Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Castiglianos Theorem
601
Castiglianos Theorem
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.9 have constant flexural rigidity EI. Problem 9.9-1 A simple beam AB of length L is loaded at the left-hand end by a couple of moment M0 (see figure). Determine the angle of rotation A at support A. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.) Solution 9.9-1
M0 A B M0 A B
x L
CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM uA
x 2 dx L
M2 L 0 6 EI M0 L 3 EI (clockwise)
dU dM0
RA M
M0 L M0
(downward) RAx x L M0 M0 x L
Problem 9.9-2 The simple beam shown in the figure supports a concentrated load P acting at distance a from the left-hand support and distance b from the right-hand support. Determine the deflection D at point D where the load is applied. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.)
M0 1
P A D B
a L
Solution 9.9-2
STRAIN ENERGY U
b B
a D x L
UAD
x
1 2 EI 1 2EI UAD
0 b
RA MAD MDB
Pb L RA x
RB
Pa L Pbx L Pax L
UDB U
UDB
Pax 2 dx L
CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM
D
RB x
dU dP
Pa2b2 3 LEI
(downward)
602
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.9-3 An overhanging beam ABC supports a concentrated load P at the end of the overhang (see figure). Span AB has length L and the overhang has length a. Determine the deflection C at the end of the overhang. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.)
P A B C
Solution 9.9-3
A
Overhanging beam
P B C
x a
( Px) 2dx
Pax 2 dx L
UCB
P2a2 (L 6 EI
CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM
C
dU dP
Pa2 (L 3EI
a)
(downward)
Problem 9.9-4 The cantilever beam shown in the figure supports a triangularly distributed load of maximum intensity q0. Determine the deflection B at the free end B. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.)
q0
B A L
Solution 9.9-4
q0
M2dx 2 EI PL 6 EI
2 3
1 2 EI Pq0 L 30 EI
4
Px
A L
q2 L5 0 42 EI
q0 x3 2 dx 6L
P M
CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM q0 L4 0U PL3 (downward) 0P 3 EI 30 EI (This result agrees with Cases 1 and 8 of Table G-1.)
B
SET P
0:
q0 L4 30 EI
SECTION 9.9
Castiglianos Theorem
603
Problem 9.9-5 A simple beam ACB supports a uniform load of intensity q on the left-hand half of the span (see figure). Determine the angle of rotation B at support B. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
q A C B
L 2
L 2
Solution 9.9-5
q A
uB
x L 2 L 2
1 EI
M 0M dx EI 0M0
L2 0 L2
M0
1 EI
RA
3 qL 8
0MAC 0M0
x L
M0 x L
qx 2
1 EI
3qL 8
qL 8
M0 x L
M0 x L
qx2 x R B R dx 2 L M0 R B 1
3qLx 8
L2
L 2
qL3 qL3 7qL3 (counterclockwise) 128 EI 96 EI 384 EI (This result agrees with Case 2, Table G-2.)
qLx 1 8
qx2 x dx 2 L x dx L
x R dx L
SEGMENT
qL 8
0MCB 0M0
x L
M0 x L
M0
L 2
604
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.9-6 A cantilever beam ACB supports two concentrated loads P1 and P2, as shown in the figure. Determine the deflections C and B at points C and B, respectively. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
P1 A C
P2 B L 2
L 2
Solution 9.9-6
A L 2
1 EI 1 EI
(MCB )
L
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT CB MCB 0MCB 0P1 0 P2 x
0
L2
L2
x x
0MCB 0P2
L 2
( P2x) ( x) dx
0
(MAC )
0MCB dx 0P2
1 EI P2L3 24 EI
L2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT AC MAC 0MAC 0P1 P1 x L 2 P2x x
L3 (5 P1 48 EI
B P1 x
14 P2 )
L 2
L 2
0MAC 0P2
L3 (5P1 16P2 ) 48 EI (These results can be verified with the aid of Cases 4 and 5, Table G-1.)
1 EI
L2
1 EI 0
(MCB )
L
L2
1 EI
(MAC )
0MCB dx 0P1
L2
L3 (2 P1 48 EI
B P1 x 5 P2 )
0MAC dx 0P1 L 2
P2x R
L 2
x dx
SECTION 9.9
Castiglianos Theorem
605
Problem 9.9-7 The cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure is subjected to a uniform load of intensity q acting between points A and C. Determine the angle of rotation A at the free end A. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
q A L 2 C L 2 B
Solution 9.9-7
M0
A x L 2
uA
1 EI
M 0M dx EI 0M0
L2 0
M0
1 EI
M0
L2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR SEGMENT AC MAC 0MAC 0M0 M0 1 qx 2
2
B M0
qx2 ( 1)dx 2 qL x 2
L
L 2
qx2 dx 2 qL3 8 EI
1 EI
L2
qL3 48 EI
qL x 2
L R ( 1)dx 4 L dx 4
SEGMENT
L 2
7qL3 (counterclockwise) 48 EI (This result can be verified with the aid of Case 3, Table G-1.)
