Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

Bi th nghim s 1

LINH KIN IN T CNG SUT

A. Khi qut v in t cng sut : Cc thit b in t Cng Sut cho php iu khin v chuyn i cc n hiu in t cng sut nh thnh cng sut ln iu khin cho cc thit b chp hnh nh my in , cc thit b cng ngh khc. Cc p dng ch yu ca i T Cng Sut gm : 1. S chnh lu cng sut dng thc hin cc php bin i dng in xoay (AC) thnh dng in 1 chiu ( DC ). ng dng ch yu ca s ny l iu khin cc ng c DC bng ngun in li xoay chiu AC. 2. S nghch lu dng thc hin php bin i dng in 1 chiu (DC) thnh xoay chiu s dng cc s cng sut. 3. S bin i in p 1 chiu s dng trong cc s iu khin cng sut, iu khin hot ng ca ng c DC. 4. S bin i in p xoay chiu vi ng dng chnh l iu khin ng c AC bng li in xoay chiu AC. 5. S bin tn thc hin bin i c v tn s v gi tr hiu dng ca in p xoay chiu . S dng iu khin chnh xc tc ng c AC. B. Cc linh kin cng sut: Cc linh kin cng sut c s dng hin nay l Diode Cng sut , Thyristor (SCR), TRIAC, transistor Cng sut ( BJT , MOSFET ) , IGBT, GTO ,. 1. Diode Cng Sut : Diode bn dn c cu to trnlp tip xc bn dn khc loi ( hnh 1.a ) thng l bn dn loi N v loi P. Hnh 1b l k hiu theo quy c v hnh 1c l hnh dng thc t ca diode cng sut. Do hiu ng khuch tn cc phn t ti in c bn gia 2 min , ti lp tip xc (phn truyn) s hnh thnh 1 hiu in th tip xc , to ra t trng E ngn nga s khuch tn tip tc ca cc phn t ti in c bn . Kt qu l trng thi cn bng , ranh gii tip xc to ra vng ngho cc phn t ti in. Khi t vo diode mt in trng ngoi ( U ) , trng thi cn bng b ph v , nu ni in th ngoi theo chiu dng + vi Katod v chiu m ni vi Anod ca diode , s to ra in trn ngoi cng chiu vi in th tip xc, in trng tng cng s lm tng hng ro in th , lm vng ngho c m rng .Vng ngho ca lp tip xc khn cho php cc phn t ti in chuyn qua phn truyn v dng qua phn truyn ch l dng in r ( dng r )

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

A A P U N K K

Ni in th ngoi theo chiu + vi Anod v vi Katod ca diode , in trng ngoi s ngc chiu vi in trng ca in p tip xc , in trng tng cng s lm gim hng ro in th , cho php cc phn t ti in dch chuyn qua vng tip xc v to ra dng in qua diode. Trn hnh 1b m t c tuyn volt-ampe ca diode tng ng vi qu trnh m t trn .ng vi nhnh phn cc ngc dng r l hng ng k , song n ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . Diode cng sut lm vic vi dng thun ln v vy i hi ch gim nhit hp l , thch hp . Thng thng s c 1 cc tnh c ch to thun li cho vic ghp vi nhm tn nhit. Cc diode cng sut s dng cho cc thit b cng nghip thng i hi phi c kh nng chu ng in p ngc ln , khong vi trm cho n vi ngn Volt. Dng in nh mc ( dng ti chnh hay dng thun ) phi t vi trm Ampe. 2. Thyristor SCR ( Silic Controler Retiffier ) Thyristor c tn ghp l thyratron va transistor , c cu to t bn lp cht bn dn p-n-p-n nh hnh 2a , c cc in cc A(Anod) K(Katod), G ( gate) , k hiu qui c nh hnh 2b v hnh dng bn ngoi nh hnh 2c.

A G
P1 N1 P2 N2
J1 J2 J3

K
A

Thyristor c 3 lp tip xc J1, J2, J3 vi cc in trn ni gy ra bi hiu ng tip xc gia hai lp cht bn dn E1, E2, E3 c chiu nh trn hnh 3a . Khi ni Anod vi cc + v Katod vi cc ca ngun mt chiu th J1 , J3 c phn cc thun v J2 c phn cc nghch . K qu l ton b in th ngun t ln lp tip xc J2. Nu tc ng vo cc Gate mt in th dng so vi Katod s lm cho cc phn t ti in c bn ca N2 ( in t ) chy sang P2 , mt phn in t chy vo cc Gate ( to thnh dng iu khin , a s cc phn t cn li chu lc ht ca in
2

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

trng tng hp trn J2 v chuyn ng qua J2 . Nhn nng lng ln ca in trng tng cng , cc in t s b Ion ha cc nguyn t bn dn to ra cc lp in t mi ( in t th cp ) . Cc in t th cp li nhn nng lng v gy Ion ha tip theo . Kt qu l to ra mt thc l in t trong lp tip xc J2 chy vo N1 , sau qua cc P1 v ti cc Anod to thnh dng qua Thyristor . Thy ris tor lm vic trong ch ny l ch m , c in tr thun nh v dng dn ln nht . Khi Thyristor m ( dn ) th tn hiu iu khin tr nn mt tc dng. Trong trng hp khng c tn hiu iu khin cc Gate hin tng thc l nh trn vn c th xy ra khi tng in th U t ln Thyristor. Khi in th U ln ( U>Umi ) cc in t nhn nng lng gy ra qu trnh Ion ha do va chm , lm m Thyristor trong trng hp ny hot ng ca Thyristor gn ging nh hot ng ca n Neon. a Thyristor r v trng thi kha , cn tin hnh theo 2 cch nh sau : _ Gim dng dn I xung gi tr duy tr trng thi dn . _ o chiu in h phn p U hoc to in th phn cc ngc cho Thyristor. Khi t in p ngc ln Thyristor ang dn ( Anod ni v Katod ni + ) 2 lp tip xc J1 v J3 b phn cc ngc , J2 c phn cc thun . Cc in t ang hin din trong Thyristor s o chiu hnh trnh to dng in ngc t Anod v Katod v v cc ca ngun. Ti thi im chuyn t m sang cm dng in ny kh ln , sau khi J1 v J3 b cm , cc in t gia chng s dn b tiu tn , cu trc phn truyn ca Thyristor c khi phc tr li , Thyristor chuyn sang trng thi cm vi dng i qua n nh li . Qu trnh thay i dng qua Thyristor t m sang cm c m t trn hnh 3a .Sau khi Thyristor cm vic o cc in th U ( U>Umi trn Thyristorhay Anod ni + v Katod ni - ) khng lm Thyristor dn . Cn lu khi Thyristor chuyn t dn sang cm trong khong thi gian u ( TOFF ) khong vi chc s , Thyristor cn dn vi dng ngc ln . Nu trong khng thi gian ny t ln Thyristor ngay 1 in th ngc c th lm hng Thyristor. t trng Volt Ampe ca Thyristor c m t nh hnh 3b. Thyristor c cu trc v hot ng tng ng vi cp transistor ghp lin kt collector-base nh hnh 3c. Mi loi thyristor c cu to c trng khc nhau , do khi s dng cn la chn loi no cho thch hp vi yu cu . _ Dng in nh mc Im : ty loi 1A n 1000A _ Dng r khong vi mA _ in p ngc cc i Ungc max : t vi trm Volt cho n vi KV _ Dng in iu khin IG : thng thng khong 200mA n 500mA _ Tc tng dng in dI/dT : vi A/s _ Tc tng in p dV/dT : V/s _ Thi gian kha khong vi chc s _ Thi gian m khong vi s Qu trnh chuyn t m sang ng khng xy ra tc thi .Nu Thyristor cha cm hn m xc lp li in th U UA-K dng s lm on mch ngun v lm Thyristor hng . Khi vo Thyristor in th xoay chiu , Thyristor ch lm vic vi bn k dng m khng lm vic bn k m ca in th nui. bn k m thyristor s t ng chuyn v ch cm do c s o chiu in th ca ngun cung cp.
3

