/

3



2006 by

 3


2006 by

2006 by

 / ;


Bits Bytes
( )

2006 by

 / ;

transistors.
2
on () off ().

1 0. ..,
, /
.
transistor 1, on.
0, off. transistors
.
2006 by

 10

> 9

2006 by

, /
.

( 10)
10 0,1,2,3,,9.

( 2)
2 0 1.

2006 by

10 2

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0
1
10
11
100
101
110
111

8
9
10

1000
1001
1010

 / ; Bits and Bytes

bit (binary
digit), 1 0.

/ bits

, , ..

8 bits 1 byte. byte

.

8 (1 byte), / 28
= 256 .

2006 by

1 01
2006 by

10

1 01

01 1 01

 / ; ( )

(text code) (
) (1
0) .

EBCDIC.
8-bit ,
mainframe .

ASCII.
8 bits .
PCs ASCII.

Unicode 16 bits (2 bytes)

. (216 = 65536 )

2006 by

ASCII

2006 by

00110000
00110001
00110010
00110011
00110100
00110101
01000001
01000010

0
1
2
3
4
5
A
B

01000011
01000100
01000101

C
D
E

 / ;
:

(Control Unit)

(Arithmetic Logic
Unit. ALU)

(Machine Cycles)

RAM

2006 by

 / ;
;

(CPU).

CPU
(motherboard),

.

2006 by

 2006 by

 / ;
(Control Unit)
2 CPU (CU)
(ALU).

CPU .
CPU.

CPU CU
.
CPU (set
instruction) .
2006 by

 2006 by

 / ;
ALU

ALU.
ALU
.
ALU
(registers) CPU,

.
2006 by

 / ;
(Machine Cycles)
CPU

. 2
: () (fetch cycle)
() (execution cycle).
CPU

. , CPU
.

(pipelining), CPU
.
2006 by

 / ;

RAM
CPU. RAM
.

-Read-only memory- (ROM)

().
/
.

CPU

.

2006 by

2006 by

 / ;
RAM
RAM:

RAM (DRAM)
,
.

RAM (SRAM)
,
.

RAM flash.

/. .
2006 by

 /.

(Registers)

RAM

(System Clock)

(Bus)
(Cache Memory)

2006 by

 /:
(Registers)
CPU
(registers)

CPU.
( )
/
.
PCs 32-bits.
4
bytes .
64 bits.
2006 by

 /: RAM
RAM PC
.
RAM PC,
.
RAM
.
PC
,
RAM .
(swapping)
PC.
2006 by

 2006 by

 RAM = !
2006 by

 /:
(System Clock)

CPU.
.
/ sec.
.

"tick"
transistor.
(clock cycle).

Hertz (Hz). /
300 MHz,
300 . sec.
2006 by

 /:
(The System Bus)

( )
/.

. (data bus)
(address bus).

bits CPU
.

CPU RAM,
.
2006 by

 2006 by

 ()

CPU
.

: (
bits) (
MHz). PCs 100MHz
133MHz.

(data transfer rate).
., sec.
(Mbps MBps). (USB = 480Mbps, FireWire = 400 Mbps).
2006 by

 /:
( ) (Cache Memory)


CPU.
cache CPU
(cache Level-1) CPU RAM (cache
Level-2).
cache
/.
2006 by

 2006 by

(Ports)

(Expansion Slots and Boards)

2006 by


.. /
/ (ports)
/.
PC
, , ,
, , , ..
/
. bit
,
byte .
2006 by


.
PC

.

. /
CPU.
Universal Serial
Bus (USB) FireWire ( IEEE 1394)

.
2006 by


.


Small
Computer System Interface (SCSI).

2006 by