11

:


, , 8.
:

,

-3.

-4.

I ,
.
-7.
II .

-15.

II.1. .

-15.

II.2. .

-16.

II.3. . -19.
II.4.
-24.
II.5. . -26 .
III
-33.

-36.

-37.

.

. .

,
.

Summary
The purpose of this paper is to present the fundamentals of
the mathematical induction and reveal its main

applications in the mathematics. There are descriptions

of the basic of approaches and theorems, concerned the
method of the mathematical induction. Examples are
presented on the topic. Some of the theorems of the
elementary mathematics are proven by the the
particular method.

,
,
.
,
. , ,
,
, ,
.

-
.

1
, k ,

 k+1, M

, ,
n
:
1.

n = 1

2.

(): ,
n = k(l,m,r,z)

3.

(): n
= k +1(m+1,l+1,r+1,,z+1),
.
- ,

,

, :
1. ,

2.

: , n < m

3.

: n = m.

(
-.)

:
1. .
2. , .
, "" ,
.

I ,

1:
n(n + 1)
2

n 1+ 2+ 3+ + n
.
:

, An
n=k.

1) n=1. ,
1 = 1.(1+1)/2 1 = 2/2 = 1 a n=1.
2) , n=k :
k (k + 1)
2

1+2+3++k=
3) , n= k+1 :

k(k(k(+ k1))+ +k(2(+k1+2)1)

2

1 +2 +3 ++ k + (k+1) = + + 1 = = =
n = k + 1

2:

.
, n :
1 q n+1
1 q

Gn = a+aq+aq2 + + aqn = a .

( , q 1, . .
.)
:

 n=1, :
G1 = a + aq = a (1 + q)
, :
1 q k +1
1 q

Gk = a + aq + + aqk = a

k +1

1 q
1 q

Gk+1 = (a + aq + + aqk) + aqk+1 = Gk + aqk+1 = a + aq k+1 =

1(11 qqkk+ +11+)q+qqkk+k1+ 1+(1q2k +q2)
1 1 qq

= a = a=
(1) n=k+1.
.

o n .

3: n

o n .
:
n(n + 1) 2(n + 1)
6

(2)12 +22 + 32 + + n2 =

n.

,
n. ,
. ,
n=k, ..
k (k + 1) 2(k + 1)
6

12 + 22 + 32 + + k2 =
kkk((kk(++k11))+k2(k12([k+)+ )112()+ +k6(k(6+k+ +1)1)2 ]
6

(k+1)2
:
12 + 22 + 32 + + k2 + (k+1)2 = + (k + 1)2 ==
((kk ++ 11)) k2((k+ 22+) 72k(k ++ 63))
6

==,

(2) n c
k+1.

4:
,
, ..
(3)

(a1+a2++an)2= a12+a22++an2+2(a1a2+a1a3++an-1an)

: n=2 (3)
.
, n = k 1, ..
(a1+a2++ak-1)2=a12+a22++ak-12+2S
S ,
a1,2,...,k-1.

 , :
(a1+a2++ak-1++ak )2=a12+a22++ak-12+ak2+2S1,
S1 e ,
a1,a2ak-1,ak, .
S1=S + (a1+a2++ak-1)ak

(a1+a2++ak-1)ak=[(a1++ak-1)+ak]2=
=(a1+a2++ak-1)2 +2(a1+ak-1)ak +ak2 =
=a12++ak-12+2S+2(a1++ak-1)ak +ak2=
=a12+a22++ak2+2S1

5: m
:
(4) Pm = m!
: , P1=1
m = 1 (4) .
Pk=k!.
, :
Pk+1 = (k+1)!
k+1 : a1,a2,,ak,ak+1,
k
. k!.
k+1
, , ..., k-.

 k , k+1
k+1 . k!(k+1)=(k+1)!
k+1 .
:
1)

(k+1)! ;

2)

k+1 .

