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CELLULAR RESPIRATION

TOPICS
15.1: Types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic 15.2 : Aerobic respiration 15.3 : Anaerobic respiration : fermentation and application

Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk

PREVIOUS LESSON

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this subtopic, students should able to : Describe Link Reactions (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A) Describe Krebs cycle.
Electrons carried via NADH

Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate

CYTOSOL

MITOCHONDRION

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

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Electrons carried via NADH

Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2

Electrons carried via NADH

Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2

Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation Acetyl CoA

Citric acid cycle

Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate

Pyruvate oxidation Acetyl CoA

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis

CYTOSOL

MITOCHONDRION

CYTOSOL

MITOCHONDRION

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP Oxidative phosphorylation

Link Reaction (Oxidation of Pyruvate)

In the presence of O2. Pyruvate from Glycolysis enters the mitochondrion by active transport.
MITOCHONDRION CYTOSOL
1 2

Link Reaction (Oxidation of Pyruvate)

Occur TWICE per glucose molecule. Because 2 pyruvate produced from One molecule of glucose (Glycolysis).
MITOCHONDRION Coenzyme A
3 2

CO2

Coenzyme A
3

CYTOSOL
1

CO2

Pyruvate Transport protein

NAD NADH + H

Acetyl CoA Pyruvate Transport protein

NAD NADH + H

Acetyl CoA

Link Reaction (Oxidation of Pyruvate)

1 Enzyme remove a carbon from pyruvate and produced acetyl group (2C). Given off as a CO2. Called Decarboxylation.

Link Reaction (Oxidation of Pyruvate)

2 Remaining 2-carbon fragment is oxidized forming acetate(2C) . Hydrogen or electrons transferred to NAD+ to produce

NADH.
CYTOSOL CO2
1 2

MITOCHONDRION CYTOSOL
1 2

CO2

Coenzyme A
3

MITOCHONDRION Coenzyme A
3

Pyruvate Transport protein

NAD

NADH + H

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate Transport protein

NAD NADH + H

Acetyl CoA

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Pyruvate

Link Reaction (Oxidation of Pyruvate)

3 Finally acetate attached to coenzyme A (CoA) forming Acetyl-CoA.

Krebs Cycle
A chemical cycle that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begin in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide; occur within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. (Campbell, 9th edition)

NAD NADH + H Acetyl CoA CoA

CO2 CoA

CoA

Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle.

MITOCHONDRION CYTOSOL
1 2

CO2

Coenzyme A
3

Citric acid cycle FADH2 FAD ADP + P i ATP

2 CO 2 3 NAD 3 NADH + 3 H

Pyruvate Transport protein

NAD

NADH +

Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate

Krebs Cycle
Also called the Citric Acid cycle. Completes the break down of pyruvate to CO2 . Generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn. NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain.

NAD NADH + H Acetyl CoA CoA

CO2 CoA

Krebs Cycle
1 The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate. Forming citrate (6C). 2 Citrate (6C) will change to its isomer Forming 6C Isocitrate (6C). By removal & addition of water.

CoA

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

Citric acid cycle FADH2 FAD ADP + P i ATP

2 CO 2 3 NAD 3 NADH + 3 H

1 Oxaloacetate

H2O

2 Citrate Isocitrate

Krebs Cycle
3 Isocitrate is oxidized,

Krebs Cycle
4 -Ketoglutarate(5C) is oxidized,
Isocitrate

reducing NAD+ to NADH. Substrate release a CO2. Forming -Ketoglutarate(5C) . Process : Oxidative decarboxylation
CO2 NAD
CoA-SH

reducing NAD+ to NADH. Substrate release a CO2. Remaining molecule is then attached to Coenzyme A. Forming Succinyl CoA. Process : Oxidative decarboxylation
Succinyl CoA
CoA-SH

Isocitrate
NAD NADH + H CO2

NAD NADH + H CO2

-Ketoglutarate

-Ketoglutarate

4
NAD NADH + H CO2

Succinyl CoA

NADH + H

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Krebs Cycle
5 CoA is displaced by

Krebs Cycle
6 Succinate is oxidized Fumarate

phosphate group, which is transferred to GDP. Forming GTP. GTP transferred phosphate group to ADP. Forming ATP by SubstrateLevel Phosphorylation. Producing Succinate.
FADH2

to Fumarate.
CoA-SH

Fumarate

Two hydrogens are transferred to FAD.

FADH2 FAD

CoA-SH

FAD
Succinate

Pi GTP GDP
Succinyl CoA

Forming FADH2.

Succinate

Pi GTP GDP
Succinyl CoA

ADP ATP

ADP ATP

Figure 9.12d

Figure 9.12d

Krebs Cycle
7 Addition of H2O

Krebs Cycle
NADH + H NAD
Oxaloacetate 8 Malate is oxidized,

molecule rearranges bonds in the substrate. Forming Malate.

reducing NAD+ to NADH. Regenerating Oxaloacetate.

NADH + H NAD
8 Oxaloacetate

Malate

Malate

H2O

H2O

Fumarate

Fumarate

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

H2 O

Oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

Citrate

Isocitrate

Citric acid cycle

Citric acid cycle

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Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

H2 O

H2 O

Oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

Isocitrate
NAD

Citrate
NADH
+ H

Isocitrate
NAD

Citric acid cycle

CO2

Citric acid cycle

CoA-SH

NADH
+ H CO2

-Ketoglutarate
4

-Ketoglutarate

NAD

CO2

NADH

Succinyl CoA

+ H

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

H2 O

H2 O

Oxaloacetate

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

Isocitrate
NAD

Citrate
NADH
+ H

Isocitrate
NAD

Citric acid cycle

CoA-SH

CO2

Citric acid cycle

Fumarate
CoA-SH

NADH
+ H CO2

-Ketoglutarate
4
CoA-SH

-Ketoglutarate
6 FADH 2
FAD

4
CoA-SH

5
NAD CO2

5
NAD CO2

Succinate
GTP ADP GDP

Pi

NADH

Succinate
GTP ADP GDP

Pi

NADH

Succinyl CoA

+ H

Succinyl CoA

+ H

ATP

ATP

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

Acetyl CoA
CoA-SH

NADH 1
H2 O NAD + H

1 8

H2 O

Oxaloacetate Malate

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

Malate Isocitrate
NAD

Citrate

Isocitrate
NAD

H2 O

Citric acid cycle

Fumarate
CoA-SH

NADH
+ H CO2 H2 O

Citric acid cycle

Fumarate
CoA-SH

NADH
+ H CO2

-Ketoglutarate
6 FADH 2
FAD

-Ketoglutarate
6 FADH 2
FAD

4
CoA-SH

4
CoA-SH

5
NAD CO2

5
NAD CO2

Succinate
GTP ADP GDP

Pi

NADH

Succinate
GTP ADP GDP

Pi

NADH

Succinyl CoA

+ H

Succinyl CoA

+ H

ATP

ATP

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Summary of Krebs Cycle

One turn of the Krebs Cycle yields: 2 CO2. 3 NADH + H 1 FADH2 1 ATP (by Substrate-level Phosphorylation) Everything above is X2 because there are two molecules of pyruvate from every molecule of glucose. NADH+H and FADH2 will feed into the electron transport chain to make the majority of ATP.

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Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis