*****************************************************

-1
Rated voltage or voltages

Rated full-load amps for each voltage

level
Frequency

Phase

Rated full-load speed

Insulation class and rated ambient

temperature
Rated horsepower

Time rating

Locked-rotor code letter

Manufacturer's name and address

Frame size

Full-load efficiency

Power factor

*************************************************************
*************************************************************
..***********
-2




.
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
..***********
A 3 PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION3MOTOR HAS
1.HIGH STARTING TORQUE
2.LOW STARTING TORQUE
LOW STARTING TORQUE
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
..***********
THE RUNNING SPEED OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION -4
MOTOR IS
1 SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
2.LESS THAN SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
3.MORE THAN SY. NCHRONOUS SPEED
LESS THAN SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
*************************************************************

*************************************************************
..***********
IF THE ACTUAL SPEED OF INDUCTION MOTOR-5
IS EQUAL TO SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
1.DEVALOPE TORQUE
2.NOT DEVELOP TORQUE.
NOT DEVELOP TORQUE
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
..***********
COMMONLY USED A.C. MOTOR FOR -6
INDUSTRIAL DEVICES IS
1.SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
2.COMMUTATOR MOTOR
3.3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
..***********
A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IS -7
1.SELF STARTING
2.NOT SELF STARTING
SELF STARTING
*************************************************************

*************************************************************
..***********
THE NUMBER OF POLES OF A 3 PHASE -8
INDUCTION MOTOR AT 60 CYCLES RUNNING
BELOW 1500 RPM WILL BE
1.4 POLE
2.6 POLE
3.2 POLE
6 POLES
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
..***********
THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF 3 PHASE -9
INDUCTION MOTOR IS
1.SAME AS THAT OF ROTATING MAGNETIC
FIELD
2.OPPOSITE TO THE DIRECTION OF ROTATING
MAGNETIC FIELD
SAME AS THAT OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
..
THE TORQUE IN A 3 PHASE INDUCTION -10
MOTOR IS PROPORTIONAL TO

1.APPLIED VOLTAGE
2.SQUARE OF THE APPLIED VOLTAGE .V2
3.SQUARE ROOT OF APPLIED VOLTAGE
SQUARE OF THE APPLIED VOLTAGE
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN -11
STARTING OF 3 PHASE AND SINGLE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTORS?
3 PHASE MOTOR IS SELF STARTING WHEREAS 1
.PHASE MOTOR IS NOT
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT METHODS OF -12
STARTING OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS?
DIRECT ON LINE (1
2) STAR / DELTA
3) REACTOR STARTING
4) AUTO TRANSFORMER
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********

WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF UNDER VOLTAGE -13

ON 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR ?
THE MOTOR TAKES MORE CURRENT FOR THE
SAME LOAD.and speed decrease and if current
.exeed the rated value breaker took off the motor
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
WHAT CHECKS YOU MUST CARRY OUT -14
WHEN A MOTOR TRIPS On
THERMAL OVERLOAD?
A) CHECK THE HEALTHINESS OF ALL THREE
PHASES.
B) ENSURE ALL CONNECTION TIGHTNESS IN
THE POWER CIRCUIT RIGHT FROM CONTACTOR
UP TO MOTOR TERMINAL.
C) TAKE THE WINDING RESISTANCE
MEASUREMENT AND SHOULD BE SAME FOR
ALL 3 WINDINGS.
D) ROTATE THE SHAFT AND CHECK FOR
JAMMING.IT SHOULD TURN FREELY.
E) CHECK THE CONTACTOR CONTACTS AND
MAKE SURE THAT THERE IS NO PITTING ON
THEM AND CONTACTS MAKE FIRMLY.
F) START THE MOTOR AND MEASURE THE

CURRENTS IN ALL THE THREE PHASES WITH A

TONGUE TESTER.IT SHOULD BE WELL WITHIN
THE RATING OF THE MOTOR'S RATED
CURRENT.IF THE MOTOR STILL TRIPS ON
THERMAL OVERLOAD, SURELY THE BI-****LLIC
THERMAL OVERLOAD IS TO BE CALIBRATED
AND SET UP TO THE FULL LOAD RATING OF THE
MOTOR
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
IF YOU HAVE A MOTOR OF MORE THAN 100-15
KW CAPACITY AND YOU ARE ASKED TO
COMMISSION IT, WHAT SUGGESTIONS YOU WILL
GIVE FOR SELECTING THE SWITCHGEAR AND
PROTECTION ?

