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idioms

meeting in camera
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I totally agree with you. I am in total agreement with you. I feel/think/believe that you are mistaken.

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punish

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big, great, giant, large, sizable,

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family and in-laws

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puberty, maturity pregnant

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childhood

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brother in law

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daughter in law

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an instructor a teacher

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decay, perish

die out

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creatures
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Louis XVI was beheaded by the revolutionists/rebels.

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bilateral relations/ties
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mutual interests

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reciprocal relations

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warrant of arrest

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memorandum, memo

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to succeed in doing something

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to pass the exam

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company, corporation; firm, business; partnership; association

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Mr. Justice

felony
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suspect

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joint-stock company; anonymous company

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joint-stock company, stock company

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holding company

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partnership, joint-liability company, joint company

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I am fed up with you.

I am worried about that state of chaos.

I speak English fluently.

I am talking in English.

I drink milk everyday.

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I am drinking tea.

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He is always coming late!

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Mr. Ahmad led a happy life when he was in France. Ahmad has until recently lived a miserable life. Ahmad has been living in France for eleven years. I have been knocking at the door for ages and I wonder when it will open for me. This time next week, I will be flying to Amsterdam.
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If I pass the comprehensive exam, I will migrate to Australia. If I had lettuce, I would make you a delicious salad. If I had come earlier, I wouldnt have been penalised by the manager. Had I come earlier, I wouldnt have
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- Stephens winning the race pleased his father.
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- She regretted having discussed the matter with you. - Being the eldest child, Catherine took care of her younger brothers and sisters. - Having finished with the dowry, let us talk about the honey moon. - Her leg caught in the trap, she could not escape. - They appreciate your offering them the job.
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- ABC Company certifies/hereby certifies that Mr. So and so has worked

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These developments attest to the theories of Ms. So and so. The region has lately/recently seen a wave of violence that claimed the lives of ten.
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defence witness
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ear witness

eye witness

false witness
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These measures (are in line with/are in harmony with/are in conformity with/conform to) the provisions of the law.

Having mentioned something about constitution, let us examine these legal terms:
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Laws


Constitution Bylaws Paragraph Item

I saw a man leaning on a car, eating a hamburger. The minister underscored/reiterated/underlined his countrys support of the Palestinian Cause.
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Please rest assured that we are following up the matter and will revert to you with any developments in due course.
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We assure you of our best attention and services.

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They will stand shoulder-to-shoulder against the enemy.



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They were so terrified that they armed themselves with loaded guns.
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We eyed each other thoughtfully.

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She headed for the bus stop.

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shoulder
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I will not stand by to let the company collapse.

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stand by
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I will stand by my friend in bad times.

Between the blue devil and the Dead Sea.

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- My back is aching.

They fingered him as the one who committed the crime.

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- The defense says he found a witness to back his claims.

I follow my nose.

So and so looks down his nose on people.

I am not keen on poking my nose in matters that do not bother me.

Perpetrators

The policemen managed to nail him for highway robberies.

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The mastermind

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John has one foot in his grave.

Foot

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So and so was ousted (turned down) from the competition/race. The scientist has made (has arrived at) a significant conclusion. The people revolted against its government. The people rose against its government. That country seceded (broke away) from the Paris Convention. The train has run off the track. The train has gone off the rails. This matter is nothing but a babyish behaviour. So and so is one of that partys dissidents. The outlaw is still at large. The lion is still on the loose.

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I wish to go abroad to pursue my graduate studies. I seek admission to the university.

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The number you dialled cannot be reached. The number you dialled is out of reach. The number you dialled is out of use.
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The man was driven out by Ahmad.

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The man drove out the town.

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The man left the town never to return.

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This machine is out of service.

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This is the exit door.

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Unfortunately, some children are out of control. So and so lost her temper.

The Gross National Product (GNP) has amounted to JD given the revenues of Jordanians living abroad. The Gross National Product (GNP) has amounted to JD given the revenues of Jordanian expatriates.
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We will fight fiercely until death. I am taking a course in English Literature up till 1660. - I travelled abroad to learn a foreign language. - I travelled abroad so that I could learn a foreign language. - I travelled abroad with an aim to learn a foreign language.
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I ate all the vegetables including cucumbers.

I studies hard lest my father get angry in case I failed. Even if you told me the truth I would not forgive you. Although so and so won the race, I still doubt his skill. I havent received any letter from him so far.
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Even so and so passed the exam.

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NASA has launched a rocket and a space shuttle to the outer space.

