lc 1979, iu 29 quy nh: "Khi
lm vic ti nhng ni nguy him nh thng kn, hm l... thit b hn in
phi c b phn lin ng t ng ng mch in lc chp cc hn vi vt
hn v t ng h in p xung 12V, hoc ngt in khi khng hn, my
hn chy khng ti". C th s dng thit b ct in 1 pha (220V) NILP -
OSC/TBD-01-220 hoc thit b ct in my hn 2 pha (380V) NILP -
OSC/TBD-01-380 ca Vin nghin cu KHKT- BHL nghin cu ch to
m bo an ton khi hn in.
- Cng vic hn phi tin hnh xa cc vt liu d bc chy (chai cha
kh chy, bnh iu ch C
2
H
2
) mt khong t nht l 10m. Trc khi hn
kim tra: km hn, tin cy cch in tay cm km, s thch hp ca mt
n, c knh bo v, tnh trng cch in, s tip xc ch ni cc dy in,
ni t v my.

109
* Cm th hn in lm cc cng vic sau:
- Cm km hn c in m khng c ngi gim st.
- Cm cho cc c nhn khng c lin quan n cng vic hn vo khu
vc hn (khong di 5m).
- Cm cho th ph gip vic vo lm m khng c mt n, c knh bo
v thch hp.
- Cm hn trong cc b, thng kn ang c p sut hoc cha cht d
chy n. Khi hn cc bnh cha cc cht d chy n, cn ra k bng nc
nng, thi kh tr, cc l phi h. Phi thng gi tin cy ch lm vic.
Th hn phi dng dy an ton do mt ngi gi 1 u ng bn ngoi
cp cu khi cn thit.
- Khi hn di lp thuc bo v cn phi ch : Thuc hn phi sch,
kh, phi eo gng tay khi tip xc vi thuc hn. Nu thuc cha Fluor, khi
hn kim loi mu cn thng gi.
- Chiu sng khi hn trong cc thng, khoang, b kn phi dng n di
ng in p 12V, hoc n nh hng chiu t ngoi vo.
- Khi chuyn my hn phi ct in, khi di chuyn v tr hn trn cao
cng phi ct in.
- Hn xong phi ct in my hn khi li in.

110
Chng IV
an ton - v sinh lao ng
trong gia cng ct gt
A. c im cc phng php gia cng ct gt
I. c im khi gia cng
- L phng php gia cng dng dao ct ht b mt phn kim loi
trn b mt nhm to ra sn phm c chnh xc cao, bng b mt cao
hn cc phng php gia cng nng. Phn kim loi ct b l phoi.
- Cc vng nguy him thng thy r trong cc c cu truyn ng.

Hnh 4.1. Vng nguy him ca cc my (ch bng mi tn m)
1. Truyn ng bng xch v a xch;
2. Truyn ng bng dy ai;
3. Truyn ng bng bnh kha thanh kha;
4. Trc cn;
5.Truyn ng bnh rng;
6. Vng cui ca bng ti;
7. Tin;
8. Khoan;
9. Mi;
10. Ca a;
11. Ca vng;
12. Phay;
13. Bo ngang;
14. Dp;
15. Ct;
16. Un

111
- Phn ln phng php gia cng ct gt dng my cng c c cu to
phc tp, lc ct gt ln, t ng ho mt phn hay ton b qu trnh gia cng.
- Yu cu cng nhn c tay ngh cao, s dng my thnh tho, cc
my t ng iu khin theo chng trnh, cng nhn cn c hiu bit v
my tnh.
- Cc tai nn lao ng xy ra phn ln l chn thng c hc, vi cc
my cn, un, dp nu xy ra tai nn thng rt nguy him.
II. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi gia cng
ct gt
- Vng bn vt liu gia cng, dao ct gt khi kp cht khng m bo.
- Phoi kim loi nng, sc, chuyn ng vi tc ln c th ca t
tay, chn... Bi kim loi khi mi gy ra cc bnh v h hp v mt.
- Phn li ra cc c cu quay ca my (mm cp, dao ct, tc) cun
tay o, tc, vt o vo vng nguy him.
- Nguy c chy n c th to ra, nu thiu bin php phng.
- Trt ng xy ra khi mt bng sn xut c du m, khng bng phng.
- My thiu c cu phng nga, c cu hn ch hnh trnh, c cu che
chn, thiu bin bo an ton,...
- My khng ph hp vi ngi s dng v kch thc, mu sc, my
cao vi tm kch thc ca ngi Vit Nam.
B. Cc bn php an ton ch yu trong gia cng
ct gt
I. Yu cu chung v an ton ca my ct gt kim loi
- Khi vn hnh my ct gt kim loi cm eo gng tay, ngi tc di
phi i m.
- Cc chi tit gia cng phi c kp cht, m bo loi tr c kh
nng vng bn chi tit gia cng trong sut qu trnh ct gt.
- Khi my ang hot ng cm:
+ Cm tho lp chi tit gia cng (tr my chuyn dng cho php lm
vic );

112
+ Cm lm v sinh, tra du m cho my;
+ Cm tho lp dy ai hoc cc b phn khc ca my;
+ Cm vn c, bu lng hoc cc lin kt khc ca my.
- Khi b mt in hoc ngng lm vic phi ct cu dao cung cp in
cho my.
- Cm dng tay hm cc b phn ca my v chi tit gia cng ang
quay.
- Cm o c, kim tra chi tit gia cng khi cc chi tit ny ang quay.
- Khi ct kim loi do c phoi dy phi dng dao c gc thot ph
hp hoc c cu b phoi.
- Khi ct kim loi c phoi vn my phi c b phn thu hi phoi, che
chn khng cho phoi bn ra ngoi. Nu phoi vn dng bi phi c ht bi
cc b.
- Cm dng tay ly phi khi khu vc nguy him khi my ang hot
ng.
II. An ton trong s dng cc dng c cm tay
1. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi s dng dng c cm tay
- Vng bn mnh kim loi khi c, khoan, vn c vt khng ng
phng php.
- Tai nn in khi c in r ra v my khoan tay.
- Ba tay khng m bo an ton dn n khi c, t, u ba vng ra...
- Bi kim loi khi mi dao, c...
- n kh t bng du, xng c th gy ho hon.
- C l, m lt... khng bit s dng ng cng c th trt, ng...
2. Cc bin php an ton ch yu
- Cng nhn c kh phi c cung cp cc dng c theo ng yu cu
k thut, m bo cht lng, loi b cc dng c mn, gy...
- Cn ba tay, ba t phi l g tt, th dc, kh do, khng c mt g,
nt. Cn ba tay di 350 450mm, cn ba t di 650 850mm. u ba
nhn, hi li, l tra cn khng c vt nt. Chm bng thp t ccbon, chiu

113
di khng qu 1/6 chiu di cn ba, chiu rng khng qu 1/4 l ba. Trc
cn ba phi vung gc vi ng trc u ba. Khi chm ba khng c
cn ba c vt nt.

