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@a@@nba@aa

2012 / 2011

. x ln( x) : 1 ] 0, + [ x

1
:
x

. ]0 , + [
ln
x

e

lim e x = +

lim e x = 0+

y=x

lim ln( x) =

x 0 +

lim x e =
0
x
n :
ex
lim n = +
x+ x
ex 1
=1
lim
x 0
x
n

x , y
ex e y =
e( x+ y )
ex
= e( x y )
y
e
1
e( x ) = x
e
x r
*
r : (e ) =e( rx )
1
( x )
2
1
( x )
n

a
a > 0 , a 1
x : a x =e( xln a )
=
a 0 1=
; a1 a
a x =t x =log a (t )
10 x =t x =log(t )
(=
a x ) / (ln a ) a x

lnx

2
1

-2

-1

-1
-2
@

ln x = a x = e a
(ln x )
e=
x , x>0

ln(=
ex ) x , x

x>0, y>0
ln( x y )= ln( x) + ln( y )
x
y
ln( )
ln( ) =
ln( x) ln( y ) =
y
x
1
ln( ) = ln( x)
x
*
r : ln( x r ) = r ln( x)
1
ln( x )=
ln( x)
2
1
ln( n x )=
ln( x)
n

nbi

nbi

ex
lim
= +
x+ x
lim x e x =
0

ex = e

x+

lim ln( x) = +

exp

x+

ex = e

x e x :] 0, + [ ln

ln( x)
= 0+
x
lim x ln( x) =
0
lim

x+

x 0 +

lim x n ln( x) =
0
x 0 +

n * :
ln( x)
= 0+
xlim
n
+
x

ln( x)
ln(1 + x)
lim
1=
; lim
1
=
x1 x 1
x 0
x

=
ln(e) 1=
; ln(1) 0
e1 =
e 2,7182 ; e0 =
1
ln( x) > 0 x > 1
x
x : e > 0
ln( x) = 0 x = 1
x
x > 0 e >1
ln( x) < 0 0 < x < 1
ln( x) > 1 x > e
x =0 e x =1
x
ln( x) =1 x =e
x < 0 0 < e <1
ln( x) < 1 0 < x < e
a ; b
a>0 ; b>0
e a = eb a = b
ln( a=
) ln(b) =
a b
e a < eb a < b
ln( a ) < ln(b) a < b

a
1

x > 0 : (ln x) =
a > 0 , a 1
x
ln( x)
ln( x)
x > 0 : log( x) =
f / ( x)
/
x > 0 : log a ( x) =
ln(10)
f ( x) > 0 : ( ln (f ( x)) ) =
ln( a )
f ( x)=
log(1) 0=
; log(10) 1
log a (1) 0=
; log a (a ) 1
=
u / ( x)
/
log(0,1)
1
=

u ( x) 0 : ( ln (| u ( x) |) ) =
log a (a r ) = r
u ( x)
r
log(10 ) = r
x /
x
log a ( x) = b x = a b
(e ) = e
1 1
(log( x)) /=

1 1
u( x) /
u( x)
/
(e =
) u ( x) e
x ln10
(log a ( x)) /=

x ln a
/

c x ln(| u ( x) |) + c : I x

u / ( x)
: . I u
u ( x)

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