Lecture 9 - Flexure

June 20, 2003

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals

Load Envelopes
Resistance Factors and Loads
Design of Singly Reinforced Rectangular
Beam
Unknown section dimensions
Known section dimensions

Moment
Envelopes
Fig. 10-10; MacGregor (1997)
The moment envelope
curve defines the extreme
boundary values of
bending moment along the
beam due to critical
placements of design live
loading.
Moment
Envelopes Example
Given following beam with a dead load of 1 k/ft and
live load 2 k/ft obtain the shear and bending moment
envelopes
Moment
Envelopes Example
Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
W
u
= 1.2w
D
+ 1.6w
L
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(ft)
k
i
p
s
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
i
p
s
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
-
f
t
Shear Diagram
Moment Diagram
Moment
Envelopes Example
Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
W
u
= 1.2w
D
+ 1.6w
L
Shear Diagram
Moment Diagram
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
/
f
t
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
i
p
s
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
-
f
t
(Dead Load Only)
Moment
Envelopes Example
Use a series of shear and bending moment diagrams
W
u
= 1.2w
D
+ 1.6w
L
Shear Diagram
Moment Diagram
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
/
f
t
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
i
p
s
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
-
f
t
Moment
Envelopes Example
The shear envelope
Shear Envelope
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 10 20 30 40
ft
k
i
p
s
Minimum Shear
Maximum Shear
Moment
Envelopes Example
The moment envelope
Moment Envelope
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
ft
k
-
f
t
Minimum Moment Maximum Moment
Flexural Design of Reinforced
Concrete Beams and Slab Sections
Analysis Versus Design:
Analysis: Given a cross-section, f
c
, reinforcement
sizes, location, f
y
compute
resistance or capacity
Design: Given factored load effect (such as M
u
)
select suitable section(dimensions, f
c
,
f
y
, reinforcement, etc.)
Flexural Design of Reinforced
Concrete Beams and Slab Sections
ACI Code Requirements for Strength Design
Basic Equation: factored resistance factored load
effect
>
Ex.
u n
M M > |
ACI Code Requirements for Strength
Design
u n
M M > |
M
u
= Moment due to factored loads (required
ultimate moment)
M
n
= Nominal moment capacity of the cross-section
using nominal dimensions and specified
material strengths.
|

= Strength reduction factor (Accounts for
variability in dimensions, material strengths,
approximations in strength equations.
Flexural Design of Reinforced
Concrete Beams and Slab Sections
Required Strength (ACI 318, sec 9.2)
U = Required Strength to resist factored loads
D = Dead Loads
L = Live loads
W = Wind Loads
E = Earthquake Loads

Flexural Design of Reinforced
Concrete Beams and Slab Sections
Required Strength (ACI 318, sec 9.2)
H = Pressure or Weight Loads due to soil,ground
water,etc.
F = Pressure or weight Loads due to fluids with
well defined densities and controllable
maximum heights.
T = Effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage,
differential settlement, shrinkage compensating.
Factored Load Combinations
U = 1.2 D +1.6 L Always check even if other load
types are present.

U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5 (L
r
or S or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6 (L
r
or S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6 W + 1.0L + 0.5(L
r
or S or R)
U = 0.9 D + 1.6W +1.6H
U = 0.9 D + 1.0E +1.6H

Resistance Factors, | ACI Sec
9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors
[1] Flexure w/ or
w/o axial tension
The strength
reduction factor, |,
will come into the
calculation of the
strength of the
beam.
Resistance Factors, | ACI Sec
9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors
[2] Axial Tension | = 0.90
[3] Axial Compression w or w/o flexure
(a) Member w/ spiral reinforcement | = 0.70
(b) Other reinforcement members | = 0.65

*(may increase for very small axial loads)
Resistance Factors, | ACI Sec
9.3.2 Strength Reduction Factors

[4] Shear and Torsion | = 0.75
[5] Bearing on Concrete | = 0.65
ACI Sec 9.3.4 | factors for regions of high
seismic risk
Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections
1. Location of Reinforcement
locate reinforcement where cracking occurs
(tension region) Tensile stresses may be due to :
a ) Flexure
b ) Axial Loads
c ) Shrinkage effects
Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections
2. Construction
formwork is expensive - try to reuse at several
floors
Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections
3. Beam Depths
ACI 318 - Table 9.5(a) min. h based on
l (span) (slab & beams)
Rule of thumb: h
b
(in) l (ft)
Design for max. moment over a support to set
depth of a continuous beam.
~
Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections
4.




Concrete Cover
Cover = Dimension between the surface of the
slab or beam and the reinforcement
Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections
4.




