Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1021
-3
..
-2
-1
..
-4
..
-5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 /1
:1-1
1/1
:2-1
:3-1
:4-1
:5-1
:1/5-1
1/1
3/1
4/1
4/1
14/1
:2/5-1
11/1
:3/5-1
11/1
:1/3/5-1
11/1
:2//3/5-1
11/1
:3/3/5-1
11/1
:4/5-1
11/1
:1-2
:2-2
:1/2-2
:2/2-2
:3/2-2
:4/2-2
:3-2
1/2
1/2
1/2
2/2
3/2
4/2
4/2
12/2
:1-3
:2-3
:3-3
:1/3-3
:4-3
:1/4-3
:2/3-3
:5-3
1 /3
1/3
1/3
2/3
2/3
3/3
1/3
10/3
10/3
:1/5-3
10/3
:2/5-3
:3/5-3
:4/5-3
:5/5-3
:1/5-3
:1/5-3
:1/5-3
:1/5-3
:1-3
:1/1-3
:2/1-3
11/3
11/3
11/3
12/3
12/3
12/3
14/3
11/3
11/3
11/3
21/3
:1-4
:2-4
:1/2-4
:2/2-4
:3/2-4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
:4/2-4
2 /4
:5/2-4
2/4
:1/2-4
3/4
:1/3-4
3/4
:2/3-4
3/4
:3-4
:4-4 )(CLTD
3/4
4/4
:1/4-4
4/4
:2/4-4
1/4
22/4
:1-5
:2-5
:1/2-5
3-5
:1/3-5
1/5
1/5
1/5
5/5
1/5
:2/3-5
1/5
:1/4-5
1/5
:4-5 _
:2/4-5
:5-5
1/5
1/5
1/5
:1/5-5
1/5
:3/5-5
11/5
:2/5-5
10/5
12/5
1 /1
:1-1
1/1
:2-1
:1/2-1
:2/2-1
:3/2-1
1/1
2/1
2/1
21/1
:1-1
:1/1-1
:2/1-1
:3/1-1
:4/1-1
:5/1-1
:2-1
:3-1
:4-1
:1/4-1
:2/4-1
1/1
1/1
2/1
3 /1
1 /1
1 /1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
10/1
:3/4-1
10/1
:5/4-1
11/1
:4/4-1
11/1
12/1
:1-1
:2-1
:1/2-1
:3-1
:1/3-1
:2/3-1
:3/3-1
:4/3-1
:5/3-1
:1/3-1
:1/3-1
:4-1
:1/4-1
:2/4-1
:3/4-1
:4/4-1
:5-1
:1/5-1
:2/5-1
3/5-1
:1-1
:1/1-1
:2/1-1
:3/1-1
:1-1
:1/1-1
:2/1-1
:3/1-1
1 /1
1/1
2/1
3/1
3/1
3 /1
5/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
10/1
10/1
11/1
11/1
11/1
11/1
11/1
12/1
12/1
12/1
12/1
13/1
13/1
11/1
11/1
11/1
11/1
:4/1-1
11/1
:5/1-1
20/1
22/1
:1-1
23/1
:1-1
:1/1-1
:2/1-1
:3/1-1
:4/1-1
1/1
1/1
1/1
2/1
3/1
:5/1-1
4/1
:1/2-1
5/1
:2-1
:2/2-1
5/1
1/1
:3/2-1
1/1
:1/3-1
1/1
:3-1
:2/3-1
:4-1
:1/4-1
:2/4-1
:5-1
:1/5-1
1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
10/1
10/1
10/1
:2/5-1
11/1
:1/1-1
11/1
:1-1
:2/1-1
:1-1
:1/1-1
11/1
12/1
12/1
12/1
:2/1-1
15/1
15/1
:1-1
:1/1-1
:2/1-1
15/1
11/1
11/1
:1-10
:2-10
:1/2-10
:2/2-10
1/10
1/10
1/10
2/10
:3/2-10
2/10
:3-10
1/10
:4/2-10
:1/3-10
:2/3-10
3/10
1/10
1/10
:3/3-10
1/10
:5-10
1/10
:4-10
:1-10
1/10
10/10
:1-10
10/10
:2/1-10
11/10
:1/1-10
:3/1-10
:4/1-10
:5/1-10
:1-10
10/10
11/10
11/10
11/10
12/10
15/10
1/11
:1-11
1/11
:2-11
1/11
:3-11
:1/3-11
:2/3-11
:3/3-11
:4/3-11
:4-11
:5-11
:1/5-11
:2/5-11
:1-11
:1/1-11
:2/1-11
:3/1-11
:4/1-11
:1-11
1/11
1/11
2/11
2/11
2/11
3/11
3/11
4/11
4/11
4/11
10/11
12/11
12/11
13/11
15/11
:1-12
:2-12
:1/2-12
:2/2-12
:3/2-12
:4/2-12
:3-12
:4-12
1/12
1/12
1/12
2/12
2/12
5/12
5/12
1/12
:5-12
11/12
12/12
:1-13
:2-13
:3-13
:4-13
:5-13
:1/5-13
:2/5-13
:3/5-13
:1-13
:1-13
1/13
3/13
4/13
4/13
4/13
4/13
4/13
4/13
5/13
5/13
:1-1
: 2-1
... .
3-1 :
.. 2/404
2022
-:
2 /2
-1
-2
-
-:
-3
:
-
) Factor
-4
-5
-
.. 2/404
(Diversity
.....
-:
2022
.
2 /2
.
:4-1 :
-1
-2
:
.
-3
-4
-5
.. 2/404
....
2022
3 /2
:5-1
:1/ 5-1
Total Load
Walls(Conduction Load)
Radiation Load
People Load
Lighting Load
Ventilation Load
Equipment Load
Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient
Temperature of Condition
Space
Inside Design Temperature
Outside Design Temperature
Supply Air Temperature
Temperature Difference
Inside Convection Heat
Transfer Coefficient
Outside Convection Heat
Transfer Coefficient
Shadow Coefficient
Sensible Ventilation Load
Latent Ventilation Load
4 /2
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Diversity Factor
Cooling Load
18
19
21
21
Air duct
22
Sound level
23
2022
2/404 ..
Air leak
24
Initial cost
25
Pressure losses
26
Equal friction
Static regain
27
28
Ventilation
29
Dynamic losses
31
Equivalent diameter
31
Losses Factor
32
Fitting
33
34
Contraction
35
Enlargement
36
Bend
37
Guide vane
38
Branch
39
Supply air
41
Return air
41
Air distribution
42
Cooling tower
43
Air washer
44
45
Chilled water
Reverse return
Equivalent length
46
47
48
Total hardness
49
Automatic control
51
Expansion system
5 /2
2022
2/404 ..
Control action
51
Control mode
52
Output signal
53
Proportional factor
54
55
Gain
56
Offset
57
58
59
61
Control device
61
Control agent
62
Diaphragm
63
Pneumatic
64
Close loop
65
Open loop
66
67
68
69
71
71
General conditions
Name plate
72
73
Site test
74
Calibration certificate
75
Report
76
77
78
Confidence test
Random readings
6 /2
2022
2/404 ..
79
Final acceptation
81
approval
81
Conical
82
Noise level
83
Scope
84
System
85
Absorption
86
Active System
87
Cascade
88
Reabsorbed
89
Administrative Authority
91
Standard air
91
Equipment
92
Air Conditioning
93
Air Treatments
94
Requirements
95
Process
96
Heat exchangers
97
Blowers
98
Filters
99
Supply air
111
Return air
111
()
Exhaust air
112
Apparatus
113
Air duct
114
Conduit
115
Passageway
116
Plenum
117
Conveying air
.. 2/404
2022
7 /2
Materials
118
Class
119
Connectors
111
Spray System
111
Humidifying
112
Dehumidifying
113
Combustion Chamber
114
Space
115
Compressor
116
Machine
117
Accessories
118
Compressing
119
Refrigerant Vapor
121
Compressor unit
121
Liquid Receiver
122
Condensate
123
Separate
124
Reduction
125
126
Drip pan
127
Piping
128
Collection
129
Discharge
131
Reliable
131
Suitable manner
132
Metal
133
Parts
134
Metallic
135
Alloys
136
8 /2
2022
2/404 ..
