HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS HYDRAULICS

(BFC 2073) (BFC 2073) (BFC 2073) (BFC 2073)

Hydraulic is related to the principle of
fluid mechanics usage for structure of
water engineering, civil and
environmental engineering necessity
especially hydraulic structure example
channel, river, weir and water treatment
plant.
Introduction
Flow in open channel has a
free surface which is caused
by atmosphere pressure.
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 1
TYPES OF FLOW IN TYPES OF FLOW IN TYPES OF FLOW IN TYPES OF FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL OPEN CHANNEL OPEN CHANNEL OPEN CHANNEL
CONTENTS
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
TYPES OF FLOW
STATE OF FLOW
TYPES OF FLOW
A TIME AS THE CRITERION
(i) Steady Flow
Depth of flow does not change with time
Example: Constant flow in piping flow in time
(ii) Unsteady Flow
Depth of flow changes with time
Example: Flood
B SPACE AS THE CRITERION
(i) Uniform Flow
Depth of flow is same at every section of channel
(ii) Non Uniform Flow
Depth of flow changes along of channel section
B SPACE AS THE CRITERION
(NON UNIFORM FLOW)
(iii) Rapidly Varied Flow
Depth of flow changes abruptly
over a comparatively short
distance.
(e.g : Hydraulic jump)
(iv) Gradually Varied Flow
Depth of flow changes gradually over a comparatively long
distance
Example: backwater at the upstream of weir or sluice gate.
Open Channel Flow
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow
Uniform Flow Non Uniform Flow
Gradually Varied Flow Rapidly Varied Flow
Figure 1 : Types of flow in open channel
STATE OF FLOW
Influenced by three factors :-
Inertial Force (Inersia)
Viscosity Force (kelikatan)
Gravity Force
A EFFECT OF INERTIAL & VISCOSITY FORCES
) (R Number eynolds R
Force Viscosity
Force Inertial
e
= == =
or represent as :-

= == =


= == =
vR vR
R
e
. 2.1
State of flow ( based on Reynolds Number ) :-
where ;
v = Velocity (m/s)
= Dynamic viscosity (N.s/m
2
)
= Water density (1000 kg/m
3
)
= Kinematic viscosity (m
2
/s)
R = Hydraulic radius (m)

P
A
R = == =
. 2.2
(i) Re 500
Laminar Flow
Flow : Slow & Shallow
Slippery surface
STATE OF FLOW
(ii) Re 12500
Turbulent Flow
(Aliran gelora)
Flow : Normally occurred in open channel
Transitional Flow (iii) 500 Re 12500
STATE OF FLOW
B EFFECT OF INERTIAL & GRAVITY FORCES
) (F Number Froude
Force Gravity
Force Inertial
r
= == =
or represent as :-
. 2.3
gD
v
F
r
= == =
where ;
v = Velocity (m/s)
g = Earths gravity (m/s
2
)
D = Hydraulic depth (m)

T
A
D = == =
. 2.4
State of flow ( based on Froude Number ) :-
(i) Fr = 1
Critical Flow
(ii) Fr < 1
Sub Critical Flow
Super Critical Flow
(Genting lampau)
(iii) Fr >1
Flow in slow condition
Flow in turbulent condition
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Three types of channel :-
A NATURAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.2 : Natural channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
B ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
Figure 9.3 : Artificial channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
C PRISMATIC CHANNEL
Uniform cross section & slope at whole channel
length.
Usually artificial channel.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY ELEMENT
y = Depth of water (m)
T = Top width water surface (m)
B = Base width water surface (m)
P = Wetted perimeter (m)
A = Wetted area (m
2
)
R = Hydraulic radius R = A/P (m)
D = Hydraulic depth D = A/T (m)
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
T
B
P
y
Figure 9.4 : Channel geometric element
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Figure 9.5 : Channels sides slope
I SIDES SLOPE, Z
1
z
Note : If slope, = 45 z = 1
( z at left & right side is same )
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Figure 9.5 : Channels sides slope
II CHANNEL SLOPE, S
o
( unit less )

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
III RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN v & Q
AV Q = == =
. 2.5
where ;
Q = Discharge or flow rate (m
3
/s)
v = Velocity (m/s)
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
DERIVATION OF CHANNEL FORMULA
B
y
1
z
1
z
3
1
2
L
Figure 2.6 : Derivation of channel formula
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
From Figure 2.6 :
T = Top width water surface
zy 2 B T + ++ + = == =
A = Wetted area
A = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) [ [[ [ ] ]] ] ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
2
zy By A
y zy
2
1
y B y zy
2
1
A
+ ++ + = == =
( (( (

( (( (



| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ +
( (( (

( (( (



| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
P = Wetted perimeter
( (( ( ) )) )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
z 1 y L
z 1 y L
y z y L
zy y L
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
P = Wetted perimeter
2
z 1 y 2 B P
L 2 B P
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
therefore ;
Note :
Use this trapezoidal formula (A, T & P) to find formulae for
rectangular & triangular shape.
For Rectangular z = 0
for Triangular B = 0
B + 2zy By + zy
2
2zy zy
2
B + 2y B By
P T A SHAPE
B
y
T
z z
1 1 y
T
y
1
z
T
B
1
z
d
T
y