Hnh 4.2. S dng km, ba, tuc n vt an ton
Khng nn lm th ny
Ba c u nha
Ba ng
Sai ng
u ba nm cht vo cn
ba c hai pha
B. Cy vn c khng kht
vi kha inh c s lm h
cy vn c v kha inh c

A. Cy vn c phi kht
vi u inh c nh vy

114

Hnh 4.3. S dng ba v ca ng phng php an ton

Cm ca ngang xin vi tm vn 45
o
X beng ny
Cm ca dc xin vi tm vn
mt gc 60
o

115

Hnh 4.4. S dng cc loi c-l, m lt an ton

116
+ c, chm, t phi c chiu di ti thiu 150mm u nh
phi ba phi phng, khng b nt, b nghing. Cc dng c c chui
phi c ai chng lng, chng nt cn. Cc mi khoan phi mi ng
gc , , ...
+ Bn ngui phi ph hp vi ngi s dng: chiu rng bn khi lm
vic mt pha khng c nh hn 750mm, khi lm vic 2 pha khng nh
hn 1300mm v gia c li ngn vi kch thc: chiu cao khng thp
hn 800mm, l mt li khng ln hn 3 x 3mm. Chiu cao bn 850
950mm. Khi bn ngui lm 1 pha phi trnh hng phoi c bn v pha
ch lm vic ca cng nhn khc.
- t lp trn bn ngui phi chc chn, hm t phi c kha cho 2
pha v phi c lt 2 tm ng thau kp cht vt gia cng (hnh 4.5),
khong cch gia 2 t trn 1 bn khng c nh hn 1000mm.

Hnh 4.5. t

- Cc loi c l dt, c l trn, c l hoa mai, m lt m bo khng
bin dng v s dng ng phng php.

117
- Cc dng c cm tay s dng hi nn, kho van phi nhy c hiu
qu ng m tt. ng dn hi nn phi m bo kn kht ph hp vi p sut
s dng.
- Cc n kh t bng du, xng trc khi s dng phi th nghim
cn thn. S dng xong phi tt n, ngui ri mi tr kho. Cm:
+ Rt xng, du vo n khi n cn ang nng hoc ang chy.
+ Mi n gn l rn.
+ Va chm, x y khi n ang chy.
* Cc yu cu an ton my in cm tay
- Ch cho php s dng my ng chc nng ch dn trong l lch my.
- Mi my phi c s kim k, phi c s theo di, kim tra nh k v
sa cha my.
- Cm vn hnh my, ni c nguy c n, hoc mi trng c cha
ho cht lm hng cch in ca my.
- Trc khi s dng my in cm tay cn:
+ Kim tra chc chn ca cc mi ghp, cc b phn ca my.
+ Kim tra bn ngoi cc b phn my (dy dn in, dy bo v,
phch cm, cch in ca v, tay cm, np che chi than...).
+ Kim tra cng tc.
+ Kim tra chy khng ti.
- Khng s dng my in cm tay khi:
+ Hng phch cm, dy in b h.
+ Hng np che chi than.
+ Cng tc lm vic khng dt khot.
+ C h quang quanh c gp.
+ C du, m chy b i tc .
+ C khi, c mi kht do cch in b chy...

118
III. An ton khi gia cng trn my tin
1. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi gia cng trn my tin
+ Vt gia cng kp khng cht c th vng ra.
+ Vt gia cng di, th ra pha sau my, khng c bao che, c th
qung qut vo ngi lao ng.
+ Cc g (tc, mm cp...) c phn li m khng bao che, c th va
p, cun tay o, tc ca cng nhn vo my.
+ Dao ct gt g qu di khng an ton.
+ Nu phoi ct l phoi dy di sc, nng nhit t 700
o
C 900
o
C
qun vo vt gia cng, gim cht lng b mt gia cng v c th gy t
tay, chn cho cng nhn.
+ Khi gia cng gang xm, phoi vn c nhit cao t 700
o
C 800
o
C,
nn khi bn vo ngi mc d nhit phoi vn gim xung cn 400
o
C
500
o
C song vn gy bng nu bn vo da, v gy nguy him cho mt nu
bn vo mt.
- Che chn vng nguy him bng c cu che chn di ng, trnh phoi
vng ra (hnh 4.7).

Hnh 4.6. Che chn my tin an ton
Knh bo him
ng
ng
T in Mm cp
dao

119

Hnh 4.7. Bao che cc phn li ca b phn quay trn my tin
a. Mm gt tc c ngn gt; b. Mm gt tc c vu gt

- Cc vt di cn nn thng v khng c th di ra sau b phn bao
che qu 0,5m.
- Gia cng vt di cn c gi trnh vt gia cng va gim
chnh xc, va km an ton.

Hnh 4.8. Gi c nh Hnh 4.9. Gi di ng

- Lc y ng bng tay khng qu 320N.
- La chn cc gc , , , ... mt cch hp l t b phoi. V d:
thp 15, 45, 40 x vi V = 100 - 300m/p th = 45
o
, = -10
o
, = 5
o
. C tc
ng b phoi.
- Khi g dao ln my tin cn m bo l 1,5H,

a) b)
Phi
Phi

120
Trong : H: Chiu cao dao tin (mm).
l: Chiu di cho php t dao n mi dao

Hnh 4.10. G dao an ton

- Nn dng cha kha mm cp an ton (hnh 4.11) v ng kp an ton
khi gia cng vt c ng knh nh trn my Rvnve (hnh 4.12)

Hnh 4.11. Cha kho mm cp
c b phn an ton khi g phi
Hnh 4.12. ng kp an ton
a)
b)
ng
Khng ng

121
- Khi bc tin my tin s qu ln, c cu chy dao qu ti, c cu an
ton trc vt ri tc ng, ngt chuyn ng t ng c ti. Khi ht qu ti
phi dng tay nhc ln, c cu li hot ng bnh thng.