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

3. TRIAC ( Triode Alternative Current ) Nh trnh by trn , Thyristor l linh kin ch m khi phn cc d8in p UA-K dng . Nu nh ghp 2 Thyristor song song ngc chiu nhau , c th iu khin m c 2 chiu m va dng .Trong trng hp ny cn phi c 2 tn hiu iu khin ng b vi nhau nn gy cht kh khn . Do khc phc vn ny gni ta ch to ra 1 linh kin l TRIAC . TRIAC l linh kin tng ng 2 Thyristor ghp song song nhng ngc chiu nhau v c chung 1 cc iu khin .

T2
T2 N2 P1 N1 N3 P2 N3 P1 N1 P2 N2 G T1

T1
Do TRIAC lm vic c vi c ngun dng v ngun m nn khi nin Anod v katod khng cn ph hp na . Cc cc ca TRIAC c s dng l T1 ( MT1 ) v T2 ( MT2) cho cc cc li ra v cc iu khin Gate gn T1. Cu trc cu to ca TRIAC c th m t bng 2 cu trc cha 4 lp cht bn dn Ta v Tb tng t nh hnh 4a. Trong trng hp T2 n61i vi ngun + v T1 ni vi ngun - , Gate ni vi + , 1 phn TRIAC lm vic ging nh 1 Thyristor thng thng . Nu ngun phn cc ngc li , in t trong vng N3 s phng vo P2 gy ra qu trnh thc l do va chm lm dn Tb. Trong thc t TRIAC c thit k vi cu trc lin kt vi cc lp cht bn dn N1, P1, N2, P2 l chung cho 2 na . K hiu qui c TRIAC nh hnh 4b. c trng Volt-Ampe ca TRIAC c tnh i xng nhu hnh 5 . Nhnh phn t th 1 tng ng vi trng hp VT2 > VT1 , nhnh phn t th 3 mang c trng tng ng vi s o chiu in th phn cc , ngha l VT2 < VT1 . Khc vi Thyristor , TRIAC c th lm vic vi in th iu khin m v khng i trng thi khi o cc ca ngun in th nui. 4. Transistor MOS cng sut Transistor MOS cng sut thc cht l transistor trng hay cn gi l FET ( Field Effect Transistor ) tuy nhin FET cng sut thng c ch to bng cng ngh MOS ( Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor ) nn thng gi l MOSFET cng sut. MOSFET cng sut l 1 linh kin chuyn mach in t nhanh v cng sut ln . Cu trc MOSFET c cc cc chnh l : Drain (mng) , Source (ngun) v cc khin Gate (cc ca) . Khc vi transistor lng cc thng thng , khi in p gia cc Gate v cc Source c gi tr l 0V th MOSFET khn dn cho d in th gia 2 cc t n gi tr vi trm Volt.

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

C. c im S Dng Transistor Lng Cc, MOSFET, Thyristor Do c im lm vic chu ng in p cao , dng ln , cc c tnh cch in cao khi ngt v in tr dn nh , kh nng chuyn mch nhanh , d ghp vi s in t , . Cc linh kin in T Cng Sut c ng dng rng ri thay cho cc chuyn mch tip im. Vic la chn linh kin no cho tng ng dng c th ph thuc vo cc tr s gii hn , cc tn hao , thi gian chuyn mch nhanh hay chm , gi thnh, .. Thyristor c tr s gii hn v dng in v in p l cao nht , tn hao nh , gi thnh tng i .Tuy nhin Thyristor c thi gian chuyn mch chm v vy ch thch hp cho cc mch s bin i in p li ( c tn s 50Hz hoc 60Hz ) nh cc b chnh lu, bin i in p xoay chiu , nghich lu bin tn vi tn s thp (thng < 250Hz). i vi cc s nghch lu n s cao ( > 15KHz ) th s dng MOSFET thch hp hn . dy tn 20KHz 100KHz , transistor lng cc thng c s dng v c c tnh tc ng nhanh, tuy tn hao iu khin nhiu hn MOSFET . V ch nhit , cc transistor cng sut c th chiu nhit t 2000C , trong khi Thyristor ch t n 1250C. c bit do cc mch cng sut hay c s c, Thyristor c tnh bo v chng li s c nn thng c chn s dng. TRIAC thng c cng sut nh hn so vi Thyristor nn kh nng s dng chng cng b gii hn , ch c s dng trong cc mch cng sut va v nh. D. Cc Linh Kin Cng Sut Khc 1. GTO (gate turn-off thyristor ) C cu tao phc tp hn Thyristor thng thng nhm gii quyt vn kh khn khi s dng Thyristor l lm sao ngt khi ang dn . y GTO c th ngt bng cch kch vo cc Gate 1 xung m , trc GTO dn nu c phn cc thun vo c kch bng xung dng.

