Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts

Institute for Balkan Studies

Special editions 89

Tanja Petrovi

The Ritual Toast

of Balkan Slavs
Series Editor
Duan T. Batakovi
Director, Institute for Balkan Studies

BELGRADE
2006



89

2006.




24. 2005.

,

600

,
(
, , .),
, ,
.


.

. ,

( 2002: 34)

, 2002.
,
. -, .
.
,


,
.

: ,


; .
-
; .
,
, ; .
,
,
;
.
, .



. ,

,
.
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.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ()
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

0.1. . 15

0.2. / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

0.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

0.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

0.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

0.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

0.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

0.7. . . . . . . 33
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2.1. : . . . . . . . . . 50

2.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.1.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.1.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2.1.1.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

2.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

2.3. . . . . . 67
11

2.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.3.1.1. . 67
2.3.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.3.3.1. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3.4.2. . 85

3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

3.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

3.2.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

3.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

3.2.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

3.2.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

3.2.2.3.
. . . . . . . . . 96

3.2.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

3.2.3. . 101

3.2.3.1. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

3.2.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

3.2.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

3.2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

3.2.4.1. . 104

3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

3.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

3.3.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

3.3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

3.3.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

3.3.2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

3.4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

3.4.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

3.4.1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

3.4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
12

3.4.2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4.3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.4.3.2. / / / () . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.4.3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.4.3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.4.3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.4.3.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.4.3.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.4.3.8. / / . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.4.3.9. . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

4.1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6. INDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

6.4. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
The Ritual Toast of Balkan Slavs Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

13

0.

0.1.

, .



.
,


: (1995: 58), ()
() ,
()
(),
.

; ,

,
(1995: 57)
, , (
), ( ) ( /). .
1982.


15

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.
, ,

,
,
, , ,
,
. . :
,
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(...)
,
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,
.
( 1995: 59).

(ibidem)


(Bartmiski 1985).

, . ,

. ,
,
,
,
, ,
: (...)
,
,
,
, , ..

( 2004: 234).
16

. . . . ,

(. / 1988, .
2004: 131).
0.2. /

, .
XVIII , XX
, , ,
.

XX .


.

:
, ,
, (Duranti 2003),
(Palmer 1999),
.
,
,
,
;
(
),
, ,
,
, (T 2002: 28);
, ,
;
,
langue parole :
As a consequence, a sizeable number of linguists struck out on their own (...) and devoted
themselves to building alternative conceptions of language, in which its social function was
regarded as a paramount (Lavandera 1988: 1; . Duranti 2003: 326).


17

,

, ,
,
(ibidem; . 1995: 27).
(
,
, . 1993, Karstedt 2002)

,
, .
()
(. worldview, folk model, .
/ , . jzykowy obraz wiata).
,

,
( 1990: 5),
(Bartmiski 1999).
, ,
(Makiewicz 1999).
,
, , ,
,
(Bartmiski 1999; . Grzegorczykowa 1999).

. Tokarski (2001)

(,
), .
 , ,
, / :
Hill Mannheim (1992: 381-382), world view (...) suggests reflection and
mastery of a repertoire of forms and meanings, neglecting the way culture is shaped in
everyday practices below the treshold of awareness. Today, both theoretical inclination
and the ethnographic data force us to admit the fragmented and contigent nature of human
worlds, as opposed to their wholeness and persistence. Thus, where world view would
once have served, ideology is often heard, suggesting representations that are contestable,
socially grounded, and laden with political interest.

18

,
,
. Wierzbicka (1997) : language
and in particular, vocabulary is the best evidence of the reality of culture in
the sense of historically transmitted system of conceptions and attitudes;
every language has
its keywords describing mayor concepts and reflecting the core values of a
given culture (. Wierzbicka 2003). (2000, 2002)

, .
:
( 2002)

, (2003)

; ,
,
.

,

,
,
(Mladenova 2000).
0.3.


.

, ,

, ,
.
 (1949: 223) ,
(, , .),
(, ).

19

,
;

,

.

Sretno dolo, sretno svietom polo! Raslo kao vita jela, a zdravo bilo
kao riba! U obilju plivalo, o srei snivalo, a sni da ti se izpunili! Sretni
roditelji, koji su te ljubavlju zaeli; ljubili te i milovali, u zviezde te kovali,
svakim miljem ivot sladili, a ti da bude svega toga vriedno! Ne bilo ti
nikad takova zdravlja, u kojem bi bolovalo, ne bilo ti veselja, u kojem bi
tugovalo, ne bilo ti zadovoljstva, u kojem bi zdvajalo, ve ti teklo u ivotu
sve lagodno i milo, kao ptici u zraku i ribi u vodi. Ne dao ti Bog nikad zdrave
bolesti, ni bolestnoga zdravlja, niti ita, to bi po te naopako bilo. ivi na
ast rodu i porodu, majci i otcu, djedu i babi, a i meni tvom nazdravljau,
koji e eto sve to da potvrdi, izpiti punu aicu rujna vinca. Amen. (ari
[1890] 1994 : 25)


! ;
. !
!
! ! ( 2000: 476)

U ime onega, ko nam je ovega, u ime onega, ki ne jma brata ni gospodara,
u ime svetega Rima daj nam dragi Gospodin pune kleti vina, na stropu ili na
krovu lakomicu i na vrati pipicu: koji bude boji onud iel, da se napije i za
dragoga Boga spomene. I onda za svim tim u lepe ime i u lepi glas, da je dragi
Jezu i Marija pri nas! Koj sada au z vinem v ruki dri,nek na svake zlo mrzi;
kad au osovi, nek mu ju Gospodin Bog blagoslovi; kad au ispije, nek mu se
srce smije! Hvalen Jezu i Marija, draga braa, moja verna gospoda svatovi, ja
sem ul takev glas, da je dragi Jezu i Marija pri nas. elim svim skupa mir i ve
sele i dobre zdravje, a te elim prvemu kue gospodaru i stola ranitelu, i tak dale
svim svatem, prijatelem i domaini, u ime Boje da nam Gospodin pomae! Nek
20

bude ove sve na slavu boju i na spas ovim svim duam, koje se ovde vesele i v
lice jedan drugega gledi. Slava Bogu na visini i mir ludem v nizini, koji su dobre
vole i dragemu su Bogu po vole. Zatim, gospoda svatovi, oeme svaki jednu au
vina piti i svi debre [sic!] vole biti. ( , Krie 1903: 127)
Zdrav si mi za ova stara i odavnije plemena, ako Bog da! Iz ovoga
stara doma, iz ovoga plemenita plemena, dosta izlazilo crnijeh brada, bi
jelijeh glava, starijeh okrnjaka, mladijeh ogranaka, ako Bog da! Od ovoga
stara doma i od ovijeh plemenitijeh plemena dosta izlazilo mladijeh cura
i nevjesta, pod okoem, pod oglavijem! U svoja poa odlazile igrajui, do
lazile pjevajui, svakog cvijea berui, dobre glase donosei, ako Bog da!
Kadgod izlazio ispod ovoga emena visokoga, sa ogita irokoga, izlazio
u dobri as, s Bogom milijem, s anelom mirnijem, ako Bog da! Kud okom
pogledo, sreu ugledo; srea te i sretala i stizala, ako Bog da! Kadgod na
tvoja prostrana polja slazio i na plemenita brda izlazio: slazio i izlazio u
dobri as, ako Bog da! Teaci ti vole gonili! Volovi ti bucali, konji hrali,
ovce blejale, koze vreale, pele zujale, ako Bog da! Kad na svoja poa
dolazio, dobra svaka nalazio, ako Bog da! Rukom desnom mahnuo, sreom
mahnuo u dobri as, ako Bog da! Kudgod mahnuo desnicom, raalo ti
penicom! Rijetko sijao, a esto ti nicalo! Medna ti rosa rosila, a zemlja ti
plodila, ako Bog da! U busu ti bilo busato, u trsu trsato, u klasu klasato;
na njivi ti bilo stono, na guvnu mnogo, u kui sreno, haerno i berietno,
ako Bog da! Poa ti raala penicom, a brda medom i cvijeem, ako Bog
da! Da ti Bog da, da ti budu nebesa raat, zema raat svakijem darom od
Boga poslanijem, ako Bog da! Kako ti bude koji zeman od godine dohodit,
da ti bude oni plod donosit, ako Bog da! A ti, junae, u svoje ruke prihvaat
i u svoju kuu donosit, ako Bog da! Da bude dijeliti tunu i nevonu: na
oltar svijee namjeivati, a u crkve zadubine dijeliti, sve od svoga truda,
a Bojega danja, ako Bog da! Da ti gospodin Bog da lijepi haer i beriet u
tvrdu volu a u brzu konju, u punoj esi a u veseloj srei, ako Bog da! Da se
bude u mladosti diit i hvalit, a u starosti hranit, ako Bog da! Da ti Bog da,
da te se bude svaka dobra srea drat, kako se dri brtan drveta, kamena
pijesak, zvijezde neba, a aneli raja nebeskoga: onako se svaka dobra srea
bude tebe drati, brate domaine! Da te braa i druina budu vavijek lijepo
milovat, mjesto init, a ast nositi, ko dobromu i izabranomu, ako Bog da!
Da te gospodin Bog bude uvati mutne vode a guste gore, gnjila broda a
rava roda, to je najvee, ako Bog da! A sada, da si mi zdravo, dolibaa!
( , Palunko 1908: 252-253)
, ! ,
! , !
21

, !
, , ,
, , , , !
,
, ,
. , ! ( , ,
Milievi 1915: 213)
! ,
; , ;
, .
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
! ( , , kari 1908: 158)
:
: , , . ,
; .
: , ,
, , ,
, , ,
(, 1906, II, N. 44)

! !
,
! ! ! (
, 1949: 180).
;
, .
; ,
. , ,
, ( 196, s.v. )

( ). . ,
, , ,
( ).
. , , , .
() :
22

,
,
[sic!]
,
,
,
.
(, [1902-1903] 1986: 175).

, , , , !
: , ,
. , ,
, , ,
! , , , !
! ( , , Rihtman-otri 1989: 191-192)
, , ! ,
! !
( , , 1995: 48)
.
, ,
( 1948, 1991: 233)
! , !
, , , ,
! ! ,
! , , .
, , ,
, (, 1918: 187)
: ,
. , .
, . , , ! (
1958, 1991: 236); () , ()
, :
, , !
( ,
, loc. cit.)

, !
, - ,
, ,
23

, , ,
, , , ,
, ! ,
, , !
! (, , Vlai 1928: 44)
Falen budi Jezu Kristu! Na te nove lete dej nam Bog Boi mir, sreu
i zdravlje i onda sega, s im dragi Bog dari: pilekov, racekov, ugekov,
telekov, rebekov, purekov, pujcekov: sem skupa zadobiti raj nebeski! (
, Jaerova 1901: 207)

, , ! ,
! , !
, , , .
: .
, : ,
. , .
, , . (, ,
1906 II, No. 33)
: , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ; ,
; , ; ,
; , ;
, (, 1961: 157)
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , .
. , , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
. ,
, , , ,
, , ,
, . , , ,
, , ,
24

, ,
, , ,
, , , ,
. , , .
, . , .
, . , ,
, , ,
. , . ,
, , , ,
, (
1989, 1991: 238-239)
Bog ivio naeg poljara: da mu Bog dade, da uz rudo vozi, u luli da
sdi, kroz kami noge da prui. Bog mu dao, kad bude u najveoj potrbi,
od raka dva kraka, od krmara rebara, u reetu rakije da se junak napije.
(, Ili 1846: 143)
0.3.1.
,
.
,
.
:
; ,
(Jovievi 1928: 295). (1992: 35)

, , , , , ,
, , , ... (...) [],
( )
, ,
( ).
, .

,
,
(ubeli
1970: LI).
,
25

- (ubeli 1969;
. ubeli 1970: XXI),
.
,
.
:
;
(, s.v. ;
2.1.1.1.). ari
([1890] 1994: 20)
XIX : Kod oveega drutva imenuje se ili predloi
stoloravnatelj, koji primivi ast izpije u to ime punu au pa se predstavi
drutvu kao izabrani i po svima odobreni glavar, kojega mora svako sluati
i njegovim se odredbama pokoravati. Glavna je zadaa stoloravnatelja, da
drutvo to bolje zabavlja i da svakoga pri stolu nazdravi. Isto je nastolnik,
dolibaa to i stoloravnatelj. Njemu za pomonike dodeljuju se fikui,
koji paze na red.

. ,


: oja brao i druino, da bi ja vie govorio, bojse
bi se pogovorio; take drage i mile obraze zagluio, kako sam moe biti i
doslije; ali u mene, sasvijem da poneto sijede, jo je mlada glava kako
zelena trava, ko jedna voka na visoku brdu: kojigod vjetar puhne, ona mu
se sagibe; tako i ja, to mi na um padne, govorim. Dosta sam ja rekao,
a jo vie pozaboravio. Dakle, togod ja dobra rekao i ne rekao, sve se
zgodilo naemu bratu domainu! ( , Palunko 1908:
253); , ,
, ,
, ,
, (
, ubeli 1970: 18); ,
: , ! ( , ,
Milievi 1915: 213).

,
,

26

. 4.1.1,
.
0.4.

,
.

.
,
.
(. . ,
. . , . . , . . , . . , .
. , . . , . , . . )
,
, .
(.
) , ,
,
,
.
,
,

.

;

,
(Wierzbicka 1971, Grzegorczykowa
1975) , (Piper 1997).
:
()
 . (1995),
/ (1995) Bartmiski (1992).
 . (1993).

27

,
,
,
- ; (),
,

, , ()

.

.

,
,

.


(. )
(. ), ,


(, ),
.


:

(1983: 235-236) ,

,
.
(Todorova 1999: 203),
.
, .
, (loc. cit.; . Bruner/Goodnow/Austin
1986). , Mladenova (1998: 7),
.
.

28

,
, (...)
( 1998: 196, s.v.
); , jdai (1992: 159),
[ , ]
:
.
(
),
,
.

,
( 1997: 99).
,
,

.

,
.
,
.

;
XV .

.
0.5.

(, ZNO, , ,
. ), ,
(ubeli
1970, 1992, 1991, 1995,
2000, ari [1890] 1994).
.
29

XIX XX .
,
.
,
,
, ,

. ,
(. ),
,
,
.
0.6.

. ,

,
(Sikimi 1996: 7);
,

. ,
, .10

(1974: 57):
.
 (, , , , )
, Sikimi (1996: 7) ,
(, , ) . ,
, (. ),
, .

. .
I-II, 1988. ,
, 1993.
10 . (1988), (1988), (1988).

30

;
(Caraman 1933),

.

.11 (1913)

;
.12 (1974)
.13
jdai (1992) ,
,
, ,
, .
(jdai 1992: 151).
(jdai
1992). (1997)

;
14

,
. .15
(2002) -
.
, ,
.


; (1988: 11),
,
,
(1974: 55-56).
(1974: 56).
13 . (1937).
14 Bogdanovi (1988).
15 . (1998).
11

12

31

:
.
ubeli (1970: LII), ,
.
,
( ,
)
,

,
,
.
, :
, ,
( 2000: 99).
,
16 ;

, , ,
(2000)

.
,
,

.


( 2000: 7),
,
,
.
(2000),
,
.
16
,
( 2000: 7, . 1).