Hnh 4.13. C cu an ton trc vt ri
a. Khi cha c s qu ti; b. Khi c s qu ti
1. Trc;
2. Vt v tn;
3. Vu ly hp;
4. L xo;
5. Tm chn;
6 Gi ;
7. Tay gt;
8. im ta;
9. Bnh vt

Hnh 4.14. Mi tm
a. Tm quay; b. Mi tm c nh
Cn moc s 5
Hp kim cng
b) a)
Mi tm quay s dng vi ti trng
hng knh 200kG.
1. Np che; 2. hng knh
3. chn; 4. Thn c chui cn
Mi tm hp kim cng
a) Lng mt lp hp kim
b) Hn u nhn bng hp kim cng

122
- Mm cp c khi lng ln, quay vi tc cao, li c kh nng
quay 2 chiu vy cn c cht hm phng lng.
- Khi tin, cc chi tit cn quay nhanh phi dng mi tm quay, nu
vt gia cng quay chm ( 120 vng/pht) th dng mi tm c nh.
- Vic thu dn phoi phi dng mc, bn chi, cm dng tay.
- Cm dng gia r cc cnh sc khi vt gia cng ang quay.
- Vi my tin vn nng, my tin Rvonve, my tin ng tt c
cc tc quay ca trc chnh thi gian t khi ngt truyn ng n lc trc
chnh dng li khng qu:
+ 5s i vi my tin c ng knh gia cng n 500mm
+ 10s i vi my tin c ng knh gia cng n 630mm
+ 10s i vi my tin ng c ng knh gia cng n 1000mm
i vi nhm my ln, khng quy nh thi gian t khi ngt truyn
ng n lc trc chnh my dng li.
Khi xc nh thi gian dng li t khi ngt truyn ng n lc trc
chnh dng li, trn trc chnh phi lp mm cp c ng knh ln nht, vi
tc quay ln nht v khng mang chi tit gia cng.
- Vi my tin ng, mm cp cn che chn bo v nhng khng tr
ngi cho thao tc. Nu mt lm vic ca mm cp t cao ln hn
700mm so vi mt sn, che chn bo v cn c chiu cao hn mt mm cp
l 50mm 100mm v cn c tm chn ph thm, c th tho lp c, vi
chiu cao 400 500mm.
Nu mt lm vic ca mm cp t cao n 700mm so vi mt
sn, che chn bo v cn c chiu cao khng thp hn 1100mm so vi mt
xng. Cc che chn bo v cn c kh nng di chuyn d dng thun tin
v c kp chc, tin cy trong thi gian my lm vic.
- Thn c cu kp chi tit gia cng cn c gi chc trn mt mm
cp my tin ng, nh vo lc ta cng, v nh lc ma st gia b mt i
tip to ra bi vt c u ch T.

123
- Nu di di nng ng nh c gii ho v kp cht chi tit gia cng
bng c gii ho th phi c kho lin ng, c c cu iu chnh, kim tra
lc dc trc nn ng vo chi tit gia cng.
- My t ng, my rvnve cn che chn sut chiu di phi thanh,
va che phi va gim ting n...
- Th tin cn trang b phng h c nhn: m, knh s khng, qun o,
giy, khu trang...
- V my tin phi c tip t, ni khng - n chiu sng dng
in p thp 24V 36V.
- Khi gi lp vt gia cng ln my nu khi lng qu 20kg phi dng
palng, cu.
- Sau khi lm vic:
+ Ngt cu dao in.
+ Thu dn dng c, lau chi my, thit b, dng c v bi trn.
+ Sp xp gn gng cc chi tit v phi vo ni quy nh.

IV. An ton khi gia cng trn my phay
1. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi phay kim loi
+ Vt gia cng kp khng cht, c th vng ra.
+ Chn chiu quay ca my phay khng ph hp vi hng xon dao
phay, lc ct gt P
x
khng hng vo thn my m theo hng ngc li, d
gy nguy him.
+ Phoi ct vi tc ln c nhit cao gy chn thng cho mt, gy
bng...
+ Trong phay c nhiu li ct gt, c khi nhiu dao phay cng gia
cng nn lc ct gt rt ln cn phi kp vt gia cng chc chn. Khi phay
nghch, lc ct gt c khuynh hng nng vt gia cng ln nn cn kp cht
hn khi quay thun.

124

Hnh 4.15. Hai phng php phay
a. Phay thun; b. Phay nghch

+ Khi phay bnh rng thng dng dung dch ngui lnh l du nhn
va gim ma st, va tn nhit, tuy vy mi du gy kh chu cho cng
nhn. V vy, cn chn du khng c n mn da tay, khng gy d ng,
khng n mn kim loi gia cng.
+ Che chn vng nguy him trnh phoi vng ra bng tm chn
trong sut c th va quan st c vt gia cng, va an ton cho cng
nhn (hnh 4.16).

Hnh 4.16. C cu chn phoi khi phay
+ Phi chn chiu quay ca my tu thuc hng xon ca dao lc
ct gt P
x
hng vo trc chnh p trc g vo l cn m bo an ton.

125

Hnh 4.17. Phng n chn chiu quay ca trc chnh
khi phay an ton

126
+ Cc c hn ch hnh trnh ca bn my (ln xung, sang phi, tri...)
cn bt cht vo thn my khng cho bn my chuyn ng qu gii hn
cho php.

Hnh 4.18. Cc c hn ch hnh trnh chy dc ca bn my
1,2. C chn 3. Tay n iu khin bn my

+ Trn cc my phay ngang, phay ng c chiu cao khng ln hn
2,5m, u pha sau trc chnh v phn nh ra ca vt kp dng c ct cng
nh phn nh ra t gi ui trc g cn che chn bng bao che bo v
tho lp nhanh.

Hnh 4.19. Bao che an ton pha sau my phay
1. Trc chnh;
2. Bn dao dc;
3. Bn dao ngang;
4. Bn my;
5. ;
6. Thn my;
7. Thn my;
8. Hp chy dao;
9. Dao phay

127
+ Trn cc my phay vn nng cng xn v khng cng xn c chiu
rng bn lm vic bng v ln hn 500mm, cng nh tt c cc my phay
iu khin theo chng trnh, kp cht dng c ct cn c gii ho, b phn
iu khin truyn ng ca c cu kp cht cn b tr thun tin.
+ i vi my phay vn nng cng xn v khng cng xn c chiu
rng bn lm vic n 630mm, thi gian t khi ngt truyn ng n lc
dng li ca trc chnh (khng mang dng c ct) khng qu 6s.
+ Vi my phay ging, bn my c kch thc rt ln (1000
5000mm) x (3000 x 6000mm) cn c tm che di ng phoi khng ri vo
rnh trt ca my lm mn sng trt ca my.

