Immunity or resistance

" "

 Immunes Exempt from duty

.
" "

.

1537-1619
1723 -1632

----

----

1749-1823

1822-1895

*
*

1843 1910
1845-1916

1854-1915

1863-1943

. 1565
1674.
Variolation
1713.
. 1718
Vaccination
1798.
Attenuation
.
.
Phagocytosis 1882

.

Exotoxins 1888.

1854-1917
1853-1931
1860-1917
1868-1943

1902-1971
1940

1927-2002
*
1946-1995
*

* .

Antitoxin 1890
complement 1893.
Antibodies .

Toxoid .1923

Gamma globulins .
1940.
1956.
1965.
1970.
+ 1975.
Monoclonal antibodies
1975.
In ovo vaccination = Innovation
1983 1982.

-1 " "Self " "Non-self

)
" "Autoimmune diseases
( ... .

-2 .
-3 .
-4
.

:
- : :
- :Primitive or originative organs
UndifferentiatedUnprogrammed stem cells
:
:Yolk sac .
:Fetal liver 12 . :Bone marrow 12 .- :Primary = Central = Maturation organs
Cranial Thymus
Caudal Bursa of Fabricius .Cloacal bursa
" "Lymphocytes

.
:Thymus gland " 16-6" 4-3
.
" "Pre-thymic cells
" "
- T-Lymphocytes .Cell-mediated Immunity
:Bursa of Fibricius
1565 "1619-1537"
1956 .
Cloacal bursa Plicae
22 " 15 7"

.
Pre-bursal cells
" "urosopoetin - B-Lymphocytes
.Antibody-mediated Immunity
- :Secondary = peripheral = seeding organs



Immune migration
Peripheralization process
8-6

:
-1 :

"Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues "MALT :
. Skin associated lymphoid tissue = SALT .Gut associated LT = GALT .Bronchial associated LT = BALT .Head associated LT = HALT Local antibodies
Mucosal or Local Immunity .
-2 Uncapsulated lymphoid organs:
:Harderian gland Medial canthus of the eye 1694 "1711-1656" 5
10 - %20-
%80
.

:Esophageal tonsils 8-6 - -

MHC-2
.
: . :Lymphoid follicles Payer's Patches .
:Lymphoid or annular rings .
:Mickel's diverticlum 5 -2

 7 -5 10
- .
:Cecal tonsils Ilieocecal junction
- %50- %50 .
:Bone marrow .-3 :Capsulated lymphoid organs
:Spleen Graveyard or burial ground psittacines
passerines .Gulls
4 -1
psittacines 8 -7 Amazon parrots pink red
.brown
:
:Red pulp %45 . White pulp: %55 - %70 - %30 .
:
phagocytosis diseased erythrocytes .Red pulp
- . Antigen presenting & processing - - . Granulopioeosis Granulocytopoietic organ "Lymphopioeosis .Lymphopoietic organ
:Mural Body Large lymphatic duct .
:Pineal body

Hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase


.
:Lymph nodes " Afferent "Efferent
...
.
- - :

80%
50%

20%
50%

80%
50%
30%

20%
50%
70%

- :
.

:
- :Avian red blood cells
Nucleated 3-2.5
Packed cell volume 40-30 35
45-35 42 120
MHC-I .

- :Thrombocytes

30-25 .


.Phagocytosis
- :Avian leucocytes
Total leucocytic count 30 -16
:
- :Granulocytic leucocytes

Total granulocytic count 7-5
:
-1 :Heterophils = Microphages
Polymorphnuclear heterophilic
12 .
15 -12


Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum
:
Primary granules bactericidal Myeloproxidase.
Secondary granules .Lactoferrin 5 -4 %30 -20
.Phagocytosis




Mononuclear-phagocytic system
.Antigen-sensitive cells
Cluster of differentiation = CD
CD11a/CD18
CD11b/CD18 CD11c/CD18 CD32 Fc
CD35 C3b .
Proteolytic enzymes
.
-2 :Eosinophils
Polymorphnuclear eosinophilic
Eosin 17 -12

 Psittacine birds 1 -0.5

%5-1 .

5- 4
.Phagocytosis

Acid phosphatase
Peroxidase
.
-3 :Basophils
Polymorphnuclear basophilic

1-0.5 %2 -
.Phagocytosis
- :Agranulocytic leucocytes

Total agranulocytic count 23-11
:
-1 MonocytesMacrophages:

) (.
Langerhan's cell
Histocyte Microglia
Von Kupffer cells Alveolar or septal cell
Monocyte-macrophage system
. Reticuloendothelial system
50-25 1.5 %5
Smooth contour

.