1) , (k+1)! .
p1 p2. 1 ak+1
s- , .
p1 p2 ak+1.
k : p1 p2.
, 1 p2
a1,a2, ,ak
ak+1, ,
.
2) , p k+1
. p ak+1 s-
. ak+1 p.
p k .
p p
ak+1, s-
.
p, ..
k .

 ak+1 , ..
, , ..., (k+1)- .

k+1 .
, :
Pk+1=(k+1)!

6: m n-

(5) Vmk = m(m-1) .. (m-n+1)
: , Vm1=m
(5) e n=1. , :
Vmk = m(m-1) m(m-k+1)
k<m. , :
Vmk+1 = m(m-1) (m - k)
m k+1
m k-

m-k . ,
m k+1-
.
, :
Vmk+1 = Vmk(m - k) = m(m - 1) (m - k)

7: m n-

m(m 1) .m. .n +( 1)
1.2. n. .

(6) Cmn =
: , Cm1 = m
n = 1 (6) e
,
m(m 1) .m. .k (+ 1)
1.2. k. .

Cmk =
,
m(m 1) .m . k.+ 1() m ( k)
1.2. k.(k.+ )1

Cmk+1 =
m k+1-
m k-
(k+1)-
m k .
, m
k+1- , k+1- .
a1,a2, ,ak,ak+1 ,
a2,a3, ,ak,ak+1 a1,
a1,a3, , ak,ak+1
a2 .., - a1,a2, ,ak
ak+1.

mm
(m 1
) . m. k. (k )
k1.2. k.+(.k + 11)

Cmk+1= Cmk=

8: .
(1+p)n1+np p>-1
n.
:
n=1 , .
.
n=2 (1+p)2=1+2p+p2. p20 .
(1+p)21+2p , , .
n = r. ,
n = k+1.
(1+p)k+1 1+kp+p+kp2
kp2,
, a
(1+p)k+11+p(k+1)
, aa
k+1.

II
II.1.
1. , n ,
23n +1, (n2) 7.
:
=2 , 2 22 +1 =24+1 = 17.
n=k>2, . . 22k+1 = 10l+7,
l .
22k+1 +1 = 22.2k +1 = (22k)2 +1 = (10l +6)2 +1 = 100l2 +120l +36 +1
= 100l2 +120l +30 +7. (10l2+12l+3).10 +7
n2 .

 2. ,
: 1. n = 1 S1 = 1.2.3 = 6;
2. , n = k , ..
. ,
n=k+1, ..:
,
1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + .... + k(k + 1)(k + 2)
, : , .. .
3. ,
n= k, n = k + 1 ,
n = 1, a n = 1 + 1 = 2; n = 2 + 1
= 3 .. n.

II.2.

1. (1+x)n 1+ nx , x-1
nN
:

1) n=1. ,
1+x1+x a n=1.
2) , n=k :

(1+x)k1+kx

x+1
(1+x)k(1+x) (1+nx)(1+x)
3) , n= k+1 :

(1+x)n+1=(1+x)n(1+x) (1+nx)(1+x)=1+nx+x+nx2 1+ (n+1)x

.
2. ,
| a1+a2+an-1+an | | a1 | + | a2 | + + | an-1 | + | an |
:
n=2 .
n=k>2, ..

(1) | a 1 +a 2+ + a k | |a 1 | + |a 2|+ +|a k |

,
|a1+a2++ak+ak+1| |a1| + |a2| + + |ak| + |ak+1|

| a1+a2++ak +ak+1 |= | (a1+ a2+ +ak) | + |ak+1| |a1 + a2 +
+ak| + |ak+1| |a1| + |a2| + + |ak| + |ak+1|
- k
n=2,
(1).

 ,
, n.

3. , 1, 2 . . . ,

, >2 1, 2 . . . =l, 1 +a 2+a 3 ++a n n

=2 , a1>0, a2>0 1 2=1

a1 + a2
a1.a2
2

a1+a22. , e . o 1+2 2.1=2

n=k>2, .. ()1+a2+...+ak
k. ,

(1) 1 + 2 + . . . + +ak+1(k+1).
1=2= . . . =ak+1=l, (1) .
- 1, , 1. , >1, m+1 <1.
1, 2, . . . , -1, +2, ak (am.am+1) k
()

1+ 2 + . . .+ -1+ +2+ +ak + (am.am+1) k.