Hnh 4.20. Bao che sng trt my phay ging

+ Cn s dng t chuyn dng, vu kp vn nng, khi thp hnh V...
kp vt gia cng va chc chn va trnh c siu nh v.

128

Hnh 4.21. Kp vt gia cng trn my phay

Hnh 4.22 b,c, d. Kp vt gia cng trn khi V, bn t, t
a) b)
c)
d)
)
e)
a)
b)
c)

129

Hnh 4.23. Gii thiu trnh t g dao phay tr
trn my phay nm an ton

+ V my phi ni t, ni trung tnh phng in r ra v my.
+ Khi my ang gia cng cm cng nhn ri khi v tr ang lm vic.
+ Sau khi lm vic cn:
- Ngt cu dao in
- Thu dn dng c, lau chi my, thit b dng c v bi trn my
- Sp xp gn gng chi tit gia cng v phi ng ni quy nh.
V. An ton khi gia cng my bo, sc, chut
1. Cc yu t nguy him xut hin khi gia cng trn my bo, sc,
chut
+ Bn my bo ging c khi lng ln, lc qun tnh rt ln, d b
vng ra khi ng dn hng nu tc bo qu ln.
+ Dao bo thng, lc ct gt c th lm cong dao, lm vo vt gia
cng, lm gim cht lng b mt gia cng, c khi gy dao.
+ Phoi bo vng ra gy tn thng mt, da cng nhn.
a)
b)
c)
d)

130
+ Cc my bo chuyn ng i li nhanh, cn c khong khng gian
ln v cm mi ngi ng pha my bo i ti.
+ Dao chut c th tut khi u kp gy nguy him cho cng nhn.
+ Tt c cc my bo, sc, chut cn khng ch khong chy ca dao.
Trong khi my chy, khng c qua li trc hnh trnh ca my. Phi bao
che cc bnh rng, thanh rng... Khi my ang chy, khng c g lp,
iu chnh vt gia cng.
+ Trn nhng my bo ging cn c cc thit b hm, thit b gim
xung, thit b hn ch (hnh trnh) ngn nga bn my tut khi ng
dn hng.
+ Trn my bo ngang, my sc c hnh trnh u trt (u bo, u
sc) ln hn 200mm cng nh my bo ging, cn c c cu t ng nng
i dao ln mt cch chc chn, tin cy trong hnh trnh chy khng.
+ Dao bo cn c lm cong khi gia cng khng lm vo b mt
gia cng.
+ Trn my bo ngang cn lp c nh trn bn my 1 t hp gm
thng gom, cha phoi, tm chn phoi c dng bn l (gp), tm chn ny
hn ch phoi vng vt qua thng cha. Thng cha phoi phi c kt cu sao
cho c th tho phoi mt cch d dng, thun li.
+ Trn my chut ng chut trong, phi c che chn an ton
trnh gy chn thng cho ngi thao tc trong trng hp dao chut tut
khi u kp ca c cu li dao.
+ Trn my chut ngang, trn vng dao thot ra khi chi tit gia cng
cn c tm chn dng bn l (dng gp) v c ca quan st.
+ Trn nhng my chut ngang c s dng dao chut c khi lng
ln hn 8kg. Cn c c cu dao u vo, ra khi chi tit gia cng, trong
trng hp ny my cn c c cu c kh ho a dao v v tr ban u sau
hnh trnh lm vic.
+ Cng nhn bo, sc, chut cn c trang b phng tin bo v c
nhn: qun o, knh, m, khu trang, giy.
+ V my cn ni t, ni trung tnh phng in r ra v my.
+ Sau khi lm vic cn:
- Ngt cu dao in

131
- Thu dn dng c, lau chi my, thit b dng c v bi trn my.
- Sp xp gn gng chi tit gia cng v phi ng ni quy nh.
VI. An ton khi gia cng trn my mi
1. Cc yu t nguy him xy ra khi gia cng trn my mi
+ Tc ct gt ca mi rt cao (35 300m/s), trong khi , kt
cu ca li km bn vng ( m bo tnh t mi sc), d nt, v, do
nguy c tai nn rt cao.
+ Bi mi c th gy bnh v mt v ng h hp cho ngi lao ng.
+ My mi 2 (hnh 4.24) nu vt gia cng b kp gia b t v
gy v l iu nguy him nht.
+ Tai nn v in: nu v my khng c ni t, ni trung tnh an ton.

Hnh 4.24. My mi 2
a. Hnh dng bn ngoi. b. Khe h an ton

+ Bo qun ni kh ro, khng c hi cc ho cht n mn, cht
dnh kt. Khng c chng ln nhau v d lm b nt ngm. Mi vin
phi c 1 ngn ring. mi c cht dnh kt l Mg khng c
lu qu 1 nm.
+ Khi vn chuyn khng c ln, phi c xe y, phi c rm, r,
v bo... lt di, trnh b va p.
a)
b)

132
+ Trc khi lp mi phi kim tra , bng cch treo v g bng
ba g nng 200 300gr v m thanh pht ra phi trong. Nhng c vt
nt phi loi b.
+ Th lp mi phi c hun luyn cn thn.
+ Phi c bch kp tiu chun k thut, gia bch kp v phi
m mm, khe h gia trc kim loi v l phi bng 25% ng knh l
phng trc kim loi dn n nhit trong qu trnh mi. Khng c
dng ba bng kim loi en, dng ba g hay ng. Phi c c cu phng
lng cho : chiu ren bt m c ngc vi chiu quay ca , dng 2 cu,
dng vng m vnh hoc cht ch...
+ V che phi dy theo tiu chun ngn khng cho v
vng ra ngoi, khe h gia mi v mt bn trong ca che chn 10 15mm
(xem bng 4.1).
+ Phi cn bng nhm gim xung ng khi quay vi tc cao.
+ Tt c mi trc khi em s dng u phi c kim tra
khng ti: c ng knh 30 90mm quay vi tc ln hn tc
nh mc 50% trong 3 pht, vi c ng knh 150 475mm trong 5
pht, c ng knh ln hn 475mm trong 7 pht, khng c vt nt,
cc m c bt cht m bo an ton, khng vng vo bao che... th mi
c s dng.
+ Chn mi phi ph hp vi vt liu gia cng, vt gia cng ti
cng cn chn mm cc ht mi b mn bt ra khi , ht bn trong
cng hn tip tc mi, vi vt gia cng cha ti cng chn cng lu
mn, nu chn khng ng d gy ng sut nhit ln, dn n v . Gc
m ca che chn cn chn nh nht trnh tai nn.
+ Vi my mi 2 cn c b t, b t phi iu chnh c theo
chiu ngang khe h gia v b t khng qu 3mm, mt b t cho php
cao hn tm khng qu 10mm. Pha trn b t phi c knh chn bi.
+ V my phi ni t v ni dy trung tnh.
2.1. i vi cng nhn ng my
- Phi chn mi hp l v c ht, cht dnh kt, hnh dng cho
ph hp vi vt mi v c, l tnh

133
- Trc khi mi, phi kim tra li cc thit b che chn mi, kim
tra s cn i ca , kp cht , kp cht vt mi nht l bn t.
- Cho my chy khng ti 3 5s my t tc nh mc ri mi mi.
- Khi mi phi a chi tit my vo t t v u tay, khng c n mnh.
- Tc mi khng c vt qu tc cho php (ghi trn ).
- Cng nhn mi phi mang y trang b phng h: knh s 0, khu
trang, qun o, m, giy khi mi khng c i din vi , khng c
mi hai mt bn ca .
- Vi my mi 2 , ng knh 2 khng c chnh nhau qu
10%, khi mn n cch mt bch 2 3mm phi thay mi.
- Khi mi c s dng nc lm mt, phi xi nc trn khp mt cng
tc ca , khi ngng cng vic phi ngng lm mt v lau kh .
2.2. Cc iu cm i vi cng nhn mi
- Cm dng tay hm .
- Cm ng i din vi .
- Cm lm ba, lm u.
- Cm b i ni khc khi my mi ang lm vic t ng.
- Bt k s c no cng cn hm my, kim tra cn thn, bo co cho
ngi c trch nhim x l.

Hnh 4.25. Gc m v che mi
a. Mi th v tinh; b. Mi th v tinh khi t chi tit thp hn tm;
c. Mi trn v mi v tm; d. Mi phng; e. Mi phng xch tay c trc mm;
g. mi lm vic im cao nht.

134
VII. An ton khi gia cng trn my khoan
1. Cc yu t nguy him
+ Phoi khoan sc, nng ca t tay chn; phoi vn c bi nh hng
n mt v c quan h hp ngi lao ng.
+ Vt gia cng kp khng cht, c th vng ra dn n nguy c gy
tai nn.
+ Mi khoan b kt trong l gia cng dn n gy mi khoan.
+ Khoan khng ng tm (nu khng khoan mi trc) mi khoan b
vng ra.
+ Khng c dng gng tay, tay khng g phoi khi mi khoan,
phi dng mc, bn chi g phoi.
+ Chi tit gia cng phi c kp cht trn bn khoan bng t, bu
lng vo rnh T bn my. Khng c dng tay gi vt gia cng.

Hnh 4.26. Gia cng trn my khoan bn
1. Tr my; 2. ng che an ton

135
+ Phi khoan mi trc nh v mi khoan cho chnh xc.
+ Vi cc l ln phi khoan nhiu ln, ln th 1 khoan l c ng
knh 15mm, ln th 2 rng vi chiu su t hp l
=
D d
t (mm)
2

+ Mi loi my khoan ch khoan c thp c ng knh nht nh,
tu theo cng sut:
- Khoan bn: ng knh khoan ln nht d 10mm
- Khoan ng: ng knh khoan ln nht d 50mm
- Khoan cn: dng khoan cc l trn cc phi ln (di chuyn phi
khng thun li) nn ngi ta di chuyn mi khoan n ch cn gia cng.
+ Ngi ta thng dng dng khoan, va chnh xc va an ton v
t c kh nng gy mi khoan.
+ Cng nhn cn c trang b phng tin bo v c nhn: knh s 0,
m, khu trang, qun o gn, giy.
+ V thit b phi c ni t, ni trung tnh.
VIII. An ton trn my ca a
1. Cc nguy him trn my ca a
- My ca a thng dng trong cc phn xng mc mu cc cng
ty c kh.
- C 2 loi my ca a: x dc v x ngang. Trong gio trnh ny,
nghin cu loi x dc.
* Cc nguy him c th xy ra
+ Li ca c th lm b thng ngn tay, bn tay.
+ Li ca m, gy vng ra gy chn thng
+ G nh ngc tr li, v bin dng n hi ca g, li ca gp mt
g, gp kim loi ngm trong g, mch x khng ng phng vi mt li ca
v thng xy ra gn cui mch ca, rt nguy him cho cng nhn ng my.
+ Bi g gy cc bnh v mt v bnh v h hp...
+ Tai nn in nu in r ra v my...
Nguyn nhn chnh l do my thiu thit b an ton, che chn bo v, vic
lp t, sa cha, hiu chnh vn hnh khng theo ng quy phm an ton.

136
2.1. Yu cu k thut vi a ca
- Hnh dng, kch thc a ca ph hp vi loi g cn gia cng, m
li ca sang 2 bn u gim ma st gia li ca v g x. ng knh
li ca < 600mm, lng m 0,4 0,7mm, ng knh li ca > 600mm,
lng m 0,9 1,2mm.
- Khi li ca c khuyt tt, rn nt bin dng b mt, mi khng
ng kch thc v gc , lng m li ca khng ph hp, cng
khng m bo... th khng c s dng.
- Lp t a ca phi m bo: khe h gia l a ca v trc my
0,05 0,1mm. Lp xong phi kim tra o hng trc khng qu 0,1mm,
o hng knh khng qu 0,5mm. Cn c c cu phng lng li ca
khng t lng ra khi gia cng.
2.2. Trang b y c cu an ton

Hnh 4.27. My ca a
1. Dao tch mch; 2. Chng nh ngc; 3. Tm g
4. Bao che li ca; 5. G gia cng

- Dao tch mch: t pha sau li ca, chiu dy dao tch mch bng
1,5 chiu dy a ca (hoc ln hn chiu dy rng sau khi m 0,2 0,3mm)
dao tch mch bng thp un cong, lp thp hn li ca trn cng
10 15mm, cch li ca 10mm.
1
2 3
4
5