Problem 9.9-8 The frame ABC supports a concentrated load P at point C (see figure). Members AB and BC have lengths h and b, respectively. Determine the vertical deflection C and angle of rotation C at end C of the frame. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
h
b B C P
606
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Solution 9.9-8
b B x
1 EI
x A
M 0M dx EI 0P
h
(Pb
M0 )(b)dx
1 EI
(Px
0
M0 )(x)dx
Set M0
C
0:
h
1 EI
Pb2dx
0
1 EI
Px2dx
0
P M0
concentrated load acting at point C (corresponding to the deflection C) fictitious moment corresponding to the angle of rotation C
Pb2 (3h 3 EI
b)
(downward)
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR MEMBER AB MAB 0MAB 0P Pb b M0 0MAB M0 (0 1 x h)
uC
1 EI Set M0 uC 1 EI
M 0M dx EI 0M0
h
(Pb
M0 )(1)dx
1 EI
(Px
0
M0 )(1) dx
0:
h
Pb dx
0
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR MEMBER BC MBC 0MBC 0P Px x M0 0MBC 0M0 (0 1 x b)
1 EI
Px dx
0
Pb (2h 2EI
b)
(clockwise)
Problem 9.9-9 A simple beam ABCDE supports a uniform load of intensity q (see figure). The moment of inertia in the central part of the beam (BCD) is twice the moment of inertia in the end parts (AB and DE). Find the deflection C at the midpoint C of the beam. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
A I L 4
C 2I L 4 L 4
D I L 4
SECTION 9.9
Castiglianos Theorem
607
Solution 9.9-9
q
Nonprismatic beam
P
A I
C 2I L
D I
2 2
P RA
SET FICTITIOUS
C
1 EI
MAC 0MAC dx EI 0P
L4
1 2 EI
qLx 2
L2
qx2 2
L4
LOAD
qLx 2
qx2 2
Px x dx 2 2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR THE LEFT-HAND HALF OF THE BEAM (A TO C) MAC 0MAC 0P qLx 2 x 2 qx2 2 Px 0 2 L x 2 x L 2
2 EI
L4
qLx 2
1 EI
L2
L4
qLx 2
qx2 x dx 2 2
P EQUAL TO ZERO
Px x dx 2 2
13 qL4 6,144 EI
C
67 qL4 12,288 EI
qx2 x dx 2 2
31qL4 4096 EI
(downward)
Problem 9.9-10 An overhanging beam ABC is subjected to a couple MA at the free end (see figure). The lengths of the overhang and the main span are a and L, respectively. Determine the angle of rotation A and deflection A at end A. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
MA
Solution 9.9-10
P MA A
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT BC Reaction at support C: RC MA Pa (downward) L L Pax (0 x L) L ax L
a x
RC x x L
MAx L 0MBC 0P
MA P
couple acting at the free end A (corresponding to the angle of rotation A) fictitious load corresponding to the deflection
A
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT AB MAB 0MAB 0MA MA 1 Px (0 x 0MAB x 0P a)
608
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
uA
1 EI
M 0M dx EI 0MA
a
( MA
L
1 EI
M 0M dx EI 0P
a
( MA
L
1 EI Set P uA 1 EI 0:
a
MAx L
1 EI Set P
A
0:
a
MAx L
MAdx
0
1 EI
MA (L 3 EI
3a)
(counterclockwise)
1 EI
MAxdx
0
1 EI
3a)
(downward)
MAx ax dx L L
Problem 9.9-11 An overhanging beam ABC rests on a simple support at A and a spring support at B (see figure). A concentrated load P acts at the end of the overhang. Span AB has length L, the overhang has length a, and the spring has stiffness k. Determine the downward displacement C of the end of the overhang. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.) Solution 9.9-11 Beam with spring support
P A L x RA RB k x B a C
P A k B C
RA RB
Pa (downward) L P (L a) (upward) L
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR SEGMENT AB MAB RAx Pax L dMAB dP ax L (0 x L)
SEGMENT
MBC
SECTION 9.9
Castiglianos Theorem
609
1 EI
M dM dx EI dP
L 0
1 EI Pa L 3 EI
C 2
( Px)( x)dx
0
P(L a) 2 kL2
P(L a) kL2