, , a m -1>0 1a m+1 >0,

1+ 2 + . . .+ -1+ m++1++2 ++ ak +ak+1 k- (am.am+1) +

+m++1 k+1 +(1-am+1)-am+1(1-am+1) k+1+
+(am-1)(1-am+1)>k+1

n2.

II.3.
1. , n ,
, ,

An=n(n-1)+2

:
1) A1=2. n=1

2) , n=k, .. k

(-1)+2

P k+1- . k
P , P
,

P k

, . P

 2k ,
.
k
. P
.
,
, P
, .. 2k ,
e P.
, ,
P, - 2k.
, 2k ,
P k ,

, k , .
, ,
P - 2k.
P 2k
, k . , k
k(k-1)+2 , k+1

[k(k-1)+2]+2k=k(k+1)+2
. .
2. ,
. ,
.

:
1 2, 3, 4. 1 2, 3, 4
2, 3, 4; 1 3, 4; 1 2, 4; M1,
2, 3. 4:
1) A1A2A3. .. 1 2, 3
4, 123
a M4.
2) A1A2A3A4 .
. ,
. 1 3 2 4,
, A1A3 .
, 24 M1 3.
13 24

3. n , ,
. , n
( ).
:

n=4 . , n4
, n+1 .


B1,B2..., Bn+1

. n : 1,2,..., Bn Bn+1=
Bn.
, n . ,
. 1 2, ...,
Bn-1 . , ,
, n . , i
Bj, n, n+1 .
1 2n-1n' , ..
1,2,..., n-1 n, n' . .
4. ,
n(n 3)
2

n- r e Sn=
:
n=3 S=0 . ( ,
n=4 S4=2 ,
, , -
,
).
(kk (+ k1) k( 32))
2

n=k>3, . . k- Sk
= . -, (k + 1) - Sk+1=

. (k + 1) - ABCD . . . .
,
k (k 3)
2

k- (ACD ... )
ABC. ACD... a Sk = .
ACD P
(k + 1)-3 .

:
k (k 3)
2

Sk+1=Sk+1+k+2= +k 1=

==

kk(k2+ 1) k2(k + 21)

2

k (k + 1) 2(k + 1)
2

Sk+1=
,
.

n(n + 1)
2

5. n ,
. ,
Pn=1+ .
:
n = 1 P1= 2 .
, n=k>1 . . k-

k (k + 1)
2

P k =1+ . . ,
k(k + 1) k( + 2)
2

k + l Pk+1=1+ . .
k (k + 1)
2

k+1 .
, k
P k =1+ . , ,

(?). k ,
k , k-1
, .. k+1 .
,
, . . k + 1 .

 ,
k+1 .

(kk (+ k2)+k( +11))

2

Pk+1=Pk+k+1=1+ +k+1= 1+ .
.

II.4.

1. , o n , n3+5n
6.
: n=1 .
n=k, k3+5k =6q , q . : (k+1)3
+5(k+1)= k3 +3k2+3k+1+5k+5= (k3+5k2) +(3k2+3k+6)=6q +
[(3k2+k+1)+6]
e 6,
6, .
n3+5n 6 n.

 2. , n , 23n + 1
n+1 n+2.
:
n =232+1.
n=1 A1=23+1=9 , 9, 27.
, .
n=k> 1 A k =23k +1=3k+1 . , 3.
Ak+1=23k+1+1=23 k.3+1
= (23k) +1 = (23k +1) (23k.2 - 23k +1)
= 3k+1.M [(23k+1)2 3. 23k]
=3k+1.M [(3k+1.M)2 3. 23k]
=3k+2.M [32k+1.M2-23k]
, Ak+1 3k+2, 3k+3.
n.

3. , n, 11n+2 + 122n+1
133.
:
1. n=1,111+2+122+1=113+123=3059=133.23.
2. n = k; 11k+2 + 122k+1 = 133p (p e ).
n=k+1 : 11k+1+2 + 122(k+1)+1 = 11k+3 + 122122k+1 = 11(11k+2 +
122k+1) + 133.122k+1 = 11.133p + 133.122k+1 = 133(11p + 122k+1).

