Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The WHO has recently defined a health care system as all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health.
OBJECTIVES
To improve the health status of the population and the clinical outcomes of the care To improve the experience of care of patients families and communities To reduce the total economic burden of care and illness. To improve the social justice equity in the health status of the population
PRINCIPLES
1.
2. 3.
4.
Supports a co-ordinated, cohesive health care delivery system. Opposes the concept that fee for practice. Emphasis be placed on development of primary health care. Support the health care basic human right for all the people
FUNCTIONS
To provide health service. To raise and pool the resources accessible to pay for health. To generate human and physical sources that make the delivery services possible.
NATIONAL LEVEL
Dpt of Ayush
Secretary, Ayush
STATE LEVEL
Health Minister
State director of health services (SDHS) (Director of public health and preventive medicine (DPH &PM))
REGIONAL LEVEL
District
District
District
DISTRICT LEVEL
The major unit of administration in India is the District for administration purpose the country is divided into 28 states and 67 union territories which in turn are divided into 432 administration districts. Each district is divided into sub-districts or taluks, under which are situated the Community Development Blocks at present there are 600 Community Development Blocks in India.
1.
PUBLIC HEALTH SECTOR:a) Primary health care:i) Primary health centres. ii) Sub-centres.
b) Hospitals/ Health Centres:i) Community health centres. ii) Rural hospitals. iii) District hospitals/health centres. iv) Specialist hospitals v) Teaching hospitals
2. PRIVATE SECTORS:a)
b)
Private hospitals, Polyclinics, Nursing homes,& dispensaries General practitioners & clinics.
a) Ayurveda , Yoga & Siddha. b) Unani & Tibbi. c) Homoepathy d) Unregistered practitioners.
INTRODUCTION
India - health ministry
national level and state level has -its own health ministry.
The constitution of India clearly recognizes the Government responsibility for the health and state that The state shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties..
PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY
Unequal distribution of health care urban rich, not accessible to the vast rural population. Ratio of hospital bed to population in rural areas 15 times lower than that for urban areas.
Ratio of doctors : 6times lower than urban population. Per capita expenditure on public health is 7times lower in rural areas , when compare to Govt health spending for urban areas. Infant mortality rate: in poorest 20% of population is 2.5times higher than in richest 20%.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
The
state of economy has a direct effect on the state of health in a country. The recent changes in the economic policies had a definite effect on the healthcare in India Persistence of poverty in the social structure also complicates the health scene. The poor suffer disproportionately because of double burden of traditional disease as well as modern diseases
POLITICAL WILL
In a large developing country like India, there are numerous gaps left by the government in the development process - sometimes by intention, sometimes due to lack of funds, sometimes due to lack of awareness. Most Indian politicians are hesitant to take harsh but healthy decisions as the politics of vote dominates the agenda.
denies access to poorer sections of society, skews the balance towards urban-biased, tertiary level health services profitability overrides equality,
The increasing cost of healthcare that is paid by out of pocket payments is making healthcare unaffordable for a growing number of people
CENTRALIZATION:
Splitting the healthcare infrastructure Primary Health Care Services in India are predominately delivered through centralized programmes. Large parts of the population who do not have access to or cannot afford private care depend on these programmes. However these centralized services are often unresponsive to local needs.
pregnancy pattern in India - too early, too many, too close together - enhances the risk of maternal mortality. About one- fifth of fertility is contributed by women in the age group of 15-19 years. The birth interval is about one- fourth of this group is 18 months. Of the total births, about a quarter is higher order births, of order 4 or more.
deliveries are a critical factor in determining maternal deaths. The NFHS II indicates that the institutional deliveries are low in the country (33.6%) and very low in rural areas (24.6%). Though various measures have been under implementation under RCH programme for promoting institutional deliveries, they still need to be seen for the better results.
POPULATION PROBLEM
Population
explosion absorbs the national income and lowers the standard of living. It leads to food shortage and thus several nutritional problems arise. Uncontrolled fertility directly threatens the health of mothers and infants. Rapid population growth has serious pollution consequences as well.
75% medical facilities are concentrated in urban areas where only 25% population resides, resulting in gross unavailability of health care support in the rural areas. The number of physicians per 10,000 populations for the world is 1.5, for India it is 7 which is at par with low income countries. For public sector, the figure is paltry 2. Similarly, number of nurses per 10,000 population in India is 8, while it is 33 for the world and 16 for low income countries.
STRATEGIES SET BY THE GOVT. OF INDIA TO OVERCOME THE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY CONCERNS
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Operationalisation of 24 x 7 facility at PHC level First Referral Units (FRUs) Mobile Medical Units (MMU) Patient Transport Services: Special New Born Child Care units (SNCU)
6. Stabilisation units (SU) 7. New born baby corners 8. Life Saving Anaesthetic Skills (LSAS) 9. Rogi Kalyan Samitis (RKS) 10. Village Health and Sanitation Committee (VHSC)
11. Integrated District Action Plan 12. Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) 13. Contractual Appointments 14. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) 15. Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (NSSK)
16. Facility based Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (F-IMNCI) a) Emergency Obstetric Care (EMOC) b) Institutional Deliveries c) Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) d) District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)
CONCLUSION
Indian healthcare sector can be viewed as a glass half empty or a glass half full. The challenges the sector faces are substantial, from the need to improve physical infrastructure to the necessity of providing health insurance and ensuring the availability of providing trained medical personnel. For companies that view the Indian healthcare sector as a glass half full, the potential is enormous.