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Atomism
Subatomic particles
Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that
cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage
the atom is composed of various subatomic particles. The
constituent particles of an atom are the electron, the proton and
the neutron. However, the hydrogen-1atom has no neutrons
and a positive hydrogen ion has no electrons.
The electron is by far the least massive of these particles
at 9.111031 kg, with a negative electrical charge and a size
that is too small to be measured using available
techniques. Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836
times that of the electron, at1.67261027 kg, although this can
be reduced by changes to the energy binding the proton into an
atom. Neutrons have no electrical charge and have a free mass
of 1,839 times the mass of electrons, or 1.69291027 kg.
Neutrons and protons have comparable dimensionson the
order of 2.51015 malthough the 'surface' of these particles
is not sharply defined.
In the Standard Model of physics, both protons and neutrons
are composed of elementary particles called quarks. The quark
belongs to the fermion group of particles, and is one of the two
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