IT IS NORMAL PRACTICE THAT WHENEVER THE

MOTOR CAPACITY INCREASES
BEYOND 90 KW THE USE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
IS MADE INSTEAD OF POWER CONTACTOR DUE
THE LIMITATION OF ITS DESIGN. AS REGARDS
THE PROTECTION THE USE OF THERMAL BI
-****LLIC RELAY IS AVOIDED AND USE OF
MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY IS MADE WHICH
SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:

A) SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION

(INSTANTANEOUS) TO BE SET TO 6 TO 8 * IN
(IN=RATED CURRENT OF MOTOR).
B) BLOCKED ROTOR PROTECTION (AGAINST
STALLING OF MOTOR TO BE SET 2 *IN AND
DELAYED BY THE STARTING TIME OF MOTOR).
C) NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION.
D) EARTH FAULT PROTECTION.
E) THERMAL REPLICA
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
.***********
what are the conventional ways by which the-16
speed of a polyphase induction motor can be
changed
: answer
For squirrel cage motor -1
by using a stator winding which can be . connected for a different no of poles
. by varying the frequency : For wound rotor -2
.by cascade connection of two or more motors . by inserting voltage in the rotor circuit -

 by inserting resistance in the rotor circuit*************************************************************

*************************************************************
***********.
-17
) (
:
P=T*W
P=T*K*F
T F
P
T
F
k
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-18 F
B

:
-1 A 105
-2 B 130
-3 F 155

 -4 H 180
F
B
F
.B
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-19 100 PT
?PT100

100
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-20

*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-21

 2






*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-22
2
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-what are disadvantages of low power factor23
?
large KVA rating of equipment .1
Greater conductor size .2
large copper losses .3
poor voltage regulation .4
Reduced handling capacity of system .5
*************************************************************
*************************************************************

***********
-24
-1 2 ) (


- 2 2
.
60
.
-3
inventer .
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
Classify the power converters-25
Power converters can be classified into many
types according to their type of electrical
.conversion
Inverter is one of these families which converts
the power from DC power with DC voltage to AC
.(power with V (Voltage) and f (frequency
Rectifiers convert the AC power V (Voltage) and f
.(frequency) to DC power level VDC

Choppers are dc-dc converters, converts directly

.dc to dc
AC/AC Converter (Matrix Converter) converts the
AC power from a voltage or a frequency level into
another level
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
26 rectifier
half wave contrrol rectifier -1
full wave contrrol rectifier -2
half wave uncontrrol rectifier -3
full wave uncontrrol rectifier -4
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
UPS -27
Uninterrupted Power Supply UPS :
Battery Backup

( Auxiliary Supply)
--UPS --
UPS
UPS 15 5
Telecommunication,Data Center,Computers

 UPS Abnormal
Condition UPS
-1 :

-2 :Voltage Sag

-3 :voltage Spike

-4 :

)(T~V^2
-5 :

-6 : 50 60

-7 ) :(Switching Transient

-8 :
*************************************************************

*************************************************************
***********
-28

*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********

-29
(1: 20.
(2
(3
(4 )(soft starter
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********

-30

10

 20
.
1 )(1

)
(2
) (3
)(
)(
.
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-31 KV -11
KW - 8740 MVA - 16
KV - 33/11
BUS BAR 33KV .

Star / Delta Switch

Stator Reactance or Auto Transformer
Squirrel Cage

.Wound Rotor I. M
Rotor Resistance .


.Wound Rotor I. M Rotor Resistance .
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-32


- .








.
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-33
1.5
- 2

 .







. De rating
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-34 single phase induction

.
8 Starting




.
*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********

-35
.




**********************-----------------
---------------------********************************
*************************************************************
******************
-36



*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********

*************************************************************
*************************************************************
***********
-37 SF 1.15
SF Service Factory
%15

*************************************************************
*******************************

:-38
:
{direct on line {DOL -1 37.

 star- delta -2 37.

soft start -3 300 500.

-39 10. 20

:

. 2
1.5
10. 20
20 30.

:40- 10. : = \
10. 20 3
= 3\20 7

R , S , T , N "380" 28= 7*4
* .

-41
:

 :
:
R S R T.
:
.

:42
: :
. OVER LOAD
:
"" . OVER LOAD

:43 CT PT
"CT "current transformer:
"PT "potential transformer

44 CT
:

-45 C.B
: 630
800 3000 3600
.SF6 , AIR BLAST C.B , OIL C.B , VACUUM

 : MINITURE 0.5 125

1POLE
2POLE POLE 3 POLE .4
: COMPACT 16 32 100 125
200 400 630 .

46
: C.B
-1: . ""
-2
-3 1 2 .POLE 3

:10 full load current C.B

10.
1.5 : ==full load C.B current
10. 20 full
load C.B current 30

:11 OVER LOAD

: %90 full load current
10. 20 <..............