137
- Bao che li ca: Hp bao che chc chn c rnh thot phoi g, c
th iu chnh theo chiu dy g cn x. Mt ngoi bao che phi nhn,
sn xanh.
- C cu chng g nh ngc: khi y g vo mch x do nhiu
nguyn nhn lm g nh ngc tr li v pha ngi cng nhn. Hin tng
g nh ngc li thng xut hin cui mch x, lc ngi cng nhn c
th ch quan nht nn d gy tai nn.
C cu chng g nh ngc ch cho php g i vo mch x khi c
hin tng nh ngc cc rng ca c cu p cht g x xung bn.
- H thng ht bi g cc b.
- V my phi ni t, ni trung tnh bo v.
2.3. Yu cu i vi cng nhn iu khin my
- Ch nhng cng nhn sc kho, c hun luyn v chuyn mn
v an ton s dng my... mi c s dng my.
- Ch s dng my khi my thit b an ton.
- Khng c hm my bng tay, khng c lau chi, bi trn khi
my ang lm vic.
- Khi my dang lm vic, nu c hin tng bt thng phi dng
my, kim tra tm nguyn nhn v bo cho ngi ph trch x l.
- c trang b y phng tin bo v c nhn: m, knh s 0,
khu trang, qun o, giy..., c bit l tp d bng da chng g nh ngc
vo ngc.
- T th lm vic thoi mi, khng c dng ngc y g vo mch
x m dng mt thanh g khc y.
- Khng ng i din vi ca m phi ng lch sang mt bn.
IX. Gia cng trn my CNC
1. c im gia cng trn my CNC
Khi gia cng trn cc my cng c thng thng, cc bc gia cng
do ngi th thc hin bng tay nh: g chi tit gia cng, g dao, thay i
tc , lng chy dao, kim tra...

138
Ngc li, trn cc my cng c iu khin theo chng trnh s, cc
qu trnh gia cng c thc hin mt cch t ng. Trc khi gia cng,
ngi ta phi a vo h thng iu khin mt chng trnh gia cng di
dng mt chui cc lnh iu khin. H thng iu khin s cho kh nng
thc hin cc lnh ny v kim tra chng nh h thng dch chuyn ca cc
bn trt ca my.
iu khin s (NC) l hnh thc m cc my cng c c lp trnh
thc hin cc hot ng mt ch c xc lp trc nhm to ra chi tit
c cc kch thc v cc thng s k thut c th d on c.
Cc my cng c iu khin theo chng trnh s gi l my NC, nu
h iu khin NC c s can thip ca my tnh th h iu khin l CNC v
my cng c iu khin bng h CNC gi l my CNC.
+ iu khin CNC l phng php t ng ho qu trnh cng ngh,
cho php can thip trc tip vo qu trnh x l thng tin v hot ng sn
xut, m bo tnh linh ng, nng sut cao, cht lng tt, h gi thnh...
Qu trnh t ng gm: cp dng c, thay i dng c, cp phi, chuyn
phi, bi trn, lm ngui, lm sch...
+ Cc chuyn ng c bn to hnh, chuyn ng ct, chuyn ng
chy dao c thc hin bng cc ng c ring v iu khin c lp. Vi
chui chuyn ng ngn hn, cc my CNC c trang b truyn ng bnh
rng khng c khe h, cc trt chu ma st khng c khe h, m bo
chnh xc truyn ng nn cc my CNC gia cng t chnh xc cao
1 2m. Cc my doa, my mi, my in ho n mn chnh xc l
0,5 1m. Cc my tin tinh, doa tinh, mi chnh xc. Sai s l 0,1m.
+ chnh xc cn ph thuc vo s p ng kp thi ca cc phanh
hm, li hp in t, cc ng c in...
+ Tt c cc my cng c khoan phay, tin, mi... u c th iu
khin bng h CNC.
+ Cc my cng c hin i cn c trang b h thng iu khin
thch nghi ci thin qu trnh gia cng.
H thng iu khin thch nghi (AC) l h thng iu khin c kh
nng cm nhn cc iu kin ct, ri t ng iu chnh tc v bc
tin ca my c gi thnh gia cng thp nht. V d: Nu cm bin pht

139
hin nhit ng c tng ti mc di gi tr cc i cho php th AC
gim dng in ng c ti gi tr nh hn nh gim lng chy dao
gim cng sut ct. Khi ng c ngui i, cng sut ln nht li c tip
tc. AC thch hp vi gia cng th khi dung sai ca phi (c, rn...) hoc
cng ca vt gia cng thay i lm thay i cng sut ct c b li
nhanh chng.
Trong trng hp my hay chi tit gia cng rung, th h iu chnh
thch nghi AC lm gim lng chy dao, hay tc trc chnh rung
ng tr li bnh thng. Cc dao ng c o bi mt dao ng k lp
lin vi my.
2. An ton khi gia cng trn my CNC
- Cc my CNC l s pht trin cao ca t ng ho, khng nhng cho
nng sut cao, cht lng cao, gi thnh h, m cn m bo an ton tt nht
cho ngi s dng.
- Vic iu khin cc my CNC hon ton t ng, loi tr gn nh
ton b cc yu t nguy him c hi trong sn xut c kh.
- Ngi iu khin khng trc tip khu vc sn xut, mi tn hiu
trn mn hnh cho php bit chnh xc cht lng gia cng cng nh cc
thay i m ngi ta d dng iu khin nhanh chng qua my tnh.
- Vi cc my CNC nh, khu vc sn xut c che kn bng cc
tm nha trong, c kho bo him, ch ngng gia cng mi m c bo
him ra.
- Bi gia cng c t dng ht, lc, v ch thi ra mi trng khng
kh khi c lc.
- Cc dng c ct gt trong my CNC ch lm vic khi my c
che chn bo him an ton nh cc kho lin ng.
- V cc my, thit b CNC cn ni t, ni khng nh cc my thng
thng khc.
- Cng nhn iu khin phi c trnh , c hun luyn cn thn,
thnh tho trc khi s dng my.
- Cc quy nh v hun luyn an ton c bn trong cc phn xng c
kh cng p dng cho my CNC.

