You are on page 1of 186

1999



. " ".
" "
1977 1981

.

/

/



.
.

ZBIGNIEW
BRZEZINSkI
The
Grand
Chessboard
AMERIOAN PRIMAOY AND ITB
DEDBTRATEBIO IMPERATIVEB



:
.


.
" "
.

. ) (
" "
.


.


.

. :


.
.

.

.

)(
.



1981 _1977
)(
. ": ":
" " " " " ".

" "
.

"
" " " "

)( .
".


.
.
" "
.
)( .
_ .


.
.
.


.
_ _

) (
.
.

.

.
.

.


.

)
(
.

.

1940
.
.
.

:

:


.
.


1997



.
.

.

1898
. .


" " .

" "
.
.

33
.
.
.
.



.

.

.

.
*
) .
(.

.

.
.

.

.

.
.



.

.

.
.
* ) (Geopolitics
)(.

.


.
.


) .

.
.
.

.


)
( .
:
.
.


.

.
.


.
.

/

.
.


) ( .

10

.
) ""
( .

.

][

][
.




.
.


.
.

) ( .

.


.
.


.

11

) (
.

.
.
.

.

.
.

.

: .

.
" "
.
.

.

.




.

.


.

12

" :
)(
) (
.

.((1

)(1

" " " " :(1994)8

.183

13


.


.

.
.
" "


) (
.

.
.


.
211 ) ( .
.
.


.
300

) .
1996

296 .
.
" "
.

14


.

.
.
300
.

.

.
.

.

.

.
.

.
)
( .

.
.
.
221 ) (

""
.
140
.

15

57 .


.
)( )( .

220 .

.
.
589
.
) ( .

)( )(
.
)( ) (
.

. 300

) (
. ) (

.
.



.

.
.

16


:
" :
....
... ....
... .
".
.
""

.
1839 1842


.
.


.

) (
.

.


.
.

.
.

17


.


)( .

) ( .

.

.

"" .

.
.

)
(
.


.

.


.


.

18



.

1206 1405
.

.


.

)


(
.

19

)(
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 .

.
.

.

.

)( .



.
.
)(
) (1494 ) .(1529

20


.
. 1815

.
. .
.

"
" .

.

.

.

.

. " :

".
.


. 1914
400
.
1 1914-1860
2 ) (
3
4

21

5
6
7
8
9
-10
-11

.
.

.
) (
) (
. .
.

.
.
.


.
.

.
1
2
3 )(
4
5

22

6
7
8
9
10
11 .

.
% 50
.


.


30
.
" "


.
.


.
.
1996
)( .
.

23


.


.
:

.
) (:



.
.

24



. .
.


.
) (
.

. )(
" " " "

.

.
.

.


.
1995 1996 ""
.

)
.
(
)
(
.

.

.

25

.
.
.

) (
.
.


. .

.
) (
) ( . )

"" "" "" (
) (
.

" " .

.

.

] ) ([
.


.
" "

) ( ) (

26

.
.

:
. .

)( .
.

.


.
.



.
) (
.
)( )(APEC
.

.
[ 1991
]
.

.


"" .
) (IMF ""
.
.1944

27


.

. .

. .

.

.

.

.


. :
)
(...
) -
( )
(.

.
.
)
(.

.

28


. .
:
"
.
. )
(

... ""
.

... .((1
.
.

) (1 " :
" .1995

29



) ( .
)(
. )(

)( .
.
.
)(

.
. .
:
"

.

." ((1
"" .
. )(
.

)(
. 75
. 60

.

)(1

." " " " ) (1993

.83

30

.

. )(
.
.
/ .
.
)( .
.


.
.

.
.

) ( .
.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

31

12
13
1 :
2
3
4 /
5
6
7 :
8
9
10 /
11
12
13 :
14
15
16 /
17
18
1
2
3
4
5

32







.

"" .
) (

.


)( . .
)(

.


.

.
.


.

.

.
. .

. ) (

33

) (
.
.


. ""


.

:



. .

:
.
.
.

)(
.
:

:

. :
.
.
) (
.

34

""
.
_ .


.

. " "

" "

.

.




)( .
.
)(


.

.


.

" "

.

35

) (

.

.

.


.

.

" " )
( " "
.
:


.

" "
.
" " .


.

.


.
.

36


.
.

.
:


) (
/

/


.




.



.



. /

.

.
. :

37

"...
" .

.
.


.

.

.

.

.





.
.

)
( .

.


. .

.

) ( .

38

.



.


.

.
.

.


.
.

.

) (
.
.