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The man grew a beard after his release from prison. The man, after being released from prison, grew a beard. a- The man who was tortured and humiliated committed suicide. b- Tortured and humiliated, the prisoner committed suicide.
Y

The government has launched many (several, a number of) developmental projects.
Y  1 X ! W 
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An Israeli soldier shot dead a Palestinian boy. He government continued to believe that it should give a free hand to the private sector in transport.
26
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The state of chaos in that country unleashed an unprecedented wave of violence. So and so divorced his wife. (Please check page 5 above)
  1 X X ! ! W W
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The artist (pianist) gave full rein to his imagination and produced one of the masterpieces in painting.
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The thief is still at large.

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loose

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lose

The lion is still on the loose.

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finite, non-finite and verbless clauses

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Her father kept her on tight rein with his narrow views. People have designated that street as Birch Street.
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The constitution was suspended for a year. This practice has ceased since 1980. Stand up, hold your tongue and dont move. Stop! Give way!
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The progress of the invasion force was impeded by the troops.

The scarcity in resources will preclude the development of economy. The man stood by his wife in hard times. The whole matter is now dependant on (contingent on) the inspectors decision. I did not like his attitude toward the case. We should take a firm position vis--vis the deteriorated situation in security. She did not lift a finger to help her friend. The suspect was apprehended then charged with high treason.
  9 `  
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The two disputing parties intend to (plan to) forge a fact-finding committee on the recent bout of violence and how to prevent its
28

People come from the ends of the world with their different tongues and faces. The man stood in my way.
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recurrence. What if water ceased from flowing from taps and traffic lights failed? The play has/contains four scenes performed without pause.
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He paused for a few seconds then continued his speech.

29

You will be my eyes and ears and will carry out my instructions. I prefer altruism to egoism.
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He talks softly.
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US president left for the Middle East in a three-leg tour. He talks loudly.
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Hoping to halt the growth of the Soviet influence and to improve relations with Pakistan, the president removed the prime minister. He is in an unenviable situation.
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30

The United States was cautious about prospects for implementing a pledge by Israeli and Palestinian leaders to end three weeks of bloody violence.



Barak and Arafat agreed to halt violence and set an inquiry into its causes and explore a return to peace negotiations.
p  4

Their desire to come back together and discuss the resumption of the negotiation process suggests to me that they both want to see negotiations resume.
3  P 5

There are some uncertainties there.

Y 


A senior US official, briefing reporters in the summit, defended the fact that no agreement was put into writing.
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The two disputing parties plan to set up a fact-finding committee on (pertaining to) the recent bout of violence and how to prevent it recurrence.

31

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After arriving home on Tuesday night, Clinton leaves on Wednesday to Norfolk; to attend the memorial ceremonies for the victims of the suspected bombing last week of the US destroyer Cole.
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All diplomatic efforts were futile/were in vain.

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Fresh clashes erupted between Palestinians and Israeli forces Saturday on

a day of rage to mark the holding of an Arab summit in Cairo.
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This is a message to the Arab summit and its leaders to never forget the blood of our martyrs, said 17-year Ahmad stooping down to pick up another stone to hurl at the Israelis.
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President Joseph Estrada said his patience broke after the rebels seized a new group of hostages from Malaysia on Sep. 10.
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THREE Israelis and a suicide bomber were killed in an attack in Netanya yesterday after the Islamic Palestinian group Hamas said it had ten volunteers to carry out similar attacks once Ariel Sharon formed government.
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In hajj, the faithful/the believers dress modestly: men clad in two-piece seamless white cloth, the women covered except for the hands and the face as a symbol of equality.
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It also slammed Labor Party statesman and Noble Peace Prize laureate
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Jordan's Glorious past, flourishing present, and radiant future

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Time rolled on and the Jordanians rolled on with it. Time was exhausted, yet they have not wearied. Thus the glory of Jordan deep in time and civilization has become a platitude according to

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These are glorious civilization scenes telling the story of their makers who thrived thousands of years ago breaking in life in an age that is barbaric both in nature and climate.

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Civilizations sprang up from its land, on which they grew up and became youthful, and then afterwards they grew old and disappeared (died). Yet the archaeological witnesses lingering in Jordan's land, the vestiges of civilizations dispersed upon its terrenes are a significant story of civilization beings in the make which seem to say, "In Jordan we were created and back to it we will return"

The cradle of civilizations and the scene of their youth, that's Jordan.


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This is the state of the strong peaks: they are confronted by the

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Let's leaf in the book of Jordan page after page and chapter by chapter and listen to the language of numbers and facts so that we can see to what extent our beloved Jordan has outstretched itself, on the way of its rising renaissance. Let's also apprize ourselves on the achievements Jordan has realized as well as of the goals it works to achieve. We should turn a cold shoulder to people of ulterior motives for Jordan resists corruption and evil corrupters who do their worst towards Jordan which they please with honeyed mouths although their hearts do not stop sowing doubts regarding its capacity to stand firm and overriding obstacles.