140

MY MI TRAC DIN BNH RANG IU KHIN
THEO CHONG TRNH CNC LEG - 3040

141
Bin bo an ton
- Khng cho php bt k ai c sa i hoc di chuyn bin bo.
- Bin bo gm 2 phn: + Biu tng cnh bo
+ Biu tng hnh ng
Biu tng cnh bo cn ch r mi tim n c th gy tai nn lao
ng, d hiu v nu ln ngha ca li cnh bo:
+ Mi nguy him trc tip
+ Hu qu do ngi lao ng l i hoc khng bit.
+ Thc y hnh ng phng trnh.
* Dng mu sc biu th mc nguy him:
- Mu + biu tng nguy him: Ch nguy him cht ngi
- Mu da cam + biu tng cnh bo: Ch nguy c thng tch trm trng.
- Mu vng + biu tng thng bo: Ch nguy c thng tch nh
- Mu xanh + biu tng thng bo: Ch phng my c th hng
- Mu xanh lc + biu tng thng bo: Ch mc bnh thng

142
Cc bin bo
Biu tng cnh bo Biu tng hnh ng

- C nhiu tim n trong mi
trng lm vic:
- Bi, hi, kh gy nguy him
- Biu th phng trnh gm
vng , gch cho.
Ch: Cm

Cnh bo my tin

- Phn li ra mm cp c th
gy chn thng nghim
trng.
- Khng bao gi c khi
ng my khi tay cn chm
vo phn quay ca my.

Cnh bo my tin

- Nguy him nghim trng nu
vt gia cng vng ra
- G kp an ton, nu khng
g kp cn thn c th cht
ngi

Cnh bo

- Dao c th ko tay vo vng
nguy him v nghin nt bn
tay
- Khng bao gi a tay vo
vng trc chnh quay.

143
Cnh bo my tin

- Tn thng nghim trng c
th xy ra. B phn chuyn
ng c th l ci by.
- Qun o cn gn gng,
khng di rng qu

Cnh bo my tin

- Nu chm vo vt gia cng,
th ra sau trc chnh c th b
qun, qut gy cht ngi.
- Khng c th ra ngoi

Cnh bo
- Nguy c chy n khi my
khng c thit k dp la
- Bin bo cm la

Cnh bo

- Ng, trt xy ra lm try da,
b thng, nguy him
- Qut dn nu c nc du
nhn, ho cht chy long

144
Cnh bo

- Nguy c tn thng c th
trm trng do vng bn vt gia
cng gy ra.
- Phi kp cht vt gia cng.

Cnh bo

- S chm tip im khi
ng my tn thng
nghim trng.
- Khng bao gi n nt khi
ng khi tay chn chm vo
my. Lun ch b phn
chuyn ng ca my.

Cnh bo

- My c th khi ng bt k
lc no.
- Thng tch, cht ngi c
th xy ra do ngi vn hnh
khng c hun luyn.
- c, hiu k cm nang vn
hnh my, hiu cc bin bo
an ton trc khi vn hnh
my.

145
nguy him

- Mi nguy him in git cht
ngi. - Cht do b sc in c
th xy ra. - Ngt v kho h
thng in.

Cnh bo

- Nguy c tn thng mt
nghim trng. Mnh vn bn
vo mt lm mt th lc.
- Phi eo knh bo h

146

ti liu tham kho

1. Cm nang hn, PGS.TS Hong Tng, Nxb Khoa hc K thut,
nm 1999.
2. Gio trnh Bo h lao ng, PGS.TS Trnh Khc Thm, Nxb Lao
ng - X hi, nm 2007.
3. Cm nang s dng dng c cm tay c kh, Nguyn Vn Tu, Nxb
i hc Quc gia TP H Ch Minh, nm 2004.
4. Khoa hc k thut Bo h Lao ng v mt s vn v Bo v mi
trng, PGS.TS Nguyn Th t, Nxb Khoa hc k thut, nm 2004.
5. K thut phay, TS. Nguyn Tin o, Nxb Khoa hc K thut,
nm 2000.
6. iu khin s v cng ngh trn my iu khin s CNC, PGS.TS
Nguyn c Lc, Nxb Khoa hc k thut, nm 1996.
7. K thut hn, Trng Cng t, Nxb Thanh nin, nm 1998.
8. An ton lao ng trong sn xut c kh, TS. Nguyn L Ninh, Nxb
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, nm 1982.
9. C kh i cng, PGS.TS Hong Tng, Nxb Khoa hc K thut.
nm 2000.
10. 300 cu hi p v cng tc Bo h lao ng ca nhiu tc gi,
Nxb Lao ng, nm 2005.
11. Mt s quy tc an ton lao ng trong hot ng sn xut cng
nghip ca Hi ng Bo h lao ng Thnh ph H Ch Minh xut bn,
nm 2007.
12. An ton - sc kho ti ni lm vic, Bc s Nguyn c n v TS
Nguyn Quc Triu, Nxb Xy dng, nm 1999.
13. CNC Machines and Safety.
14. Packing list for open Back inclinable Press Model J23- 40

147
15. Cc tiu chun Vit Nam:
- An ton my phay TCVN 5186 - 90
- Nguyn l nh gi ri ro TCVN 7301 - 2003.
- Quy phm k thut an ton trong c s c kh TCVN 4744 - 89.
- An ton my bo, sc, chut SEV 578 - 77.
- An ton tin TCVN 5185 - 90.
- An ton mi TCVN 4725 - 89 .
- An ton dng c mi TCVN 3152 - 79
- Khong cch an ton TCVN 7014 - 2002.
16. Technical Document JN23 - 40A.
17. c im ca gas v bnh gas, Tng Cng ty xng du Vit Nam,
nm 1998.
18. K thut tin, Trng Quang Chu dch, Nxb Thanh nin,
nm 1999.
19. Yu cu chung v an ton hn, TCVN 2200, 1978.
20. ng dng thit b t ng ct in p khng ti my hn h quang,
gp phn m bo an ton cho cng nhn hn in ca KS. Phm Vn
Dng v K.S inh Th c (Vin BHL).

