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Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 1
Major Objectives
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 2
Outline
Seismic Base Isolation
Configuration and Qualitative Behavior of Isolated Building Objectives of Seismic Isolation Systems Effects of Base Isolation on Seismic Response Implications of Soil Conditions Applicability and Example Applications of Isolation Systems Description and Mathematical Modeling of Seismic Isolation Bearings
Modeling of Seismic Isolation Bearings in Computer Software Code Provisions for Base Isolation
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 3
Superstructure
Isolation Bearing
Passive Damper
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 4
Sliding Bearing
Elastomeric Bearing
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 5
Elastomeric Bearing
Sliding Bearing
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 6
Conventional Structure
Base-Isolated Structure
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 7
Enhance performance of structures at all hazard levels by: Minimizing interruption of use of facility (e.g., Immediate Occupancy Performance Level) Reducing damaging deformations in structural and nonstructural components Reducing acceleration response to minimize contentsrelated damage
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 8
Flexibility to increase period of vibration and thus reduce force response Energy dissipation to control the isolation system displacement Rigidity under low load levels such as wind and minor earthquakes
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 9
1.0
T=1.5 10%
0.8
20%
0.6
0.4
0.2
T=4.0
1.0
T=1.5 10%
0.8
20% 30% 40% T=2.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
T=4.0
Increasing Damping
T1
Without Isolation
T2
With Isolation
Period
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 12
T1
Without Isolation
T2
With Isolation
Period
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 13
Base Shear
Soft Soil
T1
Without Isolation
T2
With Isolation
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 14
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 15
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 16
Isolation Bearing
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 18
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 19
Major Components: - Rubber Layers: Provide lateral flexibility - Steel Shims: Provide vertical stiffness to support building weight while limiting lateral bulging of rubber - Lead plug: Provides source of energy dissipation
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 20
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 21
Shear modulus = 50 to 200 psi Effective Stiffness and Damping depend on:
- Elastomer and fillers - Contact pressure - Velocity of loading - Load history (scragging) - Temperature
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 22
Lead-Rubber Bearing
Shear Force
Displacement
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 24
Deformed Shape
Load Cell - Bearing Manufactured by Scougal Rubber Corporation. - Test Performed at SUNY Buffalo. - Shear strain shown is approximately 100%.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 25
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 26
Testing of Full-Scale Elastomeric Bearing at UC San Diego - Compressive load = 4000 kips - 400% Shear Strain [1.0 m (40 in.) lateral displacement] - Video shown at 16 x actual speed of 1.0 in/sec
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 27
u ( t ) = u 0 sin( t )
Assumed Form of Total Force
FORCE, KIPS
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
TIME, SECONDS
& P( t ) = K S u( t ) + C u( t )
P0 P0 KL sin( ) C = K S = cos( ) K L = u0 u0
Storage Stiffness Loss Stiffness Damping Coeff.
P Z = sin P0
Phase Angle
Shear Force, P
Po
PZ
KS uo
1 = tan ( ) 2
PZ = K L u o
Displacement, u
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 29
& P( t ) = K S u( t ) + C u( t )
G' A KS = tr
Storage Stiffness
G' ' A KL = tr
Loss Stiffness
C=
KL
= sin Z 0
Phase Angle
Damping Coeff.
Shear Stress
G ( ) = = tan ( ) G ( )
G
Loss Factor
o
1 = = tan ( ) 2 2
Damping Ratio
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 30
( t ) = G (t ) + G & (t ) /
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples
Shear Strain
-2
-4
-6
-8
-3
-2
-1
Low Damping Rubber Bearing - Reduced scale bearing for -scale building frame - Diameter and height approx. 5 in. - Prototype fundamental period of building = 1.6 sec
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 31
Shear Storage Modulus of High-Damping Natural Rubber Shear Storage Modulus (psi)
300
200
100
Effective Damping Ratio of High-Damping Natural Rubber Effective Damping Ratio (%)
20 Increasing Frequency 15
10 Increasing Pressure 5
keff
= Effective stiffness at design displacement = Effective damping coefficient associated with design displacement
ceff
Displacement, u
K eff
u P
Ceff
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples
Equivalent Linear Properties from Idealized Bilinear Hysteresis Loop F keff = F Area =WD F D K Q y
Force
K eff
DY
keff
F Q = = K + D D
Displacement
WD = 4Q(D DY )
If Q >> DY, then:
WD 4QD
eff
2Q(D DY ) = D(Q + KD )
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 35
Refined Nonlinear Mathematical Model for Natural and Synthetic Rubber Bearings
Shear Force, P
Py uy
= Post-to-pre yielding stiffness ratio = Yield force = Yield displacement = Evolutionary variable = Calibration constants
Z
Displacement, u
, , ,
P(t ) =
Py uy
u (t ) + (1 )Py Z (t )
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 36
Concave Plate
W F
Ff
Ff cos
Free-Body Diagram of Top Plate and Slider Under Imposed Lateral Force F
F = W tan +
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 38
+
R
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 39
R cos
u
R sin
sin = cos = 1
3!