137
Melting temperature
138
Brine
139
Transmission
141
State
141
Flash Point
142
Approved Manner
143
Burner
144
Fuel
145
Conveyance
146
Combustion
147
148
Accessory Apparatus
149
High Pressure
151
Low Pressure
151
Pressure Vessel
152
Labeled
153
Seal
154
Label
155
Cooling coils
156
Evaporator
157
Condenser
158
Arrangement of Pipe
159
Vaporized refrigerant
161
Liquefied
161
Removal of heat
162
Condensing unit
163
164
Furnished accessories
165
Confined space
.. 2/404
2022
9 /2
166
167
Outside atmosphere
168
Duct Coverings
169
Adhesive
171
Insulation
171
Banding
172
Coating
173
Fan casing
174
Duct plenum
175
Duct lining
176
Enclosure
177
Overflow
178
Buffing Flanges
179
Centrifugal Fan
181
Propeller
181
Forward bladed
182
WG
183
184
Gate Valves
185
Check Valve
184
Balancing Cocks
185
186
187
Evaporative Cooling
188
Air Coolers
189
Alteration
191
Heating System
191
Ventilating System
192
Refrigeration System
.. 2/404
2022
20/2
192
Approved
193
Authority
194
Official
195
Jurisdiction
196
Boiler
197
Vessel
198
Steam
199
Hot Water
211
Heat
211
Capacity
212
Nominal Capacity
213
Steam boilers
214
Pressure
215
Buildings
216
Structures
217
Brazed joint
218
Gastight joint
219
Operating Conditions
211
211
212
213
Passage
214
Fire
215
Smoke
216
Combustion
217
Rapid oxidation
218
Light
219
Quantity
221
Volume
.. 2/404
2022
22/2
22/2
Refrigeration Capacity
221
Ton of refrigeration, TR
222
Heating capacity
223
Evaporation rate
224
Air handling
225
Chimney
226
Enclosure
227
Residential
228
Products of combustion
229
Combustion gases
231
Flue outlet
231
Assembly
232
Registers
233
Grilles
234
Hoods
235
Air Filter
236
Airborne solids
237
Fire damper
238
Detection of heat
239
Closure
241
Interrupt
241
242
Restrict
243
Flame
244
Furnace
245
Self-contained unit
246
Electric energy
247
Heat exchanger
248
Transfer
249
2022
2/404 ..
Medium
251
Duct System
251
Duct fittings
252
Dampers
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
261
Heating element
261
262
Ceiling
263
Air compartment
264
265
266
Factory assembled
267
Absorption unit
268
Refrigerant
269
Depth
271
Thickness
271
Width
272
Pipes
273
Automatic
274
Volt
275
Watt
276
Ampere
277
23/2
2022
2/404 ..
278
Louver
279
Induction Unit
281
Axial Fans
281
Vane axial
282
Impeller Wheel
283
284
Fire Dampers
285
Angle Valves
286
Globe Valve
287
Butterfly Valves
288
289
Cavitation
391
Air Washers
391
:2/ 5-2
-1 )(Thermal transmittance
( UValue .)W/m2
-2 Infiltration
.
-3 Ventilation
.
-4 Solar Energy
.
-5 Thermal Conductivity
.
.. 2/404
2022
24/2
-01 Fans
.
.
-01 Air Filters
.
-41
Evaporative Cooling
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
25/2
-28 Dehumidifiers
.
:3/ 5-1
()Units
)(Symbol
A
Ag
/.2
U
Vinf
Vvent
/.
/ . 2
hi
/ . 2
ho
Qlatent
Qsensible
.. 2/404
2022
DR
26/2
2/3/5-1
()Units
)(Symbol
3/3/5-1
wall
at
.. 2/404
)(Symbol
i
fe
2022
27/2
)Abbreviations( :4/5-1
ACH
Ail Change Per Hour
AMCA
ANSI
ARI
ASHRAE
Engineer
ASME
ASTM
BSI
KVA
Kilovolt- Ampere
LAT
Latitude
Long
Longitude
MDB
MDP
28/2
2022
2/404 ..
ASHRAE-Handbook Fundamentals, The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 2009.
29/2
2022
2/404 ..
- ]1[
:1-2
" " .
"
" . ( )Climate ( )Weather
.
,
() .
,
,
.
,
, , , .
,
,
,
. ,
"
,
.
2-2 )Climate Elements( :
1/2-2 :
,
.
.
( )028 -82.0 .
. ()%03
,
,
.
/ ( , )W/m2
. ,
.
:
-1 ( )563.
-2 ( )22 .
:2/2-2 )Temperature( :
,
,
.
.
:
( )
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
:
.
.
.2
.
:3/2-2 ()Wind
.
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
, :
-1
-2
-5
-2 .
(/) ( /) , ( /) .
.
-:
-1 : ( )8-1/.
-2 : ( )11/.
( )
,
.
.
:4 / 2-2 :
.
.
.
.
.
.
:3-2
, 3-
26 31
. ,
.
.
,
.
-:
- :
( )1111-211
53 .
-
.
-
%01
( )211-31
, ( )31-23
,
.
:
1/3-2
((1
74
11
0.
1084
0721
008.0
778.0
74
.83
00
08
13
.87
08834
74840
71
883
1083
88
1083
..0
0180.
70813
7.
883
.83
44
13
030
03833
73873
71
17
01
11
001
03874
77878
70
17
0.
14
38
0.88
7780.
74
783
17
03
1083
01808
738.3
7.
183
14
40
1.83
300
0180.
71800
71
10
80
13
180
07884
7.804
1/4-2 ()
()2
2/4-2 ()
()2
3/4-2 ()%
()2
4/4-2 ()%
()2
()2
()2
Weather Underground www. Wunerground
- ]1[
.)1191( , , , - ]2[
ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications,( 2009).
Victor Olgyay., Design with Climate, Bioclimatic
- ]3[
- ]4[
1-3
. ) .(ISO-7730
(
) .)Thermal Environment
, ) (81-55
).(ASHRAE
2-3
-:
. ( 5.43 ) ( 5.03 ) .
( 5.-55 ).
.
3-3
) 53 )
,
.
.
-:
,
,
.
,
.
.. 2/404
2022
2 /3
1/3-5
,
.
.
.
( )
:
M W = qsk + qres + S
)= (C + R + Esk) + (Cres + Eres) + (Ssk + Scr
)(3.3.1
:
2
Rate of Metabolic Heat Production, W/m
:M
2
Rate of Mechanical Work Accomplished, W/m
:W
2
Total Rate of Heat Loss From Skin, W/m
:qsk
:qres Total Rate of Heat Loss Through Respiration,
W/m2
Rate of Heat Storage in The Body, W/m2
:S
Sensible Heat Loss from Skin by
:C
Conductivity, W/m2
Sensible Heat Loss from Skin by
:R
Radiation, W/m2
Total Rate of Evaporative Heat Loss
:Esk
2
from Skin, W/m
Rate of Convective Heat Loss from
:Cres
2
Respiration, W/m
Rate of Evaporative Heat Loss from
:Eres
2
Respiration, W/m
Rate of Heat Storage in Skin Compartment,
:Ssk
2
W/m
Rate of Heat Storage in Core
:Scr
2
Compartment, W/m
4-3
,
( ) ,
.
.. 2/404
2022
2 /3
2/4-3
:
2/2/4-5 )Air Dry-Bulb Temperature (oC
2/2/4-3 )Relative Humidity (%
3/2/4-3 )Air Velocity (m/s
4/2/4-3 )Mean Radiant Temperature (oC
.
.
Thermal Comfort Zone
. ( )1/.-5
. ( )2/.-5
.
( :)1/.-5
.. 2/404
2022
3 /3
( :)2/.-5
( :)5/.-5
.
( )5/4-5
, ,
0.
(20 ) , ( )5/4-5
.. 2/404
2022
4 /3
.
( 3) ( 0. )
.
.
( )5/4-5
.
( )2/4-5 ( )0/4-5 ,
( :)2/4-3
()4
)(oC
2.
%
33 - 35
)(oC
21
%
35 - .5
35 .5
33 - 35
21
21
35 - .5
35 - .5
25 - 21
55 - 25
55 - 25
<25
<22
22
.5
22 - 25
25 - 33
25 - 21
51 - 22
25 - 21
22 - 25
35 - .5
25 - 21
55 - 25
22 - 25
33 - .5
22 - 25
33 - .5
22 - 25
33 - .5
22 - 25
33 - .5
22 - 22
35 - .5
22 - 22
35 - .5
15
22 - 25
33 - .3
22 - 25
.5 - 55
11
52 - 22
15 - .
12
22 - 25
33 - 35
25 - 21
55 - 25
15
22 - 25
33 - 35
25 - 21
35 - .5
1.
22 - 25
33 - 35
25 - 21
35 - .5
.. 2/404
2022
5 /3
13
22 - 25
33 - 35
25 - 21
35 - .5
12
22 - 25
33 - 35
25 - 21
35 - .5
17
22 - 25
33 - 35
25 - 21
35 - .5
18
25 - 18
25 - 33
25 - 18
55 - 25
12
23,3 2.
33 - 35
25 - 21
35 - .5
25
25 - 21
33 - .3
25 - 21
33 - .3
21
()4
( :)2/4-3
%
)(oC
%
)(oC
1
27 - 17
33 - .3
2. - 25
33 - .3
27 - 17
33 - .3
2. - 25
33 - .3
27 - 17
33 - .3
2. - 25
33 - .3
27 - 17
33 - .3
2. - 25
33 - .3
27 - 17
33 - .3
2. - 25
33 - .3
27 - 2.
25 - 55
27 - 2.
25 - 55
27 - 2.
25 - 55
27 - 2.
25 - 55
2.
25 - 55
2.
25 - 55
2.
35
2.
55
15
2.
35
2.
55
11
25
35 - 55
22
35 - 55
12
27 - 17
25
25
25
15
22 - 25
35 - .5
25 - 21
55 - 25
:
.. 2/404
2022
6 /3
( :)3/4-3
()4
5423 -5413
5423 -5413
5423 148
5413 -5415
5423 -5413
5425 -5415
5415
5415
5413 -5415
15
5415 547
11
5458 -5413
12
5412 -5415
15
5412 -5415
1.