.
Fc
IgY C3b . MCH-2
:
. .Chronic inflammations Ag presenting & processing . 1- - 2- .
-2 :Lymphocytes


Self
Non-self Immune memory 12-10
%45-20 .


.
- T-Lymphocytes - B-Lymphocytes

:
-i )( :T-Lymphocytes
" " -70
%80
Cell-mediated Immunity
- Sensitized T-cells
.
- Subpopulation -
Regulatory Function
Effector Function
Lymphokines - :
CD2 Sheep red blood cell = SRBC - - . Rosettes
CD3 -. -CD4 ) (MHC class-II .
-CD8 ) (MHC class-I .
- - :
- : T-Helper Cells
.
CD2, CD3, CD4 CD4
Epitopes Exogenous Antigens .MHC-2
:
2- - - .
Glycoprotein .
- :T-Cytotoxic Cells CD2 CD3 CD8
CD8 Epitopes Endogenous Antigens .MHC-I
- :T-Suppressor Cells 2- - -

CD2 CD3 CD8 CD8 -

- -
-
Immune Tolerance .
- : Delayed T-Cell CD-4 CD-8 Epitopes MHC-2 MHC-1 .
- : Memory T-cells CD-4 CD-8 .
-ii - :B-Lymphocytes
urosopoetin
4- 5- - Activated T-helper
.
%20-15 -
" 7-5" - " ".
- Primitive IgD
CD Glycoprotein - CD19
+ CD20 + CD21
C4b+C3b+C1q Fc .IgG
-
Ig B IgG B IgM B
IgE B IgD B IgA -
IgG IgM - ..IgA
Antibody-mediated Immunity
plasma cells
.
2 -
1310 B-cell clones
Fc receptor
Primitive IgD Clone selection
Clone proliferation or expansion Clone transformation
.Antibody formation
- C3 receptor
.
-iii : Plasma Cells -
2- Morphology -
Plasmablasts - -
Mantle zone
.
Ovoid 9-8
Unevenly distributed chromatin Rough endoplasmic reticulum

 basic dyes Pyronin

4 -3
4 -3.
300
Polyribosome .
- -
-
- .
-vi :Memory Cells -

-

1- 5- .
-
Somatic mutation
.
-iv :Killer cells

.(Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxcity (ADCC
-v := Natural killer cells %5-3

- - Non-T-Non-B Cells
Null Cells
MHC-1 MHC-2 .
T-cytotoxic cells

(Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxcity (ADCC
Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella typhimurium .
Perforation "
" Perforin Interferon-
2 - Interferon- .= Tumor necrosis factor

:Immunocompetence

Immuneocompetent cells :
- : " " .
- : .
:
: " " . :Antigen processing -. :Regulator cells- Helper T-cells .Suppressor T-cells- :Effector cells- Cytotoxic T-cells .Delayed T-cells

 :- B-Lymphocytes .- : Avian Cytokines

- -
Chemical messengers

90 :

Interferon-

Interleukin-1 1 -

2Interleukin-2 -

-
-

3Interleukin-3-
4 - Interleukin-4 & 5 5
6Interleukin-6-
7Interleukin-7-
8Interleukin-8-
12 - Interleukin-12 & 18
18
Tumor
necrosis factor

Stroma
-

-.

-

.
- .
- -
.

.
- .
- .
- .
Chemotaxis.
- .
-
-.

 Types of Immunity

.

:

- Innate Immunity





Phagocytosis Complement . Inflammation

-1 :Genetic constitution :
- :Species Immunity
:

. Duck virus enteritis = Duck plague .Infectious coryza " Derszy's disease .Infectious bronchitis".
.Infectious bursal disease Duck virus hepatitis .Avian encephalomyelitis .
.Avian leucosis .Marek's disease

.Trichomoniasis .Transmissible enteritis .Hemoproteus infection . Histomoniasis .Hexamitiasis .Bordetellosis

Quail bronchitis
- :Race Immunity
:

.
Duck virus hepatitis . Derszy's disease
. Infectious bursal disease

.
Bronze-broad Round heart
breasted turkey .
.Ruptured aorta
- :Individual variation

" " Renal form of IB .
-2 :Age " "


.
Duck virus hepatitis 40 . Derszy's disease 4 . . 50 .