Hnh 6 : Cu to , k hiu , s tng ng v hnh dng ca GTO GTO c cu to gm bn lp pnpn tng t vi thyristor thng thng (SCR)hnh 6a, vi cc tnh nng tng t ca thyristor vi im khc bit l c th iu khin ngt dng in qua n. Mch tng ng GTO c v trn hnh 6c c cu trc tng t mch m t SCR nhng c thm cng kch ngt mc song song cng
5

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

kch ng. K hiu linh kin GTO v trn hnh 6b. Cu trc thc t (loi GTO i xng) hnh 6. GTO c kch ng bng xung dng in tng t nh khi kch ng thyristor thng thng. Dng in kch ng c tng n gi tr IGM v sau gim xung n gi tr IG. im khc bit so vi yu cu xung kch ng SCR l dng kch iG phi tip tc duy tr trong sut thi gian GTO dn in.

Hnh 7: cu to v nguyn tt ng ngt GTO

Hnh 8 c tnh ng ngt

Hnh 9 Qu trnh thay i trng thi ng ngt ca GTO kch ngt GTO, xung dng in m ln c a vo cng G cathode vi dc (diGQ/dt) ln hn gi tr qui nh ca linh kin, n y cc ht mang in khi cathode, tc ra khi emitter ca transistor pnp v transistor npn s khng th hot ng ch ti sinh. Sau khi transistor npn tt, transistor pnp cn li s hot ng
6

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

vi cng kch ng trng thi m v linh kin tr v trng thi khng dn in. Tuy nhin, dng in yu cu mch cng G tt GTO c gi tr kh ln. Trong khi xung dng in cn a vo cng kch ng GTO ch cn t gi tr khong 3-5%, tc khong 30A vi rng xung 10s i vi loi linh kin c dng nh mc 1000A th xung dng in kch cng ngt GTO cn t n khong 3050%, tc khong 300A vi rng xung khong 20-50 s. Mch cng phi thit k c kh nng to xung dng kch ti thiu t cc gi tr yu cu trn (IGQM). in p cung cp mch cng to xung dng ln va nu thng c gi tr thp, khong 10-20V vi rng xung khong 20-50 s, nng lng tiu tn cho vic thc hin kch ngt GTO khng cao. Qu trnh in p v dng in mch anode v mch cng khi kch ng GTO v kch ngt n c m t trn hnh hnh 8 v hnh 9. Nng lng kch ngt GTO nhiu gp 10-20 ln nng lng cn cho qu trnh kch ng GTO. im bt li v mch kch ngt l mt nhc im ca GTO khi so snh n vi IGBT. H qu l thi gian ngt dng in ko di, kh nng chu di/dt, dv/dt km, mch bo v khi kch ng v kch ngt lm tng chi ph lp t cng nh lm cng sut tn hao tng ln. Do kh nng kch ngt chm nn GTO c s dng trong cc b nghch lu iu ch rng xung (PWM) vi tn s ng ngt thp. Tuy nhin, iu ny chp nhn c trong cc ng dng cng sut ln. Mch iu khin kch ngt GTO c gi thnh tng ng gi thnh linh kin. st p ca GTO khi dn in cao hn khong 50% so vi thyristor nhng thp hn 50% so vi IGBT vi cng nh mc. GTO c kh nng chu ti cng sut ln hn IGBT v c ng dng trong cc thit b iu khin h thng li in (FACTS Controller) n cng sut vi trm MW. GTO c chia lm hai loi - loi cho php chu p ngc (symmetrical), v loi ni tt anode (anode short GTO thyristor) ch c kh nng kho p thun tr s ln. Loi th nht c cu trc ging nh SCR, c kh nng chu c p kha v p ngc vi gi tr ln gn nh nhau. Lai th hai- GTO c anode ni tt, c mt phn lp J1 b ni tt nh lp n+ hnh 6. Do , kh nng kha p ngc ca lai GTO ny km, bng kh nng chu p ngc ca lp J3 (khong di 15V). Tuy nhin, b li, cu to ca n cho php t c kh nng chu p kha v dng in ln cng nh kh nng gim st p khi dn in v n thch hp cho cc ng dng i hi tn s ng ngt ln nhng khng cn kh nng chu p ngc cao (chng hn cc b nghch lu p). tng cng hiu qu s dng, cc GTO cn c ch to vi diode ngc tch hp trong linh kin (reverse conducting GTO Thyristor hoc asymmetric GTO). Cu to linh kin gm phn GTO c anode i xng v phn gi l diode phc hi nhanh (fast recovery diode), cho php linh kin dn dng in ngc m khng cn lp t diode ngc ngoi linh kin, lm gim kch thc v khi lng mch in s dng GTO Linh kin GTO cn phi c mch bo v. Qu trnh ngt GTO i hi s dng xung dng kch rng. iu ny dn n thi gian ngt di, kh nng di/dt v dv/dt
7

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

ca GTO thp. V th, cn phi gii hn cc tr s hot ng khng vt qu gi tr an ton trong qu trnh ngt GTO. 2. IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) IGBT l linh kin kt hp gia c tnh tc ng nhanh v cng sut ln ca Transistor lng cc vi tng tr ng vo v chu in th iu khin ln cc cng ca MOSFET. Cu to , k hiu v s tng ng c dng nh hnh 10
E n n G

E
n p

Cch in
E S G D np n pn p C

p
np+

Hnh 10 : Cu to, hnh dng v s tng ng ca IGBT E. Kho St c Tnh Ca Diode, SCR v TRIAC I. Kho st DIODE cng sut : 1. Ni ngun +12V qua ti bng n v diode nh hnh 11a mc phn cc ngc cho diode . o st p trn diode v dng qua diode. 2. Ni ngun +12V qua ti bng n v diode nh hnh 11b mc phn cc thun cho diode . o st p trn diode v dng qua diode.
+12V +12V

Hinh a

Hinh b

Hnh 11 : Diode c phn cc bng ngun 1 chiu 3. Ni ngun ~ 24V qua ti bng n v diode nh hnh 12a . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti bng n .
8

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

4. Ni ngun ~ 24V qua ti motor v diode nh hnh 12b . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti motor. 5. Trn c s nguyn tc hot ng ca diode , gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca s hnh 11 v hnh 12. Gii thch s khc nhau gia 2 dng tn hiu trn ti cm ( motor ) v ti tr ( bng n )

24 VAC

24 VAC

Hinh a

Hinh b

Hnh 12 : Diode c phn cc bng ngun xoay chiu II. Kho st Thyristor cng sut : 1. Ni ngun +12V qua ti bng n v thyristor nh hnh 13 . Cp ngun 12V cho s kch mt chiu . Ni ng ra ca b kch DC vi cc Gate ca Thyristor. 2. Chnh bin tr P1 ca b kch DC cho n khi n pht sng ( ch chnh chm ). o in th v dng iu khin . Chnh ngc bin tr v gii thch ti sao n khng tt. 3. Chnh bin tr P1 tr v trng thi ban u . Dng dy dn ni tt 2 u Anod v katod , sau tr li trng thi nh c . Thc hin li cc bc vi ln . 4. Thay i ngun phn cc cho bng n v cho Thyristor bng ngun ~24V . Lp li th nghim trn . Quan st tn hiu trn ti theo gi tr in p ra khi chnh bin tr P1. 5. Lp li cc bc trn vi ln .Gii thch nguyn tt hot ng ca Thyristor.