5415 1
13
5415 1
12
5423 -5413
17
5423 -5413
18
5423 -5413
12
5423 -5413
25
5415
21
2
5
.. 2/404
5412
2022
7 /3
( :)4/4-3
()4
541 + 54.2
541 + 54.2
541 + 54.2
541 + 54.2
541 + 54.2
5415
5415
5413 -5415
5412 -5415
15
5412 -5415
11
5428 -5415
12
15
5425 -5415
:
:2/4-3 ))Personal Factors
:
:1/2/4-3
. ) (W/m2 (45
) W/m2 ) (500 W/m2 .
) (58.2 W/m2
.. 2/404
2022
8 /3
) .(Met ( )5/4-3
.
5/4-3
)(Met
()6
Met
W/m2
44
7.07
5..5
4.77
07.7
4.57
5.3/
446.7
5.77
4.6/
454.7
5.67
..4/
554.7
3..7
45
560.7
4.6
49. -446
3.4 -5.7
.4 -07
4.4 -4.5
533 -405
4.7 -3.7
556 -447
4.4 -5.4
( )
564 -53.
4.5 -4.4
:2/2/4-3
.
) .(clo
.. 2/404
2022
9 /3
. ( )6/4-3 ) (clo
.
( )6/4-3 ) (clo
()6
)(clo
7.7
7.4
7.4 -7.3
7.5
7.9 -7.0
4.7
4.5
5.5 -5.7
:3/4-3
.
: 5-3
.
.
1/5-3
( %21 %78 , %1 , %5455 , )
.
2/5-3
:
-1 , .
-2 .
.. 2/404
2022
20/3
-3 .
-4 .
-5
-6
3/5-3
-:
-1 ,
-2 ,
-5 :
, . , .
.
:4/5-3
, .
:5/5-3
-
,
.
- (
-) .
:6/5-3
-4 ( ).
-5 ( ).
-3 ( + ).
.. 2/404
2022
22/3
:7/5-3
-:
-4 .
-5 .
-3 .
-4 ( ).
-5 .
-6 .
- -0 .
:8/5-3
( )4/5-3 ( )5/5-3
.. 2/404
2022
22/3
( :)2/5-3
()4
()7
743
5453
15
8
15
15
743
15
15
15
15
11
743
12
15
1.
13
12
17
15
18
15
12
25
243
21
15
.. 2/404
2022
23/3
()4
( :)2/5-3
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
15
11
--
15
15
15
--
1.
--
15
13
12
:9/5-3
( )3/5-3 ( )4/5-3
.. 2/404
2022
24/3
( :)3/5-3
%
25
25
53
53
13
25 -53
25 -53
25 -53
83
15
53
11
53 -15
12
53 -55
15
53 -55
1.
53 -55
13
53 -55
12
53 -55
17
53 -55
18
53 -55
12
53 -55
25
.3
.. 2/404
()4
()8
25
2022
25/3
( :)4/5-3
()4
()%
DOP Test
23
25
23
25
23
25
23
25
23
25
23
25
23
25
23
25
23
25
15
23
25
11
85
23
15
23
1.
23
13
23
12
ASHRAE 52.1-92
()8
22427
22427
22427
22427
.. 2/404
2022
26/3
()2
: 6-3
,
.
.
:2/6-3
-:
-1 )Sound Pressure Level in dB (SPL
-2 Noise Criterion (NC) Curves
Room Criterion (RC) Curves
-5
:2/6-3
( )1/2-5
.
.. 2/404
2022
27/3
:2/6-3 , ), (NC
()5
) RC(N
47-37
45-35
45-35
57-47
55-45
55-45
)(NC
35-55
47-37
47-37
, , -
45-35
57-47
57-47
55-45
35-55
47-37
47-37
45-35
45-35
57-47
57-47
57-47
47-37
)RC(N
35-55
47-37
45-35
45-35
57-47
57-47
35-55
47-37
45-35
45-35
57-47
- ,
, -
.. 2/404
35-55
47-37
45-35
57-35
55-47
55-47
2022
37-57
35-55
47-37
45-37
57-35
57-35
37-57
35-55
47-37
45-37
57-35
57-35
28/3
:2/6-3 , ), (NC
()5
) RC(N
)(NC
)RC(N
35-55
55-57
55-57
35-55
55-57
55-57
47-37
45-35
57-47
35-55
35-37
45-35
35-55
35-37
45-35
35-55
45-35
37-57
47-37
37-57
47-37
45-35
47-37
47-37
55-47
57-35
57-35
() -
57-47
55-47
55-45
45-35
57-35
57-47
45-35
57-35
57-47
, , , ,
.. 2/404
45-35
47-37
47-37
57-47
45-35
45-35
55-45
57-47
57-47
57-47
45-35
45-35
55-47
57-35
57-35
57-47
55-45
2022
45-35
57-47
45-35
57-47
29/3
:2/6-3 , ), (NC
()5
) RC(N
)(NC
)RC(N
( )
-
57-47
57-47
45-35
45-35
45-35
45-35
55-45
57-47
57-47
55-45
57-47
57-47
55-45
57-47
57-47
, -
( )
-
45-35
57-47
67-45
47-37
45-35
55-47
47-37
45-35
55-47
45-35
47-37
47-37
55-47
47-35
47-35
, , , ,
65-55
67-57
67-57
.7-65
05-67
05-67
.. 2/404
2022
20/3
- ]4[
- ]5[
- ]4[
- ]5[
- ]6[
- ]0[
Gravimetric and Dust-Spot for Testing Air Cleaning Devices Used in General ].[
Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter" ANSI/ASHRAE 52.1,1992
The Institute of Environmental Science IES-RP-CCOO 1.3 Performance ]9[
Class Type A, USA
5774 / / /] 47[
/ /] 44[
5774 /
/ /] 45[
5774 /
22/3
2022
2/404 ..
:1-4
. ((Steady State
( )
.
.
:2-4
( Time
) Interval
.
1/2-4
.
2/2-4 ( /o.)
.
)Thermal Conductivity (k
3/2-4 (o.2 /)
)Thermal Resistance (R
, ( ) R
( )x ( )k :
x
k
.. 2/404
2022
2 /4
:4/2-4 ( /o.2)
)Thermal Conductance (C
.
1
R
:5/2-4 (/ o.2)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
)(U Value
.
1
R
1
h
o
xn
kn
x1
k1
1
h
i
RT
: RT
: hi
: ho
: x1
: xn
: k1
: kn
hi=9.37/ .
42/ ho=22.7/ .
.. 2/404
2022
2 /4
:6/2-4
() 1/4-2
.
:3-4
1/3-4
:
2/3-4
:
1/2/3-4 /
)Total Equivalent Temperature Difference/Time Average Method(TETD
Willis Carrier
( )CLTD (Sol-
) Air Temperature .
.
2/2/3-4
)Cooling Load Temperature Difference Method(CLTD
( )ASHRAE1891
( ) . .
.
3/2/3-4 )Radiant Time Series Method(RTS
.
.. 2/404
2022
3 /4
Q = UACLTDc
:
:Q (.)W
:U (.)W/m2.K
:A (.)m2
:CLTDC :
.. 2/404
2022
4 /4
-:
)(4.4.2
:
:CLTD ( )4
.
:LM (.)4
:K )(Dark = 1.0, Med = 0.83, Light = 0.65
:Ti .
:Tm
Tm =To DR/2
:
)Daily Rang( : DR .
- :
)(4.4.3
2/1/4-4
:
Q = UACLTDc
)(4.4.5
:
:Q .
:U (.)W/m2.K
:A (.)m2
:CLTDC :
)(4.4.6
:
:CLTD
(.)4
.. 2/404
2022
5 /4
. :
Q = ASCSHGCLF
)(4.4.7
:
:Q (.)W
:A (.)m2
:SC
(.)4
:SHG ( .)4
:CLF .
Ventilation Load
3/1/4-4
( )
.
:
)Qsensible = 1.22 Vvent (Tout - Tin
)(4.4.8
:
3
:Vvent ( )m /s (.)4
:
)(4.4.9
:
Wo WI ( )kg/kgair .
:
(.)ACH
:
Vvent = N *Volume / 3600
)(4.4.10
.. 2/404
2022
6 /4
:
: Volume ()3
:N 3
(.)7
.
:
( = )Vvent X
(.)7
4/1/4-4
.
( )Infiltration
(. (Exfiltration
.
:
)(4.4.11
)(W
:VInf .
:
)(4.4.12
)(W
()Crack Method
:
)VInf = I. VI (10-3
)(4.4.13
:
:I ( .)
:VI .
(..)4
.. 2/404
2022
7 /4
:
Vvent = N *Volume / 3600
)(4.4.14
:
:N
(.)4
5/1/4-4
)Q=UA(Ta-Ti
)(4.4.15
: U
: A
: Ta (
5
.... 9 45 )
: Ti
2/4-4
:1/2/4-4
.
.
()1/2-2
.
: :
)(4.4.15
.. 2/404
Qs = No qs CLF
2022
8 /4
:
: Qs .
: No .
: qs
(.)1/2-2
:CLF ( .)4 1.1
42
: :
)(4.4.16
:
:QL .
