Ex No : 01 06-12-2012 AIM:

DDL and DML Commands

To Create an employee table with the necessary fields and apply all the DML Commands and DDL Commands and Display the Results. CREATE TABLE: Command : SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (emp_id NUMBER(5)); Output : Table created. INSERT COLUMN: Command : SQL> ALTER TABLE employee add (ename VARCHAR(20)); Output : Table altered. INSERT ROW: Command :
SQL> INSERT INTO employee (emp_id, ename) values(10001, SARAVANAN);

Output : 1 row created. SELECT: Command : SQL> SELECT * FROM employee; Output : EMP_ID ------------------10001 10002 DROP: Command : SQL> DROP TABLE employee; Output : Table dropped. ENAME ------------------------SARAVANAN KUMAR

TRUNCATE: Command : SQL> TRUNCATE TABLE employee;

Output : Table truncated. ALTER COLUMN: Command : SQL> ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN ENAME; Output : Table altered. DELETE: Command : SQL> DELETE FROM employee; Output : 2 rows deleted. RENAME: Command : SQL> RENAME employee TO emp; Output : Table renamed. COMMIT: Command : SQL> COMMMIT; Output : Commit complete. UPDATE: Command : SQL> UPDATE emp SET EMP_ID=11001 WHERE EMP_ID=10001; Output : 1 row updated. Command : SQL> ALTER TABLE SALES ADD (hire_date DATE); Output : Table altered. Command : SQL> UPDATE SALES SET hire_date=10-DEC-12 WHERE EID=1001; Output : 2 rows updated.

DESC: Command : SQL> DESC SALES; Output : Name EID NAME HIRE_DATE Null? NOT NULL Type NUMBER(5) VARCHAR(20) DATE

RESULT: Finally a table called EMPLOYEE was crated with the necessary fields and all DDL & DML Commands are applied.

Ex No : 02 24-12-2012 AIM:

TABLE WITH CONSTRAINTS

To create an employee table and department table with the necessary fields that defines constraints Column level constraints such as Not Null, Unique, Primary Key, Foreign Key, Check for any of the column in the table. COLUMN LEVEL CONSTRAINTS AND TABLE LEVEL CONSTRAINTS: TABLE CREATION: Command: SQL> CREATE TABLE DEP(ID NUMBER(5) CONSTRAINT PK PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(25) CONSTRAINT NN NOT NULL, STAFFS NUMBER(5) CONSTRAINT CC CHECK(STAFFS>10)); Output: Table created. CONSTRAINTS: Command: SQL> SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME, CONSTRAINT_TYPE FROM USER CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME=EMP; Output: CONSTRAINT_NAME -------------------------------------C2_NN C3_CHECK C1_PK T1_UNI Command: SQL> INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS); Output: Enter value for id: 1560 Enter value for name: COMPUTER_TECHNOLOGY Enter value for staffs: 34 old 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS) new 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(1560,'COMPUTER_TECHNOLOGY',34) 1 row created. Command: SQL> INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS); Output: Enter value for id: 1503 C --------C C P U

Enter value for name: PHYSICS Enter value for staffs: 25 old 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS) new 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(1503,'PHYSICS',25) 1 row created. Command: SQL> INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS); Output: Enter value for id: 1206 Enter value for name: CHEMISTRY Enter value for staffs: 8 old 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS) new 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(1206,'CHEMISTRY',8) INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(1206,'CHEMISTRY',8) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02290: check constraint (A_BCT_35.CC) violated Command: SQL> INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS); Output: Enter value for id: 1542 Enter value for name: Enter value for staffs: 25 old 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&STAFFS) new 1: INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(1542,'',25) INSERT INTO DEP VALUES(1542,'',25) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01400: cannot insert NULL into ("A_BCT_35"."DEP"."NAME") Command: SQL> SELECT * FROM DEP; Output: ID ---------1560 1503 NAME ------------------------COMPUTER_TECHNOLOGY PHYSICS STAFFS ---------34 25

RESULT: Finally two tables were created called EMPLOYEE and DEPARTMENT table with the necessary fields that defines constraints in Column level such as Not Null, Unique, Primary Key, Foreign Key, and Check for any of the column in the table.