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No wonder you see Jordan rich in its history, rich in its achievements and resources rich in itself, rich in its faith and becomes today a workshop of productivity serving to realize goals and participates in the making of the civilization of the future.

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We started with the early stages in the history of humanity and then there came the Nabateans, the Romans and the Arab Islamic ages... These are civilizations that run abreast of each other as if they were bound in a race with immortality

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every student of history.

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winds of corruption and the whims of doubt sowers but they remain standing high, not lowering their heads or acquiescing even in their glance.

Preface
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It is easy for the careful student, even for the non so careful, to notice the effects of propaganda in totalitarian societies and the effects of sloganeering in the capitalist ones. Invented by the social sciences, these media of propaganda have the power to transform the lives of men to an extent that exceeds the power needed to break up an atom

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Before we begin with our main topic in this book which is the study of politics and pertinent contemporary systems of governance, I feel it is appropriate here to point out in a passing way to the social sciences, since politics is one of the most ancient branches of the social sciences The social sciences may look, for the nonscrutiniser, less significant than the natural sciences especially in application. The fact however is right the opposite. Application, indeed, of the various branches of the social sciences has proved their efficacy that has in most cases surpassed natural sciences in steering even changing the life and behaviour of contemporary man

54

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Social sciences, from the first glance, are defined as these sciences which give to man or the individual living in a group a central position round which revolve all the groups concerns. In other words, the social sciences examine the political animal to quote Aristotle, and thus they care to analyse the human groups,

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The status of theory and application in the social sciences differs from that in the natural sciences. The advancement in the theory in natural sciences is measured by the success of its practical application. With the social sciences, however, the opposite is true as it seems that practical application is much more advanced than the theory. Hence there emerges a conspicuous discrepancy between the efficiency of application of the social sciences and the chaotic state its theory is undergoing. There is for example no unanimous agreement among sociologists about the basic definitions and concepts pertaining to sociology. Every sociologist is using his own jargon and is talking about his own concepts, which would make it difficult for sociologist to communicate and agree. This is so clear that it can be noticed by any student of the heritages of the social and natural scientists. A birds eyes view on social sciences shows that these sciences are less developed, notwithstanding

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On first consideration, the word politics seems to be easily definable. We can say, for instance, that it is a topic which tackles political power, which looks into the legitimacy of authority, or which searches for the harmony and conflict of interests, or may be we can say it is the quest of an

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Likewise will be inadequate to define the social sciences as the analysis of human groups, where focus is mainly laid first on the group members then on the society, leading to inescapable disturbing and confusing inconsistency and mixing when using terminologies in this field, as McKenzie says It follows therefore that this terminological problematique does apply to our main topic, politics being one of the most important and significant branches of the social sciences. This would call us to wonder: what is politics? What does this word we utter refer to

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communities and societies The difference among students of sociology however leads us to say that the notion or concept human group is not that easy to define. We could for instance say that it is a gathering of individuals, but this definition is too broad that it would, for instance, include viewers watching a motion picture in the cinema, which, though not a gathering in the proper sense, can still be considered as a gathering in one way or another

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Human socialising is a must, says Ibn Khaldooun, a statement reiterated by wise men saying Man is civil by nature meaning man must societise for being civil, they say, means construction, since God has created man in such a way that he cannot live without food, and has instilled in him the natural desire to pursue his food within the limits of powers he has, but, still, individual powers are incapable alone of pursuing the food he needs for survival

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Surprisingly and paradoxically, the word or term politics is commonly used every day and night in all communities by all classes of people from the elite and the educated to common people, yet one cannot find for this word an all-inclusive definition, while we can see that it is much more feasible to define a term like sociology, a science dealt with by specialists only, than to define the word politics, despite the fact that politics is a very old social science compared with sociology which relatively new

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individual or individuals of a way that entitles them to the legitimacy of coercion within the limits of a given society

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Ibn Khaldoun further explains, in a nutshell, the need of man to his peer in order to fulfill his bread and butter necessities especially food. Man, as we know, cannot be self-sufficient if he lives alone away from his fellows, thus necessitating mans seek of help from those who are able to fulfill his pressing needs

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THE AMMAN DECLARATION ON PROMOTING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN IRAQ

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Despite all these setbacks, the Iraqi people always proved their resilience and determination to survive with pride and dignity, and to contribute to modern society.

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At the dawn of history, Mesopotamia was the cradle of civilization. On this blessed land, its forefathers carried the torch of knowledge to enlighten the path towards prosperity of the human race. This was not always on the side of Iraqi people since Iraq was invaded and the country was plunged into periods of darkness.