 OVER LOAD
18=20*0.9

:12 Contactor
-1 :
-2 poles
-3
-4 auxiliary points
:13 "">I >" , "V
"< I" :
OVER CURRENT RELAY
" ">V
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY

:14 MOTOR STARTING

) D.O.L) direct on line
: DELTA-STAR
.





alarm
trep

1
2
3
4
5
6

:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

%40 rated
current )
(
.
%5 rated

 ) (

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:
PF = P/S = COS
:
P
S

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

-1 A.VO
Diode



.
-2
a.c chopper , autotransformer
.clamp meter
-3



.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----


.



...

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

slip
power ((P=3*V*I*P.F


= Slip of motor
..... Sm=R2/Xeq
slip motor
Power

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----


.1 )
(


Stator& rotor winding: phase to phase , phase to
..(ground , interturn By using (differential relay
Unbalance phases
Open one phase
Over &under vol***e
Over load
Flash over on rotor winding
Earth fault
Motor temperature
.2

Overload & shortcircuit
.

-1
) ( Slip energy recovery

 - 2 prime mover

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

crawling
))squirrel
. cage 7/1
Ns slip

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

cogging



.

Vol***e control
Frequency control
Vol***e / frequency control
Adding resistance with slip ring rotor
No of poles

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:
))prime mover
.
))
Damping

.
Cycloconverter

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.
Damper winding

)) Damping

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:
-
P
Q
OVER EXCITED UNDER EXCITED
) (.
DC -
P
Q
.



50 60
.

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 BRUSHLESS

)(EXCITATION

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:

Speed
.Governor

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.1 Same Vol***e .
.2 Same Frequency .
.3 Same Phase Sequence .
.4 Same Phase Shift .
.

) (

Over Excited
Qmax
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

) (
)
(

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

DIRECTIONAL RELAY
directional relay bus bar-generators
-transformer
over current relay
relay )(fault


) (fault
relay relay C.B
:directional relay
.1 over current relay

Instantaneous directional relay .2

bus bar
BUSBAR
DIFFRENTIAL RELAY
. vol***e supervision relay

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

HVHRC
High Vol***e High Rupturing Capacity
fuse

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----


)
...(
) (
.

.
) ( .
) (



)
( )(


.


.
.


.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:
soft starter .1
.2
:

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.

) 50 (

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 ) (Tertiary Winding
Tertiary Winding





,

.


) ( look out

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

?
.1
.2 ) (
.3 ) (
.4 ) (

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.1
.2 open delta
) 1 2 (
.3 ..
4 5
6
:
.1
.2
.3

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

Open delta

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

) ( )(Y

ATS
)(ac
alternator
ac
rectifier
matching ac to dc alternator

)(
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

Armory
Armory



Is.c

 isolating

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

What is the IP standard Protection degrees of

?enclosures
IP

ex. IP 543
" "5 dust
" "4 "water or "liquid
" "3 mechanical impact


mechanical impact

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

ANSI DEVICE NUMBERS

:
NO.2 MEANS TIME DELAY

NO.21 MEANS DISTANCE

NO.25 MEANS SYNCHRONISM-CHECK
NO.27 MEANS UNDERVOL***E
NO.30 MEANS ANNUNCIATOR
NO.32 MEANS DIRECTIONAL POWER
NO.37 MEANS UNDERCURRENT OR
UNDERPOWER
NO.38 MEANS BEARING
NO.40 MEANS FIELD
NO.46 MEANS REVERSE-PHASE
NO.47 MEANS PHASE-SEQUENCE VOL***E
NO.49 MEANS THERMAL
NO.50 MEANS INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT
NO.51 MEANS AC TIME OVER CURRENT
NO.59 MEANS OVER VOL***E
NO.60 MEANS VOL***E BALANCE
MEANS PRESSURE (MECHANICAL
PROTECTION) NO.63
NO.64 MEANS APPARATUS GROUND
NO.67 MEANS AC DIRECTIONAL OVER
CURRENT
NO.68 MEANS BLOCKING
NO.69 MEANS PERMISSIVE
NO.74 MEANS ALARM
NO.76 MEANS DC OVER CURRENT
NO.78 MEANS OUT-OF-STEP
NO.79 MEANS AC RECLOSING

NO.81 MEANS FREQUENCY

NO.85 MEANS CARRIER OR PILOT-WIRE
NO.86 MEANS LOCK OUT
NO.87 MEANS DIFFERENTIAL
NO.94 MEANS TRIPPING





2000Hz 30mA
60-50 5-3 .
60 50 .
40
1000 30
13
500.