:qL (.)1/2-2
QL = No. qL
2/2/4-4
.... .
(.)4/2-2
( ) Qe :
() :
Qe = (E /)FUM FLM
)(4.4.17
:
: Qe .
: .
: E ()3/4-4
: FUM ( )1.1
: FLM ( )1.1
:
:
Qe =E FUM FLM
)(4.4.18
:
)(4.4.19
.. 2/404
9 /4
3/2/4-4
:
QL = NL W Fb CLF
)(4.4.18
:
: QL .
:NL .
:W .
: Fb 1 1.2 .
: CLF ()4
4/2/4-4
Diversity Factor
42
CLF ( )DF
. ( )2/2-2 .
5/2/4-4
.
.. 2/404
2022
20/4
( (1/2-4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
:
:
()
:
Beech
Spruce
Oak
Mahogany
Pitch Pine
(/ )
(/ .) k
531
811
751
951
1211
1791
1951
1811
1141
2111
985
1811
1511
1.2
1.25
1.41
1.39
1.39
1.6
1.11
1.25
1.6
1.4
1.33
1.59
1.39
1351
1711
2111
2111
2451
1.16
1.41
1.21
1.11
1.61
711
415
771
711
661
1.17
1.115
1.16
1.155
1.14
(/ o.)
1111
841
829
881
881
841
851
835
811
* .
*
.. 2/404
2022
22/4
( :)1/2-4
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
:
Plywood
Chip board
()
:
(/ )
3
(/ .) k
o
531
411
1.14
1.17
1.212
11311
7831
7131
2741
8781
8311
34.8
45.3
111
221
151
121
321
951
1335
1416
1.15
1.39
1.12
1.175
1521
1751
1651
2111
2611
2651
1.33
1.42
1.93
1.3
2.6
2.9
(/ o.)
129
511
391
896
411
411
811
911
881
* .
*
.. 2/404
2022
22/4
( :)1/2-4
2
4
5
6
7
1571
1.11 1.9
1211
( )
1.7
1.42
2471
2461
121 - 71
1.11
1.44
751
1.147 -1.138
1155
1.16
1441
(/)3
(/ o.) k
(/ o.)
41 28
1.133 1.127
15
1.145
41 15
32
72
131
1.137-1.13
1.145
1.15 -1.145
1.143
131
1.43
351 -111
1.155 -1.143
71
151
1.149
1.144
* .
.. 2/404
2022
23/4
( :)1/2-4
(/ o.)
(/ o.) k
(/)3
41-31
1.127-1.12
31
1.126
176-32
1.16-1.139
611-411
1.11-1.179
881-411
-611
1.25-1.1
1.19-1.11
1.17
1111
481
111
961-481
131-111
115-111
1.156
1.313-1.135
1.139-1.133
1.152-1.139
1.116
1191
1511
331-111
145
1.142
2111
1341
1.163-1.136
1.18
* .
*
.. 2/404
2022
24/4
1/4-4
()
--
-
26.7
25.6
24
21
()
115
113
57
46
62
41
68
35
76
27
132
118
58
61
63
55
71
47
81
37
141
132
59
73
63
69
72
84
61
48
162
162
162
147
147
3/
*162
59
65
88
97
65
82
75
85
72
71
91
82
81
94
68
235
221
65
155
72
148
87
133
117
113
264
251
72
178
81
169
96
154
118
132
294
294
88
216
97
197
112
182
135
159
441
425
136
289
142
283
154
271
177
248
* ( )18
.. 2/404
62
2022
25/4
2/4-4
()
()
3.8-1
1.49-1.46
1.18 -1.19
122/
481
2181
911
1661
311
181
111
281
85
81
41
121
37
1111
561
1661
531
441
221
661
211
66
34
111
32
51
111
161
51
97
138
44
641
()/
2-1
2111-951 /
381
9111-5111 /
341
41
1591
641
) / (well
2.17
1.1-1.43
37411
1341
29111
161
111
251
471
38 22
111//
Hood type
111//
3
1.9-1.17
Conveyor type
3
6-1
/
71-21
/
151
661
251
6361 12411
251
251
6111 18761
541
541
1941
1181
3121
1181
/
( )
/
4911
111/
77
1191
3
2.1-1.71
29
78
2291
1591
3881
1831
2731
2731
29
29
31
31
* .
.. 2/404
2022
26/4
2/4-4
()
()
()/
)(well
3531
11591
3391
12
91-51
21211
7161
311-76
95
5311
11
2811
2491
5311
1711
/2
1.43-1.142
23111
971
32-7
821
15-6
1111
38
( /3
45911
1871
( )
117111
1521
( ) /
/
)
/
/2
111/ /
Hood Type
111/ /
Conveyor Type
1.55-1.21
1.15-1.14
11-2
2
1.25
2111-951
/
9111-5111
/
/ 2
1.1-1.43
1.2-1.59
2
2
2111
781
46611
191
16811
9131
25831
3841
511
191
151
59
219
67
411
191
111
23
133
41
53611
1141
3611
1931
5531
1451
14911
191
1971
691
2661
271
* .
.. 2/404
2022
27/4
2/4-4
()
()
( ) /
/ 2
( ) /
( )/
2
133-112
2
1-1.431
32-5
1.55-1.21
2.4-1.68
1.74-1.26
3151
191
751
51911
1611
2491
1471
191
111
89711
191
2591
22811
191
411
37211
1141
11711
/ /
214-21
111//
Hood Type
2111-951
/
9111-5111
111//
Conveyor Type
31-12
181
14
23
921
261
111
371
121
351
41
97
138
44
161
12
21
*
.
.. 2/404
2022
28/4
2/4-4
()
()
()
4611-1811
2811-1641
2811-1641
11111 -1111
6571-1111
6571-1111
611-111
531-91
531-91
6611-2211
6611-2211
6611-2211
8 /
871
181
311
> 5111/
5311-1111
2551-511
3811-731
6511-1211
4711-1111
4711-1111
211-91
181-81
181-81
641-16
12511-1151
5111-511
12511-1151
67-31/
6611-1711
911
6611-1711
31-6/
1711-461
911-311
1711-461
81
67
-3611
6811/
31111-1511
3311-611
2151-391
6611-611
4311-391
61
48
1921-1151
961-575
11
1511
1151
28
611
411
3111-251
2421-211
31 /
711
1751
.. 2/404
2022
29/4
3/4-4
1.15
1.14
1.125
1.19
1.25
1.19
1.18
1.16
1.33
1.51
1.75
1
1.16
1.12
1.25
1.37
1.56
1.75
1.5
1.11
2.2
2
5
1.51
3.7
1511
35
115
35
1511
35
264
1511
1511
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
7.5
15
11.2
1751
18.6
1751
11
21
25
31
41
51
61
75
14.9
22.4
31
37
45
56
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
1751
111
75
151
111
1751
191
1751
125
211
251
93
151
.. 2/404
5.6
7.5
1751
1751
1751
35
35
54
56
61
72
75
77
79
81
82
84
85
86
87
88
89
89
89
89
91
91
91
91
91
91
2022
171
341
346
439
621
776
993
()
71
111
59
173
94
117
223
246
194
158
188
249
372
217
557
249
747
1453
1119
334
2763
2238
525
1887
4541
6651
8761
396
1491
817
3721
1166
5596
1315
7178
13119
11192
1821
21184
18635
2545
17141
25111
33411
41911
51395
62115
82918
14913
22371
3691
37211
4611
44829
5538
55962
6211
74719
113431
163785
149135
214815
2765
29885
93172
123161
2231
8291
11342
111925
11175
186346
18431
14738
20/4
4/4-4
0.7-0.9
0.7-0.85
0.6-0.4
0.3-0.5
0.8-0.9
1.0 -0.9
0.85-0.95
0.8-0.9
.. 2/404
2022
22/4
ASHRAE, The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
- ]1[
- ]2[
Faye & Parker, 1994 "Heating, Ventilating and Air Analysis & Design. - ]3[
4th Edition, , John Willey & Sons, Inc
- ]4[
- ]5[
]6[
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, ANSI/ ASHRAE 62, 1989
- ]7[
Gravimetric and Dust-Spot for Testing Air Cleaning Devices Used in General ]8[
Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter" ANSI/ASHRAE 52.1,1992
2114 / / /] 9[
/ /] 11[
2114 /
/ /] 11[
2 /
22/4
2022
2/404 ..
1-5
"
.
.
. " .
, , , .
.
.
, " .
.. 2/404
2022
2 /5
Single-Zone Systems
1/1/2-5
" .
.
.
.
,
.
Multiple-Zone Systems
2/1/2-5
.
,
.
.
" .
" " .
.
( ) 1/2 -5
.. 2/404
2022
2 /5
.. 2/404
2022
3 /5
( )2/2 -5
.. 2/404
2022
4 /5
( )3 /2 -5
3-5 " ALL-WATER SYSTEMS
" -
, .
.
.
.
.
"
, .
-
". " .
" .
"
. ,
.
. .
,
- .
.
.. 2/404
2022
5 /5
( )1- 3 - 5
.1
.3
.5
.7
.9
.0
.4
.6
.8
.12
2022
6 /5
.
.
.
.
. .
.
(
) .
. .
1/4-5 - Air-Water Induction System
. -
.
.
.