Problem 9.9-12 A symmetric beam ABCD with overhangs at both ends supports a uniform load of intensity q (see figure). Determine the deflection D at the end of the overhang. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
Pax ax dx L L
Pa3 3 EI
Pa2 (L a) 3 EI
SEGMENT CD 0MCD 0P x
MCD
qx2 2
Px
L 4
P fictitious load corresponding to the deflection D L length of segments AB and CD 4 L length of span BC RB 3 qL 4 P 4 RC 3 qL 4 5P 4
1 EI
M 0M dx EI 0P
L4 0
BENDING MOMENTS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES SEGMENT AB qx2 MAB 2 SEGMENT BC MBC B q x 0MAB 0P
0
SET P
D
0MBC 0P
q x 2 x 4
L 4
L 1 R B x 4 2
2
3 qL 4
P x 4
L R 4
L 4 RB x (0 x L)
1 EI
1 EI
0:
L
x R dx 4
0
qx2 (0) dx 2 q x 2 1 EI
L4
L 2 4
qx2 2
3qL 4
1 EI
L4
5 qL4 768 EI
q x 2
qL4 2048 EI
qx2 ( x) dx 2
L 2 4
3qL xR B 4
Px ( x)dx x R dx 4
P x R 4
37 qL4 6144 EI
(Minus means the deflection is opposite in direction to the fictitious load P.)
D
37 qL4 6144 EI
(upward)
610
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
W A
h B
L 2
L 2
2h st ) 1 2
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress proportional to the deflection . smax 2h 1 2 max 1 1 sst st st smax GRAPH OF RATIO
6
max st
is
sst B 1
2h
st
max/ st
12
NOTE:
4 2 0 2.5 5.0 h
st
7.5
10.0
Problem 9.10-2 An object of weight W is dropped onto the midpoint of a simple beam AB from a height h (see figure). The beam has a rectangular cross section of area A. Assuming that h is very large compared to the deflection of the beam when the weight W is applied statically, obtain a formula for the maximum bending stress max in the beam due to the falling weight.
W h
A L 2 L 2
SECTION 5.5
Method of Superposition
611
Solution 9.10-2
M S WL3 48 EI
WL 4S s2 st
st
s2 st
W2L2 16 S2 (2)
2h
st
3 WEI S2L
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress proportional to the deflection . smax 2h max sst B st st smax B 2 hs2 st
st
is
For a RECTANGULAR BEAM (with b, depth d): bd 3 bd 2 I 3 3 I S 2 12 6 bd A S Substitute (2) and (3) into (1): smax (1) 18 WhE B AL
(3)
Problem 9.10-3 A cantilever beam AB of length L 6 ft is constructed of a W 8 21 wide-flange section (see figure). A weight W 1500 lb falls through a height h 0.25 in. onto the end of the beam. Calculate the maximum deflection max of the end of the beam and the maximum bending stress max due to the falling weight. (Assume E 30 106 psi.)
W = 1500 lb W8 A L = 6 ft 21 B
h = 0.25 in.
Solution 9.10-3
DATA: L 6 ft 72 in. W 1500 lb h 0.25 in. E 30 106 psi W 8 21 I 75.3 in.4 S 18.2 in.3 MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic structure by substituting st W/k, where k is the stiffress of the particular structure being considered. For instance: Simple beam with load at midpoint: 48 EI k L3 Cantilever beam with load at the free end: k For the cantilever beam in this problem: (1500 lb)(72 in.) 3 WL3 st 3 EI 3(30 106 psi)(75.3 in.4 ) 0.08261 in. 3 EI Etc. L3
0.302 in.
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS Consider a cantilever beam with load P at the free end: Mmax PL PL3 smax max S S 3 EI smax 3 EI Ratio: SL2 max 3 EI smax 21,700 psi max SL2
Problem 9.10-4 A weight W 20 kN falls through a height h 1.0 mm onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L 3 m (see figure). The beam is made of wood with square cross section (dimension d on each side) and E 12 GPa. If the allowable bending stress in the wood is allow 10 MPa, what is the minimum required dimension d?