-3 :Nutritional factors
Leucopenia .Decreased phagocytic activities

.
-4 :Hormonal factors
Leucopenia
Decreased phagocytic activities .
-5 :Stress factors


Leucopenia .Decreased phagocytic activities
-6 :
.
-7 :Other Factors :
: . : . : .- : .

-1 :Skin



.
-2 :Digestive juices
: . : ) pH (2
.
: .-3 :Muco-cillary system


.


.
-4 :Liquid secretions
.
-5 :Liquid excretions
.

-6 : Immediate Response
.

Interleukins -
Capillary Permeability
Edema
Phagocytic Cells
Infiltration
:
-1 .
-2 Monocytes
.
-3 Macrophages :
Tissue Macrophages . Circulating Macrophages
.

.
-7 : " 42 "
Spore-forming bacteria
Pyogenic bacteria .
-8 : Alternative pathway of complement
" Classic pathway ."Alternative pathway
IgM & IgG
.

.
-9 :Interferon Glycoproteins Interfere

:
- :Therapeutic interferon
) ( )
( "
"Species specific and not virus specific
Intracellular parasites Chlamydiae Rickettsiae Toxoplasma streptococci
staphylococci endotoxins:
-1 ) (IFN- )(NK
.Leucocytic interferon
-2 ) (IFN- Fibroblast Epithelial cells
.Fibroepithilial interferon

- :Immune interferon - )
(Inhibition of B-cell activation ) (Enhancement of cytotoxic activity of NK cells
IFN -
.
-10 :Phagocytic cells
Phagocytosis 1882
""1916-1845.

- Acquired Immunity



.
)
( ) (
" " .((Immune system

:
-1

.
-2
.
-3 " "
"" .

Antigen



.

:
-1 :Origin
" " " "
:
:Exogenous Antigens .
:Endogenous Antigens Permanent virus-infected cells
.
Major histocompatibility complex
MHC-2 MHC-1 MHC
- :

 MHC-1 -
.
MHC-2 - .
-2 :Nature
Soluble Antigens Insoluble or Particulate Antigens
:
:Soluble Antigens " " .Antibody-mediated Immune response
:Insoluble or Particulate Antigens
.Cell-mediated Immune Response
-3 :Method of recognition
:
- T-cell dependent Antigens - - .
- T-cell independent Antigens - - -
Polyclonal activation .

:Immune response

Antibody-mediated immune responses
Cell-mediated immune Response
.Activated Immune cells

:
- :
-1 :Foreignness Non-self Self
.Autoimmune diseases
-2 :Molecular weight
10000.
-3 :Chemical composition

.
-4 :Physical nature
Denaturated .
-5 :Degradability Phagocytosis
Epitopes.
- :

 : Responders Non-responders

.
:
.
- :
:Dose . :Route .- :Adjuvants .

:Cell-mediated Immune Response

Cell-mediated immune Response Activated cells
Intracellular antigens
.

- Cytotoxic T-cells NK.
- T-Helper lymphocytes
2- .

:
Antigen presenting & processing cells - .Somatic cells
Regulator T-cells - .T-Helper cells Effector T-cells - Cytotoxic T-cells NK cells .
.-- Suppressor T-Cells- .Memory T-Cells

- :
:
- :Antigen-presenting and Processing Presenting
Processing .Epitopes = Antigenic determinants
- :Recognition MHC-2
Self .Non-self

- :1- MHC-2
1- - .
- :2- - 1- - .2-
- : 2- .Phagocytosis

- :
:
- :Recognition - Cytotoxic T-Cells MHC-1
MHC-1 -
.
- - : - :
:Apoptosis = Programmed cell death - DNA .
:Perforin - Perforin Perforation .
DNA DNA
.
- :Natural killer cells = Null cells
NK Perforation
Perforin NK
Interferon- 2-
NK .Tumor necrosis factor

 :
-
.

- :Antibody-mediated Immune Response

Antibody-mediated Immune response
Soluble Antigens " " .

- -:
- Recognition Clone Selection - : -
B-cell clones 1310 - Primitive
Ig-D - .
- - :Clone Proliferation -
.Clone Proliferation or expansion
- - :Clone Transformation -
... .
- : Antibodies
.