- ,
.
.
. .
2/4-5 Fan-Coil Conditioner System
- " . -
.
.
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
7 /5
2022
8 /5
.
() ( .) 5 - 5 :
. Hermetic Compressor .
( ) .
) (Totally Enclosed .
( ) . ( ) .
) (Reversing valve .
.
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
9 /5
( )2- 5 -5
2/5-5 Split A/C Units
. ( )
. :
.
- . .
. .
.. 2/404
2022
20/5
.
( ) . .
.
. .
. . .
Packaged A/C Units
3/5-5
" .
.
.
.
.
(
) .
.. 2/404
2022
22/5
ASHREA-Handbook Fundamentals, The American Society of Heating,
]-[1
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Atlanta 2009.
ASHREA-Handbook Systems and equipments, The American Society of
]-[2
Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Atlanta 2000.
] - [3
4002
] - [4
.. 2/404
2022
22/5
2-6
.
2-6
:
()1-2
.
.
2/2-6
:
2/2/2-6
.
.
2/2/2-6
.
.. 2/404
2022
2 /6
3/2/2-6
.
.
4/2/2-6
( )1/2-6
.
2/2-6
( )1/2-6
3/2-6
().
:
. ( )2/2-6
.
:
( )3/2-6 ( .)C
:
p=0.5 CV2
)(6.2.1
.. 2/404
2022
2 /6
( )1/2-6
( /)
)Rc (N
127.
2.73
2475
178 1572 1.71
54
178
1572
1.71
673 1.71 127.
34
673
1.71
127.
573
671
176
24
1175
1173
2278
673 1.71 127.
54
.76
1271
1472
55
.71
178
34
471
171
1.72
37..
571
671
24
878
1471
1871
471
171 1.72
54
676
1.74
1372
37.
478
.75
34
573
671
176
275
371
571
24
*
.
.. 2/404
2022
3 /6
( )1/2-6
.. 2/404
2022
4 /6
( )2/2-6
"
# " ASHRAE 2009
.. 2/404
2022
5 /6
( :)2/2-6
900
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
35
0
30
0
27
5
25
0
22
5
20
0
175
150
125
10
0
109
100
137
122
125
164
150
133
150
191
177
161
143
175
219
204
189
172
152
200
246
232
216
200
181
161
225
273
259
244
228
210
190
169
250
301
287
272
256
238
220
199
176
275
328
314
299
283
266
248
229
207
183
300
383
354
339
322
305
286
267
245
222
195
350
437
409
378
361
343
325
305
283
260
235
207
400
492
464
433
400
382
363
343
321
299
274
247
217
450
547
518
488
455
420
401
381
360
337
313
287
258
227
500
601
573
543
511
477
439
419
398
375
352
326
299
269
236
550
656
628
598
567
533
496
457
436
414
390
365
339
310
279
245
600
711
683
653
622
589
553
515
474
452
429
404
378
351
321
289
253
650
765
737
708
677
644
610
573
533
490
467
443
418
391
362
331
298
261
700
820
792
763
732
700
666
630
592
550
506
482
457
430
402
373
341
306
268
750
875
847
818
787
755
722
687
649
609
567
520
496
470
442
414
383
350
314
275
800
984
927
897
866
833
799
763
726
686
643
597
548
522
494
465
435
402
367
330
289
900
1037
976
944
911
876
840
802
762
719
674
626
574
546
517
486
454
420
384
344
301
1000
1086
1022
988
953
916
878
838
795
751
703
652
598
569
538
506
473
437
399
358
313
1100
1133
1066
1030
993
954
914
872
827
780
731
677
620
590
558
525
490
453
413
370
324
1200
1177
1107
1069
1031
990
948
904
857
808
757
701
642
610
577
543
506
468
426
382
334
1300
1220
1146
1107
1066
1024
980
934
886
835
781
724
662
629
595
559
522
482
439
394
344
1400
1260
1183
1143
1100
1057
1011
963
913
860
805
745
681
648
612
575
536
495
452
404
353
1500
1298
1219
1177
1133
1088
1041
991
939
885
827
766
700
665
629
591
551
508
463
415
362
1600
1335
1253
1209
1164
1118
1069
1018
964
908
849
785
718
682
644
605
564
521
475
425
371
1700
1371
1286
1241
1195
1146
1096
1043
988
930
869
804
735
698
660
619
577
533
485
434
379
1800
1405
1318
1271
1224
1174
1122
1068
1012
952
889
823
751
713
674
663
590
544
496
444
387
1900
1438
1348
1301
1252
1200
1147
1092
1034
973
908
840
767
728
688
646
602
555
506
453
395
2000
1470
1378
1329
1279
1226
1172
1115
1055
993
927
857
782
743
702
659
614
566
516
461
402
2100
1501
1406
1356
1305
1251
1195
1137
1076
1013
945
874
797
757
715
671
625
577
525
470
410
2200
1532
1434
1383
1330
1275
1218
1159
1097
1031
963
890
812
771
728
683
636
587
534
478
417
2300
1561
1461
1409
1355
1299
1241
1180
1116
1050
980
905
826
784
740
695
647
597
543
486
424
2400
1589
1488
1434
1379
1322
1262
1200
1136
1068
996
920
840
797
753
706
658
606
552
494
430
2500
1617
1513
1459
1402
1344
1283
1220
1154
1085
1012
935
853
810
764
717
668
616
560
501
437
2600
1644
1538
1483
1425
1366
1304
1240
1173
1102
1028
950
866
822
776
728
678
625
569
509
443
2700
1670
1562
1506
1447
1387
1324
1259
1190
1119
1043
964
879
834
787
738
688
634
577
516
450
2800
1696
1586
1529
1469
1408
1344
1277
1208
1135
1058
977
891
845
798
749
697
643
585
523
456
2900
.. 2/404
2022
6 /6
( :)2/2-6
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
3170
3061
3115
2952
3006
3058
2842
2896
2949
3001
2733
2787
2840
2891
2941
2624
2678
2730
2782
2832
2881
2514
2568
2621
2672
2722
2771
2819
2405
2459
2511
2562
2612
2661
2708
2755
200
2200
0
2296
2350
2402
2453
2502
2551
2598
2644
2689
2186
2240
2292
2343
2393
2441
2487
2533
2578
2621
290
0
280
0
270
0
2077
2131
2183
2233
2283
2330
2377
2422
2466
2510
2552
1968
2021
2073
2124
2173
2220
2266
2311
2355
2398
2439
2480
1858
1912
1964
2014
2063
2110
2155
2200
2243
2285
2327
2367
2406
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
1749
1803
1854
1904
1952
1999
2044
2088
2131
2173
2213
2253
2292
2329
1640
1693
1745
1794
1842
1889
1933
1977
2019
2060
2100
2139
2177
2214
2250
1530
1584
1635
1684
1732
1778
1822
1865
1906
1947
1986
2024
2061
2097
2133
2167
1421
1475
1526
1574
1621
1667
1710
1753
1793
1833
1871
1909
1945
1980
2015
2048
2081
1312
1365
1416
1464
1511
1555
1598
1640
1680
1719
1756
1793
1828
1862
1896
1929
1961
1992
1202
1256
1306
1354
1400
1444
1486
1527
1566
1604
1640
1676
1710
1744
1776
1808
1839
1869
1898
1093
1146
1196
1244
1289
1332
1373
1413
1451
1488
1523
1558
1591
1623
1655
1685
1715
1744
1772
1800
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
( )3/2-6
8.
.. 2/404
2022
7 /6
__________________________________________________________________
.. 2/404
2022
8 /6
.. 2/404
2022
9 /6
90 Z
____________________________________________________________
.. 2/404
2022
20/6
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
_____
.. 2/404
2022
22/6
20
_____________________________________________________________
20
.. 2/404
2022
22/6
90
__________________________________________________________________
.. 2/404
2022
23/6
T 45
_____________________________________________________________________________
___
.. 2/404
2022
24/6
Y
_____________________________________________________________________________
.. 2/404
2022
25/6
T
_____________________________________________________________________________
T 45
.. 2/404
2022
26/6
Y T 30 90
.. 2/404
2022
27/6
Y
_____________________________________________________________________________
.. 2/404
2022
28/6
T 45
.. 2/404
2022
29/6
5/2-6
.( )3/2-6 ( )5/2-6
()3/2-6
( /)
5
53
32
174 1
174 1
()5/2-6
.. 2/404
(/)
274- 174
37.4- 274
37.4- 274
37.4 - 274
47.- 274
6724- 47.
.74- 6724
.74- 6724
1.7. .74
2022
20/6
ASHRAE-Handbook Fundamentals, The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 2009.
- [1]
- [5]
2..5 / / /
[4]
/ / / -
]6 [
2..2/
-SMACNA
[.]
2..5/
[1]
22/6
2022
2/404 ..
:2-7
.
2/2-7
.
-1
-2
.
:
-
.
-
.
- .
.
-
.
:
-
-
-
.
(
.. 2/404
2022
2 /7
) .
. ( )1/1-7 ( )2/1-7
.
()1/1-7
()2/1-7
:2/2-7
:
-1
-2
.. 2/404
2022
2 /7
( )1/1-7 .
.