W A
h B d d
L 2
L 2
612
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Simple beam with falling weight W 1.0 mm L 3.0 m 10 MPa allow SUBSTITUTE (2) AND (3) INTO EQ. (1) 2smaxd 3 3 WL 1
1
20 kN h 12 GPa
8hEd 4 1 2 WL3 B1
2h
st )
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress proportional to the deflection . smax 2h 1 2 max 1 1 sst st st STATIC TERMS sst
st
is (1)
B1
1600 4 1 2 d R 9
M S
WL3 48 EI
WL 6 3 4 d
st AND
st
Problem 9.10-5 A weight W 4000 lb falls through a height h 0.5 in. onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L 10 ft (see figure). Assuming that the allowable bending stress in the beam is 18,000 psi and E 30 106 psi, select the lightest allow wide-flange beam listed in Table E-1 in Appendix E that will be satisfactory.
WL3 12 48 E d 4
3 WL 2d3
(2) (3)
WL3 4 Ed 4
L = 5 ft 2
L = 5 ft 2
Solution 9.10-5
Simple beam of wide-flange shape STATIC TERMS 106 psi sst smax sst 2h
st
DATA: W 4000 lb h 0.5 in. L 10 ft 120 in. 18,000 psi E 30 allow MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
max st max st
st AND
st
( 1
2 st
or
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress proportional to the deflection . smax 2h 1 2 max 1 1 sst st st is (1)
2h st ) 1 2 2h
st
12
(2) (3)
96 hEI 1 2 R WL3
SECTION 5.5
Method of Superposition
613
PROCEDURE
5 I 12 R 24
(4)
1. Select a trial beam from Table E-1. 2. Substitute I into Eq. (4) and calculate required S. 3. Compare with actual S for the beam. 4. Continue until the lightest beam is found.
Trial Actual beam I S W 8 35 127 31.2 W 10 45 248 49.1 W 10 60 341 66.7 W 12 50 394 64.7 W 14 53 541 77.8 W 16 31 375 47.2 Lightest beam is W 14 53
Required S 41.6 (NG) 55.0 (NG) 63.3 (OK) 67.4 (NG) 77.8 (OK) 66.0 (NG)
Problem 9.10-6 An overhanging beam ABC of rectangular cross section has the dimensions shown in the figure. A weight W 750 N drops onto end C of the beam. If the allowable normal stress in bending is 45 MPa, what is the maximum height h from which the weight may be dropped? (Assume E 12 GPa.)
40 mm A B
W h C 40 mm 500 mm
1.2 m
2.4 m
750 N LAB 1.2 in. LBC 12 GPa 45 MPa allow bd 3 1 (500 mm)(40 mm) 3 12 12 2.6667 106 mm4 2.6667 10 6 m4 bd 2 1 (500 mm)(40 mm) 2 6 6 133.33 103 mm3 133.33 10 6 m3
3 EI a (L a)
2
(1)
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic structure by substituting st W/k, where k is the stiffness of the particular structure being considered. For instance: 48 EI Simple beam with load at midpoint: k L3 3 EI Cantilever beam with load at free end: k Etc. L3 For the overhanging beam in this problem (see Eq. 1): W k Wa2 (L a) 3 EI LBC and L LBC ) LAB: (3) (2)
DEFLECTION
B A
P
st
in which a
L a
st
W(L2 )(LAB BC 3 EI (
1
2 st
P L a
EQUATION (9-94):
max st
2h
st )
12
or
max st
2h
st
12
(4)
614
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress proportional to the deflection . smax 2h 1 2 max 1 1 sst st st sst M S WLBC S MAXIMUM HEIGHT h Solve Eq. (5) for h: smax 2h 1 2 1 1 sst st h
is (5) (6)
st
W(L2 )(LAB BC 6 EI
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO E Q. (8): W(L2 ) (LAB BC 6 EI sallow S 10 WLBC 3 h LBC ) 0.08100 m
(8)
3.3333 10 10 3 3 2 0.36 m
smax 2 sst
st
Problem 9.10-7 A heavy flywheel rotates at an angular speed (radians per second) around an axle (see figure). The axle is rigidly attached to the end of a simply supported beam of flexural rigidity EI .and length L (see figure). The flywheel has mass moment of inertia Im about its axis of rotation. If the flywheel suddenly freezes to the axle, what will be the reaction R at support A of the beam?
smax sst
1 2
2h
st
or h (7)
(0.08100 m) 360 mm
EI
Im
Solution 9.10-7
NOTE: We will disregard the mass of the beam and all energy losses due to the sudden stopping of the rotating flywheel. Assume that all of the kinetic energy of the flywheel is transformed into strain energy of the beam. KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATING FLYWHEEL kE 1 I 2 m
2
R2 L3 6 EI