Ex No : 03 24-12-2012 AIM:

GROUP FUNCTIONS

To aggregate the data using the following group functions. SUM, AVERAGE, MIN, MAX, COUNT.

Also illustrate the group by having distinct. TABLE CREATION: Command: SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP(ID NUMBER(3), NAME VARCHAR(15), SALARY NUMBER(5), DEP_ID NUMBER(3), DEP CHAR(8)); Output: Table created. Command: SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPO (ID NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,NAME VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, NO_OF_STAFFS NUMBER(5)); Output: Table created. ADD ROWS: Command:
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPO VALUES (&ID, '&NAME', &NO_OF_STAFFS);

Output: Enter value for id: 105 Enter value for name: COMPUTER Enter value for no_of_staffs: 65
old 1: INSERT INTO DEPO VALUES (&ID, '&NAME', &NO_OF_STAFFS)

new 1: INSERT INTO DEPO VALUES (105, 'COMPUTER', 65) 1 row created. Command:
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPO VALUES (&ID, '&NAME', &NO_OF_STAFFS);

Output: Enter value for id: 178 Enter value for name: CHEMISTRY Enter value for no_of_staffs: 60
old 1: INSERT INTO DEPO VALUES (&ID, '&NAME', &NO_OF_STAFFS)

new 1: INSERT INTO DEPO VALUES (178, 'CHEMISTRY', 60)

1 row created. Command:

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP');

Output: Enter value for id: 32 Enter value for name: NISHANTH Enter value for salary: 65000 Enter value for dep_id: 98 Enter value for dep: PHYSICS old 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP') new 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(32,'NISHANTH',65000,98,'PHYSICS') 1 row created. Command:
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP');

Output: Enter value for id: 25 Enter value for name: NAVEEN Enter value for salary: 45850 Enter value for dep_id: 36 Enter value for dep: COMPUTER old 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP') new 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(25,'NAVEEN',45850,36,'COMPUTER') 1 row created. Command: SQL> INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP'); Output: Enter value for id: 65 Enter value for name: VIGNESH Enter value for salary: 55000 Enter value for dep_id: 15 Enter value for dep: CIVIL old 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP') new 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(65,'VIGNESH',55000,15,'CIVIL') 1 row created. Command:
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP');

Output: Enter value for id: 68 Enter value for name: NITHY Enter value for salary: 15000 Enter value for dep_id: 157 Enter value for dep: CHEMICAL old 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(&ID,'&NAME',&SALARY,&DEP_ID,'&DEP') new 1: INSERT INTO EMPE VALUES(68,'NITHY',15000,157,'CHEMICAL') 1 row created. DISPLAY TABLE: Command: SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPE; Output: ID ---------11 8 32 25 65 68 NAME -------------------SARAVANAN KUMAR NISHANTH NAVEEN VIGNESH NITHY SALARY -----------85000 55000 65000 45850 55000 15000 DEP_ID DEP ---------- ----------------5 COMPUTER 7 PHYSICS 98 PHYSICS 36 COMPUTER 15 CIVIL 57 CHEMICAL

6 rows selected. COUNT: Command: SQL> SELECT COUNT(DEP_ID) FROM EMPE; Output: COUNT(DEP_ID) ------------6 Command: SQL> SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT DEP_ID) FROM EMPE; Output: COUNT(DISTINCTDEP_ID) --------------------6 Command: SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPE WHERE DEP_ID=157; Output: COUNT(*) ---------1

MAX and MIN: Command: SQL> SELECT MAX (SALARY), MIN (SALARY) FROM EMPE; Output: MAX(SALARY) MIN(SALARY) -------------------- ------------------85000 15000 STDDEV: Command: SQL> SELECT STDDEV(SALARY) FROM EMPE; Output: STDDEV(SALARY) -------------------------23107.4393 VARIANCE: Command: SQL> SELECT VARIANCE(SALARY) FROM EMPE; Output: VARIANCE(SALARY) -------------------------533953750 SUM: Command: SQL> SELECT SUM(SALARY) FROM EMPE; Output: SUM(SALARY) -------------------320850 AVERAGE(AVG) Command: SQL> SELECT AVG (SALARY) FROM EMPE; Output: AVG(SALARY) -------------------53475 GROUP BY: Command: SQL> SELECT DEP_ID FROM EMPE GROUP BY DEP_ID;