()1/1-7
(/)
6.4 3
2..4 -1.1
2..4 -1.1
1.71 1.1
3.. 1.11
3.. 1..2
2..4 1.11
3/2-7
-1 :
.
.
( )3/1-7 ()1/1-7
()3/2-7
40
.. 2/404
2022
3 /7
()4/2-7
()1/1-7
-2 :
( )2/1-7
( )3/1-7 ( )6/1-7 .
.. 2/404
2022
4 /7
()2/1-7
.. 2/404
2022
5 /7
()3/1-7
.. 2/404
2022
6 /7
()6/1-7
4/2-7
:
() . . 5/2-7
. ( )1-7
.
.. 2/404
2022
7 /7
()1/1-7
(/)
6.4
6.6
6.6
3.7
3.6
1166
2666
3666
6666
4666
2-7
.
.
.
( )4-7
.
.
( )6/2-7
() Co
37
12
44
.6
.3
()%
6.4
1.2
1..
2..
3.1
)(1/2-7
:
:E ()4/1-7
:Vs
:Pa
:Pf
:Po
.. 2/404
2022
8 /7
3-7
.
. .
.
() ( )4-7
.
( ) /
( )1/3-7
4-7
:2/4-7
.. 2/404
2022
9 /7
( )
( )7-7
.
( )2/4-7
( )
()PPM
0033
()PPM
733
()PPM
03
2/4-7
.
:
: 21 . : 166 1 . : . .
3/4-7
(
) .
:
: ().
: () () ( )
.. 2/404
2022
20/7
4/4-7
. :
. . . 5/4-7 ()
( ) (
) .
.
.. 2/404
2022
22/7
ASHRAE-Handbook Fundamentals, The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, 2009.
]- [1
]- [2
]- [3
.. 2/404
2022
22/7
:1-8
,
.
Air-Handling Units
:2-8
.
.
. ( 52
/3)
. :
-1
.
.
-5
.
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
2 /8
()1/2-8
:1/2-8
:1/1/2-8
:
-1 .
-5
.
-3 ,
.
.
.
.
-4 ,
.
:2/1/2-8
:
: . : .
: .
.. 2/404
2022
2 /8
351
350
3538
3500
333
351
153
351
350
003
351
150
351
350
033
351
350
003
351
3580
033
351
3580
1303
351
153
1220
351
153
1300
351
153
1020
351
153
1833
.
3 /8
2022
.. 2/404
( : )2/3-8
( )
()
350
350
350
350
233
350
350
350
350
300-233
350
350
358
350
003-300
358
350
153
358
010-003
151
358
153
153
1200-003
153
153
150
153
1020-1333
150
150
2103-1003
( : )3/3-8
( )
()
150
150
1522
332
150
1582
150
661-302
1582
151
1582
912-691
151
151
151
1502-921
153
153
153
1252-1311
156
5121-1221
:2/2/3-8 Stainless Steel
:
- ( , . )
.
- .
-
.
- .
-
- .
.. 2/404
2022
4 /8
:3/2/3-8
:
.
52. . () . 4:1 111 / 3 15134 / . ) ( W/m.C 52
. %151 96
.%81
211 11
151 .
:0/2/3-8
.
81 2
.
:0/2/3-8
19
.
.
:3/3-8
.
.. 2/404
2022
5 /8
.. 2/404
2022
6 /8
:2/3/3-8
Noise Isolation
( , , ,
) .
. :
.
52 ,
21 .
3
54 / .
21 .
21 .
51 / .
.
.
:3/3/3-8
Vibration Insulation
,
.
. :
. () . . , . ()
.
21 41 .
.. 2/404
2022
7 /8
( )0/3-8
A
B
033
033
( ) 0/3-8
:0/3-8
Metal and Flexible
) Standards (SMACNA 1995
.
5111 1211 .
911 .
.
.
( )5/5-8( )1/5-8 ( )3/5-8 .
( )4/3-8(.)2/3-8
0/3-8
) SMACNA(1995
.
AISC (1989) and AISI
) .(1989
Fibrous Glass duct construction standard
.SMACNA 1992
.. 2/404
2022
8 /8
0/3-8
.
.
:0/3-8
Sound Attenuates
() ]) , [SPL dB (A ) (Nc ) , (PNc
) (NR ( )6/3-8 (.)0/3-8
( )0/3-8
()
()
()
.. 2/404
10-12
018
015
014
0111
01
1.0
1.10
1.110
01-4
01-5
01-6
01-7
01-8
01-0
01-01
01-00
01-00
011
071
061
051
001
001
011
01
81
71
61
51
41
01
01
01
1
2022
9 /8
( )0/3-8
03
0
03
43
03
0
1.8
0
033
2030
03
230
2
332
330
3332
3330
33332
33330
333332
333330
3333332
3333330
043
003
003
003
033
03
03
03
23
03
43
03
03
03
3
:0-8
1/0-8
:
. . . .
. . . . . ) (HOLLOW FLAING
.
.. 2/404
2022
20/8
2/0-8
. . . % 62 ( ) .
.
3/0-8
1-11 .
:0/0-8
-1
:
.
. (BUFFING)FLANGES
. -5
,
,
.
0-8
1/0-8 Induction Units
/
.
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
22/8
2/0-8
:
-1
-5
-3 .
-4 / .
-:
( ) .
3/0-8 ()VAV
.
15
.
0-8
.
. .
:1/0-8
:
- . Centrifugal Fans
- 1 Airfoil
- 5 ( Backward
).
- 3 ( Radial ).
- 4 . Forward bladed
- . Axial Fans
1 ( Propeller ).
- 5 ( Tube axial 4 8).
- 3 Vane axial
- :
- 1 . Tubular Centrifugal
- 5 Power Roof Ventilator
- . Centrifugal
- . Axial
Inline
.. 2/404
2022
22/8
:2/0-8
Centrifugal Fan
:1/2/0-8
:
. . . .
. %121 . . %51 .
.
.
.
:2/2/0-8
:
. . . . . (.) Fire Rated,
. . :3/0-8
:1/3/0-8
. .
.
:
.. 2/404
2022
23/8
()Access Panels
- ( )
91 .
.
-
Resilient
.
.
:2/3/0-8
Arrangement & installation (.)AMCA 1978
( )
.
.
.
.
( : 61 0202X).
3/3/0-8
:
.
. . ... 2/404
2022
24/8
0/3/0-8
:
. .
. . 0/3/0-8 :
( )
ARI 430 :
:
- .
- ) (Impeller Wheel
:
21 ) (WG . 21 111 ) (WG . 111 ) (WG . -
.
- %121 .
- %51 .
-
.
- .
.. 2/404
2022
25/8
:0-8
.
.
52- 76 DOP
) .( Euro vent Standards 4 / 5
.
.
.
.
1 ,5 Sand Traps
. :
:1/0-8
.
.
.
15 111
% 02 21
5 /
3/ .
152 .
.
5
Dust Holding Capacity 1211 /
.
( ) 1/0-8 .
.. 2/404
2022
26/8
( ) 1/0-8
[ ]
ASHRAE
ASHRAE
[]%
21 51
02 21
81 61
82 01
[]%
11 -2
12 - 2
51 2
52 11
52
42 52
62 42
111 62
ASHRAE
[ 1011/ 3 ]
141 -01
361 151
241 181
061 541
:2/0-8 ()
Throw Away Filters
.
21
5 ,2 /
, .
3/0-8 Basket filters
Throw Away Filters
311
911 % 81 % 98
ASHRAE 52 76 52
521
152 211 .
91 . ( )5/0-8
.
.. 2/404
2022
27/8
( )2/0-8
ASHRAE
[]%
DOP
ASHRAE
[]%
81-01
31-12
452 -181
91-81
32-51
181 -91
91-82
41-52
11-2
181-91
11-2 6
15
92-91
61-41
52-12
241-501
:
2-3 6
51
92
81-61
41-32
421-181
ASHRAE
[]%
4-1
: 5-.,2
(
)
.. 2/404
[
1011/3
]
92
91-81
22-21
361-181
98-91
91-02
501-91
2022
99 ,999 92
1111-211
28/8
1 (
( HEPA
Filters
(
1
111
.
.
.
:0/0-8
Impingement
. :
.
.
. 5 ,2 /
152 111
5 ,2/ . % 81 01
ASHRAE ( )
:
.
:
-1 .
-5
.
.. 2/404
2022
29/8
-3 .
-4
( )3/0-8 .
( )3/0-8
ASHRAE
[]%
41-51
64 21
( )
15 52
52 15
5
[ / ]
[ /]
ASHRAE
[]%
85 -01
52 11
5111 611
5,2
81 01
51 12
5,2
81 61
51 11
021 121
5 ,2
91 - 81
31 51
221 111
:0/0-8 ()HEPA
Particulate ( Absolute) Filter Cells
Throw Away Filters
% 92
DOP .,3 % 99 ,999 DOP
( .,1 .,5 ) 152
521 1 ,3/
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
20/8
.
.
% 11 .
Electrostatic Filter
1/0/0-8
.
6111 52111
4111 11111
. 12 15
1011 / 3 .
.
32 62 1 ,2/ 5 ,2/
% 98 ( . ,02 1 ,02
/ ) ) (ASHRAE 52. 1
.
.
.
: 2/0/0-8
.
.
.