32

,
, ,
(p. cit., 414). ,

.

, , , , , ,
, , , . (1992).


,
.
, -
,
.
,
,
,
, .
0.7.

,
,

.
:
, !
, !
, !

( 1896: 62,
. 2000: 497).

, .
33

(, 1983: 28).
.
,
,
(. ,
(, 1992: 16).
, , ,


.


:
, , , ,
(, 1908: 465);
,
, 17
. ( 1938:
30); , ,
, (, Hirtz 1938: 259,
s.v. );
, , ;
( ., 329).

: ,
, ,
, : , ,
, ! , ! (.);
, , , ! (); ! (
.); , ! ! (.) (
1999: 229, s.v. ).
,

. , (RJAZU,
s.v.; .); , ,

(
) (
1888: 143).
17

34

: !
,
(, 1900: 51); ,
,
. , ,
, : , , !,
, : , , , !
( 1931: 336).

: ,
(,
., 334; . , . 1990: 189).
(
)
,
(, loc. cit.).
: .
(Anser fabalis): , ;
, .
, ,
, . ,
, . ( ) (Hirtz 1938:
121).


, ,

, ,
,
:
. ,
, .
, ,
. , ,
( 1894: 652);
(Hirtz 1938: 259, s.v. ).
() , ,
.

35

:
, ,
. . ,
, , : !
, (
, 1894: 71); ,
, : ,
| (, Gri-Bjelokosi
1902: 103-104); , ,
! (, Hirtz 1938: 531, s.v. ); !
,
( ., 329).
, :
! ,
(, ., 335);
, : , ! (, Banovi 1918:
214); , ,
, !,
, (, 1900:
51). ,
, 18
.
(1990: 192)
,

,
.
, , , ,
,
: , ,
, ! ( , 1994: 191);
: , ,
: ,
, . , ,
(, Ivanievi 1905: 284);
, -
18 . Stojkovi
(1930).

36

, ,
! (, Nazor 1972: 504).

, ,

: Na klu, na klu, sveta tica! Meti
baba kodelu na tu mladu nedelu. Vertete se, erjavi, kak kolo na rali! (
, ganec 1950: 256); i, i! ,
! ( i , i, i ii)
( [1864] 1993: 52).

,
.
,
, :

(
1999: 228, s.v. ).
19
.20
: ,
, ( ),
, : ,
( ., 332).
:
() ( ),
( 1925: 47); ,
( 1999: 229, s.v. ).
, ,
. : Jak pierwszy raz lec urawie, wtedy si
groch godzi sia prawie; Jak przylec urawie, mona bydo pa na trawie;

19 ! ! (
, () ,
) (Stojanovi 1866: 253).
20 Na Svitlo Marine svete se nove svie, a stare gore u crkve. Kad led pada, onda se
zagu te svie. Zajedno se sviti tivtik (vul). Kod kue meu taj konac eca na vrat i na ruke,
izmia se crljeno i bilo, da vrat ne boli. Kad projdu tice eravi, onda se bace u vatru (
, oli 1916: 145).

37

Jak przylec urawie, mona ryby apa w stawie; Kiedy urawie wysoko
lataj, prdkiej si wiosny ludzie spodiewaj (NKPP 968-969, s.v. uraw).


, ,
:

( 1912: 231; - 1971: 65;
. 2004: 78).
, . ,
,
, , : ,
, : , ,
! : , , ! ,
, : !
( 1938: 30);
- (Hirtz 1938: 586,
s.v. ). . :
, , (
1866: 560); . ,
, (Hirtz 1938: 391,
s.v. ); , , ,
... (, 1966: 135).
,
,
, : ,
: , ! , !
(Hirtz 1938: 531, s.v. ).
: 21 !,
(
1999: 229, s.v. ); .
(1938: 30).
.
: , , , ,
( 1877: 50; Vukovi 1890: 19, .);
, , , (
. 1852, s.v. ); . ,
(, s.v. ). . predraliti pf. preletjeti (o dralovima);
: Kolika je Janjina planina, ne mogu je drali predraliti (RJAZU, s.v.).
21

38

,22


: . :
- .

,
:
,
, ( i )
( 1893: 504);

. , :
[] ! ( 1999:
228, s.v. ); .
: ! ( 1999: 229, s.v.
).
- ,
.
, ,
: , : !
! (Hirtz 1938: 531, s.v. ).
,

.23

,
( . 2002: 32-33).
,
, !,

22 . : , ,
, , , , , ;
, , . ,
, . ( , ,
). (1993).
23 ,
. (2003).

39

.
: , .
,

, . , (s. l., ubeli 1970:
8),
,
. ,
, post festum, .
,
, !
.
-
, :
,
: , (
1877: 9); ,
,
, ( 1994: 415); ,
(, 1893: 252);
(,
1897: 4);24 , ( 1877: 9); Nad
stolom vam takor visi, takor visi, u zdelu misli ( ,
ganec 1950: 65); . : Zkdci wy? Z ty wsi, co nad
wodo wisi. gdzie wisi? W d... musi [sic!] (, Cercha 1900: 205).
. , , , ,
(, s.v.) . zwymyla (ivicDular 1999: 194).

, ( 1980:
106); . : , (,
), ( , ).

:
? , , !
24
( /Spitzzicken 1972, Ritig-Beljak
1995: 356).

40

, ( 1930:
103); : , ;
, ( 1877: 182, );
, (, loc. cit.). .
; , ( ) (,
s.v.).

( 1887: 71);
. : Lepa moja draga,| sedi k meni
naga, | ti bom pokazal vraga, | ki sedem kilov vaga, | e ravno od mene visi,
| pa nima slabe misli (Anthropophytheia VII 1910: 36).
, ,
, , ,

.
,
;
, ( ) ( ., 296). ,
, ,
.25
,
(. 1997).

: , , ,
.
,
,
;
( 1999, s.v. ).

:
,
, :
( ); , ,
, ,
( / , 1997: 470); ( )
25 . (, s.v.); . ,
( ., 167).

41

: , .
(. , ,
1998: 220); Za kriari (ki idedu s kricem) bue mesti, unda bue otijdu za
njimi (, Roi 1908: 102);
, : a
? . ?
(, , 1998: 349);
, ,
(
) (, 1891: III);
, ,
, : !,
!, ,
(, Lang 1914: 202).
*

,
,

.

.
,


.
,
,
, ,
.

42

1.

1.1.

,
;
: (2002: 163),
,26 27 .
(loc. cit.)

, . ,
, .


, XI ,
:
: ,
() ,
, , ,
() () .28

. Mikloi (1870: 30).

,
( 2002, loc. cit.).
28 ( 116468), Chronica Slavorum I 53, yr (1931: 44),
(2002: 185), . .
26
27

43

(op. cit.),

29
XIX (
1902-1903).30
, ,
.

.
, ,

(secondo luso del paese) ( 2002: 163).
,
: ,
, ,
; , ;
, ,
(RJAZU), .
(), ,
, , ,
() (RJAZU).
-

.31

(. 1999: 299, s.v. ).

.
, . ,
; - ;
29 II (50),
. (2002: 159, . 249).
30 .
0.3 , ,
, ,
( 2002: 168).
31 O
(2001).

44

; - .
, , , .
, , , .
, ( ., 89),

(loc. cit.):
; ! : !
!.

,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. :
(. *sdorv) *s- *dorv
(), , *s-
. (. *sst),
(). (1998: 78),
, ,
, -
- .32
, *dorv (), (1995: 45) ,

. *dereu-;
trum
> > (loc. cit.). .
, (op. cit., 47),

,
.
. , . zdrav kot dren, .
32

*s- . *smrt, (op. cit.)

, ,
, *mr-/*mer-/*mir-,
*gyb-/*gb-/*gb-.

.
(2004),
, .

45

,33 ,
( 1982: 143) (,
loc. cit.).


.
, ,

-: . . , , . , .
,34 ( , 1981).


-
-: . . -.
, . ()
(), : ,

(, Ili 1846: 30); ,
, (loc. cit.);
( , loc. cit.).

.

( ), .
, . nzdravan
, zdrvan
,35 zdravenie (Skok III, 646, s.v. ).
33 < *der- (1995: 47)

, Skok
Cornus , . .
34 ,
: (. II, 90)
(),
- ; ,

(, II, s.v. ). ,
, Skok
(I, 268, s.v. , ) .
35 .

46

-: . , .
(Geranium),
( 193, s.v. ); .
: ,
( 1999: 289, s.v. ).
(Salvia officinalis):
zdrvi (Skok III, 646, s.v. ).


, , ,
.
: . (Skok III, s.v. ).36

( ): .
: , |
, :
,
( 1, 65).37 (2002: 175),
,
, .
*modliti, . , ,

(op. cit., 175). (19, 1992: 87-92, s.v. *modliti)

, , , ,
, : . .
, , . modla ,
, . modlebny ,
36 Krek (1887: 770, . 1) :
,
[], .
B (Ducange 1688, s.v. ) [ :
! (),
, .
.]
.
37 . ,
; (2002: 174 .)

47

; . , (
) (Skok II, 452, s.v. I).

,
, ()
.
,
: (I, 111)
,
. (2002: 164)

. , ,
, . ; ,
. , ; , .
, ; , .
( 1902-03: 171).38 (p. cit.)
(,
) (), ,
(. ). 39
,
: ,
( , Krie 1903: 127);
, ( ) (RJAZU, s.v.); .
Mileti (1904: 4), Francev (1937). ,
,
.
,

,
.
40
38 . ( I 130, 132, 138, 139,
148), ( I 133), (Bogii 128, I 141),
( I 143-145).
39 (I, 111)
, .
40 , , ,
.

48

,

,
.41
, .
.


: ,
(/
1994: 186) : . ,
, : .
: ,
: .
( ) :
,
: [, ] ,
, .
, . ,
, ;
( 1928, 1991: 227);
,
( , 1887: 183).

, (
// 1989: 331). ,
,
(, , )
, ( 1988: 37).
41 . Caraman (1997).

49

2.

2.1. :

:
, (
, , ,
, , .), ( ),
( ), ( ,
, ),
(, , ).

:
:42
1.
2.

2.1.

2.2.
3.
4.
42 , ,
,
; , ,
, ,

.

50

, ,
, (
). , ,

:
43 ( ,

) (
, ).

2.1.1.

:


.
2.1.1.1.
,
( 1992: 35),

. ,
, ,
.
,

, ,
.

43 ,
,
, , /
( ),

(Piper 1997: 174).

51

 :
,

()
, ! ( , ,
Milievi 1915: 213); , ! (,
1993: 43); , , ,
( , 1978: 78).

, , ! (,
1995: 48); , ( 1896,
1991: 220).
( )
(, ,
1891: 146).

( , Marinovi 1971: 519);
, ,
(, Balarin 1898: 287). .


! (,
1995: 43).

: Falen budi Jeu Kristu! (, Jaerova 1901: 207);
, ! (s. l., 1951: 415); !
(, 1995: 16).

,
: ,
( 1987, 1991: 235).

, :44
, , ( ,
1995: 19); , , ( ,
1991: 231); , ( ,
1995: 20).
44

. 2.1.2.

52

(, , )
: , ! (,
, Zori 1896: 186); !
! (, 1925, N. 12);
, , (s. l., 1964: 343);
, (
1951: 419).

: ,
(, 1995: 21);
, ! ( , 1995: 22).
,
. :
: ,
()
(); ();
, , .
()
(, s.v. ).

-
ba ,
, , , (.
, ) (Skok I, 118, s.v. ).
, -, dolu
(. ). (loc. cit.,
. . 424, s.v. ), -

, . ,
: ,
, .
, ,
(Skok, loc. cit.).

,
:
,

(Skok II, 390, s.v. deli). .
53

dolu- , deli-

(Skok,
loc. cit.).
. (.)
(, s.v.
).
2.1.1.1.1.

, (1992)45 e
: 1)
, . ,
(
, ,
.); 2) (
, , ,
, , , .); 3)
, . ,
.

. ,
:
()
, :
(, 1887: 122);
... (, 1960: 584);
(, , 1898: 24).


(, 1995: 42).

,

.
,
45

. (1989).

54

, ,
, : !
,
! (, 1983: 28); ,
. , ( 1951:
419); , (
, 1991: 236).
, ,
: , ... , ,
, ( 1951: 415).
2.1.1.1.2.

,
(
) .
() ,
(, ,
1891: 146); , ! (
1928, 1991: 221-222).46

.47 , .
*domatr,
. -- ()

(. Sikimi 1994).
-- :
| [sic!] ( 1914: 172).
: ,
: : , , /
, / / (, Terseglav
1996: 193-194). (1970: 225).
46

: Mci gospodarzu,
domowy szafarzu ( 1983, Niewiadomski 1999: 58).
47
. Sikimi (1994), Sikimi (1996:
136-137).

55

.
: ,
. Terseglav (1996: 63)
informatori razloili tako, da so komadari (komedarji in tudi ko
mediarji) tisti otroci ali fantje, ki so ob Boiu hodili po hiah v komadih,
v parih. (. ) , ,
[],
.
(Skok). (s.v.
/-) , ,
(); .
: , (,
1998), . , (), .
, , , , , ,
(, s.v. ). (1998: 39)
, .
( ).
(. / ),
. (loc.
cit.) ,
> .

: (.
, , ).


: ,
, ,
(, 1995: 44-45);
(, 1995: 40).
(Skok I, 104-105, s.v. )
, (. ),

() bojan .
(1927: 179)
, , .
,
. : , , ; ,
56

; , ; ( I, 150); , ,
[sic!]; , , ( I, 151); , , ;
, , ; , , ( I, 152); ,
, ( I, 155).
.
0.6.
,

/
: , ( 1996: 47);
, ( , 1958: 330-331);
. , ! (, 1998: 36;
1889: 7); , ! (, 1936:
413). (1978) : ,
, , , , ,
, , , .

-/-: , ! ( 1889: 7);
, , (, 1998: 36);
| ( 1978, s.v. ).
,


, : , , ! ( 1982:
158).
2.1.1.2.
, ,
. ,
,
(1994: 205), (...)
(, ,
, ) ,
, .
,
.
, , .

57

2.1.1.2.1.
,

, .48 /
, ;
: ,
( , 1991: 97);
( 1991: 229);49
, , (...) ,
( , 1995: 24).
() o (
) ,
: ,
( 1971, 1991: 235); ,
(loc. cit.);
( , 1995: 18).50

,
: ,
! (, , 1998: 108);
, ( , 1887: 232).

;
,
: ! ( , ,
kari 1908: 157);
, , , (-
1971, Rihtman-otri 1989: 189); ,
(, , 1998: 108);
, :
, ! (, 1995: 16-17).
48 .
, 1997.
49 . : , ! (,
1918: 187).
50 . . (, 1918: 187); ,
; (, -, 1977: 63).
: . Katii (1987, 1989); . Belaj (1990).

58

2.1.1.2.2.

. :
, , ! ( , Nazor 1964: 386).51
52
:
( 1907, 1991: 220).
,
(, ). (, )
()
, ,
: kalenic idem (Skok II, 37, s.v. ).
2.1.1.2.2.1.
, ,
. (I,
111) , ,

, : I. ; II. ; III.
; IV. ; V.
; VI. ; VII.
( ).
:
, ,
(: , ), (
: ,
), (
, ),
, (. 1991: 220,
. ., 208), (Gri-Bjelokosi 1902:
21). .
, ,
51

. 2002: 172 .

