i y # $ % & ' ( ) e * e + , - . / 0 1 o \ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Place and Manner oI Articulation L a b i a l
L a b i o d e n t a l
D e n t a l
A l v e o l a r
P o s t a l v e o l a r
R e t r o f l e x
P a l a t a l
V e l a r
U v u l a r
P h a r y n g e a l
G l o t t a l
Plosive p b t d | q c j k g q G 1 Nasal m p n p p N Trill B r n Tap/Flap r Fricative I v O s z j 9 , j x y y n h \ h n Lateral Fricative I [ Approximant t + j Lateral Approximant l [ L anterior - - - - - - - coronal - - - - - - - distributed - - - - - - - - - high - - - - - - - - - low - - - - - - - - - - back - - - - - - - - Variants More Sounds s = j bilabial click c = tj , dental click y = j ! (post) alveolar click r = + palato-alveolar click j = | alveolar lateral click c = ts l alveolar lateral Ilap I = t simultaneous j and x z = q voiced labio-palatal approximate j = d h voiceless epiglottal Iricative u = y \ voiced epiglottal Iricative o = o c |-voi| alveolo-palatal Iricative a = o voiced alveolo-palatal Iricative ! "#$%&'#!(#)*#%'+!! (prosodic) Skeleton: C,V
round] ant] dist] hi] lo] mid] ATR] SONORITY SCALE (varies somewhat across languages) 1 vowels 2 glides 3 liquids 4 nasals 5 Iricatives 6 stops & aIIricates syllabic " syllabic " consonantal consonantal approximant " approximant sonorant " sonorant continuant | -cont|* |! cont| " continuant *Though nasals are |-cont| due to obstruction oI the oral cavity, the nasal airIlow makes them more sonorous than stops. DIACRITICS SUPRASEGMENTALS voiceless n d breathy voice b a primary stress voiced s t creaky voiced b a secondary stress aspirated t d linguolabial t d long halI long more rounded 5 labialized t d extra short less rounded 5 palatalized t d minor (Ioot) group advanced u velarized t d | major (intonation) group retracted e pharyngealized t d . syllable break dental t d nasalized e TONES AND WORD ACCENTS apical t d nasal release d e extra high rising laminal t d lateral release d e high Ialling centralized e no audible release e ! mid hi rising md-centralized e velar or pharyngeal l e low !low rising syllabic n ATR e RTR e e extra low !! rise Iall non-syllabic e lowered e # downstep global rise rhoticity c raised e $ upstep global Iall /0%&%+%12-*+"#)*'3$)4" Jason Riggle University oI Chicago ! Last revised: January 2008 palate nasal velum pharynx uvula alveolar esophagus teeth ridge pharyngeal lips epiglottis wall larynx Adam`s apple nasal cavity vocal Iolds trachea oral pharynx laryngeal pharynx oral cavity tongue larynx trachea bronchi lung lung pharynx soIt palate 5%-*+"6$*-'" 7%8" [-high +low] 92:" [-high -low] ;210" [+ high -low] [+front -back] [-front -back] [-front +back] [-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd] [+tense]