SEPARATE IS NOT EQUAL: BROWN V.

BOARD OF EDUCATION

By: Maryam Abdul Moheeth and Shazma Khan Senior Division Group Website Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources Alvarez, Rachelle, and Caitlyn Alvarez. "Interview Browns | Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education." Kaw Valley Online | USD 321. Web. 01 Dec 2012. <http://www.kawvalley.k12.ks.us/brown_v_board/interview_browns.htm>. An actual interview with Cheryl and Linda Brown discussing the controversy of the Brown vs. Board of Education court case. After Brown; the rise and retreat of school desegregation Charles T. Clotfelter, Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2004. Print. This book contained graphs, tables, and charts about the rise and retreat of desegregation, and contained were primary accounts of people Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Opinion; May 17, 1954; Records of the Supreme Court of the United States; Record Group 267; National Archives. This was the official ruling on May 17, 1954, U.S. that the Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The source gave us an insight into the actual case, and the verdict. "Brown v. Board of Education Case Documents." Paperless Archives. 1998. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. <http://www.paperlessarchives.com/brown_v_board.html>. This source helped us find and analyze a few archives and legal documents that date from 1951 to 1957. Documents include: Complaint against Board of Education of Topeka and the Court order, Oliver Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Brown v. Board of Education (I), U.S. Supreme Court Case Summary & Oral Argument." The Oyez Project | U.S. Supreme Court Oral Argument Recordings, Case Abstracts and More. 2000. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1950-1959/1952/1952/>._ This website gave a general description of the case, location, term, the main argument and the decision of the court case, and we incorporated this information into our website as well as to enhance our understanding of the case. "Brown v. Board at Fifty: With an Even Hand Exhibition Home." Brown v. Board at Fifty: "With an Even Hand" N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. This special online exhibit from the Library of Congress provides detailed background on the issues surrounding the Brown case with sections on Racial Segregation, Brown v. Board, and Aftermath. These sections include access to a variety of primary sources. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Implementation Decree; May 31, 1955; Records of the Supreme Court of the United States; Record Group 267; National Archives. On May 31, 1955, Chief Justice Warren read the Court's unanimous decision, now

referred to as Brown II, instructing the states to begin desegregation plans "with all deliberate speed." This document gave us a better understanding of the court case and we provided us with some quotations that we used on our website. Chafe, William Henry. Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell about Life in the Segregated South. New York: New, 2001. Print. The source gave us access to over 1,000 interviews from people discussing segregation. Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and K. Lee Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 451-455. Primary Sources Reference Collection. Gale. King County Library System. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do? p=GVRL.primarysources&u=kcls_web>. This primary source is the actual official statement written by the court regarding the Brown v. Board case. It explains that Chief Justice Warren delivered the opinion of the court, stating that segregation laws had no place in the field of public education as they were unconstitutional. "Interview with Linda Brown Smith." Home - Washington University Digital Gateway. 26 Oct. 1985. Web. 01 Dec 2012. <http://digital.wustl.edu/e/eop/eopweb/smi0015.0647.098lindabrownsmith.html> . This source shows us a video of Linda Brown speaking at Chautauqua Institution on April 29, 2004 on the 50th Anniversary of the historic case of Brown v. Board. Kennedy, Robert. "Statement by the Attorney General." JFK Library. 27 SEP 1962. 2 Jan. 2013 <Library.org/meredith/controfr.html>.Though it was a very short and simple statement by Robert Kennedy, this primary source addressed the fear of violence following acts of affirmative action that were beginning to take place after the decision of Brown v. Board. The source was useful in that it gave the governments opinion on the affirmative action, in accordance to the time period. King, Dr. Martin Luther "Nonviolence and Racial Justice." The Christian Century, February 6, 1957. 2 Jan. 2013 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/sources/ps_nonviolence.html>. This source was an opinion offered by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. himself over the topic of Affirmative Action. It was useful because it offered a direct opinion on the subject during its first days by someone who was closely tied to its affairs. Letter from President Dwight D. Eisenhower to E. E. "Swede" Hazlett; October 23, 1954; Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.This source gave us a first person view from the president of the situation after the court decision. Marshall, Thurgood, and Michael G. Long. Marshalling Justice: the Early Civil Rights Letters of Thurgood Marshall. New York, NY: Amistad, 2011. Print. The book contained letters written by Marshall during the time of the court case that expressed his personal experiences, opinions, and goals.