Concrete Cover
Why is cover needed?
[a] Bonds reinforcement to concrete
[b] Protect reinforcement against corrosion
[c] Protect reinforcement from fire (over
heating causes strength loss)
[d] Additional cover used in garages, factories,
etc. to account for abrasion and wear.
Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections





Minimum Cover Dimensions (ACI 318 Sec 7.7)
Sample values for cast in-place concrete
Concrete cast against & exposed to earth - 3 in.
Concrete (formed) exposed to earth & weather
No. 6 to No. 18 bars - 2 in.
No. 5 and smaller - 1.5 in
Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections





Minimum Cover Dimensions (ACI 318 Sec 7.7)
Concrete not exposed to earth or weather
- Slab, walls, joists
No. 14 and No. 18 bars - 1.5 in
No. 11 bar and smaller - 0.75 in
- Beams, Columns - 1.5 in

Background Information for
Designing Beam Sections
5.




Bar Spacing Limits (ACI 318 Sec. 7.6)
- Minimum spacing of bars
- Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement
in walls & slabs
Max. space = smaller of

. in 18
t 3
Minimum Cover Dimension
Interior beam.
Minimum Cover Dimension
Reinforcement bar arrangement for two layers.
Minimum Cover Dimension
ACI 3.3.3
Nominal maximum
aggregate size.
- 3/4 clear space
- 1/3 slab depth
- 1/5 narrowest dim.
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Design a singly reinforced beam, which has
a moment capacity, M
u
= 225 k-ft, f
c
= 3 ksi,
f
y
= 40 ksi and c/d = 0.275
Use a b = 12 in. and determine whether or
not it is sufficient space for the chosen
tension steel.
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
From the calculation of M
n
u
n
c c
2
c 1
2
c
size
R
2
1
0.85 0.85 1
2 2
1
0.85 1 where,
2
1
0.85 1
2
a
M C d
a a a
f ba d f bd d
d d
a c
f bd k k k
d d
f k k bd
|
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
| | | | | |
= =
| | | |
\ . \ . \ .
\ .
| | | |
' ' '
= = =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
' '
=
|
\ .
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Select c/d =0.275 so that | =0.9. Compute k and
determine R
u
( )
( )( )
1
u c
0.85 0.275
0.23375
0.85 1
2
0.23375
0.85 3 ksi 0.23375 1
2
0.5264 ksi
c
k
d
k
R f k
|
| |
'
= =
|
\ .
=
'
| |
'
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Calculate the bd
2

U
2
N
u u
3
12 in
225 k-ft
ft
0.9
5699 in
0.5264 ksi
M
M
bd
R R
|
| |
|
\ .
= =
| |
| |
|
|
\ .
|
|
|
\ .
= =
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Calculate d, if b = 12 in.
3
2 2
5699 in
440.67 in 21.79 in.
12 in
d d = = =
Use d =22.5 in., so that h = 25 in.
( )
0.275 0.275 22.5 in 6.1875 in. c d = = =
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Calculate A
s
for the beam
( )( )( )( )
c 1
s
y
2
0.85
0.85 3 ksi 12 in. 0.85 6.1875 in.
40 ksi
4.02 in
f b c
A
f
|
=
=
=
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Chose one layer of 4 #9 bars


Compute
( )
2 2
s
4 1.0 in 4.00 in A = =
( )( )
2
s
4.00 in
12.0 in 22.5 in
0.014815
A
bd
= =
=
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Calculate
min
for the beam
y
min min
c
y
200 200
0.005
40000
0.005
3
3 3000
0.00411
40000
f
f
f

= =

= =

= =

0.014815 0.005 >

The beam is OK for
the minimum
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Check whether or not the bars will fit into the beam.
The diameter of the #9 = 1.128 in.
( ) ( ) | |
b stirrup
4 3 2 cover
4 1.128 in. 3 1.128 in. 2 1.5 in. 0.375 in.
11.65 in
b d s d ( = + + +

= + + +
=
So b =12 in. works.
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Check the height of the beam.
Use h = 25 in.
( )
| |
b
stirrup
cover
2
1.128 in.
22.5 in. 1.5 in. 0.375 in.
2
24.94 in
d
h d d ( = + + +

= + + +
=
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Find a
Find c
( )
( )
( )( )
2
s y
c
4.0 in 40 ksi
0.85 0.85 3 ksi 12.0 in.
5.23 in.
A f
a
f b
= =
=
1
5.23 in.
0.85
6.15 in.
a
c
|
= =
=
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Check the strain in the steel
Therefore, | is 0.9
( )
t cu
22.5 in. 6.15 in.
0.003
c 6.15 in.
0.00797 0.005
6.15 in.
0.2733
22.5 in.
d c
c
d
c c

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= >
= =
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Compute the M
n
for the beam
Calculate M
u

( )
( )
N s y
2
2
5.23 in.
4.0 in 40 ksi 22.5 in.
2
3186.6 k-in
a
M A f d
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
( )
U N
0.9 3186.6 k-in 2863.4 k-in
M M | =
= =
Example - Singly Reinforced
Beam
Check the beam M
u
= 225 k-ft*12 in/ft =2700 k-in
Over-designed the beam by 6%
2863.4 2700
*100% 6.05%
2700

=
( )
6.15 in.
0.2733
22.5 in.
c
d
= =
Use a smaller c/d
ratio