52 (1902-03: 171)

,
, ,
, , ,
.

59

, ,
( 1921: 91).
:
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
( ,
), (
),
( 1948:
211). :
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
, ( 1948: 283).

, ,

.53 Kao ,

. (
)
: , ,
( 1964, 1991: 223);
(, 1995: 14);
, , (
, 1887, 1991: 228); ,
(, 1995: 15);
( , 1887, 1991: 229); ,
, (, 1995: 15);
? ( , 1887,
1991: 233); , ... (op. cit., 234).
Piper (1997: 158-169),
- ,
.
53

. (2002: 190-192).

60

-, (op. cit.,
164).
,
, . .
2.1.1.2.3. ,
(, )
.
,
:
, ,
, ( 1988: 125-126).

: : ! ,
; ,
(- 1971, Rihtman-otri 1989: 191); !
, , ,
; ,
( , , kari 1908: 158).


, ,
. :
, , ,
! , !
, , (
, 1887: 29).54
2.1.1.2.4. (, , )


: , ,
( , , 1995: 137);
, 5-6 (
, , , Vlai 1928: 44).

( : , : , : .)
54

. (2002: 176).

61

, ;
, 2.3.4.
2.1.1.3.


:

, .
,
, ,
:55 , ,
, ! (
1964, 1991: 231); ,
(, 1995: 14);
, , (
1928, 1991: 221); ,
(, 1995: 14);
, ,
(, 1995: 14).

, , ,
,
(Piper 1997: 203).
2.1.2.

:
""

.56
55

Bartmiski (1990: 142) : Z koleji

wsrd tych jawnych, semantycznych wyadnikw sytuacynoci mona wskaza pewne
wyraziste typy intencjonalne. Naley do nich np. tekst reyserski, programujcy dziaania.
56 .

62

, ,
,
: ! (, , 1906,
14); , ! ( ,
1991: 224); , ! ,
: , ! [ ] ( ,
Milievi 1915: 213).

,57 .
.
, ,
,
, ., : ,
! (, 1887: 122).58

,
,
,
.
, (...)
: Kud u, kamo li
u? Da bi tome ol tome, bie kome a, nego zdrav omene domene, s ovom
si mi zdravo, drugom veso, s treom omoga te Bog, a etvrta batela! (
, Ardali 1902: 246).

.

,
. ,
, ( 1897: 3);
( 2002: 177, . ).
*rd .
(op. cit., 180)
,
* rdom. (2002: 180 ) . /
.
57 ,
. .
58 : , ,
, .

63

( 1980: 168); ... ,

; ... ,
( 1970: 82).
(, , , , ),
: ,
( 1994: 414); ,
, , ( 1877: XVIII);
, , ( 1896:
133); , ,
( 1861: 185); , ,
(, 1896: 49);
, ,
(, 1896: 122).


-, -, :
, ! (, 1995: 45); !
(- 1974, Rihtman-otri 1989); ! (,
1983: 80); [ ] (
1991: 219); , , ! ( ,
1991: 236).
, ,
.59

-
: , , ! ( , ajnovi 1906: 142-143);
! ! ( 1887, , 1991:
235).
,
(
),
. ,
( .), , , .
. ,
, , , , , (,

59
Gawda et al. (1985: 115-121).

64

, ),60 , (), ,
( ), , ( , ),
, ( , );
. () , ,
(), (),
().
: ! ( .), ,
(, , , , );
; , () ( I, s.v.
). , -
- (Skok I, s.v. ).
2.2.
(. , . folk
etymology, . Volksetymologie),61
, ,
: folk etymologies of
a language reveal the cultural and linguistic patterns of that language (...)
that not only help make sense of the otherwise opaque and confusing words
often produced by the accidents of history, but also clarify cultural or social
meaning (Rundblad/Kronenfeld 2003: 121).

,
,62
, ,
(. 1995: 58).
. . (1988: 250),
,
()
( )

60

166).

. . : , , ! ( 1995:

. Vennemann 1999: 269-273.

XIX , x ller,
(
), . D Vries (1961: 225).
61
62

65

- ,
.

(/ 1988: 262).63
,
,
:
:

: ,
, ! (, 1996: 149-150).

:
,
: ,
, , ( 1995: 58).

: ()
,
, ! (p. cit.,
1995: 58).
:

, . ,
: ,
(-, Klari 1897: 699).
: ()
: ()
: ,
(, 1925, N. 12); ,
( 1988, 1991: 237).
. 2.3.1.2.5.
:
:
,
63

. Sikimi (1996: 12-13);
, , : /
1988, 1995, / 1999, 2000, 2004.

66

, , :
,
( , , Milievi 1915: 213).
2.3.


.
, . ,
.
,
.
, ,

, .
2.3.1.
2.3.1.1.
/
:
,
! (, 1995: 42-43; ,
1995: 32-33); ( )
, , (ubeli 1970: 14);
, (
, Zori 1896: 186);
, (, 1925: 218);
, (loc. cit.).
,
:
, , , ,
(, 1961: 132; .
2002); . :
, , , ,
67

64 ( , Simi 1966: 202).

, , :
, | , | , |
, | (loc. cit.). ,
,
: (
, Marinovi 1971: 521; , 1961: 157).
(
/) :
, ,
: .
, ( , 1925, N. 33)
, ( ,
Marinovi 1971: 521; 1988, 1991: 237).


: ( , 1991:
236); ( 1909, 1991: 221).
, (Skok II, 621, s.v. ),
: 1 , , (),
; 2 , (); 3 ,
(, , .) (, , ); 4
; 5 . 2
(. . ctiga . castigare
). 3,
; , ,
() , - (,
, , ; , ) ,
, , - pf. (, , , )
. impf. , -
- > - ( ) , .
(, ) , , .65
64
.
( 1996: 66). ,
. (1999),
. (2000).
65 Vlaji-Popovi
(2004).

68

, ( ,
1991: 236); (, 1983: 14).
/

, . ,
,

.
: ( 1995: 144)

:
, , , ,
,
. ( )
;

!, ,
,
( 1967: 304);
,
(/
1955: 106).
.66
. ,
( , Marinovi 1971: 521; ,
1961: 157).
()

,
.
: ,
( , 1995: 137); (
, Marinovi 1971: 518); (
, , ubeli 1970: 5).

66

. 1995, s.v. .

69

,
( 123, s.v. ).
, , : .
, , , ! (
1980: 435).
,67 , . (, loc. cit.).68
, , , . ,
: , ,
, - (, 1989: 230).69
,

.70
( 1932: 87);71 .
. iedy grzmi na wit Wciecha, roni rolnikom pocicha
(Stelmachowsk 1933: 155).
(uret 1970: 165),

, : , , ,
! ( 1999: 30).
,
.72
,
:
+ + : ,

. (1996: 27-28).
. : Prola v uno
rno goro, niti mi ljudje ne hodo ( , 2000: 113-114)
: Pobjarte se, hudobe na gurine, na sprine tam, k zvanov ne zvane, petelini
ne pojo (, loc. cit.), :
, | , | , | , | , |
, | ( 2000: 179).
69 .
. ,
1999.
70 (1999: 17-50).
71 . 2.3.4.1.
72 . (1999).
67
68

70

(, , ubeli 1970: 5);

( , 1991: 236).
+
: , ,
(- 1972, Rihtman-otri 1989: 191-192).
, : (
1928, 1991: 224); ,
, , ,
(, 1992: 19); , ,
, , (, 1925: 218).
, :
, .

:
, .
, , , (
, ajnovi 1906: 145); ,
( , Marinovi 1971: 518);
, ! (, , ubeli 1970: 5);
, ,
( 1909, 1991: 221);
, ,
(, Ivanievi 1904: 272); . :
, ( , Simi 1966: 202).
2.3.1.2.
2.3.1.2.1. + /

(
) :
, , ,
(, Palunko 1908: 252); , (
, 1887: 188); ,
(, 1995: 31; , op. cit., 41);
, (- 1974, Rihtmanotri 1989: 192); , (
, 1898: 23-24); ,
(, , 1891: 145); ,
71

, ( ,
1887: 28).73
, ,

,
, ,
( ), , -, (-), ()
, augeo, , , ,
, , (Skok III, 313, s.v. ).
, ,
.
, ,
, .
. :
! ( 1887: 122). .
:
, !
( , 1923: 88),74
. , . .75
2.3.1.2.2. +

76
73 .
: , , ,
( , 1900: 484).
74 :
, ; , ; , ; ,
, , ; , ;
, ; , ;
, , ; , ,
; , , ; ,
( ); , ; , ; ,
; , ;
, , , ; .
75 ( II, 467) :
(1932), (1974).
76 . ;
: by wm si
darzy, mnoy wszystk dobrze w komorze, w oborze i w roli (, ,
1977: 39-40); D bo w komory i na dwory (op. cit., 29); Niech si wam wiedzie w

72

-(-): , ,
( , 1887: 28);
, , ! (, Rihtman-otri 1989: 189); ,
, (
, , kari 1908: 157-158). .
: , ,
( , ajnovi 1906: 143).
2.3.1.2.3. +
,
,77
, .

:78 ,
! (- 1978, Rihtman-otri 1989: 190);
, , , ,
(, , 1891: 145).79
2.3.1.2.4.
,
.
.

:80 , ,
stajni, w borze, | By wam nie brak ziarna w komorze! ( , Niewiadomski
1999: 182).
77 . Niewiadomski (1999: 189-190).
78 .
18, 3-23.
79 . : , ! (...) | , |
, ( , , Simi 1966: 202),
: Sij maty pszenycu, po hori po doyni (,
, Niewiadomski 1999: 24); ,
! (, -, 1977: 63).
80
. : ena Mala Marija | v rueti se vozila, | krpoie lovila; | kamo
je z rukun mahala, | tamo je slava padala (Istarske 1924: 184).

: | | | | , | |

73

, (- 1972, Rihtman-otri
1989: 191-192); , (-
1974, Rihtman-otri 1989: 192); ,
! (...) , ! (,
, Palunko 1908: 252); ,
(, Balarin 1898: 287);
, ( 1928,
1991: 222-223);
, : , ;
, ( 1925: 128);
;
( , 1978: 78).
81
: ( ),
( ; ;
),
( , ; ).
,
.82

:
, ,
(, Balarin 1898: 287);
(...) , ,
( , 1887: 246).
... | , , | , (/ 1974: 120);
| | | . | |
(, 1996: 235-236); | | | |
| (p. cit., 189); | |
| , | ( 1982: 223).
81
(1995: 101-119), (1960),
(1963), (1965), (1973), / (1974).
82 , ,
, , ( 1925: 31,
, 1909: 444).
, ( , 1958: 547).
;
, , ,
(/ 1925: 40). . ,
.

74

2.3.1.2.5.


: , , ,
( , Marinovi 1971:
519); . :
, , , ,
(, 1918: 169);
, ,
, ,83
(. , , 1890: 5).
: .
, ( , 1986:
496); , (,
1989: 301); , , |
, [sic!] | , | , |
, | , , [] ! (
, 1958: 654).
, ,
: ()
() (Matei 1982: 230, s.v. ); .
, , () (
., 143).
(
)
/ ,
: ,
(- 1978, Rihtman-otri 1989: 192);
[, ] (, ,
1906, II, N. 14); ,
( , 1925, N. 33).
() ,
. 2.2.

83
3.3.1.1.6.

75

2.3.2.

.

,
( , , , )
, .


;
;
, ,
.
() : // :
, ! (, Palunko 1908:
252); , ! (, ,
Balarin 1898: 286); ,
(, 1974: 703, s.v. ); ,
(, , 1898: 24).
: / // :
, ( 1958,
1991: 236); , (,
1992: 17); , (
, 1991: 235).
() : // :
, ( , loc.
cit.); , (ibidem).
: // :
, (ibidem).

-
(, , )
,
,
.

76

,84
:
()
, ,
( 1907, 1991:
219); : , ,
, , ,
! ( , loc. cit.).

. , ,
.

[ ]. . ,
, , (
1902-03: 175). 2.1.1.2.2.1.

, (
, 1991: 232);
, , (
1948, 1991: 233).
,
,
. . 2.1.1.2.2.1.
/
,
, ,
, , ,
( , 1991:
220); , ,
.
(, 1992: 19).
,

, : .
84

: ,
, , , (,
1918: 169).

77

( (), s.v.); *bog

,

(loc. cit.).
, ,
, -, , -,
> , . . (2002: 186).

: . . Daj bo w komory i na dwory (
, , 1977: 39-40)
+ : . Bog vam
daj telko piancev, kelko na moji glavi vlasi, Bog vam daj telko
ecekov, kelko na moji glavi vlasi, Bog vam daj telko pujcekov,
kelko na moji glavi vlasi ( . , ,
1977: 59); . . ,


.
() ?.

,
( , Marinovi
1971: 518); . : ,
, , ,
(, 1918: 187).

:
, , ,
, , ( ,
1995: 137); ,
, ,
, ,
( 1907, 1991: 220).

: .
()
:
! (, 1952: 44, . 1995:
72). ,
78

,
(, ) (Skok II, 185-186).85

! (, 1887:
122). . 2.3.1.2.1.
2.3.3.



.
, , ,

. , , |
. | , | , | (
, , 1982: 245).
,
:
, , , (-
1971, Rihtman-otri 1989: 189); . 2.3.4.2.2.3.

:
(),
: ,
.86 ,
, (Vlai 1928: 44).

:
,
.
85
- . Ivi (1995: 319-331).
86 : ,
, , ( I 190, 191). (2002:
165)
, ,
. . *jun .

79

2.3.3.1. -
87
. (1997: 12)
.
- ,
,
: ,
.. , (, )
.88
: ,
(, , Vlai 1928: 44); ,
, , ( 1996:
240-241).
;
,
: : ( ,
Marinovi 1971: 518); , (
, 1907: 56); ,
( , , 1996: 13).
2.3.3.1.1.


: (
, 1958: 333); , , (. ., 53);
, (,
1936: 413); ( 1901: 649).

,
-: , (
, , 1974: 61);
(, ; ,
87 *viti
. (1996: 104-113).
88 . ( 1996: 240),
( IV 1969), ( 1997: 10)
, (), ,
(Skok); . (1993).

80

, 1974: 61); , ,
(, 1953: 318).
2.3.3.1.2. -


: - ( , ,
1974: 60-61), - ; , , ,
(op. cit., 62); , - ,
(, 1982: 261); ,
, (, , 1974: 67); .
( , Vlai 1928: 44).
2.3.3.1.3.

,
(, , , ) 89
. ,
:
, , () (. , ,
1974: 65), ,
: , , , ,
, , (, 1982: 247);
, ,
( 1982: 131);
, , , , , , (
, 1982: 247); , ,
, , (, , 1972: 441).
2.3.3.1.4. :

()-: , -
, -, -, ( ,
89 (. partial

reduplication); Wilbur (1973: 13-14, . Grannes 1978)

: prefixing, suffixing and infixing of Rr (=
the portion of the unreduplicated form of which copy is made).