.
% 62
. 21
. % 81 6 54
.. 2/404
2022
22/8
152
1 ,2/ .
.
( ) 3
.,.5/ 3 ( 1 3 5 ,14 )
.,.2/3 3 .
8-8
Fire Dampers
:
. .
.
. .
.
.. 2/404
2022
22/8
ASHREA-Handbook Fundamentals, The American Society of Heating,
-[1]
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Atlanta 2009.
ASHREA-Handbook Systems and equipments, The American Society of
-[2]
Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Atlanta 2000.
McQuiston F.C., Parker J.D. and Spitler J.D Heating, Ventilation
-[3]
and Air Conditioning John Wiley and sons Inc., USA 2000.
- [4]
4002
/ - [5]
23/8
2022
2/404 ..
1-9
1/1-9
.ISO 7.64 .221 .336
2/1-9
1/2/1-9
52 .
25 / .
52 .
2/2/1-9
25 ) (PVC
.
52 .
3/2/1-9
.
4/2/1-9
.
5/2/1-9
25 . 52 . 6/2/1-9
.
.. 2/404
2022
2 /9
7/2/1-9
. . 3/1-9
1/3/1-9
, :
25 : 52 : .
.
:2/3/1-9
.
.
:3/3/1-9
.
:
.
.
.
.
. - .
.. 2/404
2022
2 /9
4/1-9
1/4/1-9 ) ( VALVES
:
5.2 . 05 . .
.
:
-0 .
)(GATE, ANGLE, CHECK AND GLOBE VALVES
25 :
-
.
.
) (U .
52
.
-5 ) ( BALANCING COCKS
25
.
52 .
. .
-3 ) ( BUTTERFLY VALVES
( ) :
-
. 555 555 .
.. 2/404
2022
3 /9
.
.
.
.
2/4/1-9
:
25 52 .
. () , :
- :
0.5 :
055
555-025 3.5 :
525 2.5 :
- :
25 5.2 :
055-52 5.0 :
052 0.5 :
:
-0 Y
) (Y
.
-5 ) ( BASKET TYPE STRAINER
.
:5/1-9
52 .
. ... 2/404
2022
4 /9
2-9
. .
.
.
%52
.
%01 .
.
() .
"
.
.
.
: " " IEEE 112 -Test
. Method B
.NEMA MG-1
:
. . .ASTM B 584 . 1/2-9
-0
Circular pump
In-line Pumps
Close Coupled .
-5 Close-Coupled End Suction Pumps
.
.. 2/404
2022
5 /9
-6
Vertical Turbine Single or Multistage Pump
2/2-9
.
-0 :
.
.
-5
-3
-2
-2
-5
:
Key .
.
:
.
.
:
.
:
.
.
:
.
3/2-9
()
.
. :
Flat Characteristics
-0
.
-5 Steep Characteristics
.
.. 2/404
2022
6 /9
.
Pump horse power
( ) . System Curve
:2/3/2-9
.
Best Efficiency Point BEP
. % 52 % 012
. BEP % 66 % 001
. BEP
.
:2/3/2-8
Cavitation
.
Net positive Suction head
Available NPSHA ( )
Net positive Suction head Required NPSHR .
3-9
Evaporative Cooling
.
. :
1/3-9
Air Washers
55 .
.
Eliminators
.. 2/404
2022
7 /9
5/ .
.
2/3-9
1/2/3-9
,
:
-
.
- ,
35 055
.
-
, 055
555 .
.
.
-
. V
- 5.2 0.3\
.
-
.
, ,
.
- 2
.
-
.
.. 2/404
2022
8 /9
Air washers
1/1/2/3-9
.
,
. ( )0-0 .
.
( . )2-9
2/1/2/3-9 Air coolers
.
2/2/3-9 Indirect evaporative cooling
.
. ( )0-0 .
4-9
.
, .
.
( \ )
( \ ) , ARI-610
ARI-640 .
1/4-9
:
1/1/4-9 :
.
2/1/4-9 :
()
.
.. 2/404
2022
9 /9
3/1/4-9 :
( )0-0 :
.
, ,
.
. . 2/4-9
:
-
.
-
.
()
( )
.
,
. ,
.
:
-
.
-
.
-
, .
5-9
Cooling coils
1/5-9
.
.. 2/404
2022
20/9
.
.
35 ( ).
2/5-9
.
.
35 .
.
6-8
.
" .
.
( )
. .
.
. .
.
1/6-9
12o
. 7o 30o
. 35O .
( .)0-5-9
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
22/9
()1-6-9
2/6-9
. 05 %55
. ,
. -
Surge .
.
:
Scroll
95
95 505
505 0555
555 3255
.
3255
:7 -9
:1/7-9
. ,
( ) ()
. ,
(.)0-5-0
.. 2/404
2022
22/9
( )1/7-9
.
.
( )2/7-9
.. 2/404
2022
23/9
. ,
, Splash Type .film type
.
.
()
( Natural
) Circulation
, (.)5-5-9
, forced draft
, induced draft
. centrifugal Axial"
.
counter flow
.cross flow ,
(.)3-5-9
( )3/7-9
.. 2/404
2022
24/9
:2/7-9
, ,
. .
, , , , .
.
.
,
.
.
.
:8-9
,
.
.
.
.
. .
1/8-9
.
.
.
. :
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.. 2/404
2022
25/9
2/8-9
.
.
.
.
.
. :
- .
-
.
- .
- ,
.
.
- ,
.
-
.
.. 2/404
2022
26/9
ASHREA-Handbook Fundamentals, The American Society of Heating,
-[1]
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Atlanta 2009.
ASHREA-Handbook Systems and equipments, The American Society of
-[2]
Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning, Atlanta 2000.
McQuiston F.C., Parker J.D. and Spitler J.D Heating, Ventilation
-[3]
And Air Conditioning John Wiley and sons Inc., USA 2000.
Chadderton D. V. Building Services Engineering Spon Press, 2004
- [4]
Knight J. and Johns P. Building Service Pocket BookNewnes, Elsevier,
- [5]
USA MA. 2004.
- [6]
5114
- [7]
27/9
2022
2/404 ..
0-01
.
( )....
.
.
(
) (.)Control Action
2-01
:
:0/ 2-01
( )Output
(ON-
)OFF ( )DIGITAL .
( )
. ( )0/2-01 .
( )0/2-01
.. 2/404
2022
2/20
2/ 2-01
( )Over Shooting ( )Under Shooting
.
( )
.
. ( )2/2-01
.
()2/2-01
3/ 2-01
( )01
.
.. 2/404
2022
2/20
.
. ( )3/2-01
.
()3/2-01
4/ 2-01
( )Floating Controller
( )Input
( )Set Point
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
3/20
( : )Set Point
( : )Proportional Constant
.
( : )Gain
( : )Offset
( : )Throttling Range
( .)% 011
.
( : )Dead Band
(
).
( )AHU
.
( )4/2-01
( )Damper
() T1 ( )
T1
( )
. T6
.
.. 2/404
2022
4/20
( )4/2-01
)Proportional Integral( PI Proportional ( PID
)Integral-Differential . ( )0/2-01
.
( )0/2-01 *
.. 2/404
()P
()PI
()PI
()PI
( )PI ()PID
( )P ()PI
( )P ()PI
2022
5/20
3-01
( )
.
0/3-01
.
.
.
:2/3-01
( )Control Device ( )Control Agent
.
.
( )Below
( )Wheatstone Bridge .
( )Diaphragm .
.
3/3-01
( )
.
. ( )Pneumatic
.. 2/404
2022
6/20
( )Coaxial Cable .
4-01
( )....
.. ( )
(
).. ( )0/4-01
.
( )0/4-01
( )Close Loop
( )Feed back
. ( )Open Loop
. ( )2/4-01 .
.. 2/404
2022
7/20
-A-
-B ( )2/4-01 ( )A ( )B
.. 2/404
2022
8/20
: 5-01
()
.
.
:
-
( )0/5-01
.
( )0/5-01
011 - 1.5
.. 2/404
2022
()EMS
()BAS
9/20
( VAV)
:6-01
. ()
.
:
-0
-2
-3
-4
-5
-1
.
( )
( )
( )
.
.
: 7-01
.
0/7-01
.. 2/404
2022
20/20
()
.
: 2/7-01
.
.
: 3/7-01 ()
:
-0
-2
-3
-4
-5
() 24
:4/7-01
.
: 5/7-01
. ( )0/7-01
.
.. 2/404
2022
22/20
( )0/7-01
2022
22/20
.
.
.
. -
.
. . .
.
.
.
. . .
.. 2/404
2022
23/20
( )0/8-01
.. 2/404
2022
24/20
HVAC control system, Raymond K. Scneider,second edition, John willy 1988 -[1]
Honeywell Control System, 1985
-[2]
-[3]
-[4]
- [5]
- [6]
/ / / - ]7[
2112/
25/20
2022
2/404 ..
:2-22
.
.
. .
:2-22
.
:3-22
.
:2/3-8
.
.
.
:2/3-22
( )
.
. .
.. 2/404
2022
2/22
:3/3-22
:
:
:
. . .
. :
:
.
.
.
:
.
:4/3-22
( )
.
-
.
.
.
.. 2/404
2022
2/22
:4-22
.