Output: DEP_ID ---------157 5 7 36 98 15 6 rows selected. Command: SQL> SELECT DEP_ID,SALARY FROM EMPE GROUP BY DEP_ID,SALARY; Output: DEP_ID ---------7 5 157 98 36 15 SALARY ---------55000 85000 15000 65000 45850 55000

6 rows selected.

RESULT: Finally tables are created and aggregated using the group functions and also illustrate the group by having distinct.

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Ex No : 04 24-12-2012 AIM:

RESTRICTING AND SORTING DATA

To restrict and sort your date using WHERE CLASS, ORDER CLASS, LOGICAL CONDITIONS, and COMPARISION CONDITIONS. CREATE TABLE: Command: SQL> CREATE TABLE STUDENT (ID NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINTS C1_PK PRIMARY KEY,NAME VARCHAR(20) CONSTRAINTS C2_NN NOT NULL, DEPT CHAR(10), M1 NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, M2 NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, M3 NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, M4 NUMBER(3) NOT NULL); Output: Table created. INSERT ROW: Command: SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4); Output: Enter value for id: 1100 Enter value for name: SARAVANAN Enter value for dept: COMPUTER Enter value for m1: 98 Enter value for m2: 98 Enter value for m3: 95 Enter value for m4: 78 old 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4) new 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1100,'SARAVANAN','COMPUTER',98,98,95,78) 1 row created. Command: SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4); Output: Enter value for id: 1101 Enter value for name: KRISH Enter value for dept: CHEMISTRY Enter value for m1: 87 Enter value for m2: 78 Enter value for m3: 54 Enter value for m4: 45

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old 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4) new 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1101,'KRISH','CHEMISTRY',87,78,54,45) 1 row created. Command: SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4); Output: Enter value for id: 1102 Enter value for name: NISHANTH Enter value for dept: PHYSICS Enter value for m1: 78 Enter value for m2: 54 Enter value for m3: 65 Enter value for m4: 58 old 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4) new 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1102,'NISHANTH','PHYSICS',78,54,65,58) 1 row created. Command: SQL> INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4); Output: Enter value for id: 1103 Enter value for name: PRAVEEN Enter value for dept: COMPUTER Enter value for m1: 45 Enter value for m2: 65 Enter value for m3: 25 Enter value for m4: 54 old 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(&ID,'&NAME','&DEPT',&M1,&M2,&M3,&M4) new 1: INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES(1103,'PRAVEEN','COMPUTER',45,65,25,54) 1 row created.

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DISPLAY TABLE: Command: SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT; Output: ID NAME DEPT M1 M2 M3 M4 ---------- -------------------- ----------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------1100 SARAVANAN COMPUTER 98 98 95 78 1101 KRISH 1102 NISHANTH 1103 PRAVEEN CHEMISTRY 87 PHYSICS 78 78 54 54 65 65 25 45 58 54

COMPUTER 45

DISPLAY USING WHERE CLASS AND COMPARISON CONDITIONS: Command: SQL> SELECT ID,NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE M1>50 AND M2>50 AND M3>50 AND M4>50; Output: ID NAME ---------- -------------------1100 SARAVANAN 1102 NISHANTH ADDING COLUMNS: Command: SQL> ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD (TOTAL NUMBER(3),RESULT CHAR(6)); Output: Table altered. SET: Command: SQL> UPDATE STUDENT SET TOTAL=M1+M2+M3+M4; Output: 4 rows updated. Command: SQL>UPDATE STUDENT SET RESULT='PASS' WHERE M1>50 AND M2>50 AND M3>50 AND M4>50; Output: 2 rows updated.