81

1923: 88); , -, (
, op. cit., 90); , ,
, ( , 1914: 172).
,
,
, .90
,
,
,
: , ( ,
1887: 28); , , (
, 1995: 42); , ,
(, 1995: 32).
. (, , Skok III, 509, s.v.
, , Jurii 1973) , () ,
, , , ,
( ), . , ( 2002: 94).91
(III, 509, s.v. )
, (, )
= () , , .
,

,
.
, , ,
: ,
90
: . ,
, , (, 1974: 62),
( 1901: 95),
, (op. cit.; Sikimi 1996),
: , (/
1991: 38); , , , ( 1996: 110).
- . 1999. .
: , : , ,
( 1877: 185; .
Skimi 1996: 160-161).
91 . . trs , , , (Pleternik
II, 698), . trs , ,
, (Holub/Kopen 1952: 391).

82

, (, 1974: 703, s.v. ).

,
, ,
solidescere, ( ., ).92

: ( , 1995: 18);
, ( ,
1887: 28).
2.3.4.
a a
.
( .),
(1985: 353) ,

(-, -, -).
,
,
, .
2.3.4.1.

( ) . (
) ( , )
: ,93 94 (
92

()
(2002).
93

.
,
, , .
( 2002: 204).
94
(, 123, s.v. );
, ,
, ( 1999: 554, s.v. );
:

83

1971, 1991: 235); ,

; ( ,
1887: 28); ,
( 1928, 1991:
223); , ,
! (, 1898: 30-31); ,
, (-, Rihtman-otri
1989: 189); , ,
(-, 1981: 166);
, , ! (,
1941: 37); ! (, Balarin 1898: 287);
! (, 1974: 703, s.v. );95
, , ( , ,
kari 1908: 157-158); ,
, (,
1932: 88); ,
, ! (s.l., 1964: 347).96

, ,
. ,
> ,
,
(C, 124, s.v. ). : :
, , , , ,
( , 1998: 94).
95 ,
. ()
: ( 1999:
554, s.v. ).
96 . :

, . (...),
, : (...)
, ( , - 1901: 3);
, , ,
, , , :
: ; ;
; (, 1887:
82), . (1999:78); .
: ( 1999: 554, s.v.
); pszenica jak rkawica, yto jak koryto (, Niewiadomski 1999: 194), kosy pod
niebiosy, somy do poszycia (, op. cit., 177).

84

> 2.3.4.2.1.
.97
>
, ,
>
,
:
, , , ,
(, 1983: 28);
, ,
,
( , ubeli 1970: 18).
2.3.4.2.
2.3.4.2.1.

, . . .
: . Coby si wam trzymay wiecki i kunie, jako palce
na dlonie (, , 1977: 40-41), . Bog vam
daj telko picekov, kako na mojoj glavi vlasikov, Bog vam daj telko teocov,
kak na mojoj glavi vlasikov, Bog vam daj telko rebat, kak na mojoj glavi
vlasikov, Bog vam daj telko svinj, kak na mojoj glavi vlasikov ( .
, , 1977: 57).98
,

:
, (, ,
1991: 211); . Coby si wam darzy,
mnoy to boskie stvorzenie, cobycie mieli tyle workw kielo na dachu
kokw, cobycie mieli tyle kunickw, kielo w pocie kulickw, cobycie
mieli telo owiecek, kielo w mrowisku mrwecek; cobycie mieli telo cielicek,
kielo w lesie jedlicek (, , 1977: 40-41).
97 ,

, . (1978: 7-26) (1982: 121-124).

98 ( ), , ,
. . , ,
, : , ,
, [ ] !; ,
, , : , !
( 1995: 420, s.v. ).

85

2.3.4.2.2.
2.3.4.2.2.1.

,

, :
,
(...), , ,
, , ( , 1995:
24-25); ,
, , , ! ( ,
1980, Rihtman-otri 1989: 190);
! (, , Rihtman-otri 1989: 189);
, ,
! (- 1989, Rihtman-otri 1989: 190);
, , ,
: ,
(, , Vlai 1928: 44);
, ,
, ! (, 1898:
30-31); ,
, , , ,
(, 1932: 88).99


,
(1997: 10)
: ,
,
, , .
(
99 . : , ,
, ,
(, 1974: 66); ,
! ( , 1923: 88);
, ,
( 1982: 131).

86

1985: 60);

( 1931: 118).
: , ,
, , ( 1997: 10).

:
. !
(- 1971, Rihtman-otri 1989: 189);
, (, 1933:
143-144); :
: , , !
, ; ,
(, 1995: 16); .
, , (
, 1984: 75).
. /
.
,

, - ,
- (Skok II, 662-663, s.v.
).100 ,
,
, .
, ,
, (/
: , : ).

:
. : . , ,
( 1877: 187); , ,
: , , ( 1980: 94);
, ( 1899: 42); ,
(Vukovi 1890: 64); , (
1913: 375); . , ( 1970: 264);
, (op. cit., 272);
100

. Skok II, 616-617, s.v. .

87

: , ( 1888:
127).101

.

: , , (
1959: 175).102 . 2.3.3.1.
2.3.4.2.2.2. , ,



: , !
, ! ( , ,
Milievi 1915: 213); ,
(, 1907, III, N. 13);
, - , ,
, ,
(, , Vlai 1928: 44).
2.3.4.2.2.3.


,
.

, ,
, :
, (, , Vlai 1928: 44).

, !
, (, 1933: 144).
. Sikimi (1996: 211-212).
(op. cit., 309) , : .
. : ,
, . (,
112). (. Sikimi
1996: 211-212, . 420).
101
102

88

, ,
, !
( 1933: 143).

, , ,
( 1871, ubeli 1970: 6);
, , ,
; ,
(, 1933: 143).

,
. ,
( , 1991: 97);
, (...) ,
( , 1995: 24).

89

3.

3.1.

,
,

. ,
:
.
:

, ,
, ,
; , ,
.


.
-
( ,
) (
, ,
), ;
,
.
90

3.2.
,
, . Gold (1980:
86)
commonly used as a means to satisfy human needs for status and
recognition, and as a medium through which the self-image of the possessor
may be communicated to the outside world.
, ,
, :
-.
, , -
,
-
, ( 1997: 748). (loc. cit.)

.
3.2.1.

, ,

.
,
. , ,
,
: ,
.103 :
, : , ,
, ,
103

(1992: 273),
, (, , ,
, , ) (, ),
,
. ,
,
.

91

.: , (
, 1887, 1991: 232);
(, , 1891: 145).
:

.
.
( )
( ),104
( ):
(- 1978, Rihtman-otri 1989: 192);
, ( , 1925, N.
33); [, ] ,
(, , 1906, II, N. 14); ,
(, , 1991: 211).
3.2.2.
3.2.2.1.

.
. ,
! (, 1995: 44).
, , , ,
: ,
, (, 1991: 225).
,

(. : 3.1.4.1.).

(< *kotja); ,
. *kotati , *kutati , ,
.105 (2002: 188)
104

. / (, . 90)
(op. cit., 141).
105 (2004: 20)
. ,
(), ( ), . ( );

92

, ,
(. . ) ,
: contina, . *kotina
, *kotati , .
. *kotja,
(), . *kot
, *kot ,
. *gl
(. 2004: 20-21).106

107 .
: : , (
, , , Muraj 1992: 200)
, , (op. cit.,
201) .
3.2.2.2.


.
,
, .
3.2.2.2.1.
108
.109 ,
, () *kotina ,
, , ,
.
106 *kotja,
, , . (1998:
63-105); . (1983).
107
. . 1999: 31-32, s.v. ; .
3.2.3.1.1.
108 . : , . ;
,
. (Nazor 1984: 108).
109 ( )
. . :

93

, , :
(
1988, 1991: 226).

: .

,
: , .
. ,
,
:
(s.l., ubeli 1970: 10-11);
(...) ( ,
1898: 23-24);
,
( , 1887: 246);
,
(, 1995: 30-32);
(
, 1991: 222-223);
,
(, 1995: 41);
, (,
, 1891: 145).
, ()
, , , .

: ,
(, 1974, Rihtman-otri 1989: 192);
, (
, 1898: 23); ,
(, 1963: 70).
(...) ,
: [] | | . |
| , | , |
| | | | , | |
| | . ( , 1998:
309). . : (
1962: 133).

94

,
je
.110
, ,
, , ; . 18.
.
,
, .
, ,111
.
(1999: 55) plem
, . (1959: 163-164) .
*plem . *ple/*pel- , ,
,
*roditi : *rod , . - (1986: 225),
. *plem, , ,
,
( /
), . *(s)pel- , , ,
, . , ()
().
,
: : ,
: , ,
( ,
1887, 1991: 234-235); ,
( 1991: 275);
, (
, 1898: 23); ,
, ( , 1995: 18);

! (
, 1898: 24).112

110 . (,
1995: 15-16).
111
(1999: 55-56).
112 . . ().

95

, (1999: 56),
,
, .

.113
3.2.2.3.

3.2.2.3.1.


: , ,
, , , (,
1933: 143-144).

:
: ,
| , | , |
; | , | |
, ! (Simi 1962: 218);114

,
: . Dober dan, gospodar, | pred hiom
vam zelen bor, | na boriku konji mlad, | na konjiku sedelce, | na sedelku
sinek mlad, | na sinku kapica, | na kapici kitica, | na kitici tiica (
1890, Terseglav 1996: 193); Na dvori vam zelen bor, | zanj privezan
konjic vran, | na konjiki sedlice, | na sedlici sinek va, | sinek ima srebrn
pas ( 1890, loc. cit.); Stoji, stoji kuica, | pred kuom je zelen
bor, | na boru je tiica (, loc. cit.); pred kuom vam zelen bor | i
uz bor konji tvoj | na konjiu sinak tvoj, | na sinku kapica ( /
, loc. cit.).

: Terseglav (1996: 63) da so kolednice
113

. (1996); . (1995: 167, 329).

114 ,

: , :
| (, Simi 1962: 219); Pred kuom vam borovica, |
pomrla vas polovica (, 1988, Terseglav 1996: 193-194).

96

srbskih otrok nekoliko drugane, ne poznajo namre osrednjega motiva o

fantiu.
: ( : ),
,
Pinus,

() .
: , ,
, (, 1994: 19),
Pinus.
,
, Pinus *sosn,
*sosna: . bor , . bor , . . br
, . br , . br ,
. . ; , .
, . i , . ( 2, 1975: 216,
s.v. I).
bearu borr
(, loc. cit.).

,
, .
: . bor , .

, ,
, ,
,
, , . .
(, loc. cit.). Brckner (1925: 4-5)
. *bor ,

, ,
*bor . *bara . (1993: 231)
,
, . ,

, ;
, ,
borek , .
97

Ta a
, ,
, ,
,
: ,
.115
3.2.2.3.2. ()

(): , | .|
| | | (,
1992: 30).
:
(, I 1841:
66); (
, 1989: 75);
( 1973: 58);
( 1996: 241). .
, ,
: , ,
, ( ,
1971: 214); , ,
(, ); ,
, (- 1953-54: 561).
3.2.2.3.3.

116 :
()
, (/ )
/.
: , ,
( et al. 1998: 442).
,

115 . . .
68, 3.1.4.1.
116 . (1999).

98

, , .
, .
,
,
:
:
, ! (- 1971,
Rihtman-otri 1989: 189); [, ],
, ( 1987,
1991: 235); [, ],
(, 1992: 28); (...)
(op. cit., 58).
:

(,
1992: 24); .
, ;
,
, !
117 (, 1898: 30-31).
3.2.2.4.
, ,
,
, ( )

.
:
, .
(. 3.1.2.2.1).
3.2.2.4.1.
,
, :

117 : ()
. , , | |
(, Simi 1962: 215).

99

(, ) :
, ,
, , , ,
(-, Rihtman-otri 1989:
189); | |
| | (-,
1981: 166); , ,
, , , ,
( , ,
kari 1908: 157-158).
-,

(, ): ,
, (
, 1887: 28-29); ; | o
| (-, 1981: 166);
, ,
, , , , ,
( , ajnovi 1906: 142-143).118
,
, ,
; ,
, :
, :
, , , ,
(Marinovi 1971: 519).
: :

.119
;
(1974: 65): , , .
, .
118 : n [
, ] mu roa, jak na boru sosna, | a ona mu chta, jak na boru strza (,
, Niewiadomski 1999: 96).
119 () : Przed tym
domem biaa kamienica, a na polu zielona pszenica (, ,
Niewiadomski 1999: 96). . : | , |
, | ( 1996: 235-236).

100

,
,
. ,
,
,

.120
3.2.3.
()
;
,
; , ,
, , .
3.2.3.1. ,
3.2.3.1.1.
,
( 1996: 31)
, (
) ( ) (, 97, s.v. ).
,
: ,121

(. 3.1.2.3.3.): ;
, .
, ,
,
(- 1971, Rihtman-otri 1989: 191).
*dvri
*dvor , . *dher-/*dhor-
120 :
, ,
. : Do domu ytko, z
pola do domu, | Dostojaosia dosy na polu; | do domu, ytko, cho na godzinu: | Pjdziesz
na pole na cau zimu (Niewiadomski 2000: 42).
121 (*vorta) -, - (*verti).

101

, . Benveniste (1969: 311-314). *nadvorje,
(1995: 249-250)
, ,
,122 ,

, : . - i
i, ( 1970), .
, (), . nadworze miejsce pod
goym niebem, otwarta przestrze (SJP).
,
, doma : na dvor :
, :
( , 1991: 220),
: . . , ;
, , ; , , ,
(); , (,
1988: 157); , (, , 1990 s.v.);
(/ 2002 s.v.); (
, , , .)
, : (, ulji
1906: 239), (, Ivanievi 1903: 266), .
(, 1983 s.v.; , 1988:
214), () (, 1983: 151),
, (
: );
, (, 1987), ,
, ( ;
) (, ).123
122 . . ( 1983), . (), . (),

. nadvo (PSJ), . ndvorie (SS), . nadworze (SJP), . (),

.
123 (2001: 145) .
(. ( )... (, VIII, 205),
, ... ( XII, 130), ,
... ? ())
diar kmak (diar kmak )),
,
. ,
,

102

3.2.3.1.2.
, ,
( 1995: 145). damowski
(1998: 19)
:
, ,
,
.
, ( )
( ) ,

(loc. cit.). :
(
1925: 128); ,
(, , Zori 1896: 186).
3.2.3.2.
(
t al. 1993: 447)
,
,

: !
(ubeli 1970: 9); ,
( , , kari 1908: 158); .
: : ,
(, , kalji 1953: 215);
: : (
, 1961: 156).

, : . . i
na dwr wychodzi z domu na zewntrz w celu zaatwienia potrzeby fizjologicznej, .
-i wychodzi z domu za potrzeb naturaln (SP, s.v. dvor), .
, , , (). ,
. ,
. .

103

3.2.3.3.
, damowski (1991: 65), jednym z centralnych
punktw zykowego i pojciowego pola granicy;

.

,
, : ,
( , 1887, 1991: 232).

.
: To s wieczniki, dusze pokutujce za kar, granice z
ycia przeorali (ega 1960: 130);
, . sveniki

(Kelemina 1997: 21).
3.2.4.
3.2.4.1.
(1996: 31), ,
,
( ) , (),
(, .) .
, ,
.

.
(): ,
, ,
.
(, 1933: 143-144); ,
, !
, , ,
(, 1891: 145);
.
, ! (, 1941: 37).
104

( ,
) .

.

: , ,
: , ( t al. 1998: 447).