+ ... + ... 1
W N = W cos
2
2!
& F f = N sgn (u )
F = W tan +
Ff cos
W & F = u + W sgn (u ) R
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 40
R cos
v
R sin
sin = cos = 1
R
3
3!
2
2!
v ( in .)
u R
0 0 5 10
u ( in .)
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 41
& u
Fr
Ff
W
u
Slope =
+
W
W R
& + u & u
Note: Bearing will not recenter if Fr < F f ( u < R ) For large T, and thus large R, this can be a concern.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 42
Mechanical Model of Friction Pendulum System Bearings & sgn (u ) W 1 & F = u + W sgn (u )
R
-1
& u
W R
u F
F f = W
Rigid Model with Strain Hardening
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 43
W & F = u + W sgn (u ) R
Time
R T = 2 g
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 44
Area = Force, F
WD
Ff
W R
F
K eff
D
F = W & u + W sgn (u ) R
Displacement, u
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 45
Stick-Slip
Stick-Slip
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Bearing Displacement (cm) FPS Bearing - Reduced-scale bearing for -scale building frame - R = 18.6 in; D = 11 in.; H = 2.5 in. (reduced scale) - Prototype fundamental period of building = 2.75 sec (R = 74.4 in. = 6.2 ft)
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 46
W & F = u + W sgn (u ) R
s min
max
Coulomb Model
max min
& u & u
Approximate Velocity-Dependence
Actual Velocity-Dependence
d
&& W uv Ps p = 1 + + A g W
Equal Increments of Increasing Pressure, p Typically Neglected
& u
Pressure- and Velocity-Dependence
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 48
Coefficient of Friction
0.15
0.10
max
0.05
min
0.00 0 25 50
Z
1
-1
& u
-1
& u
& u = 0
Evolutionary Equation
W & F (t ) = u (t ) + W sgn (u ) R
F
K
Keff
W & F (t ) = u (t ) + W sgn (u ) R
Area = Ed
u
K eff F W W = = + u R u
Effective (Secant) Stiffness at Displacement u Effective Damping Ratio at Displacement u
eff
Ed 4 Wu 2 R = = = 2 4E s 4 0.5 K eff u (R + u )
Effective linear properties are displacement-dependent. Therefore, design using effective linear properties is an iterative process.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 52
u F
F
F f = W
u
Linear Model
W & F (t ) = u (t ) + W sgn (u ) R
K eff
u F
F
Ceff
eff
2 R = ( R + u )
K eff
W W = + R u
W W + R u max
Force (lb)
2 W
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Nonlinear
u max = 1.65 in . Fmax = 2 ,069 lb
Linear
u max = 1.68 in . Fmax = 2 ,261 lb
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
-1.5
Displacement (in)
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 54
W & F (t ) = u (t ) + W sgn (u ) R
F
W
Flat Bearings:
& R F (t ) = W sgn (u )
W
Bearings do NOT increase natural period of structure; Rather they limit the shear force transferred into the superstructure Requires supplemental self-centering mechanism to prevent permanent isolation system displacement Not commonly used in building structures
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 55
TI1 >> Tf
Fixed-Base
Mode 1 (T = Tf)
Base-Isolated
Mode 1 (T = TI1)
Mode 2 (T = TI2)
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 57
Force, F3
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 58
k2 a3 Z 2 Z 3 Fy 2 2 k 1 a3 Z 3 3 Fy 3
& D2 & D3
+
2 Z3
1 a2 = 0 1 a3 = 0
2 Z2
2 2 Z2 + Z3 = 1
Force, F3
Displacement, D3
Force, F2 Displacement, D2
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 60
Spherical Slider
P P
Displacement, D
F(t)
if D1 < 0 otherwise
P D2 + P 2 Z 2 R2
F3 =
P D3 + P 3 Z 3 R3
rv
Friction Coefficients
Resultant Velocity
k2 a3 Z 2 Z 3 P 2 2 k 1 a3 Z 3 3 P 3
& D2 & D3
1 a2 = 0 1 a3 = 0
2 2 Z2 + Z3 1
2 2 Z2 + Z3 = 1
k 2 , k3
Note: Flat Bearings: Set R = 0 for both directions (restoring forces will be set equal to zero). Cylindrical Bearings: Set R = 0 for one direction.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 63
1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA 302 Provisions; FEMA 303 - Commentary)
- Chapter 13: Seismically Isolated Structures Design Requirements - Based on 1997 UBC (almost identical)
1997 NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA 273 Guidelines; FEMA 274 - Commentary)
- Chapter 9: Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation - Introduces Nonlinear Static (pushover) Analysis Procedure - Isolation system design is similar to that for new buildings but superstructure design considers differences between new and existing structures
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 65
2000 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA 368 Provisions; FEMA 369 - Commentary)