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UPDATE TABLE USING LOGICAL CONDITIONS: Command:

SQL> UPDATE STUDENT SET RESULT='FAIL' WHERE NOT(RESULT=PASS);

Output: 2 rows updated. DISPLAY TABLE: Command: SQL> SELECT * FROM STUDENT; Output: ID NAME DEPT M1 M2 M3 M4 TOTAL RESULT ---------- -------------------- ----------------- ------- ------- ------- ------ ---------- -------------1100 SARAVANAN COMPUTER 98 98 95 78 369 PASS 1101 KRISH 1102 NISHANTH 1103 PRAVEEN LIKE: Command: SQL> SELECT ID,NAME FROM STUDENT WHERE M1 LIKE M2; Output: ID NAME ---------- -------------------1100 SARAVANAN IN: Command: SQL> SELECT ID,NAME,DEPT,TOTAL,RESULT FROM STUDENT WHERE M1 IN M2; Output: ID NAME DEPT TOTAL RESULT ---------- -------------------- ---------------- ---------- -----1100 SARAVANAN COMPUTER 369 PASS DISPLAY USING ORDER BY COMMAND: Command: SQL> SELECT ID,NAME,TOTAL FROM STUDENT ORDER BY TOTAL; Output: ID NAME TOTAL ---------- -------------------- ----------CHEMISTRY 87 PHYSICS 78 78 54 54 65 65 25 45 264 58 255 54 189 FAIL PASS FAIL

COMPUTER 45

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1103 PRAVEEN 1102 NISHANTH 1101 KRISH 1100 SARAVANAN

189 255 264 369

DISPLAY USING BETWEEN COMMAND: Command: SQL> SELECT ID,NAME,TOTAL FROM STUDENT WHERE TOTAL BETWEEN 200 AND 300; Output: ID NAME TOTAL ---------- -------------------- ---------1101 KRISH 264 1102 NISHANTH 255

RESULT: Finally a table was created called as student and restricted and sorted using where class, order class, logical conditions, and comparison conditions.

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Ex No : 05 10-01-2013 AIM:

SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS

To display the details of the employee table using the single row commands. CHAR FUNCTIONS: Case Manipulation: LOWER: Command: SQL> SELECT LOWER(NAME) FROM STUDENT; Output LOWER(NAME) -------------------saravanan krish nishanth praveen UPPER: Command: SQL> SELECT UPPER(NAME) FROM STUDENT; Output: UPPER(NAME) -------------------SARAVANAN KRISH NISHANTH PRAVEEN INITCAP: Command: SQL> SELECT INITCAP(NAME) FROM STUDENT; Output: INITCAP(NAME) -------------------Saravanan Krish Nishanth Praveen

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Character Manipulation: CONCAT: Command: SQL> SELECT CONCAT(F_NAME,L_NAME) FROM ACCOUNT; Output: CONCAT(F_NAME,L_NAME) -----------------------------SARAVANAKRISHNAN NAVEENKUMAR SUBSTR: Command: SQL> SELECT SUBSTR(F_NAME,3) FROM ACCOUNT; Output: SUBSTR(F_NAME ------------RAVANA VEEN LENGTH: Command: SQL> SELECT LENGTH(F_NAME) FROM ACCOUNT; Output: LENGTH(F_NAME) -------------8 6 INSTR: Command: SQL> SELECT INSTR(ENAME,' ') FROM EMPLOYEE; Output: INSTR(ENAME,'') ---------------------0 0 5 0 0 5 6 rows selected. LPAD: Command: SQL> SELECT LPAD(L_NAME,10,'*') FROM ACCOUNT; Output:

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LPAD(L_NAM ------------------**KRISHNAN *****KUMAR RPAD: Command: SQL> SELECT RPAD(F_NAME,25,'_') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: RPAD(F_NAME,25,'_') ----------------------------SARAVANA________ NAVEEN___________ TRIM: Command: SQL> SELECT TRIM ('0' FROM '000THIS IS ACCOUNT TABLE000') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: TRIM('0'FROM'000THISI -------------------------------THIS IS ACCOUNT TABLE THIS IS ACCOUNT TABLE REPLACE: Command: SQL> SELECT ID,REPLACE(DEPT,'SCIENCE','ENG') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: ID REPLACE(DEPT,'SCIENCE','ENG') ---------- -----------------------------------------------------------102 COMPUTER ENG 102 COMPUTER ENG NUMBER FUNCTIONS: ROUND: Command: SQL> SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('25-OCT-2010'),'MM') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: ROUND(TO_ ---------------01-NOV-10 01-NOV-10 TRUNC: Command: SQL> SELECT TRUNC(TO_DATE('13-NOV-2013'),'MM') FROM ACCOUNT;