*pont-
, ().
: :
, , ,
(, 1995: 46);
, , (
, 1995: 27-28). . (
1969, Rihtman-otri 1989: 196).
(2002: 191)
:124 ,
, , , , , ;
, , ,
,
, , . ,
, , .

,
(
). ,
,
.
3.3.
, ,

, , , ,
, .
124

, . (loc. cit.).

105

,

(Adamowski 1999, 1998, / 2000,
1979a, 1979, Gold 1980, 1992, 1999,
1992, 1992, Piper 1997, Yelenevskaya/Fialkova 2002 .).
, ,
(, 100, s.v. ; .
, - 1999).
,
,
. ,
/ ,
.125
3.3.1.


,
. (1865: 428) ,
: ,
,
, .
,
: , !
( 1928, 1991: 224);
! ( 1928, 1991:
222); , ,
, ,
! (,
1995: 34-35).
3.3.1.1.
,
,
125 ,
, , .
, , (. . 172).

106

. ,

: ,
; , (,
1995: 29-30); , ; ,

(, 1995: 34-35);
, , !
, ,
( 1928,
1991: 228).
,
: :
,
! (, 1991: 239).
.
, , ,
.

. , ,126
, . . : (,
1992: 18); , (op. cit.,
37), : Dober dan, gospodar! | Bog ti dobre gosti dal!
( 1991, erseglav 1996: 193); , , |
, | [sic!] (-, ura
1992: 207); | , |
(, 1978: 415);
, ( , 1909: 95);
: , |
(, 1936: 134);
, | , | , |
, | (, 1953: 318);
,| (. ,
, 1974: 61); , |
, | (, 1968: 165);
-,| - ,| ,
(, 1930: 3).
126

. (1998).

107

3.3.2.

(Adam 1990: 42),

. , Zerubavel (1981: 12),

: The temporal regularity of our social world
has some very significant cognitive implications. In allowing us to have
certain expectations regarding the temporal structure of our environment,
it certainly helps us considerably to develop some sense of orderliness. (...)
Temporal irregularity, on the other hand, contributes considerably to the
development of a strong sense of uncertainty.
,
, ,
:
( , 1887, 1991: 224);
(,
1992: 8); . :
, , ! ( 1995: 166).

,
.
3.3.2.1.
:
: ,
.
,
,

:
, ; ,
(, 1992: 26); :
,
(, 1935: 440). ,
, ,
: ,
( , 1991: 225).
108

:
:
( : )
, . (
1928, 1991: 224); ,
,
( , 1995: 25);
, ,
( , 1995: 19);
(, 1992: 19).
( : )
, ,
(, 1995: 43-44); ,
(, 1992: 10).

[, ] ,
(, 1995: 43-44).
: ,
:
, (, 1989: 230);
, (op. cit., 232).
3.3.2.2.
,
, ,

,
( , 1995: 19), (, ,
1998: 108), ( ,
1995: 25); . . ! ( 1995: 166).
3.4.


.127 . (2001: 2)
127

. , 2002.

109

,
, , , , ,
, : ,
( ), , , (
), .
: , ,
(, ),
,
( 2001: 2);
.
3.4.1.
3.4.1.1.

.
,
,128 .

, ,
.
3.4.1.1.1.

, :
, ,
(
): , (,
1932: 88; s. l., 1964: 347; , 1898: 30-31);
, ( , Marinovi 1971:
518); ( , Simi 1966: 202);
(, 1989: 53); ,
( , 1887, 1991: 233);
(-, 1981: 166).

128
. (1994).

110

( ): (
, 1907, III, N. 30);
, ()
: ( ,
1958, . .. V/11); (s. l., ubeli 1970: 6).
129
.
, /,
( , 1998: 29), :
, ( 1889: 3);
(, 1936: 134); (,
1930: 3).
: . Coby si wm darzyy barany
z krtymi rogami, a konie z krzywymi nogami, gsi siodate i kury arbate
(, , 1977: 40-41); . ,
, , (
, 1995: 20).

:

, :
, ! ( 1998: 77-78).
,

,

: . , |
| | ( 1982: 133);
. Nie docie scodroka, | to dojcie koloca, | nie docie koloca, | to wezmimy
wom z obory rogoca, | wyprowdzimy go na przylozek, | zbijemy mu prawy
rozek (, 1982: 133).

, : Lesica vam podrta, a
kravica odrta ( , Koreni 1896: 141).
129

: | |
. | | (. , ,
1991: 44).

111

3.4.1.1.2.


: (, 1907, III,
N. 30); ( , Marinovi 1971: 518);
, ( , 1998: 29).
3.4.1.1.3.

: (, 1887: 188);
( , 1887, 1991:
233), ( , 1998: 29);
:
. . (, 1936: 134).
3.4.1.1.4.
, . ,
:
( , 1887, 1991: 233);
(-, 1981: 166; , 1971, Rihtmanotri 1989: 189; , , kari 1908: 157-158).130
3.4.1.1.5.

: ( , 1991: 236).
3.4.1.1.6.

: , . (1978)
,
(Dukova 1992: 47)
.

130

:
. ,
.

112

.
:
| . ,
. (.
. -),

. , |
( 1970: 484), (
, ), (, ).
, ,
(loc. cit.),
*lv, laevus,
, .131
3.4.1.1.7.

(, Nazor 1968: 186)

(, 1870, ubeli 1970: 5)
( , 1887,
1991: 233; 1925: 218)
( , 1991: 221)
(, , Balarin 1898: 287)

(, 1992: 16)

, (, 1992: 16)
( , 1991: 221)
( 1925: 218)
(, 1870, ubeli 1970: 5)

( 1964: 347); (, 1898: 30-31)

() (, , ubeli 1970: 5)
( 1964: 347); (, 1898: 30-31)

(, Ivanievi 1904: 272)

, ,
,
() (. 2.3.1.1.),

131

. .

113

: ,
, ( 1925: 218).


, ,
, , .132
, (2001: 107,
. 5), ,
,
: , , , , , .


. ,
, :
. , ,
!
( 1958: 208).
(2001: 109)
:
( . );
(
); ( ).133
, ,
,

, .
, ,
,
(op. cit., 112-113).


: , ;
, : ,
, ! (,
1935: 220); , , ,
132
133

(2001).

. (2001: 106-117).

114

, ,
(, 1930: 3);
. , ,
(, 1918: 167);
(, 1998: 17).
(1914) .
. (1992: 49)
:
(), .
, ,
( , ).134
, ,

,
,
,
(Dukova, loc. cit.).
> ,
: , (
), , (, ).

(-)
( V/1, 52).


:
(ubeli 1970) , (1932)
: . ,
, f. , adj. , ,
, m. .
(Skok III, 648,
s.v. zelen). Ivi (1995: 95, 100) ,

- [
, ] (
)

134

. 3.3.1.1.6.

115

; ,
, , .

() ,
. (Skok I,
110, s.v. ), (, ) (Skok I, 115,
s.v. ).
, ,
() , . . ,
capr barz (), . bardzu
.
(barth, bardh )
(Skok, loc. cit.).
3.4.1.1.8.

(, , Vlai 1928:
44)
( , ajnovi 1906: 145)
( , 1887:28-29)

(, 1992: 16)
(, 1963: 70)
( 1991: 229)

(, 1992: 16)
(, 1963: 70)

( 1987, 1991:
136)

( 1987, 1991:
136)
( , 1887:28-29)

( , 1887:28-29)
(, 1963: 70)

: (
, , ), (
, , /),
( , ).
116

3.4.1.2.
3.4.1.2.1.
(, )

,
.
:
( , ,
Milievi 1915: 213); ,
( 1988, 1991: 237); ,
, (, - 1988: 41).135


:136 , (,
1961: 157; , Marinovi 1971: 521;
1988, 1991: 237); , ,
, ... ,
(, , 1906, II, N. 33).
:
(, 1989: 37); (
, 1993: 24); (s. l., 1992:
29); . (, 1988: 219).

135 . ,
, , ( 1995: 143).
136
.
,
(1998: 29-30)
,
.
, ,
. .
: , , (
1989: 284). , ,
(2000: 99-100): ,
,
; , , ,
, ,
.

117

>

.
( 1914, 1991:
236) ,
: ( I, 188),
( I, 701), ( 1905, N. 38;
1988: 336), ( 1894: 263), - (
1965: 25), ( I, 679),
: , , ! | |
: ! (, Lovreti 1897: 452).
: ,
( 1988: 355)137 . : /
, ,
, (Zovko 1898: 999);
, ( 1914: 345).138
3.4.1.2.2.

,
.
- ,
( 1998: 29),
. ,
(.
), , , , ,
, ( 1977: 63-64). (Filipovi 1970:
224)
, .
,
; ,
(
, , .).

: , , , ,
.
137
138

(1998).
(1998: 22).

118

3.4.1.2.2.1.

, ,
,
.
3.4.1.2.2.1.1.
(.
, (), . () , /
(), mrtveka koica (), . k/kosteczka
martw).
. ,
:
, (, 1998: 70);
, , ,
, (
, ,
) (, s.v. );
: Na vistreteho [,
] sa nesmelo nakukad prez okno, lebo e bi zvedavemu narostla mrtva
kost (, Slovnk slovenskch nre 1994, s.v. kost).

, :
, ,
, (,
1918: 170); , ,
, (, 1974: 79);
, , ,
(, 1935: 196).
, ,
: , - ,
: .139
: :140
139

:
, : ( 1909:
466).
140 : :
| (, Muraj 1992: 196).

119

, ,
, ,
( , ),
: . (
, 1909: 477); ,

, :
(, 1909: 478).141
3.4.1.2.2.1.2.

,
,
:
, , - ,142
, ,
, (. , , 1974:
78). .
: ,
(, 1989: 192); (op. cit.,
237); , (op. cit., 250);
, (op. cit., 250).

- ,
:
Vrabci se ene, zovite mene, ako nebum dober gost, vtrgnite mi rebro kost! (Deeli 1863:
225).
141 : : ,
: e li trden ta
va most? On je trji kakor kost (trekelj 1904-05, Katii 1991: 39);
( 1883: 134, Katii 1991: 39).
142 ,
: . :
, . : , :
, , ;
, , ... (Radenkovi R.
1995: 89); , ;
, ( 1995: 130).

120

(, .
, . 1995: 37) : . .
. , , (, loc. cit.).143
3.4.1.2.2.2.

. ,
, ,
(, 1989: 186).
( )

( ) ,
. . : ,
; , (, Nazor 1984: 127);
, ; ,
(, 1933: 143-144);
, ! ,
,144 ! ( ,
1887: 28-29); , , ,
, , ,
(s.l., ubeli 1970: 12);
, ! (
, 1898: 30-31); (...) ,
. , ! ( 1971, Rihtman-otri 1989: 191); , , ,
, , (s. l.,
1964: 343); , :
, (s. l., jdai 1992: 157);
: , ; ,
(s. l., ubeli 1970: 8-9); ,
! (s. l., 1992: 24).

. : ,
143

O -
(1988).
144 : :
:
, ( 1887: 103).

121

: , ,
(, Zovko 1898: 742);
, ( 1914: 170).
,

.
,
.

( 1995: 530, s.v. ).
(1997: 55)
.


.
: , (,
1992: 68).

145
,
; .
(, 1989: 245), ,
, ,
(, 1989: 243);
(loc. cit.). ,

, , (Matei
1982: 190, s.v. ).

,
: .
: , , |
: | ; | , |
. | | (
1956: 87),
: , |
145

. 19, 24.

122

, | , | , , ( 1995:
159), : .

:
,| ,| :|
, ( 1968: 555, s.v. ).
, , ,
/
.
3.3.1.2.2.3.

,
. .
, (,
1989: 245) :
, , , ( , . ,
1987: 63); , , ,| ,
, | , , (,
, 1970: 102); , |
| (, 1982: 13).

. ,
.

( );

.
, .
:
, | , | , |
(, 1906, II, N. 8); , |
, | , |
(, 1909: 282); , |
, | ,| (,
1907, III, N. 36); , ,
(, 1905: 8);

123

: | , |
( , 1958: 245).146
.
, , ,
; , ,
( , 1990: 20),
:147 ,
, ( , 1934: 47);
, , ! (
, -, Kulier 1901: 617); ,
, (Zovko 1898: 996).
(1997: 133)

.
/
,
,
.
3.4.1.2.2.4.

, ,
, (.
, , , Marinovi 1971: 518).

.
, :
(, 1891: 145);
,
( , 1887: 183).
146

. : , ,
; , ,
, ( , Uhlik/Beljkai
1958: 207); ! , ,
! (, 1894: 669).
:
[] , | , |
(/ 1989: 86).
147 . (1997: 133).

124

,
, : ,
(, 1989: 184);
, (p. cit., 184);
, (p. cit., 185); ,
, (p. cit., 193);
, (p. cit., 194);
( , . ., 89).

: , , ,
: ;
, (,
Jovovi 1896: 101);
, (,
1988: 268).
,
,
:
, ,
(, 1989: 209);
/, (op. cit., 239);
, ,
( 1995: 148).

.
: ,
,
. (...) ,
, ,
, . (, Banovi
1918: 201-203). . : ... ,
, [, ] .
. (...) :
,
, . (,
Banovi 1918: 199).

125

:148 ,
,
(, Lang 1911: 63);
,
149 ( ).
, . (, Ivanievi 1903: 234).
( , , )
, ,
.
, .
Zi jak garbal ( 1995: 521, s.v. ).
3.4.1.2.2.5.

, ;
,
.
, ,
:
; , ,
, , ,
, ,
( , kalji 1953: 215-216);
, , :
. , ,
, ,
(, 1898: 30-31); ,
, , ! (,
1891: 145); , : ,
(, , 1906, II, No 33).
148

. 16, 19-31.
: () .
. . :
, , ,
, : , , , , ,
, , ( I, 198).
/, . Sikimi (1994),
().
149

126

: , , ,
( , 1982: 46).

,
/ / , ,
, .150
,
. (1989: 499, . 17)


( ), .

(. 3.3.1.2.2.2.),
,
.
3.4.1.2.2.6.

,
,
.151
, ,

.152
150
. (1989).
I. Filipovi (1970: 171)
: ;
, v
kozji rog zgnati (. Sovre 1960: 181-182).
151 . , (s. l., ubeli 1970: 8).
: . , ,
, ( 2002: 189).
152 . :
, 2-3 ,
, : Kab twaja, Bo daj, dusza, jak ty wieczki,
u piekli harie! Kab cibie, Bo daj, skruci, jak ty wieczki! Kab cibie, Bo mileki,
daj, wiercie, k ty wieczki! Kab cibie, Bo mileki, daj, miertelna chwroba nia!
Kab cibie, Bo mileki, daj, tak nia, kab tabie nichto radczki nie da! Kab cibie, Bo

127

, :
, , ,
(, kari 1908: 158); , ,
, , .
, , : ,
, , (, 1870,
ubeli 1970: 5);
! , !
, ! ( ,
1941: 37); , (,
1933: 144); (...) ,153 !
(, 1898: 30-31; s. l., 1964: 347).
(1974: 79)
,
, . .
: , ,
, (,
1974: 79); , ,
, (, . ,
1974: 78).
,
: , (...)
, ( , 1982:
326).154

mileki, daj, muorki skacili! Kab cibie, Bo mileki, da, nie krata ni nahami, ni rukami!
(Federowski I, 1897: 275-276).
153 .
(1991: 94-95) ,
.
,
. . : , |
, | , : | , |
( 1982: 159).
. (2001).
154 , , : (
-) ,
: , (Ivanievi 1905: 292 Nazor 1968:
268).