V R1 3K3 VR 10K R2 3K3 R3 3K3 C1 0.22

741

TIP 122 OUT R4 330

TAI

Hnh 13 : S kho st Thyristor

Bi TN s 1: Linh kin in t cng sut

III. Kho st TRIAC : 1. Li ngun +12V qua ti bng n v TRIAC nh hnh 14 . Cp ngun 12V cho s kch mt chiu . Ni ng ra ca b kch DC vi cc Gate ca TRIAC. 2. Chnh bin tr P1 ca b kch DC cho n khi n pht sng ( ch chnh chm ). o in th v dng iu khin . Chnh ngc bin tr v gii thch ti sao n khng tt. 3. Chnh bin tr P1 tr v trng thi ban u . Dng dy dn ni tt 2 u T2 v T1 , sau tr li trng thi nh c . Thc hin li cc bc vi ln . 4. Thay i ngun phn cc cho bng n v cho TRIAC bng ngun ~24V . Lp li th nghim trn . Quan st tn hiu trn ti theo gi tr in p ra khi chnh bin tr P1. 5. Lp li cc bc trn vi ln .Gii thch nguyn tt hot ng ca TRIAC.

V R1 3K3 VR 10K R2 3K3 R3 3K3 C1 0.22

741

TIP 122 OUT R4 330

6. So snh nguyn tt hot ng ca Thyristor v TRIAC.

10

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

BI TH NGHIM S 2

CC PHNG PHP IU KHIN

A. THIT B S DNG 1. Thit b thc tp cho in t cng sut PE-501 , PE-502 v PE-503 v cc bng chc nng : _ Bng ngun , cu dao t ng , cu ch, n bo ngun , ti n , ti motor _ Bng cha linh kin cng sut . _ Bng cha b lin kt quang , b lin kt bin th xung , ngun kch DC. _ Bng cha mch pht UJT, mch pht xung 555. mch dao ng a hi . _ Bng mch to xung ng b iu khin SCR, Triac. _ Bng cha mch iu khin bn IC 785. 2. Dao ng k 2 tia ( Oscilloscope ), ng h VOM . 3. Ph tng l dy cm 2 u. B. CC BI THC TP PHN I : Phng Php iu Khin Ton Pha *** Nhim v Phng php iu khin ton pha thc cht l iu khin on-off, iu ny c ngha l cc linh kin cng sut phi c iu khin hot ng ging nh 1 kha ng ngt. Trong phng php ny nhim v ch yu ca ngun kch l phi m bo in p kch hay dng kch . Bin tr l ngun kch n gin nt , tuy nhin y l nguun c tng tr ra bin i theo theo in th . kch SCR, Triac cn ngun kch c tin hiu ra n nh v tng tr nh, v vy ta cn s dng cc b khuch i thut ton . S hi tip 100% gia li vo v ra , tr khng ra ca s kh nh. Khi vn bin tr P1 th in p ra thay i tuy nhin tng tr ra khng thay i *** Cc bc thc hin I . S kch iu khin ton pha. 1. Cp ngun 12V cho s kch Hnh I.1 , ni mass cho s .

11

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

V V R1 3K3 OUT VR 10K R2 3K3 V V R3 3K3 C1 0.22

741

TIP 122 OUT R4 330

Hnh I.1 S kch iu khin ton pha

2. S dng ng h , hoc dao ng k xac nh in p ng ra. 3. Chnh bin tr P1 theo cc gi tr trn Bng nhn xt , ghi nhn gi tr in th

ng ra . Th ra P1 -4 V -3V -2 V -1 V 0 V 1V 2V 3V 4V

Th ti li ra 4. Nhn xt v s ph thuc gia in th vo v ra. Tnh lch gia chng. II. S iu khin ton pha 1SCR khng cch ly 1. Cp ngun 12V cho s kch DC , ni mass cho s .
V R1 R3 VR C1 R2
741

TIP OUT R4

24 V ac

V GND

Hnh I.2 S iu khin ton pha 1SCR khng cch ly

2. To s cng sut nh hnh I.2 . Cp ngun 24Vac cho s . 3. Ng ra OUT ni vi cc Gate ca SCR, cc Katod ni GND .
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Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

4. S dng ng h o xc nh in p ng ra OUT so vi GND . Chnh bin tr

P1 sao cho n ( ti ) va sng . Ghi nhn li gi tr in p ng ra ti thi im . 5. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng trn 2 u ti . 6. Chnh bin tr P1 gim in p ng ra OUT . 7. Quan st hot ng ca ti , in p ra OUT . Nhn xt kt qu v nguyn tt iu khin ton pha.V dng sng ti.

III. S iu khin ton pha c cch ly: 1. Cp ngun + 12V cho s lin kt quang , ni mass cho s . 2. To s cng sut nh hnh I.3 . Cp ngun 24Vac cho s . 3. Cc ng ra OUT PUT ni theo yu cu sao . _ OUT 1 ni vi cc Anod ca SCR. _ OUT 2 ni vi cc Gate ca SCR. _ OUT 3 ni vi cc Katod ca SCR.
12Vdc OUT 1

VR

R1

R2 OUT 2

24 V ac

D
GND

OUT 3

Hnh I.3 S iu khin ton pha c cch ly

13

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

4. Chnh bin tr P1 sao cho n ( ti ) va sng . Ghi nhn li gi tr in p ng

ra ti thi im . 5. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng trn 2 u ti . 6. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng trn 2 u ra ca OP-TO 7. Quan st hot ng ca ti , in p ra OUT . Nhn xt kt qu v nguyn tt iu khin ton pha.V dng sng ti.