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Output: TRUNC(TO_ --------------01-NOV-13 01-NOV-13 MOD: Command: SQL> SELECT ID,MOD(M1,M2) FROM STUDENT; Output: ID MOD(M1,M2) ---------- -----------------1100 0 1101 9 1102 24 1103 45 DATE FUNCTIONS: SYSDATE: Command: SQL> SELECT SYSDATE FROM ACCOUNT; Output: SYSDATE --------07-JAN-13 07-JAN-13 6 rows selected. MONTHS_BETWEEN: Command: SQL> SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN(DOJ,DOB) FROM EMPLOYEE; Output: MONTHS_BETWEEN(DOJ,DOB) ------------------------------------------236.935484 287.322581 226.516129 157.83871 217.806452 208.709677 6 rows selected. ADD_MONTHS: Command: SQL> UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET DOJ=ADD_MONTHS(DOJ,7);

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Output: 6 rows updated. NEXT_DAY: Command: SQL> SELECT NEXT_DAY('01-JAN-2013','TUESDAY') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: NEXT_DAY( ------------08-JAN-13 08-JAN-13 LAST_DAY: Command: SQL> SELECT LAST_DAY(DOJ) FROM EMPLOYEE; Output: LAST_DAY( ---------------31 JUL - 07 31- DEC- 07 31- AUG- 88 30- JUN - 99 31- MAY-04 31- JUL - 02 6 rows selected. TRUNC: Command: SQL> SELECT TRUNC(TO_DATE('13-NOV-2013'),'MM') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: TRUNC(TO_ ---------------01-NOV-13 01-NOV-13 6 rows selected. ROUND: Command: SQL> SELECT ROUND(TO_DATE('25-OCT-2010'),'MM') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: ROUND(TO_ --------------01-NOV-10

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01-NOV-10 6 rows selected. GENERAL FUNCTIONS: NVL: Command: SQL> SELECT ID, NVL(RESULT,'NOT PASS') FROM STUDENT; Output: ID --------1100 1101 1102 1103 NVL2: Command: SQL> SELECT ID, NVL2(RESULT,'NOT FAIL','FAIL') FROM STUDENT; Output: ID ---------1100 1101 1102 1103 NULLIF: Command: SQL> SELECT NULLIF(M1,M2) FROM STUDENT; Output: NULLIF(M1,M2) --------------------87 78 45 COALESCE: Command: SQL> SELECT COALESCE(M1,M2,M3,M4) FROM STUDENT; Output: COALESCE(M1,M2,M3,M4) -----------------------------------98 87 78 NVL2(RES -------------NOT FAIL FAIL NOT FAIL FAIL NVL(RESU -------PASS NOT PASS PASS NOT PASS

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45 CONVERSION FUNCTIONS: Command: SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(123456789.90) FROM ACCOUNT; Output: TO_CHAR(123 ------------------123456789.9 123456789.9 Command: SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(12345678.90,'99,99.99') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: TO_CHAR(1 ---------------########### ########### Command: SQL> SELECT TO_NUMBER(234.234) FROM ACCOUNT; Output: TO_NUMBER(234.234) ----------------------------234.234 234.234 Command: SQL> SELECT TO_NUMBER('234.234')+35.8 FROM ACCOUNT; Output: TO_NUMBER('234.234')+35.8 -------------------------------------270.034 270.034 Command: SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR('COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY') FROM ACCOUNT; Output: TO_CHAR('COMPUTERTE ------------------------------------COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

RESULT: Finally the table datas are displayed using the single row functions such as Character Functions, Number Functions, Date Functions and General Functions.

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