- Chapter 13: Seismically Isolated Structures Design Requirements
2000 Prestandard and Commentary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (FEMA 356)
- Chapter 9: Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 66
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 67
Design Objectives of 2000 NEHRP and 2000 IBC Base Isolation Provisions
Minor and Moderate Earthquakes
No damage to structural elements No damage to nonstructural components No damage to building contents
Major Earthquakes
No failure of isolation system No significant damage to structural elements No extensive damage to nonstructural components No major disruption to facility function Life-Safety
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 68
2000 NEHRP and 2000 IBC Base Isolation Provisions General Design Approach EQ for Superstructure Design
Design Earthquake 10%/50 yr = 475-yr return period - Loads reduced by up to a factor of 2 to allow for limited Inelastic response; a similar fixed-base structure would be designed for loads reduced by a factor of up to 8
Analysis Procedures of 2000 NEHRP and 2000 IBC Base Isolation Provisions
Equivalent Lateral Response Procedure
Applicable for final design under limited circumstances Provides lower bound limits on isolation system displacement and superstructure forces Useful for preliminary design
Presented Herein
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 70
DD
g = 4
S D 1T D BD
Damping Reduction Factor for Isolation System at Design Displacement Design is evaluated at two levels: Design Earthquake: 10% / 50 yr = 475-yr return period Maximum Considered Earthquake: 2% / 50 yr = 2,500-yr return period
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 71
S DS
Sa
SD1 = T
S D1
0 . 4 S DS
TO
TS
1.0
Natural Period, T
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 72
Reduction Factor, BD
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5
(B D )max
= 2
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
T D = 2
W kD
min
Minimum Effective Stiffness of Isolation System at Design Displacement Minimum stiffness used so as to produce largest period and thus most conservative design displacement.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 74
D TD = D D
12 e 1 + y 2 b + d
Use only if isolation system has uniform spatial distribution of lateral stiffness
Note: A smaller total design displacement may be used (but not less than 1.1DD) provided that the isolation system can be shown to resist torsion accordingly.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 75
Vb = k D
max
DD
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 76
VS =
kD
max
DD
RI
Response Modification Factor for Isolated Superstructure Ensures essentially elastic superstructure response
RI
3 R = R = 2 2 . 67 8
Minimum Values of VS: Base shear force for design of conventional structure of fixed-base period TD Shear force for wind design. 1.5 times shear force that activates isolation system.
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 77
Natural Period, T
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 78
VS k D max DD S D1 = = Isolated Structure W WRI BD R ITD VS S D1 BSCC = = CS = Conventional Structure Having W T ( R / I ) Period of One-Second or More BSCI = BSCI T (R / I ) = BSCC BD R ITD
Isolating structure results in 18% increase in shear force for design of superstructure
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 79
i=1
w i hi
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 80
C d = I
xe
Occupancy Importance Factor Note: For Isolated Structures, Cd is replaced by RI. Interstory Drift of Story x
x 0 . 015 h sx
Height of Story x
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 81
Vb
VS
V
D TD DD
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
Vb = k D
Natural Period, T
max
DD
VS =
kD
max
DD
V = C SW
RI
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 82
For cyclic tests, bearings must carry specified vertical (dead and live) loads
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 83
keff =
keff
+
F
F+ + F
+ +
Force, F
eff =
k + + eff
Eloop
Displacement,
k D max =
+ FD
max
+ FD
max
2 DD
+ FD min + FD min
k D min =
2 DD
1 ED D = 2 2 k D max DD
Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 85
Displacement capacity of non-structural components that cross isolation plane Displacement capacity of building moat Second-order (P-) effects on framing above and below isolation system
Instructional Material Complementing FEMA 451, Design Examples Seismic Isolation 15 - 7- 86