PHN II : iu Khin Khng ng B SCR v Triac **** Nhim v Kho st nguyn tt kch SCR , Triac bng xung . Tn hiu xung c nhiu dng , tuy nhin y ta ch xt 2 dng xung c bn nht dng kch SCR va Triac l xung vung v xung nhn . Quan st v nhn xt hin tng lch tn s gia xung kch v tn s tn hiu in phn cc cho SCR v Triac. i vi s to xung vung ta thng s dng la mch dao ng bng IC 555, ng thi s dng bin tr thay i tn s xung ng ra. i vi s tao xung nhn ta s dng mch dao ng tch thot ( mch tao xung bng UJT ) c s dng bin tr thay i tn s. **** Cc bc thc hin I. Mch kch khng ng b bng xung vung. 1. To s nh hnh II.1
R1

12
OUT 1

4 VR-P1 7

IC
R2

OUT

R2 INPUT R1 OUT 2

6 2
TP1

24 V ac

555
D1

C1

C2

1
COM OUT 3

Hnh II.1 Mch kch khng ng b bng xung vung.

14

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

_ Cp ngun v mass cho mch dao ng 555. _ To s cng sut nh hnh. _ Ng ra ca mach 555 ni vi ng vo ca b lin kt quang ( OUT ni vi IN , GND ni vi COM ). _ Cc ng ra OUT ca b lin kt quang ni theo yu cu sao . * OUT 1 ni vi cc Anod ca SCR. * OUT 2 ni vi cc Gate ca SCR. * OUT 3 ni vi cc Katod ca SCR. 2. Chnh bin tr P1 thay i tn s ng ra ca mch dao ng 555. S dng dao ng k quan st s thay i ti ng ra OUT ca mch 555. V dng sng ng ra OUT.

3. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng trn 2 u ra ca OP-TO ( OUT 2 v OUT 3 ). V dng sng .

4. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng trn 2 u ti . V dng sng ti. 5. Quan st hot ng ca ti , dng sng cc ng ra . Nhn xt kt qu , so snh cc dng sng v tm hiu nguyn tt iu khin khng ng b. 6. Tng t thay th SCR bng Triac v thc hin cc bc tng t.

15

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

II. Mch Kch Khng ng B Bng Xung Nhn :

12 V
12 V D2 A1 R3 D3 T1 R4 C1 R2 T2 OUT 1 B1 OUT 2

R2 VR-P1 Dz

R3
IN 1 R1

D1

24 V ac

OUT-PUT
IN 2

R4
C2

Hnh II.2 : S Kch Khng ng B Bng Xung Nhn Kch SCR 1. S dng cc s nh hnh II.2 _ Cp ngun + 12 V v mass cho mch to xung UJT. Lc ny mch lm vic ch khng ng b _ To s cng sut nh hnh. _ Ng ra ca mch UJT ni vi ng vo IN 2 ca b lin kt bin th xung ( OUTPUT ni vi IN 2 ). IN 1 ca mch lin kt bin th xung ni vi ngun +12V. _ Cc ng ra OUT ca b lin kt bin th xung ni theo yu cu sao . * A1 ni vi cc Gate ca SCR. * B1 ni vi cc Katod ca SCR. 2. Chnh bin tr P1 thay i tn s ng ra ca mch to xung UJT. S dng dao ng k quan st s thay i ti ng ra OUT-PUT ca mch to xung UJT. V dng sng OUT-PUT.

16

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

3. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng trn 2 u ra A1 v B1 . V dng sng .

4. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng trn 2 u ti . V dng sng ti. 5. Quan st hot ng ca ti , dng sng cc ng ra . Nhn xt kt qu , so snh cc dng sng v tm hiu nguyn tt iu khin khng ng b. 6. Tng t thay th SCR bng Triac v thc hin cc bc tng t to s nh hnh II.3
12 V
12 V D2

R2 VR-P1 Dz

R3
IN 1 R1 C1

D1 D3 T1

R3

OUT 1

24 V ac
R4 OUT 2

OUT-PUT
IN 2 R2 T2

R4
C2

Hnh II.3 : S Kch Khng ng B Bng Xung Nhn Kch Triac

17

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

PHN III: iu Khin ng B Theo K Thut Dch Pha **** Nhim v Kho st cc nguyn tt kch ng b, cc yu cu ca 1 mch kch ng b.Tm hiu nguyn l 1 s kch ng b v dng sng ra trn ti . Kho st dng s kch ng b n gin v s kch ng b thc t dng phng php iu khin tuyn tnh. **** Cc bc thc hin I. Mch kch n gin s dng UJT : 1. To s nh hnh III.1

R1 R2 R3 VR-P1
D2 A1 R3 D3 R4 OUT 2 OUT 1 B1

24 V ac

D1

24 V ac

Hnh III.1 Mch kch n gin s dng UJT _ Cp ngun xoay chiu ~ 24 Vac cho ng vo b pht xung UJT. Khi in th cp cho mch dao ng c dng xung ng b vi tn hiu xoay chiu do in th ng ra ca mch chnh lu khng c b lc. _ To s mch cng sut nh hnh . Ngun cung cp cho mach cng sut ng thi l ngun cung cp cho cu chnh lu. 2. S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu ra ca mch cu v tn hiu ra ca mch to xung . V li dng sng v so snh c im ca 2 dng sng ny. Nhn xt.

3. Thay i bin tr P1 quan st tn hiu ra ca mch UJT . So snh vi tn hiu ban u v tn hiu xoay chiu.

18

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

4. Tc ng tn hiu kch cho mch cng sut bng cch kt ni theo yu cu : _ A1 ni vi cc Gate. _ B1 ni vi Katod. 5. Thay i bin tr P1 , s dng dao ng k quan st dng sng trn ti nhiu chu k lin tip. Gii thch nguyn tt hot ng ca ch ng b.

II. iu khin ng b bng phng php iu khin tuyn tnh : 1. Cp ngun +12V v mass cho s hnh III.2 . Cp tn hiu ~ 24 Vac cho ng vo ca mch kch. 2. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng ti cc im o TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, CT1, CT2 . V li dng sng va nhn xt nguyn tt hot ng ca mch. 3. Diu chnh bin tr P1 .Xc nh dng sng ti 2 ng ra OUT1 v OUT2 bng cch s dng 2 tia ca dao ng k .Nhn xt dng sng ca 2 ng ra. 4. To mch cng sut n gin nh hnh III.3a . Tc ng xung kch t mch kch ng b theo cc bc sau : _ Ly tn hiu t 1 ng ra tc ng vo SCR. _ im A ni vi cc Gate ca SCR. _ im B ni vi cc Katod ca SCR. 5. Thay i bin tr P1 , s dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti . v li dng sng ti 1 thi im bt k.