148

mc lc

Trang
Li ni u 1
Chng I: khi nim c bn v sn xut c kh 3
A. khi nim v qu trnh sn xut c kh 3
B. Cc phng php ch to phi 3
I. Phng php c 3
1. c im ca c 3
2. Khi qut v qu trnh sn xut c 4
3. Cc phng php c c bit 7
II. Gia cng kim loi bng p lc 8
1. Khi nim 8
2. nh hng ca gia cng kim loi bng p lc n tnh cht v t chc
ca kim loi 9
III. Hn v ct kim loi 11
1. Khi nim - c im - phn loi 11
2. Hn h quang tay 12
3. Hn h quang t ng 14
4. Hn h quang trong mi trng c kh bo v 14
5. Hn in tip xc 15
6. Hn hi (hn kh) 16
7. Ct t kim loi 18
IV. X l nhit kim loi 19
1. Nhit luyn 19
2. Ho nhit luyn 20

149
c. Gia cng ct gt kim loi 21
I. Nhng khi nim c bn v qu trnh ct gt kim loi 21
1. Nhng thng s c bn ca ch ct gt 22
2. Dng c ct gt 23
3. Cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh ct gt 23
II. My cng c 24
1. Phn loi my cng c 24
2. Cc c cu truyn ng 24
3. My tin 25
4. My khoan 28
5. My bo, my xc 30
6. My phay 31
7. My mi 33
Chng II: cc yu t nguy him, c hi trong sn xut c kh 35
A. Cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut c kh 35
I. Cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut c kh 35
II. Phn loi cc nguy c gy tai nn lao ng, s c trong sn xut 36
1. Nguy c do cc nguyn nhn v k thut 36
2. Cc nguy c do t chc sn xut v qun l 36
3. Cc nguy c do khng thc hin cc bin php v v sinh lao ng 37
III. Cc nguyn tc chung m bo an ton trong sn xut c kh 37
1. An ton nh xng 37
2. An ton ni lm vic 38
3. An ton my, thit b trong xng c kh 39
4. An ton trong lp t, b tr, s dng in 41
IV. Cc bin php k thut an ton c bn 42
1. Bin php an ton tnh n s ph hp vi ngi s dng 42
2. Bin php an ton k thut 44

150
B. Cc yu t c hi trong sn xut c kh 49
I. Mt s vn v v sinh lao ng 49
1. Khi nim v v sinh lao ng 49
2. Cc bin i sinh l ca c th ngi lao ng 49
3. Bnh ngh nghip 51
4. Cc bin php phng tc hi ngh nghip 53
II. Cc yu t c hi trong sn xut c kh v bin php phng 54
1. Vi kh hu trong sn xut 54
2. Ting n trong sn xut c kh 60
3. Rung ng trong sn xut c kh 65
4. nh sng ch lm vic 70
5. Phng chng bi trong sn xut c kh 75
6. Thng gi trong sn xut c kh 77
7. Phng chng bc x ion ho 78
Chng III: an ton - v sinh lao ng trong ch to phi 82
A. c im ca gia cng nng 82
I. c im 82
II. Cc yu t nguy him, c hi xut hin khi gia cng nng 82
B. cc bin php an ton ch yu trong gia cng nng 83
I. An ton trong sn xut c 83
1. An ton chung khi c 83
2. An ton khi c c bit 85
II. An ton khi lm vic trn cc my rn, dp 85
1. Cc yu t nguy him, c hi khi rn, dp 85
2. Cc bin php an ton 86

151
III. An ton trong nhit luyn, ho nhit luyn kim 90
1. Cc yu t c hi nguy him khi nhit luyn, ho nhit luyn 90
IV. An ton trong m, sn 92
1. An ton trong m 92
2. An ton trong sn 93
V. An ton khi hn v ct kim loi 96
1. An ton lao ng trong hn hi 96
2. An ton trong hn v ct bng in 107
Chng IV: an ton - v sinh lao ng trong gia cng ct gt 110
A. c im cc phng php gia cng ct gt 110
I. c im khi gia cng 110
II. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi gia cng ct gt 111
B. Cc bin php an ton ch yu trng gia cng ct gt 111
I. Yu cu chung v an ton ca my ct gt kim loi 111
II. An ton trong s dng cc dng c cm tay 112
1. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi s dng dng c cm tay 112
2. Cc bin php an ton ch yu 112
III. An ton khi gia cng trn my tin 118
1. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi gia cng trn my tin 118
IV. An ton khi gia cng trn my phay 123
1. Cc yu t nguy him thng xy ra khi phay kim loi 123
V. An ton khi gia cng my bo, sc, chut 129
1. Cc yu t nguy him xut hin khi gia cng trn my bo, sc, chut 129

152
VI. An ton khi gia cng trn my mi 131
1. Cc yu t nguy him xy ra khi gia cng trn my mi 131
VII. An ton khi gia cng trn my khoan 134
1. Cc yu t nguy him 134
VIII. An ton trn my ca a 135
1. Cc nguy him trn my ca a 135
IX. Gia cng trn my CNC 137
1. Vi c im gia cng trn my CNC 137
2. An ton khi gia cng trn my CNC 139
Bin bo an ton 141
Cc bin bo 142
Ti liu tham kho 146

153

Nh xut bn Lao ng - X hi
S 36 - Ng Ho Bnh 4 - Minh Khai -
Qun Hai B Trng - H Ni
T: (04). 36246917 - 36246920
Fax: (04). 36246915
H I

Chu trch nhim xut bn:
H tt thng
Bin tp v sa bn in:
trn minh hng
trn xun hin
ng th thu thu
Trnh by ba:
Don huy

In 500 cun, kh 16 24 (cm) ti X nghip In Nh xut bn Lao ng - X hi.
Giy chp nhn ng k k hoch xut bn s 983-2008/CXB/7-308/LXH.
In xong v np lu chiu Qu IV/2008.
M s:
10 17
308 7

N
H
A
X
U
L
A
O
N
G
A
n
t
o
l
a
o
n
g
A
n
t
o
s
i
n
h
l
a
o
n
g
T
r
o
n
g
x
u
k
h

Trong sn xut c kh Trong sn xut c kh
Thc hin trong khun kh
D n Nng cao Nng lc Hun luyn An ton V sinh Lao ng Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)
Muc tiu ca D n: Tng cng cng tc an ton v sinh lao ng, gp phn gim
tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip ni lm vic; ci thin quan h x hi gia
cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cc t chc i din ca ngi lao ng v ngi s
dng lao ng thng qua tng cng nng lc ca Trung tm Hun luyn An ton -
V sinh Lao ng, cng c h thng hun luyn an ton v sinh lao ng, xy dng
chnh sch hun luyn v dch v hun luyn v an ton - v sinh lao ng cho cc
i tc x hi m bo an ton v sinh lao ng v iu kin lao ng.
Vn phng T chc Lao ng Quc t tai Vit Nam
48-50 Nguyn Thi Hoc, H Ni, Vit Nam
Tel: 84 43 7340902 * Fax: 84 43 7340904
Trong sn xut c kh
Trong sn xut c kh
UT NHA X BN LAO NG - X HI
D n Nng cao Nng lc
Hun luyn ATVSL Vit Nam
(VIE/05/01/LUX)

ATVSLDtrong Co Khi - Full

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ATVSLDtrong Co Khi - Full

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

N

An ton v sinh lao ng

An ton v sinh lao ng

You might also like