128

3.4.2.

( , . :
),155
, . , ;
( ),156
:
(, , .)
,
[ ] ...:
, ,
, ,
(, 1933: 143-144);
, ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, (, , Vlai 1928: 44);
. : ,
, , (...) , ,
,
(, , 1974: 67); [,
] , ,
, (,
, 1974: 68). , , :
( = ) (= ) ,157
, ,
, .
.
155

.
(1996: 50-51 1998: 27).
156 , ,

.
, .
157 ,
, : , ,
, , , ,
, ! (, 1993: 43).

129

3.4.2.1.
3.4.2.1.1.

/
(, 1995: 16)
(, , Vlai 1928: 44)
(, 1995: 16)
( , Milievi 1915: 213)
(, , Vlai 1928: 44)
(, - 1983: 14)
(, , N.12, 1925)
(-, Rihtman-otri 1989: 189)
( , , kari 1908: 158)
(, , Vlai 1928: 44)
( , Milievi 1915: 213)
(, - 1983: 14)
(, , Vlai 1928: 44)
(, - 1983: 14)

() ()
:
: ( ,
158
.);
. ,
, , , , , , .,
( 1995,
s.v. ). , (.
, / ,
, Matei 1982: 782, s.v. ),
:
, ;
; , , : er
zajc me vnk v pole ( II, 1999: 288, s.v. ).
:
( > ; > ),
(.
).
158
. (1997).

130

3.4.2.1.2.

(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, , Vlai 1928: 44)
( 1964: 347)
() ( 1964: 347);
(, 1898: 30-31)
, ,
()
().
3.4.2.1.3.

/
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1906, II, N. 44)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16);
(, 1906, II, N. 44)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1906, II, N. 44)
(, 1995: 16)
( , )
(, 1995: 16)
(, 1906, II, N. 44)
(, 1906, II, N. 44)
(, 1906, II, N. 44)
131

/
(, 1906, II, N. 44)
( )
(, 1906, II N. 44)
() (, 1906, II, N. 44)
( , Milievi 1915: 213)
( , Milievi 1915: 213)
( , Milievi 1915: 213)

, .
,
.159
.
3.4.3.
:
, . ,
,
, , .

; ,
. ,

.
; ,
: ,
, ,
( , Marinovi 1971: 519);
, , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
, ( , Nazor 1964: 386);
159 () , (
, , ) , .
(1999).

132

, ,
, ,
( , 1991: 236).

.

.
:
: ( ,

1991: 236)
: ( , Nazor 1964: 386).


:
: ( , Nazor 1964: 386).

. , :
, , ,
, (, 1983: 14);
,
( 1888: 41);
(loc. cit.);
, (op. cit., 131)
: , , :
, , , ,
, ! ( 1918: 167);
: , , , ,
, (op. cit., 170-171).

,
,
: : , ,
, (, Nazor 1984: 33).160



: ptnica@nebo.vanet.yu
, 30. 1999. : ,
, , , .
160

133

.
,
, .
3.4.3.1.
( , Marinovi 1971: 519)

( , Nazor 1964: 386)

( , 2000: 499)
(, 1918: 167)

(ubeli 1970: 9)

. li
trden ta va most? Im je trji kakor kost (trekelj 1904-05),
(SEL, s.v. Ali je kaj
trden most?).
: , ,
( 1883: 129); ,
( I: 578);
, ! (
1837: 47); , :
( 1866: 263); , ,
, . , ,
, ( 1861).
,
, :
. Hoja, dunda, hoja! | Poslala
ns krlovn. | No o e vs poslala? | P tri vozy kamenia. | Na o vm to
kamenia? | Zlat mosty stavati (Katii 1991: 38),
: Hoja una, hoja! a vi to delate? | Hoja una, hoja, mi si
moste gradimo. | Iz esa si je gradite? Iz dragoga kamika (
, /Kittsee, Kurelac 1871: 293) :
Ja cu i da most twarii wot lutoh zlota, sljebora; ja cu ce dai pez njon
wes ze tsicyimi wozami, z tyrcyimi konjami ( ,
Haupt a Smolerj, atii 1991: 39);
( 1866: 262); , ,
( 1861); (
1883: 136-137); (
134

1883: 140-141); ,
( 1883: 133).161
,
,
.

,162
;
,163
:164

:
,
;165
,
( , ,
). ,
(),
, (...) .
, ,
.. ,
,
, . ,
, , ; .
. , . Zakocha si jak djabe w
starej wierzbie ( 1995: 335, s.v. ).
/
/ (. ).
3.4.3.2. / / / ()

( , 2000: 496)
( 1888: 41)

Katii (1991).
. ! |
? | ! | ? | ! |
? | ! (Katii 1991: 39).
163 . ( 113, s.v. ).
164 . 1996: 31-35.
165 . (...) (ubeli 1970: 9).
161
162

135

(, 1918: 167)

( 1888: 41)

( , Rihtman-otri 1989: 196)

(. 3.1.4.1.). :
,
(. ,
! (- 1971, Rihtman-otri 1989: 189);
[, ], ,
( 1987, 1991: 235);
[, ], (, 1992:
28)),166 ,

(. 3.3.1.2.2.5.).
,
, ,
, .
( )
( )
,
(.
).
, .
3.4.3.3.
( 1928, 1991: 238)
(, 1996: 149-150)

.

, ( 1996:
166 : .

, ,
, ( , , . 1982,
1999, 2001-2002).

136

60). ,
,
, ,
(loc. cit.).
,
: , , ,
, . (
, 1982: 152); , , ;
, , , , ( ,
p. cit., 296); , ?
, ( , op. cit., 144);
. , ,
, (
, op. cit., 31).
( ,
, ,
. 1996: 85) ,
,
,
.

: ,
! ( , 1887: 28-29).
3.4.3.4.

( , Nazor 1964: 386)

( , Rihtman-otri 1989: 196)

(. )
. 3.3.1.2.2.2. . : ,
(ubeli 1970: 12).
, (Matei 1982:
318, s.v. ) .
3.4.3.5.

,
// (.
2.3.1.2.2.) .
137

,
. ,
, .
3.4.3.6.

(, 1996: 149-150)
( 1987, 1991: 236)
( 1888: 131)
(, 1918: 170)
(, 1995: 17)
( 1888: 41)
(, 1960: 584)

,
.
: . , ; .
, ;
, ; .
( 1999: 207, s.v. ).

;
.
,
(loc. cit.). . (
, Marinovi 1971: 521)
/ ( ., 90).167
3.4.3.7.

( , Marinovi 1971: 519)

( , Nazor 1964: 386)
(, 1996: 149-150);
(, 1918: 167)
(, 1995: 17)
( , 2000: 501)

167 .
(2002).

138

. : , ,
( , 1991: 226).

,
.168 ,
. ,
,
, , (, 130, s.v. ).
:
:
, (loc. cit.).

;
, ,
.
, :
, ,
(
, .),
( ). ,
,
( ), (loc. cit.); . .
,
( ., 137).
3.4.3.8. / /

( , Nazor 1964: 386)

( 1888: 41)

3.4.3.9.
,
, :
168 :
, , . *gospod . hospes,
. hospitis , *ghost(i)-potis
, . , ,
( 2002: 179; . 2004: 26-28).
. (1993).

139

| | | |
| (-,
1981: 166); , (
, 1887, 1991).

:
() .


(, ).
, ,
.
,
,
( 1996: 63).


.169

169 . (1997).
, . nusiewicz (1990).

140

4.

,
,

. ,

,
, ,

.
4.1.


,
, ,

.
.
; , ,

(. , ). ,

141

.,
,
( 1887, 1991)

( (), 71, s.v. ).
, ,
,

, .
XIX (ari [1890] 1994)
,
, ,
,
, , , , .
, -
,
: ,
, , , , , , ,
, , ... (Rihtman-Augutin 1994: 247).
4.1.1.


(,
, ),
(/, , ,
, /),
.
(, )
(, )
.

:
(. ),
, , ,
., , ,
.
142

.

,
.

: (,
1932: 88); ,
, ! (s. l., 1964: 347);
(Kola, ajnovi 1906:
142-143).
/
,

, ,
,
(.
3.4.2.1.3.).


, ,
.
,170
,171 ,
, : , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ( 1989,
238).

170 . , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , (
1989, 1991: 238).
171 . (...) , , ,
( 1989, 1991: 223).

143

, ,
, ; .:
, , , , ,
! (s. l., 1964: 343);
, , , ,
, , .
, . , .
, . , .
, ; ,
( , arinovi 1971: 521).
,
,

,

(1865: 427) : , ,
, ,
, ,
, .
4.2.
,
,

,
. , ,
,
.

,
,
, .172
172 (
)
: achek (1971) /
rok
. ivic-Dular (1999: 193)

144

, ,
. ,
,
,
.
(.
3.4.1.1.),
(. 3.4.2.1.1.).

,

.

, ,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
(,
), (
, , ).
.
,
,
.

*god / *godina treba razlagati v povezavi s pravno naravo glagola *goditi (s) z
dogovorom doloiti prvotno predvsem v zvezi z dogajanjem ob zaroki in poroki.

145

5.

5.1.
1891 . : ,
, V, 1891.
1972 . , ,
Rad XVII kongresa SUFJ, Zagreb 1972, 439-445.
1971 . , , 1971.
1913 . , ,
VI, 1913.
1923 . , ,
, XXXV, 1923, 1-423.
1930 . , ,
XXXVIII, 1930, 3-16.
1887 . , , 1887.
1970 . ,
, ( ),
III/5-6, 1970, 81-104.
1978 . , ,
1978.
1980 . , ,
, 1980.
1989 . , ,
57-58, 1989, 59-80.
1961 . , , VIII-
1961, 1961, 129135.
1861 , 1861.
1985 . , , 1985.
1997 . , , LXXI, 1997.
1998 . , , 1998.

146

1965 . . , ,
1965.
1890 . , , ,
III, 1890.
1989 . , (
), XXXVI- ,
1989, 52-55.
1888 . . , , ,
, 1888.
2000 . , , 2000.
1991 . , , X,
1991.
1930 . , , 1930.
1983 J. , , 35, 1983.
1866 . . , (),
1866.
1973 . . ,
. I, , 1973.
I . . , , I ( 1841), 1977.
. . . . , , 1972.
. . . ,
, 1972.
1970 . . , , 1970.
1988 . , ,
, 1988.
1893 . , ( ),
I, 1893.
1993 . , , 71-72,
1993, 43.
1909 . , ,
XIV, 1909, 1-382.
1897 . , , , X/6,
1897.
1914 . . , , ,
1914, 1-256.
1908 . , , XX,
1908, 129-138; 448-466.
1909 . , , XXI,
1909, 461-478.
1900 , , , 1900, 51.
1931 . , , XLVIII, 1931.
- 1988 . -, , 5152, 1988, 38-42.

147

1899 . , ,
, 1/2, 42-43.
1958 . ,
, LXX, 1958.
. . . ,
, 1925.
1905 . , , XXI,
1905, 1-64.
1897 . , , , . XVII/3,
1897.
1918 . : , XXXII,
1918, 1-653.
1935 . : , - ,
XL, 1935, 1-458.
1982 . ,
, 31, 1982, 157-190.
1994 M. , ,
1994.
1894 . , , 1894.
1998 . , ,
23-24, 1998, 67-97.
1958 . . , ,
1958.
1992 . , , 1992.
1966 . , ,
IX, 1966, 107-162.
1888 . , , 1888.
1932 . : , ,
LXIV/2, 1932, 85-91.
1933 . , , ,
XLV/2, 1934, 135-148.
1996 . , ,
1996.
1936 . , ,
. , , XLII, 1936, 1-288.
1906 , 1906.
1907 , 1907.
1925 , 1925.
1988 . , , 1988.
1889 . . , I,
, I, 1889, 3-10.
1995 . . ,
, , 1995, 28-30.

148

1896 . . ,
, , 1896.
1931 . . , , VI, 1931.
1932 . . ,
, VII, 1932, 82-89.
1978 . , , XLII,
1978, 399-441.
- 1953-54 . -,
, II-III,
1957, 557-563.
1894 . , , VI,
1894.
1898 . : , X,
1898, 5-92.
1914 . , ,
XXVIII, 1914.
1992 . , , 71-72,
1992, 24-37.
1996 . , , 83-84,
, 1996, 13.
2000 . , ,
100, 2000, 110-116.
1887 . : ,
XII, 1887, 188.
1907 . , ,
VII, 1907, 161-225.
1909 . ,
, VIII, 1909, 259-482.
/ 1925 . . ,
, XXXII, 1925.
1861
,
1861 (= , 1861-1961, 1962).
1894 . , , 1894.
1913 . . ,
, XIX, 1913, 1-442.
- 1971 . -, ,
1971.
1952 . , , LXV,
1952.
1866 . , , 1866.
1887 . , ,
VIII, 1887, 122-123.

149

1901 . . , , (
), , XXV/4, 1901.
1991 . : , , 1991.
1993 . , ,
, 67-68, 1993, 71-72.
1912 . , , XVIII, 1912.
1991 . ,
, 63-66, 1991, 35-64.
1982 . , , ,
VI, 1982, 242-248.
- 1901 . ( ),
I, 1901, 3.
1877 . , ,
1877.
[1864] 1993 . [. ], , i
, - 1864.
[1902-03] 1986 . , . I-II,
1902-1903, / 1986.
1896 . ,
, , XXV/4, 1896.
- 1983 . -,
, 37, 1983, 3-57.
1921 . ,
, XXII, 1921.
1990 . , ,
59-60, 1990, 18-24.
1996 . ,
, 83-84, 1996, 59-66.
1948 . . , ,
XLVIII, 1948, 1-580.
1981 . ,
1953. , , n.s. 35/36,
1981, 155-187.
1980 , ,
, 1980.
1988 . ,
, 1988.
1968 . ,
( ), I/1, 1968, 383-386.
1983 . , , 36,
1983, 5-100.
1951 . ,
, 1951.

150

1998 . ,
, -
IV, 1998, 105-110.
1982 . , , -
- 1982.
1990 . , ,
XXXVI, 1990.
1995 . , XIX
XX , - I, 1995, 134-139.
1956 . , , XIX, 1956,
27-97.
1998 . , , ,
LXXXIX, 1998.
1953 . , . , , XLVI,
1953, 1-406.
1987 . ,
, 1987.
, 1983 1994 . . , III,
, 1994.
1959 . . , ,
1959.
1941 . : , ,
II/1, 1941, 27-40.
1995 , 1995.
1998 . , (),
LXXVII, 1998.
1887 . : ,
II, 1887, 28-29.
1998 . , , 1998.
1901 . . , , XVIII, 1901,
641-652.
1938 . , , , 1938,
29-31.
1988 . , ,
1988.
1936 . , , XLI,
1936, 1-543.
, 1928-1936.
1960 . ,
, , . 431, 1960.
1887 . : ,
XII, 1887, 183-185.