19

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

24 V ac

24 V ac

a)

b)

Hnh III.3 : S mch cng sut 6. To mch cng sut n gin nh hnh III.3b . Tc ng xung kch t mch kch ng b theo cc bc sau : _ Ly tn hiu t 1 ng ra tc ng vo TRIAC. _ im A ni vi cc Gate ca TRIAC. _ im B ni vi cc T1 ca TRIAC. 7. Thay i bin tr P1 , s dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti . v li dng sng ti 1 thi im bt k. 8. Ghp 2 tn hiu kch v thc hin cc bc tng t quan st dng sng ti ch iu khin ton k

20

12V
D3
LED 1 R4 5K6

A
R13-10K

D6

R2 100K T1 A 1015

R6 5K6

R1-2K2

TP2
3 2A TL082 1

T5 TIP122 P2 100K
R11-10K

OUT 1

4N35

TP1
R3-10K T2 C1815 2

D1 4007

C7-220p

OPTO C1-220p 2 4 1

C5-104

CT1
D4
6 10

5 3 11 13 16

R9-560

24V AC P1 10K
LED 2 T3 A 1015 R8 5K6 12 15

12V

C9-474

TF1

D5

R12-10K

D2 4007 R7-10K T4 C1815

OPTO C3-220p

C8-220p

12V
R9-560 C10-474

Hnh III.2 : S kch xung ng b bng phng php tuyn tnh

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

T6 TIP122

OUT 2

R14-10K
2B TL082

D6

21

IC3 CD4528
14

C6-104

CT2 12V
D7

R15 100K

R16-2K2

TP4
5

A
7 R10-5K6

4N35

TP3

P3 100K

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

PHN IV: IU KHIN NG B S DNG TCA785 **** Nhim v Kho st mch kch s dng IC chuyn dng TCA785. Quan st v nhn xt nhim v ca tng chn linh kin . **** Cc bc thc hin 1. Cp ngun +12V v mass cho s hnh IV.1 . Cp tn hiu ~ 24 Vac cho ng vo ca mch kch. 2. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng ti cc im o ng vo , ng ra ca IC, tn hiu ti chn 9 v 10 xem ng b. V li dng sng v nhn xt nguyn tt hot ng ca mch. 3. iu chnh bin tr P1 .Xc nh dng sng ti 2 ng ra OUT1 v OUT2 bng cch s dng 2 tia ca dao ng k .Nhn xt dng sng ca 2 ng ra. 4. To mch cng sut n gin nh hnh IV.2a . Tc ng xung kch t mch kch ng b theo cc bc sau : _ Ly tn hiu t 1 ng ra tc ng vo SCR. _ im A ni vi cc Gate ca SCR. _ im B ni vi cc Katod ca SCR. 5. Thay i bin tr P1 , s dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti . v li dng sng ti 1 thi im bt k. 6. To mch cng sut n gin nh hnh III.3b . Tc ng xung kch t mch kch ng b theo cc bc sau : _ Ly tn hiu t 1 ng ra tc ng vo TRIAC. _ im A ni vi cc Gate ca TRIAC. _ im B ni vi cc T1 ca TRIAC.
12V R1 Dz VR Vref 12V 16 5 13 6

R2

15

24V AC

IC TCA 785
1 9 10 12

14

A OUT1 B A OUT2 B

R3

Hnh IV.1: S TCA785 7. Thay i bin tr P1 , s dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti . v li dng sng ti 1 thi im bt k. 8. Ghp 2 tn hiu kch v thc hin cc bc tng t quan st dng sng ti ch iu khin ton k

C1

C2

22

Bi TN s 2: Cc phng php iu khin

24 V ac

24 V ac

a) b) Hnh IV.2 S mch cng sut PHN V: IU KHIN BNG PHNG PHP PWM **** Nhim v Tm hiu phng php kch khng ng b, bng phng php PWM, thng c s dng trong cc b Inverter 1pha-3pha. **** Cc bc thc hin 1. Cp ngun +12V v mass cho s hnh V.1 . Cp tn hiu ~ 24 Vac cho ng vo ca mch kch. 2. S dng dao ng k xc nh dng sng ti cc im o ng vo , ng ra ca IC, ti cc im o TP1, TP 2 , TP 3. V li dng sng v nhn xt nguyn tt hot ng ca mch. 3. iu chnh bin tr VR1 v VR2 .Xc nh dng sng ti 2 ng ra OUT1 v OUT2 bng cch s dng 2 tia ca dao ng k .Nhn xt dng sng ca 2 ng ra.
12Vdc R1 VR1 R2 IN R3 VR2 TP2 COM R4 + R5

TP1

12 V D2 D1 R8 D3 T1 R7 C1 A1 OUT 1 B1 OUT 2

TP3

R6

Hnh V.1 : S Kch bng phng php PWM

23

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

BI TH NGHIM S 3

CHNH LU CNG SUT

A. THIT B S DNG 1. Thit b thc tp cho in t cng sut PE-501 v PE-502 , M hnh in T Cng Sut v cc bng chc nng : _ Bng ngun , cu dao t ng , cu ch, n bo ngun , ti n , ti motor _ Bng cha linh kin cng sut . _ Bng mch to xung ng b iu khin SCR cha 3 knh CH - A, CH - B, CH - C _ Cc module chnh lu 1pha, chnh lu 3 pha 2. Dao ng k 2 tia ( Oscilloscope ), ng h VOM . 3. Ph tng la dy cm 2 u. B. CC BI THC TP Phn I : CHNH LU 1 PHA I . Chnh lu bn k 1. Mc s nh hnh I.1a . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 2. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm nhu hnh I.1b ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 3. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

R LOAD

L LOAD

~24Vac

~24Vac

D1

D1

a) Vi ti tr

b) Vi ti cm

Hnh I.1 S chnh lu bn k dng diode

24

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

4. Thay th diode bng cc SCR nh hnh I.2a . ng thi tc ng tn hiu kch t ng ra ca mch kch ng b. 5. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm nhu hnh I.2b ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 6. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng . 7. Gii thch im khc bit gia chnh lu dng diode vi chnh lu dng SCR.