.
:
) (



.
. fibrillation

.


.
.
Let Go Current .
50 65
110

30 60.

.
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:
Ir IL Io.c - Ioff - -
Is.c InL-
Ioff , InL , IL , Ir , Io.c , IS.C

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:

fire fitting
:


:

) (

)(

 )(
)( ) (

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

-
- -

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

connected load demand load

connect load


connect
load
.
demand load


connect load factor
diffarcity factor

.
:
:Recovery vol***e
.
:Resitriking vol***e
.

:Transient over vol***e

.
:First phase to clear the fault
) (3Phase short circuit

.
Resitriking vol***e
.
1.5 .

:Symmetrical fault

.
:
3phase fault
3phase to ground fault
:As Symmetrical fault


.
:
Single phase to ground fault
Two phase to ground fault
Phase to phase fault
:Zero sequence impedance
)(Fault current If
) (Fault )Neutral
(point ) ,......,
(.
:Source impedance

.
:Inductive type vol***e impedance


,
110V

.
:Out off phase switching
,
,
Short circuit 2phase
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.
- 1 Vacuum Circuit Breaker


Torr 1 / 1000000000

 36 .
- 2 Oil Circuit Breaker





.
- 3 SF6 Circuit Breaker

1100
.
SF6
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:
.1 single line diagram
.2
wiring diagram
.3
.4

 .5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11

.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.1 :

.2 :

.3 :



.4 :

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

:
.1
.2


.

1/ 400 5/ 400
100/ 66000
110/ 66000 100/ 11000 110/ 11000
.

.1


.2

.3
1 5
100 110.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

rated burden


.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

5p20 , 30 VA
Name plate p
p 5
Accuracy class p
ALF 20

30 .

 % 5 20
VA 30 .
5P X 3p 6p
CL KL class
class 0.5 class 2 20 n
.

.1 continuity
.2 1000
10
20
.3
.4

.5

% 10 % 50


.6


:
=

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

S2 , S1 K , L



In
= ) (

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

65
95 .





50 70
100

) (





2



.

.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 .1 11
.

.2

.3
) (
.4
.


1
1 2, 1



66.


66 ..

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

11.



:
.1

.2


.3 ) (
.4 11.
.5 11.
.6

.7 .

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

11.

.1

.2
.3
.4

 .5

.6
.7
.8
.9
.10

.11


.12



.13
.

.1
.2
.3

.4
.5
.6
.7

 .8
66. 11.
.9 11.

.10 2 , 1
66.
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.1


.2
.3
.4

.5

.6 .

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----



66. 220.






.

.1

.2

.3



.4
.5

.6


.7

.8

.9 .

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

) ,
(



.


.
.
Frequency load shedding

When the load increase ------------------the frequency
decrease

when the load decrease ------------------the frequency

Increase
Frequency
Governor

:

speed
governor

stability frailer
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

? How the vol***e affect by Reactive Power

:Answer
The vol***e affects directly with the reactive power in
the power systems so if the reactive power increased the
vol***e increase and vise versa when the reactive power
.decrease the vol***e decrease

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

3


:




= )( / 3



.
.
phase
.

 load bank resistor

UPS

) LOAD
( BANK RESISTOR
.
STANDBY

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

)( .
)(
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 governor

under vol***e n
f
.

air superheated steam
torque
.
:


.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

zero sequence current
.
BURDEN
BURDEN
. BURDEN Volt
Ampere Name Plate 15VA

 30VA Accuracy 5P20

Cl 0.5 .

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

.

) ( ,
.
:
.1
.2



.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 .

.
:
:

. 600

:
18
1733
:
. 1800

:
1831
20 )
(
:

1865

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

 :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
:
" "
ELCB
.
:
" "

MCB
.
:
" "
ELCB

.
, electric field magnetic field
) (electric field
) (magnetic field
) (magnetic field ) electric
( field

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

90

:
V(t) = Vm cos wt
:
I(t)=Im sin wt
90
:
I(t) = -Im sin wt
)I(t) = Im cos (wt+90

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

short


) (open circuit

) (KNEE POINT
.

)KNEE
(POINT
.

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

fuse & CB

CB

 FUSE
FUSE & CB :
) (PROTECTION COORDINATION

----- ---- --- -- - -- --- ---- -----

Faults
:Faults In Electrical Power System
Multi-phase Short Circuit "High Current will flow
a- Balanced three phase Fault
b- Single Phase - to - ground Fault
c- Double phase to ground Fault
d- Phase to phase Fault
Single Phase - to - ground Fault
% 80

.
.
joints
.