McLemore, Ollie. "Legal Context of Brown v. Board of Education." Brown v. Illinois Board of Education Home Page. 2005. Web. 01 Dec. 2012. <www.illinoisbrownvboard.org/article/fresen.html>. This website listed the attorneys, judge, defendants, witnesses, and all people who took part in this case. NAACP's Walter White Decries Racial Inequality. 2013. The History Channel website. Jan 31 2013, 12:55 <http://www.history.comhttp://www.history.com/speeches/naacps-walter-whitedecries-racial-inequality>. This audio clip is one of an official NAACP meeting in which Walter F. White, the organizations executive secretary, warns that despite progress made in civil rights, true equality cant be achieved with a "separate but equal" mandate. The source helped us to get a good picture on the viewpoints of NAACP members and their hopes as well as their concerns regarding segregation. On the Front lines With the Little Rock 9 Resource Sheet 2. PBS <http://:www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/kids/civilrights/features_school.html>. This is an article depicting the emotion surrounding the first day as a student heading into Little Rocks Central High School. This article will be used to prompt pictures for the story quilt activity. "Plessy v. Ferguson (Excerpts)." TeachingAmericanHistory.org -- Free Seminars and Summer Institutes for Social Studies Teachers. 2008. Web. 01 Dec 2012. <http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=699>. This website provided us with quotes from the Plessy vs. Ferguson case. Thurgood, Marshall. Thurgood Marshall : his speeches, writings, arguments, opinions, and reminiscence. Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 2001. Print. This source was an overview of the Brown v. Board Case, and offered us a variety of official statements made by the Supreme Court and other lower courts. Since Thurgood Marshall himself wrote the book, we were also given insight into his arguments. Tushnet, Mark V. "Civil Rights Act of 1964." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. Vol. 2. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 195197. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. King County Library System. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=kcls_web>. This article offered the direct clauses included in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as well as a short summary of what it meant and what it has done. Secondary Sources "Affirmative action." Economic Times 8 Dec. 2009. General OneFile. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. <http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do? prodId=ITOF&userGroupName=kcls_web>.This source provided us with information by covering how effective affirmative action is and its implementation in modern day. Expressed in a brief article that gave one story of how it is being opposed. Due to shortness in information, the source only served as a general overview of the affirmative action that is impacting us today.

"American Experience . The Murder of Emmett Till . People & Events | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. 10 Mar. 2010. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/peopleevents/e_brown.html>.This website gave brief description on Oliver and Linda brown, the courts opinion, the calling card for the new ear and the segregationist opposition. Ball, Howard. A Defiant Life: Thurgood Marshall and the Persistence of Racism in America. New York: Crown Publishers, 1998. Print. This book provided analysis on succeeding cases relating to the theme of Brown v. Board. "Beyond Brown : Pursuing the Promise . Long Road to Brown . Factsheet | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. 2004. Web. 03 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/beyondbrown/history/factsheet_history.html>.This website provided us with sub cases that were all a part of the famous Brown vs. the Board of Education case. Bond, Julian. NAACP : Celebrating a Century : 100 Years in Pictures. Layton: Gibbs Smith, 2009. Print. This text is centered on the NAACP, with a beneficial timeline and a substantial amount of pictures. "Brown vs. Board of Education - Background Summary." Brownvboard.org. 11 Apr. 2004. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. <http://brownvboard.org/summary/>. This source provided us with a brief history before the amounting conflicts on the separate but equal law and numerous amounts of factual information on the Brown v. Board of education court cause. "Brown v. Board of Education (I), U.S. Supreme Court Case." Oyez.org. The Oyez Project. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. <http://www.oyez.org/cases/19501959/1952/1952_1/>. The Oyez project assisted us by offering us information on the year, location, question, and legal provisions on the brown v. board of education court case. Brown Foundation | For Educational Equity, Excellence and Research. 2000. Web. 08 Jan. 2013. <http://brownvboard.org/>.This website is dedicated to providing information about the case, and gives detailed paragraphs about equal protection, segregation, and the history of the case. "Brown v. Board of Education Facts and Myths." WILL-AM-FM-TV-Online | Illinois Public Media | University of Illinois. 2008. Web. 09 Jan. 2013. <http://www.will.uiuc.edu/community/beyondbrown/brownfacts.htm>.This website debunks the truths and myths of the famous court case. Collins, Bethany D. "Brown V. Board of Education." University of Notre Dame. Web. 09 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nd.edu/~rbarger/www7/brown.html>.This source elaborates on the case and also provides us with quotes rom Chief Justice Earl Warren.

