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t t d s z I [ O j c j j p b I v k g x q G y n h \ h n 1 tj d ts dz kx pI m n p p I r + n j w n
cons + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - cons + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - -
son - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - son - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
"
#
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%
%
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syll - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - syll - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
labial - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - labial - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - + + -
round - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - round - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + -
coronal + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cor + + + + - - - + - + - - + - + + - - - - -
ant + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - ant - - + + - + + + - - - - + - + + - - - - -
distrib - - ! - - - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - distrib + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
dorsal - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - dorsal + + - - + - - - + + + + - + - - + + + + +
high - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + - - - - - - + + + - - - - - - - - - high + + - - + - - - + - + - - + - - - + + + +
low - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - low - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
back - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + - - - back - - - - + - - - + - - + - - - - + - + + -
tense - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - tense - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
phar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - phar - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+
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ATR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ATR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
voice - - - - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - - + - + - - - + - voice - + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + - +
S.G. -" !" - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - S.G. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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C.G. ! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + C.G. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
cont - - - - - + + + + + + + + - - + + - - + + + + - - + - - + + + + + + - cont ! ! ! ! ! ! - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +
strident - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - strident + + + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
lateral - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - lateral - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - -
del rel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - del rel + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1
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nasal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - nasal - - - - - - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - -
i i u o c c o 5 a y . o o c m
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cons
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + son
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + syll
- - + + - - + + - - + + + - + + lab
- - + + - - + + - - + + + - + + rnd
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cor
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ant
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - dist
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + dor
+ + + + - - - - - - + + - - - + high
- - - - - - - - + + - - - - - - low
- - + + - - + + - - - - - - + + back
+ - + - + - + - - + + - + - - + tense
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + phar
+ - + - + - + - - - + - + - - - ATR
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + voi
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C.G.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - S.G.
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + cont
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - strid
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - lat
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - d rel
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - nasal
#$%&'" """""""()&'$*+""""""""""",*-."

i y # $ % &
' ( )
e * e + , -
.
/ 0 1 o \ 2
3 4
5 6 7 8
Place and
Manner oI
Articulation L
a
b
i
a
l

L
a
b
i
o
d
e
n
t
a
l

D
e
n
t
a
l

A
l
v
e
o
l
a
r

P
o
s
t
a
l
v
e
o
l
a
r

R
e
t
r
o
f
l
e
x

P
a
l
a
t
a
l

V
e
l
a
r

U
v
u
l
a
r

P
h
a
r
y
n
g
e
a
l

G
l
o
t
t
a
l

Plosive p b t d | q c j k g q G 1
Nasal m p n p p N
Trill B r n
Tap/Flap r
Fricative
I v O s z j 9 , j x y y n h \ h n
Lateral
Fricative
I [
Approximant t + j
Lateral
Approximant
l [ L
anterior - - - - - - -
coronal - - - - - - -
distributed - - - - - - - - -
high - - - - - - - - -
low - - - - - - - - - -
back - - - - - - - -
Variants More Sounds
s = j bilabial click
c = tj , dental click
y = j ! (post) alveolar click
r = + palato-alveolar click
j = | alveolar lateral click
c = ts l alveolar lateral Ilap
I = t simultaneous j and x
z = q voiced labio-palatal approximate
j = d h voiceless epiglottal Iricative
u = y \ voiced epiglottal Iricative
o = o c |-voi| alveolo-palatal Iricative
a = o voiced alveolo-palatal Iricative
!
"#$%&'#!(#)*#%'+!!
(prosodic)
Skeleton: C,V

Root Tier: consonantal]
sonorant]
Root-linked
Tiers: cont]
lat]
nas]

Laryngeal LAR
Tier:
voi] SG] CG]

Place Tier:
PLACE

labial] coronal] dorsal] phar]

round] ant] dist] hi] lo] mid] ATR]
SONORITY SCALE (varies somewhat across languages)
1 vowels 2 glides 3 liquids 4 nasals 5 Iricatives
6 stops &
aIIricates
syllabic " syllabic
" consonantal consonantal
approximant " approximant
sonorant " sonorant
continuant | -cont|* |! cont| " continuant
*Though nasals are |-cont| due to obstruction oI the oral cavity, the nasal airIlow makes them more sonorous than stops.
DIACRITICS SUPRASEGMENTALS
voiceless n d breathy voice b a primary stress
voiced s t creaky voiced b a secondary stress
aspirated t d linguolabial t d long halI long
more rounded 5 labialized t d extra short
less rounded 5 palatalized t d minor (Ioot) group
advanced u velarized t d | major (intonation) group
retracted e pharyngealized t d . syllable break
dental t d nasalized e TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
apical t d nasal release d e extra high rising
laminal t d lateral release d e high Ialling
centralized e no audible release e ! mid hi rising
md-centralized e velar or pharyngeal l e low !low rising
syllabic n ATR e RTR e e extra low !! rise Iall
non-syllabic e lowered e # downstep global rise
rhoticity c raised e $ upstep global Iall
/0%&%+%12-*+"#)*'3$)4"
Jason Riggle University oI Chicago !
Last revised: January 2008
palate
nasal
velum
pharynx
uvula alveolar
esophagus
teeth
ridge
pharyngeal
lips
epiglottis
wall
larynx
Adam`s apple
nasal cavity
vocal Iolds
trachea
oral
pharynx
laryngeal
pharynx
oral cavity
tongue
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lung lung
pharynx
soIt palate
5%-*+"6$*-'"
7%8"
[-high +low]
92:"
[-high -low]
;210"
[+ high -low]
[+front -back] [-front -back] [-front +back]
[-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd] [-rnd] [+rnd]
[+tense]

[-tense]

[+tense]




[-tense]

[+tense]

[-tense]

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