151

. , , 29, 1983.
1949 . , ,
LXI, 1949.
1967 . , , LXXX,
1967.
/ 1955 . , . , ,
LXVIII, 1955.
1995 . , , 1995.
1984 . , . , ,
1984.
1891 . . , ,
, , V, 1891,
110111.
1934 . , , 50, 1934.
1837
, 1837.
1900 . . , , ,
, , , . ., . 1, . 2,
1900.
1893 . . ,
, 9, 1893, 443-646.

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5.2.
, 1971/ 2002 . , . ,
, XLIX, 2002.
1968 . : , III,
1968.
1974 . : , IV, 1974.
. 1818 . . , , 1818.
. 1852 . . , , 1852 (= 1987).
1978 . , , ,
1978.
1962 . , , I, 1962, 13-164.
. , I-IV, 1903-1909.
1988 . , , XXXIV,
1988.
1932 . , - ,
IV, 1932.
() , ,
1998.
I I, 2003.
1987 . , , 1987.
1998 . , ,
1998.
1989 . ,
, XXXV, 1989.
1986 . , ,
XXXI, 1986.
1983 . . , , i 1983.
1981 . . , , 1981.
,
1954.
, - 1965 1927 . , ,
III, 1927, 177-194.
, 1974.
. , , I-IV,
1986-87.

155

. , ( ).
1970 I. . , i i , i 1970.
, . . (.),
1975.
, 1974-.

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5.3.
/ 1994 . . , . . ,
: , ,
1994.
1997 . . ,
, 2, , 1997, 54-67.
1999 . . , ,
.
, 1999, 17-50.
1998 ,
, 3, , 1998, 14-26.

156

1998 . . , , 1998.
/ 2000 . . , . . (.),
: , 2000.
1865 . , ,
1865 ( 1994).
1983 . . ,
, 1983.
1991 . , 100 , 1991.
1979 . , , 1979.
1979 . , , 1979.
1999 . : ( ),
4, , 1999, 48-67.
2001 . , , 6, , 2001,
106-117.
2002 . , , -
, 2002, 55-66.
1998 . . , (
), 2,
1998, 64-72.
/ 1999 . . , . . ,
: , ,
. ., 1999, 103-115.
1978 . . ,
,
, 1978, 7-26.
1982 . . ,
, , 1982.
2004 . . ,
( ,
), : ,
2004, 217-235.
1997 . , ,
I, 1997, 93-102.
2001 . ,
, V, 2001, 75-85.
1925 . , ,
1925.
2000 . ,
XIX XX .,
VI, 2000, 164-185.
1993 . . ,
, ,
, 1993, 132-152.

157

1997 . . ,
, 1997.
1937 . . , ,
1937.
1985 . , ,
XXXIII/2, 1985, 349-375.
1992 . , , 1992.
/ 1989 . . , . . , ,
1989.
1982 . , ,
, 1982, 259-262.
1974 . . , ,
XV, 1974, 55-88.
1998 . , ,
Etnolingwistyka 9/10, 1998, 67-80.
1994 . . ,
, 1994.
2000 . . ,
( . . ),
, 2000, 68-84.
2003 . . ,
, . XIII
, , 2003, 2003,
176-189.
1963 . ,
, XXVI, 1963, 195-201.
1982 . , , 1982.
/ 1974 . . , . . ,
, 1974, 243-256.
1995 . , , , , 1995.
1999 . , , ,
, 2000,
1999, 413-424.
/ 1991 . , . ,
,
,
8, 1991, 35-41.
2001 . ,
, 2001.
1993 . . , :
, VI, 1993, 100-113.
1961 . : :
, VII , 1961, 155-157.

158

1963 . , ,
, IX- 1962,
1963, 69-73.
1964 . : , X-
1963 , 1964, 341-349.
1999 . , -
, 1999.
1993 . , (
), ,
1994, 1993, 229-236.
1995 . , , LI,
1995, 31-58.
1999 . , , ,
1999, 1999, 196-205.
2001-2002 . , ,
Balkanica XXXIIXXXIII, 20012002, 123141.
2002 . , .
, 2002.
2002 . , .-. . ,
, XLV/1, 2002, 91-107.
2004 . ,
, (= 4),
2004, 15-40.
2004 . , , 9, , 2004 ( ).
1992 . . , ,
3 . , I,
1992, 386-479.
1992 . . ,
, 3 .
XVIII XIX , II, 1992, 9-21.
1997 . . , ,
. (1958-1993), -
1997, 748-754.
1998 . , (
),
5, 1998, 63-105.
1996 . , ,
1, , 1996, 31-35.
1914 . , ,
, 1914.
, 1987-1988.
1998 . . , ..., 1 (17),
1998, 28-30.

159

1989 . , , XVIII/2, 1989,

493-499.
1990 . , ,
XIX/1, 1990, 185-194.
1993 . . ,
, ,
II, 1993, 103-114.
et al. 1998 . . , . . , . . , . .
, (
), XII , ,
1998, 442-459.
1983 . . ,
, ,
, 1983.
2000 . , , . :
, 5, , 2000, 39-55.
2000 . ,
, 43, 2000, 405-415.
1993 . . ,
,
, II, 1993, 63-74.
1998 . . , -
, 1998.
2000 . , , , ,
, 2001,
2000, 395-397.
1997 . ,
, II/1-2, 1997, 87-95.
[] 1998 . ,
,
, 1998.
1999 . , - , IV/1-2,
1999, 821-830.
2003 . , , , 8, , 2003,
98-108.
1988 . . , -
, ,
( ),
1988.
1996 . . , . *viti
, , 1996, 104-113.
1996 . . , ,
, 1, , 1996, 47-55.

160

1997 . . ,
, 2, , 1997, 7-17.
1998 . . ,
, 3, , 1998, 27-41.
2004 . , ,
: , 2004, 131-137.
2000 . ,
, 2000.
1883 . . ,
, 1883.
1996 . ,
, 1996.
1996 . , , 1, ,
1996, 85-88.
1988 . . ,
, ,
( ), 1988.
1997 . , , 2, , 1997, 163185.
1998 . ,
, III/1-2, 1998, 29-55.
1998 . , , 1(17),
1998, 21-24.
1999 . : , XXXIII/1-2,
1999, 76-89.
1995 .
, . I, 1995.
1999 .
, . II, 1999.
, , 2001.
. , . . , . ,
, 1998.
// 1989 . , . , . ,
,
1989.
1988 . , ,
1988.
1970 . , , 1970.
1988 . . , / (< *bolg-)
, International
Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics XXXVII, 1988, 73-114.
1995 . . , -
(oras : , ), Dialectologia

161

Slavica, IV, 1995,

249-257.
1996 . . , , 1996.
1974 . . ,
, ,
1974.
1932 . . ,
, , VIII,
1932.
1989 . . , , Text ustny
Texte oral, M. Abramowicz, J. Bartmiski (.), Wrocaw 1989, 9-16.
1992 . . ,
, ,
I, 1992, 33-45.
1993 . . , ,
III, , 47-59.
1999 . . ,
, Jerusalem in Slavic Culture, Jews and Slavs VI, Jerusalem-Ljubljana
1999, 51-68.
2000 . . , ,
, 2000, 101-111.
2001 . . 2001, ,
2001(3), 2001, 2-3.
/ 1974 . . . . ,
, ,

, 1(5), 1974, 42-45.
/ 1988 . . . . ,
, .
X , , 1988,
, 1988, 250-264.
/ 1995 . . . . ,
, :
, 1995, 488-489.
/ 1995 . . . . ,
, .
, 1995, 317-332.
[] 2002 . . , :
, CCCXCIV
, , 19, , 2002, 27-36.
1965 . . , : 3.
; 4. ; 5. , , ,
1965, 133-147.

162

1982 . . , ,
, ,
, 1982, 57-71.
1988 . . , ,
, (
), 1988.
1994 . . ,
: (), 94(2),
1994, 18-19.
1995 . . , , 1995.
1995 . . , ,
,
, . . ,
1995, 144-165.
1995 . . , -
, Dialectologia slavica. 85- . .
, IV, 1995,
36-39.
1991 . ,
, 1991.
2002 . , ,
, , 2,
2002, 91-105.
1925 . ,
, LII, 1925.
1959 . . ,
, 1959.
1977 . . , -
( - ),
, 1977, 21-76.
1999 . . ,
, .
, 1999, 85-104.
2001 . . , , Hommo
Balcanicus, ,
VI, 2001, 108-110.
1973 . . ,
, ,
1973, 137-145.
2004 . , / ,
, . (.), 2004, 67-82.
2002 . , ,
2002, http://www.ethnology-dep.org/EAZ_02/Cvetanovska_EAZ_02_mak.pdf

163

1990 . . ,
, 1990.
1999 . . , .
, 1999.
1960 . , .
, 1-
. . - , . 23, 1960, 55-74.
- 1986 . -,
- -
, 1984, 1986,
224-239.

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,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,



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,
,

*
AfslPH Archiv fr slavische Philologie
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167

6. INDICES

6.1.

.

, .

,
.

,
.
,

. - ,


. (.
, , ,
.) , ( ,
() ),
.
(. . ,

.)
168

Indices

( , ()
).
()
(),
.
.
:
6.1: :

:
,
,

/
( )

=



, ,
,

()
()
()

169

6.2:

, , ;
, ,

,


, ;
,

:
6.3:

(),

()

170

Indices

(esse)






/



( )







()

(, )

171

()

( )

172

Indices

(= )


























/ ( )
( )

()
()

173

( )

/ ()

174

Indices

()

175

176

Indices

(= )

(= )

177

()

178

Indices

, -

,





()
()





()

179

()
()
()
()

180

Indices

()

() ()

()

181

()

()

()

()

182

Indices

()

()

183

()

184

Indices

()

()

()

()

185

()

()

()




()

186

Indices

()

( )

()

()

187

()

()




()

()

()

188

Indices

()

/ ()

()

()

189

()
()

()
()

190

Indices

()

/-

()

191

()

()

192

Indices

()

()

()

()

193

()

194

Indices

()
()

()
()

195

()

196

Indices

()

197

()

()

( )

198

Indices

()

()

199

()

200

Indices

()

()

()

201

/ -
()

202

Indices

()

()

()

()

()

203

204

Indices

6.2.
, . 52, 55, 71 (72), 73,
92, 94, 104, 124, 126
, . . 27, 49, 57, 70, 122
, . 29, 31, 121
, . 81
, . 98
, . 31, 72, 81, 86, 107,
111, 115
, . . 106
, . 106, 144
, . . 93
, . 128
, . . 106
, . 60, 64, 84, 92, 95, 104,
108, 110, 112, 113, 121, 140, 141
, . 123
, . 95, 96, 114
, . (Boas, F.) 17
, . 40, 52, 64, 74, 87
, . 27
, . 31, 67
, . 102
, . 98
, (Giovanni
Bocaccio) 44
, . . 119
, . 67
, . 86
, . 41
, . . 66
, . 74
, . 57, 115

, . . 118
, . 75
, . 110
, . . 87
, . . 16, 27, 49, 57,
74, 81, 84, 86, 111
, . 20, 30 ( 29?), 32,
33, 117, 134, 135, 138
, . 85, 92
, . 37, 67, 71, 74, 82, 84,
103, 113, 114
-, . 68
, . 29, 128
, . 70
, . . (Whorf, B. L.) 17
, . 40, 41
, . 133
, . . 64
, . 125
, . 52, 129
, . 40
, . 57
, . 94
, . 107, 123
, . . 39, 41, 130
, . . 31
, . . 88, 95, 119
, . 63
, . . 55, 81
, . 83, 91, 106
, . 102
, . 34, 119, 120

205

, 44
35, 36
, . 112, 113, 115
, . 35
-, . 117
, . 57, 74, 80, 114, 124
, . 87
, . 102, 115
, . . 124
, . 81
, . 123
, . 30, 31, 80, 81, 82, 86,
100, 107, 119, 120, 128, 129
, . 102
, . 40
, . 45
, . . 19, 66, 110
, . 23, 58, 75, 77, 78, 108,
114, 115, 119, 133, 134, 135, 138
, . 74, 136
, . 36, 56, 57, 128
, . 118
, . 70, 75, 109, 111, 117,
120, 121, 122, 123, 125
, . . 72, 74
, . 120
, . 68, 78, 115
, . 82
, . . 111
, . 102
, . 30 ( 29?), 34, 71,
77, 98, 99, 107, 108, 109, 113, 116,
122, 136
, . 38
, . . 18

, . 34, 133, 135, 136,

138, 139
, . 57
, . 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96,
98, 104, 110, 121, 128, 129, 143
, . . 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41,
44, 47, 48, 56, 59, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72,
75, 79, 82, 83, 92, 98, 117, 125, 126,
134, 138, 139
, . 107, 111, 112
, . 32 ( 31?), 117
, . 24, 53, 68, 69, 84, 94,
103, 110, 113, 116, 117, 121, 128, 131,
143, 144
, . . 57, 111
, . . 111
, . . 33, 64, 70, 87
, . 107
, 43, 79
, 126
-, . 98
, . 106
, . (, .) 27
, . . 106
, . 35, 54, 71 (72), 84, 86, 94,
95, 99, 113, 121, 124, 126, 131
, . 9, 39, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
58, 60, 61, 63, 78, 79, 82, 83, 92, 93,
97, 105, 110, 127, 136, 139
, . . 91, 106
, 126
, . 93
, . 9
, . 115
(Marco Polo) 43
, . 75, 80
, . 117, 121
73, 122
, . . Mencej, M.
, . 71, 112
, . 74, 80

206

Indices

, . . 134
, . 36
, . . 87
43
, . 118, 122
-, . 38
, . 78
, . 49
, . 38
, . . 27, 107, 111, 112, 118
-, . 9, 35, 36, 127
, . . 53, 63, 72, 78, 82
, . 23, 25, 30 (
29?), 49, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63,
64, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 77, 78, 83,
84, 89, 92, 94, 95, 99, 102, 104, 106,
107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 116, 117,
118, 133, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143
, . . 98, 103, 105, 139, 140
, . 117
, . 79, 81
, . . 28
I, 127
, . 111
, . 38
- 84
, . 38, 40, 41, 64, 82, 87
, . (, .) 37
, . . 102
, . 23, 44, 48, 59, 77
, . . 127
, . 64
, . . 46
-, . 69, 130
93
, . 59
, . 32
, . . 80
, . 68, 124, 136, 140

, . . 83
, . 84, 100, 110, 112, 140
, . . 60
, . 31, 39, 82
, . 68
, . 27, 51, 60, 62, 106
, . . 31
, . . 27, 79, 82, 86,
87, 96, 129
, . 118
, . 107
, . 34, 54, 64, 85
, . 17, 66
, 49
, 32
, . . 120, 134, 135
43
, . 52, 53, 54, 55
, . 58, 109
, . 9, 46, 70, 127, 128,
137
, . 120
, . 137
, . 102
, . 61, 69, 78
, . 122
, . 42 ( 41?)
, . 80, 107
, . 82
, . 123
, . . 40, 64
, . . 124
, . . 88
, . (Sapir, E.) 17
61, 83
, . . 27, 31
, 44
, . 9, 30, 55, 56, 66, 82, 84,
88, 117, 118, 124, 126, 140
, . 84, 104, 128
, . 42