Cottrol, Robert, Raymond Diamond, and Leland Ware. "Brown v. Board of Education." University Press of Kansas. Oct. 2003. Web. 15 Jan 2013. <http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/cotbro.html>. This source provided us with a brief summary on the lengthy court litigations, highlighting the pivotal role of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and including incisive portraits of key players. Curry, George E. The Affirmative Action Debate. New York City: HarperCollins, 1996. Print. This book briefly touched on Brown v. Board and largely focuses on the origin of affirmative action that later branched into the government, workplace, immigration laws and last but not least the prejudice against African Americans. Du Bois, W.E.B. "The Conservation of Races." Gutenberg.org. Project Gutenberg. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <http://gutenberg.readingroo.ms/etext04/conra10.txt>. Written by Du Bois, this article focuses on his philosophies about tightening the race of African Americans and not being crushed, just like native americans were. It also expresses different point of views on the racial discrimination before the court case Brown v. Board. "Education: Forced Busing and White Flight." Time. Time, 25 Sept. 1978. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,9121781,00.html>. An article taken from TIMES magazine in the year 1978 expressing the platform of education equality, the act of forced busing, and the conflictions with the white flight. Hill, Thomas. "Thurgood Marshall Biography." Center for History and New Media. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. <http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/hill/marshall.htm>. This website helped us learn about the importance of the prominent figure Thurgood Marshall. Hintion, KaaVonia. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954 (Monumental Milestones: Great Events of Modern Times). Print. This book focuses on defining the turning points after the long and atrocious history with the treatment of black slaves. Primarily the hardship of gaining a good education, leading us to the landmark court cases of Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of education. Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: the History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality. New York: Vintage, 2004. Print.With this source we were able to learn more about the trial and the people who played vital roles in it. Kunjufu, Jawanza. Developing Positive Self-images and Discipline in Black Children. Chicago, IL: African-American Images, 1984. Print.This source gave us an

insight on how life was back then, it discussed the manner in which one is to treat black children. Kunjufu, Jawanza. Keeping Black Boys out of Special Education. Chicago, IL: African American Images, 2005. Print.This source analyzed the amount of black males in special education, and told us ways to improve upon this. Loevy, Robert D. The Civil Rights Act of 1964. Albany: State University of New York, 1997. Print. This piece, taken out from Roberts The Civil Rights Act of 1964, discusses the impact and the aftereffect of the movement itself. Ogletree, Charles J. All Deliberate Speed. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2004. Print. The author of this source defines what all deliberate speed is, and explains what route should be taken for a successful victory in the landmark court case, Brown v. Board. Patterson, James T. Pivotal moments in American History: Brown v. Board of Education. Print. An article written by Patterson, a scholarly professor at Brown, describes his distinct perspective on the pivotal moment and decision of Brown v. Board. "The Aftermath - "With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty(Library of Congress Exhibition)." Library of Congress Home. 23 July 2010. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-aftermath.html>. This website gave us a descriptive insight on what happened after the case and how the nation was slowly drifting backwards. "The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 11 Jan. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/>.This website gave us pictures and powerful text that supplied us with information about the Jim Crow Laws. Tushnet, Mark V. "Civil Rights Act of 1964." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. Vol. 2. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 195197. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. King County Library System. 14 Jan. 2013 <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=kcls_web>. A short article providing us with clauses stringed in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and a general summary of what effect it had. Also refers strongly to the seventh clause, a critical piece used in various court cases. Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize 1954-1965. New York: Viking, 1987. Print. In the book, author Juan Williams's explains the sociological approach, rather than the straightforward intellectual approach the lawyers pinned down while arguing for the case of Brown v. Board Williams, Juan. Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. New York: Times Book, 1998. Print. This source provided a faithful overview on the time period of

Brown v. Board. It also covers the atmospheric change on the issue of segregation while transitions where undergo in the presidential office. "Working Wounded." Abc.com. Abc, 16 Oct. 2003. Web. 14 Jan. 2013. <http://abcnews.go.com/Business/WorkingWounded/story? id=86231&page=1>.This source focuses on the protection from workplace discrimination which is covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. A detailed survey was conducted and shown in this article on the count of racial discrimination in the workplace.