..%5
. (
) .
: 5-22
.
:2/5-22
:2/2/5-22
-
.
-
.
-
.
102 .
-
.
.
.
.
%15
.
.. 2/404
2022
3/22
-
.
-
.
-
:2/2/5-22
( )1/5-11
.
2/5-22
2/2/5-22
-1 .
-0
.
-3
.
-4
.
-5 .
.
-6
.
2/2/5-22
( )0/5-11 .
6-22
2/6-22
2/2/6-22
.
.. 2/404
2022
4/22
2/2/2/6-22
( )3/6-11
. ( )1/6-11
.
:
:
:
:
:
:
()2-22
()2/5-22
.. 2/404
2022
5/22
:
:
:
:
:
/ :
:
0/1
/1/6-8
()2-22
()2/5-22
2/2/2/6-22
.
.
()4/6-11 :3/2/2/6-22
()1/6-11.. 2/404
2022
6/22
.
15
:4/2/2/6-22
( )5/6-11 .
: 2/2/6-22
(.)66/-11
( )3/6-22
.. 2/404
2022
7/22
()4/6-22
()2/6-22
()Pa
( )l/s
022
422
822
1022
1522
0222
-
A
2884
1830
-
B
-
D
C
2844
2860
2832
2835
2810
2814
. ( )
. .
.
.. 2/404
2022
8/22
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
51 :
:
()5/6-22
.. 2/404
2022
9/22
()6/6-22
:2/6-22
( .)7/6-11
.
.. 2/404
2022
20/22
()7/6-22
2/2/6-22
.
.
. ()0/6-11
()bar
782
1282
( )2/6-22
.. 2/404
2022
22/22
3/6-22
:
-2
(
ASHREA )
%12 .
-2
.
-3
()3/6-11
-4
-5
. db 32
db 42 db 32 db 42
( )3/6-22 ISO 7730
04 - 02
()C
181 283
<3
()C
< 2815
()m/s
06 - 03
<3
< 2805
: 4/6-22
.
:
-2
. ( ) ..... 2/404
2022
22/22
.-2
(
)
( )Damper Motor .
-3
:
( )
.
( )
( )
7-22
:
-1 15-12 1222
-0 ( 62 )
.
-3
.
.. 2/404
2022
23/22
-4 122
.
-5
-6 62
-7
-8
-0
-12
.
.. 2/404
2022
24/22
)(ASHRAE
][1
][1
-
ASHRAE 111: 88
()SMACNA
()AABC - ( )
.. 2/404
2022
25/22
:2-22 :
.
.
.
.
:2-22
:2/2-22
( )U value
. ( )2/2-12( )1/2-12 ( )3/2-12
.
.. 2/404
2022
2/22
()2/2-22
() W/m2. K
() W/m2. K
1.1
2.2
2.2
( )2/2-22
() W/m2. K
.. 2/404
2022
() W/m2. K
2.00
2.0
1.2
1.2
2/22
( )3/2-22
() W/m2. K
W/m2.K
0.5
22.1
3.3
32.3
3.0
23.3
3.1
32.5
:2/2-22
1
2
3
3
.
:3/2-22
.
( )Thermal Behavior
. ( )1/2-12 :
)1
.. 2/404
2022
3/22
.
.
)2
.
.
)3
.
( )1/2-12
.. 2/404
2022
4/22
:4/2-22
-2
-
.
-2
.
-3
.
-4
.
-5
.
:3-22
( )1/3-12 ( )0/3-12
.
.. 2/404
2022
5/22
()1/3-12
> 91
()9
2.93
COP
2.84
COP
3.02 COP
3.11 IPLV
ARI 210/240
< 91
< 04
< 04
> 04
> 04
> 222
< 222
> 91
< 91
< 04
> 04
> 04
< 04
< 04
< 04
2.84 COP
2.90 IPLV
2.78 COP
2.84 IPLV
ARI 340/360
2.70 COP
2.75 IPLV
3.55 COP
3.28 IPLV
3.37 COP
3.11 IPLV
ARI 210/240
3.22 COP
3.02 IPLV
3.22 COP
3.02 IPLV
2.96 COP
3.28 IPLV
[3.84 CO
3.84 IPLV
ARI 340/360
ARI 365
( )9 91 . NAECA SEER
.NAECA
.. 2/404
2022
6/22
()2/3-12
>
( )
91
()9
> 91
04
> 04
04
> 04
>
( )
91
> 91
04
( )
>
04
( )
>
04
>
91
> 91
04
( )
<
04
( )
( )
( )
( )
2.93
SCOP
2.84
SCOP
2.96 COP
3.05 IPLV
ARI
210/240
2190 O
2190
3.52 COP
3.81 COP
2999 O
3.96 COP
4.40 COP
ARI 325
22
2999 O
3.63 COP
3.75 COP
ARI 330
1.99 COP
2291
O
O
2291
O
94 O
392 O.199/ O .
O
392 .199/ .
O
( )
2291
04
2999 O
( )
O
O
94
O
O
2
O
()2
. .
.NAECA
2022
()2
()2
392 .190-/ . O
04
04
()2
392 .190-/ . O
ARI 320
1.93 COP
2999
( )
ARI
340/360
3.52 COP
3.81 COP
()9
.. 2/404
2.64 COP
2.70 IPLV
91
2.72 COP
2.78 IPLV
( )
( )
()2
3.2 COP
2.2 COP
3.1 COP
2.0 COP
4.1 COP
4.2 COP
3.9 COP
3.4 COP
2.8 COP
3.0 COP
ARI 210/240
ARI
340/360
ARI 320
ARI 325
ARI 330
7/22
()3/3-12
> 825
< 825
2.80 COP
2.80 IPLV
3.10 COP
3.10 IPLV
4.20 COP
4.65 IPLV
()
> 825
(
)
< 825
> 5588
< 5588
> 825
< 825
> 5588
< 5588
4.45 COP
4.50 IPLV
4.90 COP
4.95 IPLV
5.50 COP
5.60 IPLV
5.40 COP
5.40 IPLV
5.55 COP
5.55 IPLV
6.10 COP
6.10 IPLV
0.60 COP
ARI 550
or
ARI 590
as
appropriate
ARI 590
ARI 550
or
ARI 590
as
appropriate
ARI 550
0.70 COP
ARI 560
1.00 COP
1.05 IPLV
1.00 COP
1.00 IPLV
22 .
.. 2/404
2022
8/22
()4/3-12
( )
()9
( )
( )
()9
( )
( )
()9
( )
22
2093
22
2093
22
2093
22
2093
> 3
< 3
ARI 310/380
2.49 COPc
< 292
2.64 COPc
> 099
< 099
2.58 COPc
> 291
)3.66 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)4.31 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)3.19 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)3.84 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)3.60 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)4.25 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)3.16 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)3.81 - (0.213xCap
COPc
)3.2 - (0.089xCap
COPH
)2.9 - (0.089xCap
COPH
2.34 COPc
> 292
< 291
2.40 COPc
> 993
2.34 COPc
< 993
2.49 COPc
> 291
< 291
2.40 COPc
2.49 COPc
2.34 COPc
()9
ANSI/AHA
M
RAC-1
. 4909 9940
.. 2/404
2022
9/22
()5/3-12
( )
a,b
22
o
21
o
3.23 L / s.kW
20
22 o
21
o
1.7 L / s.kW
20
CTI ATC105
CTI ATC105
22 o R22
33
o
3 o
69 COP
ARI 460
22 o
)(a
)(b
: 4-22 :
(
)
. :
-1 (
)
. :
.
-2
: .
-3
-3 .
.. 2/404
2022
20/22
: 5-22
Diversity Factor
()
%100 :
. %80 %80
.
%75 %80 .
. .
.. 2/404
2022
22/22
Energy Efficiency Code of Vietnam, Nov.2001.
- ]9[
- ]2[
- ]2[
- ]0[
- ]1[
/ /] 92[
2440 /
22/22
2022
2/404 ..
1-13
,
, ,
. ( )3/3-31
).(Child Water
( :)2/2-21 )Bill of Quantities (BOQ
*
, ,
Water
Cooled Centrifugal Chiller
R , , ,
, , ,
:
3111 : = 171
2 , ,
Single Zone AHU
,
,
, ,
01 Double Skin
50mm Thick ,
:
= 321
= 00
= 7011/
= 301
.. 2/404
2022
2/21
, ,
Exhaust Air Fan ,
:
= 01/
,
Supply Squared Air Diffuser ,4-Ways
Adjustable Air
Pattern With Volume Dampers
Neck Size
( )220*220
( )111*111
( )170*170
,
SMACNA
1
Spliter Damper, Turning Vanes, Fire
Damper,
Flexible
Connection,
Supports Hangers,
20
20/
Aluminum Foil Facing
, ,
End Section,
:
= 00/ = 871/
= 10
, ,,
,
.. 2/404
31
32
31
8
011
821
2022
2/21
.. 2/404
2022
1/21
2022
4/21
-3
.
-4 :
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- () .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
:6-13
:
-1
.
-2
.
,
:7-13
.
.. 2/404
2022
5/21
[ ]1 / / 4002 /
[ ]11 / /
4002 /
[ ]14 / /
4002 /
.. 2/404
2022
6/21