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A Declaration Adopted at the International Conference to "Engage Iraq's Science and Technology Community in Developing its Country" Amman, Hashemite Kingdome of Jordan, 18-20 September 2005

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The Arab Science and Technology Foundation (ASTF), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), USA and the Conference participants commit themselves to actively endeavor to achieve the noble objectives of assisting Iraq's Science and Technology Community in the rebuilding and development of their country. The participants in this conference and their collaborators undertake to assist the Iraqi scientists and technologists to facilitate the establishment of joint international and selfsustaining projects, in order to implement practical projects by the Iraqi S & T Community. They will also spare no effort to generate the necessary

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Today, Iraq is witnessing a calamity of catastrophic dimensions. Every aspect of daily life has been affected by years of sanctions, mismanagement of national resources, and three devastating wars. The present tragic status of security, health, education, employment, infrastructure, and other vital public services calls for urgent measures to support the rebuilding process.

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The participants express their deep gratitude to H.R.H Prince El-Hassan Bin Talal, Chairman of the Higher Council for Science and Technology, the people and government of Jordan, under the able leadership of His Majesty King Abdulla the second, for their kind encouragement, support, and hospitality, which have made this Conference an

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The Conference participants recognize with great admiration the tireless efforts of the organizers in reaching this stage of the Initiative, and call upon all international funding bodies to actively contribute funds to facilitate a successful implementation of the programs included in this initiative.

 

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funding needed for this longterm task through active campaigns and arrangement with other collaborators in order to achieve the goals of this conference. We, therefore call upon the human conscious to join us in this noble endeavour to help rebuild this devastated nation.

  

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Amman , 20th of September , 2005

Conference Participants

overwhelming success.

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4- The old man was heading the procession holding a sword.

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8- The latest talks aimed at ending the civil war appear to be heading for a deadlock.
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cul-de-sac

9- Once they get an idea into their heads, they never give up.
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7- I dont have a head for business.

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5- Chaired by Mr. Smith, the meeting called for more reformation in the company.
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3- I cant get the song out of my head.

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rectorate

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12- He soon abandoned his plans to pursue his graduate studies.

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13- In 1989, that country abandoned socialism and in 1993 a new constitution restored monarchy.
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14- In 1915, Yuan announced plans to restore monarchy and install himself emperor but he was forced by popular opposition to abandon his plans.

 

15- Queen Isabella formally abdicated in favour of her son in 1879, but he did not return to Spain to take up his royal duties until 1875.
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- Should the king die or be incapacitated, the throne shall devolve upon his eldest son.
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Negotiations

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16- Shortly after Hitler came to power in Germany, Dollfus dissolved the parliament and abolished the freedom of speech, press and the right to assemble, and he outlawed the communist party.
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17- In 1920, many troops wore the swastika on their helmets when they occupied Berlin in an abortive attempt to overthrow the German republic.


18- Five members voted in favour of the draft law.

19- Five members voted against the draft law.

21- The fat cat has abstained from food.

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22- Many of the chlorophyll-containing bacteria are abundant in oceans, lakes and rivers.


23- The laws imposed fines, jail sentences or both for saying anything disloyal, profane or abusive about the government.
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20- Five members abstained

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27- The files can be accessed and downloaded.

30- Natural resources are the backbone/mainstay of our economy.

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31- The West became a backwater while the Islamic world and the Byzantine Empire became super powers.
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32- Industrial stagnation, mass unemployment and skyrocketing inflation continued to frustrate the government in its efforts (in its quest) to rehabilitate national economy.
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29- This was achieved in 1953.

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33- Many countries acceded to the Madrid Convention pertaining to intellectual property.

34- You must avoid being baited by the low price of that low-quality commodity.
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35- All kinds of slavery and servitude must be banned by the law.

36- The status-quo crisis * the realisation (achievement, accomplishment) of a just and comprehensive peace. * is a barrier to, is a hindrance to, hinders, impedes, precludes
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37- The lack of modern transportation facilities is a barrier to development in that country.


38- The most effective barrier I used against him was to cut off electricity from his house.
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42- The partitioning of that country led to bitter disputes between the two countries over the distribution of water.
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45- Mr. Smith, in his capacity as the director general of that company, is entitled to sack or hire anyone as he sees fit.
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47- The carnage of World War I brought the European system of diplomacy into disrepute.
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48- Abraham is one of the athletes who used his Olympic success as a springboard to wealth and celebrity.
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63- They manufacture cars that have good mileage and that are affordable to all consumers.
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61- The telecommunication sector saw a remarkable advancement in recent years.

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57- The president eventually acknowledged that he sold weapons to that country.
  

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66- She was quick-witted and had an agile mentality.

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72- She tried to be humble in a bid to gain more fans.

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73- People suffered from the war and its aftermath.

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75- What they want boils down to one thing. It is land.

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74- That government decided to impose a media blackout about the earthquake.
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79- Let us now write down the events in chronological order.

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80- NATO is planning to curtail the number of troops in that region.



82- Her disclosing the details of the transaction was the reason why she was fired.
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