- -:
- :Antigen-presenting and Processing Presenting
Processing .Epitopes = Antigenic determinants

- :Recognition MHC-2
Self .Non-self
- :1- MHC-2
- 1- - .
- :2- - 1- - .2-
- - : 2- - :
- B-cell clones 1310 - Primitive Ig-D 2- -
Clone Selection -.
- Clone Proliferation .Clone Proliferation or expansion - Clone Transformation . Antibodies .

:
) :(Antibodies

.
Plasma cells
-.
- - " -"
- " -"
.

Immunoglobulins Ig
Light chain Heavy chain
110
Variable domain
.

 Properties of Antibodies
- .
- . Ammonium Sulphate
- Glycoprotein.
- Ultracentrifuge
Sedimentation Coefficient 7S . S 19
:Function of antibodies
-1 - .
-2 Antitoxins . Neutralize Toxins
-3 Agglutinins .
-4 Precipitins Flocculation .
-5 Lysins .
-6 Complement Fixation
.
-7 Opsonins
Opsonisation " " Opsono " ".

-8 .
-9 IgG IgA
.
-10 .

IgD, IgE, IgA, IgG, IgM IgG
IgA, IgG, IgM IgD, IgE IgG IgY .

:
:Ig-M- " 10"
Agglutinating agent Agglutination tests Pullorum test
HI test Complement Fixing Antibody
" 3-2
12-10 " Primary Immune Response
.Secondary Immune response or Boostering
:Ig-Y - IgG IgY

" "
Antitoxin Complement Fixing Antibody
Opsinins IgM Primary Immune
response
Antibody switch
Secondary Immune response or
Boostering SN-Test .AGPT
:Ig-A- IgA "

"

.Local or mucosal Immunity



2-3
IgM
12-10
.
5-21

IgG
.
IgA

5
.

- .

.

.

.
.

Primary and Secondary Ab-mediated Immunity

Primary Immune Response
Secondary Immune response IgM

 Antibody switch IgY

IgM .IgY

:
:
-1 IgY
IgY .
-2 complex ) IgM (IgY
) (Complement system .
:


" " anti-Rh
+Rh
).(Hemolysis
-3
.
- - :
- -
-
- -
Antigen presenting and processing
MHC-2 MHC-2
1- -
- 2-
- .
:
"" .

Immunization


:
-1 Active Immunization .Vaccination
-2 .Passive Immunization

- :Vaccination
Vaccination Active Immunization Simulation
" Naturally weak
Artificially attenuated "Virulent Inactivated
.
1798
1800
.
.


.


.

:
-1 :Prophylaxis


.
-2 :Control

Emergency vaccination " "

Interference phenomenon .
-3 Viral Shedding :Septicemia
Septicemia

""
Viral Shedding
.

 Systemic Infections Viral shedding

.
-4 :

" " "
"%50 " "%20 -15
" "%40 " "%40
" "%40
.
-5 :

.
-6 = Herd Immunity :Immunity of community
Immunity of Community
" "
"."Herd effect
" "Herd effect
" " Herd immunity %80
Herd effect %100
.

Vaccines
"
Naturally weak Artificially attenuated "Virulent "" .Inactivated



.

-1 :Live vaccines
" Naturally weak Artificially attenuated "Virulent
:
:Naturally weak vaccines " "
1 F ND 6/10 Herpes
virus of turkey = HVT .
: Live attenuated or modified vaccines H120 H52
Laryngeovac
:

-1 :

.
-2 : .
-3 : .
-4 : Tissue Culture


.

Pathogenicity Multiplication Antigenicity .
:Virulent Safe period Period of Insusceptibility :
: Safe period " "Period of Insusceptibility 15 "
" 11-10 .
: Safe period 40 " "Period of Insusceptibility
Priming 80-70 Boostering 70-60 .

.

-2 :Inactivated vaccines

:

- :

-1 :Thermal Inactivation
15 65

.
65 103 90
.

.

-2 :Inactivation by Irradiation
:
:Ionizing radiation : :Non ionizing radiation .Ultra violet light


.

-3 :Chemical Inactivation
Inactivating materials

:
:Phenol %0.04 .Heat-phenol-inactivated vaccine
:Formalin %0.03

Fragmentation
.
:Beta-propiolactone Fragmentation .Carcinogenic effect
:Binary ethylene Amine Fragmentation
.
:Diethylpyrocarbonate .
:Benzalcolium chloride Fragmentation
.

- :Adjuvants


Adjuvant Adjuvare Help or aid 1926.