R LOAD

L LOAD

~24Vac

~24Vac

T1

T1

a) Vi ti tr

b) Vi ti cm

Hnh I.2 : S chnh lu bn k dng SCR II . Chnh lu cu 1 pha 1. Chnh lu cu 1 pha dng diode a. Mc s nh hnh II.1 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm nhu hnh I.1b ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

D1

D2

24V AC

R LOAD

D4

D3

Hnh II.1 : S cu chnh lu bng diode ti tr

25

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

2. Chnh lu Cu bn iu khin a. Mc s nh hnh II.2a . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm nhu hnh II.2b ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .
12V TP1A TP2A CT1A 12V A A OUT1 B

D1

D2

24V AC 24V AC
12V 12V A OUT2 TP3A TP4A CT3A B

R LOAD

SCR1

SCR2

Hnh I.2a : Chnh lu cu bn iu khin ti tr ( n )

12V TP1A TP2A CT1A 12V A A OUT1 B

D1

D2

24V AC 24V AC
12V 12V A OUT2 TP3A TP4A CT3A B

L LOAD

SCR1

SCR2

Hnh II.2b: Chnh lu cu bn iu khin ti c tnh cm ( motor ) 3. Chnh lu Cu iu khin i xng : a. Mc s nh hnh II.3 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .
26

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

d. Quan st hin tng trng dn i vi ti c tnh cm .

12V TP1A TP2A CT1A

12V A A OUT1 B

12V

12V A OUT2

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

T1

T2

24V AC 24V AC T4 T3

R LOAD

12V TP1A TP2A CT1A

12V A A OUT1 B

12V

12V A OUT2

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

Hnh II.3 : Chnh lu cu i xng ti tr

27

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

PHN II : CHNH LU 3 PHA I. Chnh lu hnh tia 1. Chnh lu hnh tia dng diode a. Mc s nh hnh I . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

Pha A Pha B Pha C Trung tnh

Hnh Ia : S chnh lu hnh tia dng diode ti tr

Pha A Pha B Pha C Trung tnh

Hnh Ib : S chnh lu hnh tia dng diode ti c tnh cm 2. Chnh lu 3 pha hnh tia c iu khin : a. Mc s nh hnh II.1 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .
28

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

12V TP1A TP2A CT1A

12V A

F1

OUT1 B

12V

12V A OUT2

T1

F1

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

12V TP1A

12V A

F2
TP2A CT1A

OUT1 B

T2

F2

12V

12V A OUT2

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

12V TP1A

12V A

T3

F3

F3
TP2A CT1A

OUT1 B

12V

12V A OUT2

Trung tnh

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

R LOAD

Hnh II1 : S chnh lu hnh tia c iu khin

29

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

II. Chnh lu cu 3 pha . 1. Chnh lu cu diode a. Mc s nh hnh II.2 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

Pha A Pha B Pha C

Hnh II.2 S chnh lu dng diode

2. Chnh lu cu bn iu khin : a. Mc s nh hnh II.3 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng . 3. Chnh lu cu iu khin i xng : a. Mc s nh hnh II.4 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . b. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . c. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng . d. Kho st hin tng trng dn trn ti cm.

30

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

12V TP1A TP2A CT1A

12V A

F1

OUT1 B

12V

12V A OUT2

T1

T4

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

F1

12V TP1A

12V A

F2
TP2A CT1A

OUT1 B

T2

T5

12V

12V A OUT2

F2

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

12V TP1A

12V A

T3

T6

F3
TP2A CT1A

OUT1 B

F3

12V

12V A OUT2

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

R LOAD

Hnh II.3 : S chnh lu 3 pha bn iu khin

31

Bi TN s 3: Chnh lu cng sut

12V TP1A TP2A CT1A

12V A

F1

OUT1 B

12V

12V A OUT2

T1

T4

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

F1

12V TP1A

12V A

F2
TP2A CT1A

OUT1 B

T2

T5

12V

12V A OUT2

F2

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

12V TP1A

12V A

T3

T6

F3
TP2A CT1A

OUT1 B

F3

12V

12V A OUT2

TP3A

TP4A CT3A

R LOAD

Hnh II.4 : S chnh lu cu iu khin i xng

32

Bi TN s 4: Bin i in p xoay chiu

BI TH NGHIM S 4

BIN I IN P XOAY CHIU

A.THIT B S DNG : 1. M hnh thc tp PE-502, PE-503 v M Hnh in t Cng Sut . Cc bng chc nng : _ Bng ngun , cu dao t ng , cu ch, n bo ngun , ti n , ti motor _ Bng cha linh kin cng sut . _ Bng mch to xung ng b iu khin SCR cha 3 knh CH-A, CH-B, CHC _ Cc modul Chnh lu 1pha, Chnh lu 3 pha 2. Dao ng k 2 tia ( Oscilloscope ), ng h VOM . 3. Ph tng l dy cm 2 u. B. CC BI TH NGHIM PHN I : Bin i Xoay Chiu 1 Pha I. Bin i in th AC mt pha s dng 1 SCR 1 DIODE 1. Mc s nh hnh I.1 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . 2. To mch kch ng b SCR, tc ng tn hiu kch ln SCR ca s hnh I.1 3. Thay i gc kch tc ng vo SCR. Quan st v v dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

SCR 24Vac D

Hnh I.1 : Bin i xoay chiu 1pha bn iu khin

33

Bi TN s 4: Bin i in p xoay chiu

II. Bin i in th AC mt pha s dng 2 SCR 1. Mc s nh hnh I.2a . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . 2. To mch kch ng b SCR, tc ng tn hiu kch ln SCR ca s hnh I.2a 3. Thay i gc kch tc ng vo SCR. Quan st v v dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

T1

T2 24Vac

Hnh I.2a : Bin i in xoay chiu 1pha ton phn

T1

T2

D2 24Vac

D1

Hnh I.2b : S bin i xoay chiu dng 2SCR v 2DIODE 6. Mc s nh hnh I.2b . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . 7. To mch kch ng b SCR, tc ng tn hiu kch ln SCR ca s hnh I.2b 8. Thay i gc kch tc ng vo SCR. Quan st v v dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 9. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 10. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng . 11. So snh c im ca 2 dng s Hnh I.2
34

Bi TN s 4: Bin i in p xoay chiu

III. Bin i in th AC mt pha s dng 1 SCR 4 DIODE 1. Mc s nh hnh I.3 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . 2. To mch kch ng b SCR, tc ng tn hiu kch ln SCR ca s hnh I.3. Ch y trong trng hp ny SCR lm vic ton k nn tn hiu kch phi ph hp. 3. Thay i gc kch tc ng vo SCR. Quan st v v dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

D1

D2

T1 24Vac D4 D3

Hnh I.3 : Bin i xoay chiu dng 1SCR v 4 DIODE IV. Bin i in th AC mt pha s dng TRIAC 1. Mc s nh hnh I.4 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . 2. To mch kch ng b dng TCA 785, tc ng tn hiu kch ln TRIAC ca s hnh I.4. 3. Thay i gc kch tc ng vo TRIAC. Quan st v v dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti cm ( bin p ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti cm ( bin p ) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