207

, . (Saussure, F.) 30
, . 61, 72, 73, 82, 83, 100,
116, 121, 137
, . 94
, . 56
, . 49
, . 49
, . . 80
, . 87, 113
, . . 121
, . . 102
, . . 74, 80, 100
, . . 72
, . 34, 38, 61
, . . 72
, . 57, 80
, . . (, . .) 15,
16, 15, 18, 27, 31, 65, 66, 69, 74, 78,
97, 103, 121
, . . (, . .) 7,
17, 19, 25, 27, 33, 51, 54, 65, 66, 74,
109, 110, 132
, . 69
, . . 72, 74
, . 95
, . 54, 138
, . 49, 58, 74 (75), 94,
124
, . 102
127
, . 74
, . . 93, 95
, . 102
, . . 44, 58, 70, 72, 73, 78,
85, 111, 118
, . . 74
, . 45, 105
, . 19, 22, 55, 68, 118,
127

(Helmold) 43
(Herbordus) 93
, . 65, 108, 109, 117, 123,
125
, . 37
, . 87
, . . 42
, . 31
, . . 18, 98
(), 44
, . 35, 124
, . 98
, . 134
, . 74
, . . 72
, . . 39
, . . 66
-, . 95
, I. . 102
*
Adam, B. 108
Adamowski, J. 103, 104, 106
Anusiewicz, J. 140
Ardali, V. 63
Austin, G. A. 28
Balarin, N. 52, 74 (75), 84, 113
Banovi, S. 36, 125
Bartmiski, J. 16, 18, 27, 62
Belaj, V. 58
Beljkai, Lj. 124
Benveniste, E. 102
Bogii, V. 48
Brckner, A. 97
Bruner, J. S. 28
Caraman, P. 31, 49

208

Indices

Cercha, S. 40
oli, J. 37
ubeli, T. 25, 26, 30 (ili 29?), 32, 40,
67, 69, 70, 71, 85, 89, 94, 103, 111,
113, 115, 121, 127, 128, 134, 135, 137
Deeli, D. S. 120
Ducange 47
Dukova, U. . , .
Duranti, A. 17
Fedorowski, M. 128
Fialkova, L. 106
Filipovi, M. . , .
Francev, F. 48
Gawda, E. 64
Gold, J. R. 91, 106
Goodnow, J. J. 28
Grannes, A. 81
Gri-Bjelokosi, L. 36, 59
Grzegorczykowa, R. 18, 27
Hill, J. H. 18
Hirtz, M. 34, 35, 36, 38, 39
Holub, J. 82
Ili, L. 25, 46
Ivanievi, F. 36, 71, 102, 113, 126,
128
Ivi, M. . , .
Jaerova, K. 24, 52
Jovievi, A. 25
Jovovi, M. 125
Jurii, B. 82
Karstedt, L. 18
Katii, R. 58, 120, 134, 135
Kelemina, J. 104
Klari, I. 66
Kopen, F. 82

Koreni, S. 111
Krek, G. 47
Krinenfeld, D. B. 65
Krie, M. 21, 48
Kulier, A. 124
Kurelac, F. 134
Kuret, N. 70
Lang, M. 42, 126
Lavandera, B. R. 17
ega, W. 104
Lovreti, F. 118
Machek, V. 144
Makiewicz, J. 18
Mannheim, B. 18
Marinovi, A. 52, 68, 69, 71, 75, 78,
80, 100, 110, 112, 117, 124, 132, 134,
138, 144
Matei, J. 75, 122, 130
Mencej, M. 70, 101, 104, 135
Meyer, C. H. 43
Mikloi, F. 43
Mileti, I. 48
Milievi, F. 22, 26, 52, 63, 67, 88,
117, 130, 132
Mladenova, O. 19, 28
Mller, M. 65
Muraj, . 93, 107, 119
Nazor, A. 37 (ili 36?), 58, 93, 113,
121, 128, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 139
Niewiadomski, D. 55, 73, 84, 100,
101
Palmer, G. B. 17
Palunko, V. 21, 26, 71, 74
Piper, P. . , .
Pleternik, M. 82
Radenkovi, R. . , .
Rihtman-Augutin, D. 142

209

Rihtman-otri, D. 23, 58, 61, 64, 71,

72, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 86, 87, 92, 94,
99, 100, 101, 105, 112, 121, 129, 136,
137
Ritig-Beljak, N. 40
Roi, V. 42
Rundblad, G. 65
Simi, Lj. 68, 71, 73, 96, 99, 110
Skok, P. 46, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 59, 65,
68, 72, 78, 80, 82, 87, 116
Sovre, B. A. 127
Stelmachowska, B. 70
Stojanovi, M. 37
Stojkovi, M. 36
ajnovi, I. 64, 71, 73, 100, 116, 143
ari, I. J. 20, 26, 30 (ili 29?), 142
ivic-Dular, A. 40, 144
kalji, A. 103, 126
kari, M. 22, 58, 61, 73, 84, 100,
103, 112, 128, 130
trekelj, K. 120

Terseglav, M. 55, 96, 107

Todorova, M. 28
Tokarski, R. 18
Uhlik, R. 124
Vennemann, T. 65
Vlai, P. 24, 61, 79, 80, 81, 86, 88,
116, 129, 130, 131
Vries, de J. 65
Vukovi, M. 38, 87
Wierzbicka, A. 19, 27
Wilbur, R. B. 81
Yelenevskaya, M. N. 106
Zerubavel, E. 108
Zori, M. 53, 67, 103
Zovko, I. 118, 122, 124
ganec, V. 37, 40
ulji, M. 102

6.3.
133
17
18
18
31
128, 137
139
125
7, 46, 69, 74, 97, 98, 119, 123,
124, 127, 128, 132, 137
31, 39, 43, 46, 48, 49, 51,
57, 68, 70, 93, 95, 99, 118, 132, 133,
145
31

57
81

128
143

32
32

51
17, 66
144

210

Indices

17-18
17
27
27, 109
17

98
( )
142
142
142
142

27
27
27
17

145
30-33
33-42
15-16
145
20-25
25-26
51
15-16
117, 143

30
30
30
31, 33, 39, 40, 43, 48, 49, 51,
68, 69, 70, 75, 93, 109, 111, 117, 118,
119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136,
138, 141, 144, 145
31
- 31
132
31

15, 16, 48, 49, 51, 107, 119

85, 117
117
15, 16, 49, 51, 57, 58,
62, 67, 79, 106, 107, 119
41
15, 16, 50, 51, 57, 58,
60, 61, 66, 67, 79, 88, 107, 129
83, 89, 129
17

39 ( 38?)
17, 66
81
30
58
62
62, 107
61
17, 18, 19, 27, 28, 42,
90, 91, 113, 137, 140
98
18-19
106
101, 105, 144-145
106
15, 144-145
105
31, 43, 47-48
48
16, 17, 39,
65-67, 75, 126
16
129
48, 51
55, 81, 82
32
118, 139

211

.
143
83, 89, 129
83
129
133
31
29, 48, 98
31
62
111
103
.
85, 120

17

141
59, 61
32
132, 143
71, 113,
122

59, 61
62, 107
117, 143-144

6.4. ,

/ 78
64, 65

128
(*vorta) 101

38, 52, 56-57

, - 116
114
142
, - 121
69
77-78
97
96, 100
98
130

106, 108, 144-145

55-56
139
66

66 (67?)
39-40
79-80, 81, 82, 110
- 79-80, 81
127-128
128

77-78
/ 77, 78
*dvri 101-102
(*dvor) 101-102
97
77

75, 76, 137
74
106
107
107
107

212

Indices

107
106
106-107
107
26, 53, 63, 142
52, 55
46
39
127
(. *sdorv) 45, 64
43-44, 47
45-46
115
138
71
jun 79
130
59
142
83
55-56
122
121
121-122
119
119
110, 113
41
78
92-93
75
() 126
114, 115
112-113
() 142
127-128
121-123

66, 75
73-74
66, 75
104
() 142
47-48
134
120
82
119-120
102
48
92, 104, 144
78
72, 78
108, 109
63
63
77
77, 142
122
104-105, 136
99
80
68
87
87-88
87, 141, 142
80
95
103
123
102
129-132, 143
77
60, 142
77
48
137
38

213

71
121, 122,
123

122
121
122
78
138
105, 136
* rd 63
* rdom 63
/ 67-68
58
127
127
127
132, 139, 140
66
122-123
94-95
135
82
83
94, 99
95
45
83
142
72, 78, 141, 142

72, 142
79
100
100
57
121-122
140, 141
83
82
130
103
102
105
, 41
93
, 36
, 34-36, 38
, 34-35
34-35
142
69
121-122
142
121-122, 123
99, 135-136

214

Summary

The Ritual Toast of Balkan Slavs

Summary
The toast is a form of ritual text that is performed in Slavic traditional
culture at all important events, both in the personal life cycle (childs birth,
baptism, marriage, even death) and in the annual agrarian cycle (Christmas
and other religious holidays). The folklore text of the toast in South Slavic
languages is a relatively stable oral form in which the addresser (usually one
of the guests) pronounces good wishes and formulae that ought to protect
the addressee (usually a householder, his family and property). The folklore
text of the ritual toast, which exists in the Serbo-Croatian area, is used as a
basis for the analysis of the present study; folklore texts in all Slavic lan
guages that contain the same linguistic elements and folklore formulae are
also considered, since the meanings and functions of the toasts texts are
revealed only if analyzed in the broader context of Slavic oral tradition.
The analysis presented consists of two parts; in the first part, formulae
constituting the text of the toast, their structure and position in the system
of Slavic ritual texts are analyzed. In the second part, the text of the Balkan
ritual toast is used as a source of information on the world model common
for users of this ritual form. In the first part, where the toast is approached
from the perspective from culture towards text, particular elements that
constitute text of ritual toast receive their complete meaning when observed
in the broader cultural context. The analysis conducted in the second part,
from the perspective from text towards culture, enables us to determine
the position of values and beliefs designated by lexica and formulae found
in the ritual toast within the broader framework of the Slavic traditional
215

culture. Shifting the scope from particular lexemes to broader textual level
and then to extra-linguistic aspects of rituals and beliefs makes it possible
to detect basic ideas contained in the ritual toast which are rooted in folk
tradition.
The text of Balkan-Slavic ritual toast has a logical structure at
first, good wishes for fertility and abundance are expressed in the form of
blessing, and then potential punishments follow, dedicated to those who
could endanger either the addressee of the good wishes, or his family and
property. Such reconstruction of the toasts ideal structure indicates that the
toast is a text whose roots can be traced back to ancient times. The lexicon
found in this text also supports this argument: in the texts of ritual toast
one finds lexical items that no longer exist in the contemporary Serbian
language, such as the adverb sporo a lot, or the noun pismo coloring.
Moreover, some lexical items found in this text represent valuable and rare
pieces of evidence for the existence of certain lexical forms in the Serbian
language cf., for example, the derivation tatica female thief noted in the
text of the toast ( 1887, 1991) which was not noted
in the pilot volume of the Serbian etymological dictionary ( () s.v.
).
Along with lexica proving ancientness of the South Slavic ritual
toast, there are lexical elements indicating its dynamic nature and adopta
bility to actual social circumstances, relations and norms. The collection of
toasts published at the end of the 19th century by Ivan Josipov ari (ari
[1890] 1994) provides us with a picture of that times Croatian bourgeois
society, highlighting the most important moments in which toasts were pro
nounced. Apart from key moments in the annual and personal life cycles,
engagement, silver and golden anniversaries and birthdays are among these
important moments. Toasts collected by ari were dedicated to a scientist,
a poet, a singer, a soldier, a physician, a bookman, a peasant, a fireman...
which gives us important information about bourgeois social structure of
that time (cf. Rihtman-Augutin 1994: 247).
An overview of the toasts lexical inventory suggests its great diver
sity: there are common Slavic lexica preserved as relicts in this folklore
form (such as sporo, sporiti, pismo), then elements belonging to the Church
Slavonic lexicon that entered into this folklore text through the Christiani
zation of the ritual of giving a toast (such as molenije/moljenije, omlaije,
poslaenije, skonanije, liturgija/leturija), as well as words of Turkish or
igin that substituted for Slavic lexical elements. The most important terms
referring to the ritual (dolibaa, au) and the most important ideas ex
216

Summary

pressed by the toast (hair, beriet plentifulness, abundance) are borrowed

from the Turkish language.
Lexical innovations detected in the ritual toasts text may be divided
into two groups. In the first group, there are lexical borrowings designating
objects that became part of the Serbian culture and everyday life recently
(such as kami pipe); these alloglottic lexemes do not have exact Slavic
equivalents. In the second group, there are lexical innovations such as hair,
beriet, duman, sokak etc., where alloglottic (most frequently Turkish)
lexeme replaced an already existing Slavic word.
Outlined lexical layers indicate the lexical instability of the toast
the lexicon constituting its text is in fact a reflection of the vernacular at
a certain period of time. This could be explained by the fact that the ritual
toast is performed among people who know each other, as well as by the
requirement of the relevance of the texts content for its hearers. This is the
reason why we found many pieces of locally relevant information in this
text (see chapter 3.4.2.1.3.).
The fact that the text of a toast is pronounced in a group of people who
are familiar with each other has also caused a de-ritualization of some of the
texts of toast. Such texts are perceived as parodies having a ludic function,
while their ritual function is lost. The parodic effect is accomplished by
introducing elements characteristic of the local setting, by using lexicon
which is not characteristic of traditional culture, or by replacing the real
addressee of the texts message with an inappropriate one.
The concepts of time, space, and positively and negatively connoted
features are part of common world conceptualization in the Slavic tradition
al culture, but in the Balkan-Slavic toast they are shaped by values defined
by the community having this ritual in its cultural repertoire. The nature of
the toast, its functions and the ritual context in which the toast is performed
constrained certain peculiarities in the model of the world reflected in this
ritual text. In the spatial conceptualization reflected in the toast, the space is
divided into the familiar and unfamiliar, and the boundary between the two
is represented by the border of the addressees estate. Categories belong
ing to terminology of customary law such as naplaivati dugove recover
debts, kupovati buy, prodavati sell have an important position in the
structure of the ritual text.
The familiar space as presented in the toasts text consists of a
householders estate; this space is organized in concentric circles. The
householder and his family, as well as the land and cattle possessed by
him, are situated within this familiar space. They occur in those parts of the
217

toasts text in which good wishes are pronounced. Curses addressed to a

potential enemy usually concern threats directed to enemys body, which is
in accordance with the nature of curses in Slavic traditional culture, where
the curse should endanger basic bodily existence of an enemy.
The most important function of the ritual toast is ensuring a plentiful
harvest and abundance, fertility of cattle in the following agrarian cycle, as
well as healthy and numerous offspring in the householders family. There
fore daughters-in-law, and not daughters, take the privileged position in the
texts structure, since the former should ensure the continuity of household
ers family, while the latter have this function in the family they go to upon
marriage. For the same reason, physical beauty is not among the leading
motives in the text, since it is irrelevant for the toasts main function.
The basic temporal unit in the toasts text is the year: That is true both
for toasts that follow rituals belonging to the annual cycle, and for those
performed during the individuals life cycle. The explanation for this is to
be found in the predominantly agrarian character of the ritual toast and its
basic functions. Abundance and fertility should not only be ensured, but
also maintained. Continuity is therefore one of the main ideas in the tempo
ral conceptualization that can be read from the text of the ritual toast.

218