Dirty little secret


)( .
Antigen Driven

.
:
-1 Functional titers .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 Competition .Combined vaccines
-5 .Antigen Driven Theory
-6 .
-7 .Cross protection
:

-1 :Depot adjuvants
Depot
" "Alum
.
-2 :Local inflaming adjuvants
Oil Emulsion
Freund's incomplete adjuvant
3.
-3 :Mixed adjuvants Freund's complete adjuvant
Inactivated mycobacterium
Oil Emulsion
Gold standard adjuvant
3.
-4 :Bacterial adjuvants
.
-5 :Chemical adjuvants Surface active agents

.
-6 : Complex polysaccharide adjuvants
" " ""
.
-7 :Therapeutic adjuvants " "
"" .
-8 :Bacterial toxin based adjuvants
.
-9 :Endogenous immunostimulatory adjuvants.
-10 :Particulate adjuvants Virosomes
.

Common Adjuvants

Mode of action
Slow release of antigen depot.
Slow release of antigen depot.
Slow release of antigen depot +
Macrophage stimulation.
Macrophage stimulation
Stimulate antigen processing

Adjuvant
Aluminum phosphate
Aluminum hydroxide
Alum aluminum potassium
sulfate
Freund's incomplete
Freund's complete
Corynebacterium parvum
Corynebacterium granulosium
Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin
Bordetella pertussis
Lanolin, Saponin, sodium

Types
Aluminum salts
Water in oil emulsion
Mixed adjuvants
"Water in oil emulsion
+ killed mycobacterium
Bacterial fractions
Surface active agents

Macrophage stimulation.
-Enhances CMI, Lymphokines production
and suppressor cell function. -Stimulates
the phagocytic activities of macrophages
and hetrophils.
Enhance Ab formation and immune
reactivity by promoting interferon release.

alginate, Lysolecithin, vitamin

A, Vitamin E.
Acemannan
Glucans
Dextran sulphate
Similar to the thymic hormone
thymopoietin and stimulates Tlymphocyte differentiation and
their response to antigens.
Lipopolysaccharides
Muramyl dipeptide

Complex carbohydrates

Levamisole
Bacterial endotoxins

- : .

- :
:
-1 Homothermous
surface temperature core temperature
2 .
-2 Avian surface temperature 42
Avian core temperature 44 .
-3 Local inflammation
Adjuvant .
-4 2
.Cardinal signs of Inflammation
-5 3:
:Oily layer 7-6 6.5 .
:Emulsion layer Emulsifiers 6-5 5.5 .
- :Watery or viral layer 3 .

 = 15 = 3.0+ 5.5 + 6.5.

-6 46 -44 46
" 44 2 + = 46"
.

Live
Low
" 3-2"

IgG, IgM & IgA
+CD 4+ and CD 8

Individual Mass

Inactivated
High
" "

IgG
+CD 4

Individual

.
"
" " +"
" + " " +"

 " + + "
" + + ".

-3 :Special vaccines
:
: Recombinant vaccines Epitopes Guest

Host
.
:
. .
. :Sub-unit vaccines Epitopes
- .
:Anti-idiotypic vaccines " "1 ""1
" "2 "
"2 .
:Synthetic vaccines Epitopes
Laboratory bio-synthesis - .

:
-1 8-4
.
-2 ) (
) (Ice Box ) 8 4( .
-3
.
-4 .
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .

:
- :

5-3
.

-1 :
) (.



Excessive back-passage Exaltation of virulence
Heating up Rolling effect Reversion of virulence
Post-vaccination reaction
:
- :Primary post-vaccination reaction

.
- :Secondary post-vaccination reaction

.Vaccination outbreak
-2 : " 500
"
.
-3 : 2 /
Vaccine stabilizer 0.5
20 .
-4 :
.
-5 :
.
-6 : pH .
-7 :
Post-vaccination reaction .
Trypsin producers
Protease like Myxoviruses

:
"Low pathogenic AI virus "LPAI H .
Vaccinal viruses F
:
-1 :
- " ".

 21 .
.
-2 : .

- :

"30 1000"
" "
" "
.
3

.
:
-1
) (.
-2 )
( ) (
.
-3
Post-vaccination reaction .

- :Spraying
Automizer
1 /
Vaccine stabilizer 0.25/
20
1
Post-vaccination Reaction :
:Coarse spray 100 .
:Fine spray 8 .

Spray Cabinet .