35

12 V

R1 Dz VR Vref 12V

Bi TN s 4: Bin i in p xoay chiu 24 V AC

A
R2 16 5 13 6 15

24 V AC

IC TCA 785
1 9 10 12

OUT1 B A OUT2 B

14

R3

Hnh I.4 : S bin i xoay chiu dng 1 TRIAC PHN II : Bin i Xoay Chiu 3 Pha I. Bin i in th AC ba pha s dng 6 SCR 1. Mc s nh hnh II.1 . S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . 2. To mch kch ng b SCR, tc ng tn hiu kch ln SCR ca s hnh II.1. Ch trong trng hp ny cc SCR phi nhn tn hiu kch ph hp. 3. Thay i gc kch tc ng vo SCR. Quan st v v dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti cm ( bin p ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti cm ( bin p) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng . II. Bin i in th AC ba pha s dng 3 TRIAC 1. Mc s nh hnh II.2 S dng dao ng k quan st tn hiu trn ti n . 2. To mch kch ng b dng TCA 785 , tc ng tn hiu kch ln TRIAC ca s hnh II.2. Ch trong trng hp ny cc TRIAC phi lm vic ton k. 3. Thay i gc kch tc ng voTRIAC. Quan st v v dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ) theo in p vo . 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti cm ( bin p ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti cm ( bin p) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng .

C1

C2

36

Bi TN s 4: Bin i in p xoay chiu

12V TP1A TP2A CT1A

12V A

F1

OUT1 B

T1

F1
T4
12V 12V A OUT 2 TP3A TP4A CT3A B

12V TP1A

12V

A OUT 1

F2
TP2A CT1A

T2
B

F2
T5
12V 12V A OUT 2 TP3A TP4A CT3A B

12V TP1A

12V

A OUT 1

F3
TP2A CT1A

T3
B

F3
T6
12V 12V A OUT 2 TP3A TP4A CT3A B

Trung tnh Hnh II.1 : Bin i xoay chiu 3 Pha dng 6 SCR
.

37

Bi TN s 4: Bin i in p xoay chiu

R1 12V Dz VR Vref 12V

PHA A

TR1

A1
R2 Pha A 5 16 13 6 15

OUT1 A2 B1
TRUNG TINH

IC TCA 785
1 9
R3

14

OUT2 B2

10
C1

12
C2

PHA B
12V

TR2

A3
6 15

R4 Pha B 5

16

13

OUT3 A4 B3

IC TCA 785
1 9
R5

14

OUT4 B4 PHA C TR3

10
C3

12
C4

12V

A5
R6 Pha C 5 16 13 6 15

IC TCA 785
1 9
R7

OUT5 A6 B5 OUT6 B6

14

10
C5

12
C6

Hnh II.2 : Bin i xoay chiu dng 3TRIAC

38

Bi TN s 5: Bin i in p mt chiu

BI TH NGHIM S 5

BIN I IN P MT CHIU
A. THIT B S DNG 1. M hnh in t cng sut v cc bng chc nng : _ S bm xung p. _ S bin i rng xung bng phng php PWM. _ ng dng b bm xung p. 2. Dao ng k , ng h o VOM. 3. Dy cm 2 u B. CC BI TH NGHIM I. B Bm Xung p 1 Chiu : 1. Cp ngun +12Vdc cho mng s bm xung p. Mass ni trc tip. 2. Ng ra ca mch ni vi ti n . M ngun cung cp , s dng dao ng k quan st ti ng ra ca mch xung , tn hiu tc ng vo transistor cng sut chnh. 3. Thay i gi tr ca bin tr VR . Quan st s thay i dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ). Gii thch s thay i 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng v gii thch nguyn tt thay i in p trong trng hp ny.

+12V +12V R1 4 VR 7 8

IC
D2 D1 6 2 C1 C2 5 1 3

LM555

OUT A

R1

Hnh I : S bm xung p

39

Bi TN s 5: Bin i in p mt chiu

II. Bin i in DC Dng Phng Php Bin i Rng Xung 1. Cp ngun +12Vdc cho mng s bin i rng xung bng phng php PWM. Mass ni trc tip. 2. Ni ng ra ca mch to xung vi ng vo ca mch cng sut . Ng ra ca mch ni vi ti n . M ngun cung cp , s dng dao ng k quan st dng sng trn cc im o : ng ra mch to xung , ng ra mach so snh. 3. Thay i gi tr ca bin tr VR . Quan st s thay i dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti tr ( n ). Gii thch s thay i 4. Thay th ti tr ( n ) bng ti c tnh cm ( motor ) . V dng sng ca tn hiu trn ti c tnh cm ( motor ) theo in p vo . 5. So snh dng sng trn 2 dng ti tr v ti c tnh cm . Gii thch s khc nhau gia chng v gii thch nguyn tt thay i in p trong trng hp ny.
12V
R4 R6 R3 R1 3
1

VAR
6

M
IC 4 7

IC 1

R5

13 12 IC 2 11

VR

10 R2 9 IC 3 8

R7

R8 Q

GND

Hnh II : S bin i DC dng phng php PWM III. ng dng b bm trong iu khin ng c DC 1. Cp ngun +12Vdc cho mng s ng dng b bm ( hnh III ). Mass ni trc tip. 2. Ni ng ra ca mch to xung vi ng vo ca mch cng sut . _ V tr A1 ni vi A1 _ V tr A2 ni vi A2 3. Ni ng ra ca mch cng sut vi ti motor. 4. M ngun cung cp , s dng dao ng k quan st dng sng trn ti . 5. Thay i bin tr quan st trng thi lm vic ca ti . Gii thch nguyn tt ca mch

40

Bi TN s 5: Bin i in p mt chiu
+12V R1 4 VR 7 8 A1 +12V OUT 3 A SW A2 R3 Q3 Q5 R5

IC
D2 D1 6 2 C1 C2 5 1

LM555

M
Q1 Q4 R2 Q6 R4 Q2

A1

A2

Hnh III : S ng dng b bm iu khin ng c DC IV.B bin i ngun DC c hi tip:

VDC SAU NAN LOC BT XUNG

C1

C2

R1 R2

C3
D2

R3
D1

R4

C5

C4 R5
D3 Q

C6 R6 R7 C7 FBT PLUSE IN R9 C8
D4

VREF VCC OUT GND R8

COM

xx3842
VFB IS
RC

C9

R12

R13

D5

C10 R10 R11 VCR C11 R14

C8

R15

C12 R16

C13

41