3. , n = k
133, n = k + 1. n = 1
133,
. 133 n.

II.5.
1. 2004
?
,
1. ,
, .
: , N N
.
, -
( a a + 1, ""
"").
1 : 1.
N.
N -
( , ),

 N + 1. , N
N + 1.
, N + 1 (
N + 1 ) 1 (,
, 1),
N. , N + 1
N.
N + 1 1 -
N
.
2. ,
1 n.
k.n!, k
. , k
,
n!.
: n. n = 1
. n 1
1, 2,... ,n, k.n!.
, n
, 1.
n

 n .
tn , t.
n - n 1,

tn-1.

r < n .
, , n
n,
r n, .. nq
( , q < n). r
q.
k .n!
n

1, 2,... ,n-1

= k.(n 1)!.

,
k ,
(n-1)!. ,

n!, .

3. ,
. ,
.
,

 .
, ?
: :
1, 2,... ,n. n-
, ,
,
.
, n- -
(, ),
. , n-
.
k n
, k+1 k.
k ,
n- .
, k + 2 k + 1.
k + 1- , k-
n-. , , k
+ 3- k + 2.
, , n-
,
: k,k + 1, k + 2,... ,n
n,k,k + 1,... ,n 1. ,
n- n k ,
, n k + 1
, -

.
4. 23 ,
n 1 23 n .

, , .

1 , - .., 23-
- 23 ?
: (
23). .
" "
.
n-1
n .

,
, k-,
( k,k-1,k-2,..., 3 , 2 , 1 ) (1,k,k1,..., 3, 2) k2. ,
, ..,
k- . (2,1,k,k-1,
k-2,..., 4, 3).

 , k
k-1, k- 2 , . . . , 1 .
.
.
,

n- n-
,

1, 2, . . . , n 1 .
5. 1000 .
, 1%
.
100 . ,
,
.
:
.
1
1
1
9
00
9

, ,
100

99 (

, , ,
- 100). "100" "-99". , -99,
-100.

91
1
9
1
9
00
9

:
- ( ) " ".
, " "
-99 ( "" ""

, .. :=

"" ).
: ""
"-99",
99 ""
- "-".
"-" " ",
99 - ,
" " (
99 -, "").
1
100

-
.
1
100

- -

, 100
" " .
- .
,

1
100

. -
( ) ,
- , .

.
,
" " - 100.
, -
1
100

- , .. -.
, ,
-100 -99,
-98, - -97, .. -1 .


10- c :

, n :
1.3.5. 1. 2. n( 1)
2.n4.6.+.2.n1

Pn=<
. :
1)

n=1 :
1
1
2
2

2)

P1=<
,
, , :
Pnn ++11
P
n +n 2

<

2nn ++ 11
2n + 2

<,

(2n+1)2(n+2)<4(n+1)3 ,
4n3+12n2+9n+2<4n3+10n2+12n+4 ,

0<3n+2

.
.
,

:
1
n

Pn<
E :
1)

n=1 , :
1
1
1
2

P1 =<
1
1
nn
+1

2)

, Pn< Pn+1<.
, :
Pnn+1
P
n n+ 1

<,

2n n+ 1
2nn ++ 21

<,

(2n+1)2(2n+1)<4(n+1)2 n

4n 3+8n 2+5n+1<4n 3+8n 2+4n


n+1<0
.
- . ?
, 2
:
1
3,1n

Pn<
, 3,1
3,2. - ,
.
.
1
1
3
3
4
n
3
2

+++<

,
.

.

.

.
,
,
.


1. ,
, ,
1987 .
2. . . , ,
, 1989
3. . , ., ,
, 1967 .
4.

, 1968 .
5. . , . , 8
, , 2002 .
6. , 5, 2005 .
7. . , -
, 1972 .
8. . , . , 1974.
9.

Chris Tuffley, Induction, NZ

Mathematical Olympiad

Committee, January 2009.

10. . . ,
, 1965.

11. . ,
, 2007.
12. . , . ,

1961.