- :Injection
:I/M injection of leg muscle Lateral side Medial side
Sciatic nerve

 " "
.Inactivated vaccines
:I/M injection of breast muscle .
:S/C injection Inactivated vaccines .

- :Beak Dipping

1 1000 200/
.

- :Wing-web sticking

Takes .

- :Feather brushing

Takes .

- :In-ovo vaccination or Innovation

18
Transfer time .

- :In-Feed vaccination
V-4 Thermostable V-4
.

- : Cell-mediated Immunity
- Lymphokines
- .
- -
.
Intercellular
-
.

- :Antibody-mediated Immunity
Antibodies
Globulins IgY IgM IgA
:

-1 :Humoral Immunity
IgM IgY
Antigen Antibody Complex :

-i :Complement fixation

25-21

.
Y
" "Classic pathway
" "Alternative pathway C3 3-
Y
Cascade .

Opsonisation Chemotaxis
Cell lysis .

-ii :Agglutination

IgM
IgY .

-iii :Phagocytosis

Opsonins
Opsonins .IgY
-2 :Local or mucosal Immunity



IgA
.
-3 :Maternal or Passive Immunity


%60 IgY
IgA .

The Protective Immune Responses:

Antibody-mediated Immune Response
Humoral
Mucosal
MDI
++
++
++++
++++

++++
++++
-

+++
+++
++
+++
+
+++

Cell-Mediated
Immune Response

Diseases

+++
+
++
++++
+

ND
AI
IB
IBD
ILT
AE

++++
-

+++
+
++++
++++
+

+
++++
++++
++++
++++

DVH
POX
MD
DVE
FC
IC
Coccidiosis

:Passive Immunization

19


:
-1 .
-2

.
-3 .
:

:
-1
0.5 3 .
-2
0.5 3 .

Impact of nutrition on immune status in birds
stressors

.

.
)
(
Maturation
.


Genetic selection Non-genetic factors
Gene expression .
4
Leucocytes Lymphoid organs

.

 Minor elements
. Major elements

avidin macrophages
transferrin .
%1
.

43 .

.

Deprivation 24 Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated Immunity
.
Immune response
skip a day regimen Viability Productivity
.
Resistance
Starvation Corticosterone
force molting
- T-Helper .Salmonella enteritidis

.
Ascites Sudden death syndrome


.

.ketogenic A.A glucogenic
A.A Deamination
.
Immune cells
.

 %3 %9
%6 .
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Intercellular communication . Membrane fluidity
1- n-6 fatty acids
n-3 fatty acids 3- .
n-6 fatty acids
n-3 fatty acids 3-
.

n-6 fatty acids

.Eicosanoids
Eicosanoids
.
n-6 fatty
acids
.n-3 fatty acids
"Poly-unsaturated fatty acids "PUFA
.PGE2

.
marine oils 3 - eicosanoids .



:

- .
.

.
) (% 18 % 20.8 % 23 . %35 %8

oocysts .
Acute phase response (Acute phase proteins (APP C-reactive protein

.
IgG . .

-:
.
. .
Antibodies
20000 .
-: - T-lymphocytes -. . .
Phagocytosis .

 . : .
:6 6 DNA
6 .
:
.

-1 : Organic Inorganic
Hemal non-hemal hemal %75-70
cytochrome myoglobin hemoglobin Peroxidase catalse cytochrome oxidase
non-hemal ferritin transferrin hemosider iron proteinates
bactericidal activity


100/ S. gallinarum
-2 : .
-3 : 1963

-
2- - .
-4 : .
-5 :
.

700
Sacharomyces cervaciae
Single cell protein :
.Non-specific immunity " "water-soluble of alpha glucan Glucose tolerance factors superoxide dismutase
Free racdials .
. .
Inorganic
.
B-glucan %46 %43 :

 Interleukin-6 Mannose-specific binding protein

IgG .Cell-mediated immunity
Glucan receptors extra-vascular macrophages .
Prebiotic Probiotic
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DNA endonuclease DNA
DNA
polysaccharide .DNA.
stem cells
.
phycocyanin
phycocyanin erythropoietin
.