2
z 1 y 2 + ++ +
2
z 1 y 2 B + ++ + + ++ +
) sin (
8
d
2

| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

2
sin
d
2
d
( in radian ) ( in radian )
( in angle )
To sum up .. Table 2.1 : Channels geometric elements
Let Let Let Let s take a s take a s take a s take a
break!!! break!!! break!!! break!!!
Based on the figure given find :-
i) Top width water surface (T), wetted
area (A), wetted perimeter (P) &
hydraulic radius (R).
ii) If Q = 2.4 m
3
/s, determine the flow
state.
iii) If inclined length (L) = 50 m, find the
cost to construct this channel (Given
excavation cost = RM 3/m
3
and lining
cost = RM 5/m
2
)
EXAMPLE 2.1 EXAMPLE 2.1 EXAMPLE 2.1 EXAMPLE 2.1
3 m
2 m
1 m
60
.... Cont .... Cont .... Cont .... Cont
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Given:-
B = 3 m
y = 2 m
t = 3 m ( channel height) )
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
Find z value first :
60
z
1
5774 . 0
60 tan
1
z
z
1
60 tan
= == =

= == =
= == =
Therefore ;
(i) Top width water surface, T
m 3096 . 5 T
) 2 )( 5774 . 0 )( 2 ( 3 T
zy 2 B T
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
(i) Wetted area, A
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
2
2
2
m 3096 . 8 A
) 2 )( 5774 . 0 ( ) 2 )( 3 ( A
zy By A
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
(i) Wetted perimeter, P
m 6189 . 7 P
) 5774 . 0 ( 1 ) 2 )( 2 ( 3 P
z 1 y 2 B P
2
2
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
(i) Hydraulic radius, R
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) State of flow
m 091 . 1 R
6159 . 7
3096 . 8
R
P
A
R
= == =
= == =
= == =
gD
v
F
r
= == =
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow
Find v & D first :
m/s 2888 . 0
3096 . 8
4 . 2
v
A
Q
v
= == = = == =
= == =
m 5650 . 1 D
3096 . 5
3096 . 8
D
T
A
D
= == =
= == =
= == =
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow
Thus ;
flow critical Sub 1 074 . 0 F
) 565 . 1 )( 81 . 9 (
2888 . 0
F
gD
v
F
r
r
r
< << < = == =
= == =
= == =
(iii) Construction cost
Construction cost includes :-
(a) Excavation cost
(b) Lining cost
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost
(a) Excavation cost
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
3
2
2
m 709.83 volume Excavation
(50) ) 3 ( ) 5774 . 0 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( volume Excavation
(L) zt Bt volume Excavation
AL volume Excavation
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
= == =
Therefore ;
2129.49 RM cost Excavation
m 83 . 709
m
3 RM
cost Excavation
3
3
= == =
= == =
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost
(b) Lining cost
Therefore ;
2
2
2
m 496.42 area Lining
) 50 ( (0.5774) 1 (2)(3) 3 area Lining
) L ( z 1 t 2 B area Lining
PL area Lining
= == =
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == =
2482.09 RM cost Lining
m 42 . 496
m
5 RM
cost Lining
2
2
= == =
= == =
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost or overall cost
Hence ;
4611.58 RM cost on Constructi
2482.09 RM 2129.49 RM cost on Constructi
cost Lining cost Excavation cost on Constructi
= == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
Water flows 0.8 m depth inside a 1.2 m
diameter culvert. Calculate top width
water surface (T), wetted area (A),
wetted perimeter (P) and hydraulic radius
(R).
EXAMPLE 2.2 EXAMPLE 2.2 EXAMPLE 2.2 EXAMPLE 2.2
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Given:-
y = 0.8 m
d = 1.2 m
T ?? A?? P?? R??
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION
Find value first :
1.2 m
0.8 m

0.6 m
0.2 m
+ ++ + = == = 2 180

Where ;
= == =
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =

47 . 19
6 . 0
2 . 0
sin
1
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
Cont . Find value first :
Thus ;
3.8213 radian into convert 94 . 218
) 47 . 19 )( 2 ( 180
= == = = == =
+ ++ + = == =
Therefore ;
(i) Top width water surface, T
m 131 . 1 T
2
94 . 218
sin ) 2 . 1 ( T
2
sin d T
= == =
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |

| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

= == =
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Wetted area, A
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
2
2
2
m 801 . 0 A
94 . 218 sin 8213 . 3
8
2 . 1
A
sin
8
d
A
= == =
= == =
= == =
(iii) Wetted perimeter, P
m 293 . 2 P
2
) 2 . 1 )( 8213 . 3 (
P
2
d
P
= == =
= == =

= == =
(iv) Hydraulic radius, R
SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont SOLUTION .... Cont
m 349 . 0 R
293 . 2
801 . 0
R
P
A
R
= == =
= == =
= == =
Steady Flow (Example)
TIME TIME TIME TIME S UP S UP S UP S UP
THANK YOU