Immunosuppression
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-5 :Stressors :
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Immunostimulant
A) Bacteria and bacterial products Origin:
Immun-stimulant
Function
1. BCG
-Activate macrophages & enhances B and T cell activity.
2. TDM Trihalose dimycolate.
-Tumor regression & -Antimicrobial effect.
3. MDP Muramyle dipeptide
-Activate macrophages and enhances antibody production.
4. Mycobacterium cell wall.
-Treatment of respiratory diseases in horses.
5. Corynebacterium cutis lysate Ultracorn
-General Immunostimulant & -Decrease FCR.
6. Anaerobic propionibacterium
-Enhanced antibacterial & anti-tumor activity
acnes (Immunoregulin ).
7. Anaerobic Propionibacterium
-Enhanced antibacterial & anti-tumor activity
granulosum" Immunair".
8. MPL Monophosphoryl lipid A
-Tumor regression/Antimicrobial effect
[Endotoxin from Gram ve bacteria].
-Polyclonal B-cell mitogen activates macrophages
9. Nocardia derivatives.
Stimulate humoral and cell mediated immune responses.
10. Staphylococcal cell wall + Brucella
-General Immunostimulant
abortus + Streptococcal components +
Bordetella pertussis + Klebsilla pneumonia.
B) Viral Origin:
Immun-stimulant
Parapox ovis strain (Baypaumn)
C) Thymic hormones:
Immun-stimulant
1. Thymostimuline
2. Thymosine fraction 5

Function
-Interferon inducer, activate NK cells, enhance B &
T cell activity and antibacterial and viral activity.
Function
-Enhance T-helper activity, promote IL-2 release,
stimulate cytotoxic T-cells, antiviral activity and

enhance IFN production & NK activity

D) Complex Cabohydrates:
Immun-stimulant
1. Derived from yeast e.g. Zymsan, Beta-glucan,
Beta-1, 3-D-glucan and lectins.
2. Derived from fungus e.g. Statolon and Bestatin
3. Medicinal mushroom
4. Derived from plants e.g. Acemannan ACEM, a B-(1,4) linked acetylated mannan
derived from Aloe Vera
E) Immunoenhancing drugs:
Immun-stimulant
Levmisole
N.B.: Levamisol has its greatest activity
in animals with depressed T cell
function, not normal animals
F) Cytokines:
Immun-stimulant
1. Interferon (, and )
[High doses very toxic].
2. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

G) Plant Origin
Immun-stimulant
1-Nigila sativa "Nigellone,
thymoquinone & fixed oils"
2-Echinacea "Echinacoside"
H) Vitamins & Minerals:
Immun-stimulant
1-Vitamin A
2-Vitamin E
3-Selenium
4-Iron
5- Zinc & Copper
I) Adjuvtants
Immun-stimulant
1. Monophosphoryl

Function
-Increase macrophages phagocytic activity.
-Potentiate resistance to infectious diseases.
-Enhance interferon production + Energize the
body defense mechanism + Stimulate T, NK
and MQ activities + Inhibit tumor growth.
-Potentate cytokine synthesis + Anti-tumor
and antiviral activity + -Wound healing.
-Used as adjuvant in poultry vaccine

Function
-It stimulates T-Cell, enhance INF production,
stimulate phagocytic activity & cytokine production,
and assist in the treatment of chronic infectious and
neoplastic diseases.

Function
-Antiviral agent (e.g. Hepatitis-C and Rabies).
-Increases the level of protection against diseases when
administrated in low doses + Regression of tumors.

Function
-Potent immune regulator.
-Enhance WBCs, phagocytic activity & cytotoxcity + enhance TNF.

Function
-Immune enhancer (Humoral and cellular), inhibit apoptosis and restored
the integrity and function of mucosal surfaces and play a role in
development of both T-helper and B cells
-Activates macrophages (Increases IL-1 production and MHC-II
expression) + enhances the phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophilis.
-It has a prominent immuno-modulatory effect on both cellular &
humoral types of immunity.
-Regulate the cytokine production and its deficiency leads to decrease in
both T- lymphocyte number and blast genesis.
-Increases production of TH-1 cytokines & interferon alpha. +Activates
monocytes to produce IL-1, IL-6 & TNF-.
Function
-Produce inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 & interferon-), promotes

lipid A (MPL)
[Derived from LPS of
S.minnesota]
2. Bacterial DNA

3.Saponin

generation of Th-1 response.

*Stimulation of innate immunity and activates NK cells to attack
cancerous or infected cells and facilitate tumor destruction.
*Boosting antibody-based and cellular response to antigens presented by
infectious pathogen
-induction of cytokine, T-helper immune response (IL-2 and interferongamma) and antibody response (IgG2a).