1955
:
"

.
... ((1".
50
.
)(1

) .(1996

39

) (
1999 )(
. :
.
.
)
( .

.((2
.
) ( )(
)( .
.

.

/
.
.
.
.


.

.

.

.
) (2 " " "
" ) ( .145

40

.

.
:
.

.
"" ) (
.
.


)(

.
.
" "
.
.
.
.

.
.



.

.


.

.
.

41


.


) (

.
.

.

.

.


.
.

.


.


. .


.

.

42

.
.

)(
.

.
.


.

.

.
.
.
.
)
( .

.

.

.

. ][

][.
.

.

43

/
)(
.
""
.


. .

.
.
.

.

.


.

:
1
2

3 " "


4

5

.
" " " " .

44



.


.




.

.


.
.



.



.

.

.


1996
.
.


.

45

.


.

.



.
.

.

.
.


.
. )
(

.


. :
"


".
:

"

46


".((1

.






.
.

.
.


.


.
" " .
400
25
.
.


.


) (1 . . ) (
" " " "
28.1996

47

.

.

][ " " .

.
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21
22 .

.



][ .


.


.

) ( .




.

.

.

48





.

.



.

.


.

.

) (
.

.

.



) (


.

49

.
.


.


.

" "

. )
(

.

50



.

. )
/(

.
.
400 )
.
)( .
.
.

) (
.
.
.

.
.

51

15

16

17

32

18

33

19

34

49

20

35

50

21

36

51

22

37

52

23

38

53

1
0

24

39

54

25

40

26

41

27

42

28

43

29

44

1
1
1
2
1
3

30

45

31

46

47

48

1
4


.

.

.


.
" . "

.

52

.




.
.



)(
)( .

.
""
"

.
.




.

.

.


) ( .

.

53




.


.


) (EU ) .( NATO
) (.

54




.
.

.
"" "
" . "
" .

.


+= + .



.

" " ) ( .

.
.
.
) (
.


""

55

""

.

)( .
1995 "
" .


.



)( .

.

.


)
(.

.

.


) (


.

56


.



.


""
.

.

.
.


.

.


.

.
:
:

. :

.
1
2 ) (

57

3 ) (
4
5 .


. " "
.
)(

) (

.
.
)
(1991 . " "
) (
)( .
)( .


.
.


.
.
.

)( .
.

.
.

.
.

58



.
) ( . " 6 "
1990


.
.
.


.((1




. " "

.
.
.


. 1994
1995
. :

. )
( .
8 1996 " :
) %28 .5
22 .8 %8 .93
.

59

) (
".


.
1996 "

)( "
"

. ((1


.


.

. "
"
.
16

.


.
.

.


)(1

121996

60


)
( . ) (
1994 .

.

1996
.
.

.
. .

.
.
.




.

.
.

.

) ( .
.


.

61

.
.

.


.



.

) (

.

.

) (


.
) 1995
(
) ( .

.


.
.
)

62

( 180
.

.


.

.

.


1938
.
.




. 2000

) 50 (
) ( .
:


.

63

.
.
:
1

)(

.
.
2

.

)(
.
3
.
) (

) (
.

.
.

)
(
.
) (


.

.
. .

64




. .

.

.




.


.



.
.

.
.

.
.

" "
.


" "
" ".((1

)(1

" "2 .1996

65



.

.
.



.
""

. .

1995

.

" " .
.

.
) (
.

.
.

) (
.

66


)( .

.
.


)
(

)
(
)( )( )(
.

.
2000
6 10 .
) (
.
)(
.



.


. .
. .

.

67

.
.

.
.
) ( 15
.

)1+1: + (.
.
.
.
1996

.



.


.
.
.
)
(
.
.



.

68


.

.

.


. )
( .
)
(
.

.

.

.

.

.
.
. .
.
.



.

69


)( .

-

.
. .

.


.




. .
.
.


. .


) (

.

.
.

" " .

.

70

.


.




.

.
.

) (
15 :1996
"
.

.

".

71





.
.
.
) (.

"" . .

) (
.
) (
.



.
.

""
.

.
1999
.
.

2002


.

72


.
)

(

.
. .


.

.

:

)(




.
.


.

.
.


73


.

:
1999
2002 2003
.


.2005
.
2005 2010

.

.

.

. 2010
230
.

.

) ( .

) .
(.


.

74

.


.
"" )
( "" .
) (

.
:

.
.

75



1991 "
" . ""
.
.

.
:


.
) (


.


.
.

.

.
.
1991



150

76


150 .





1600
.



.


) (
52
305 .
.
20

) (
.
.


.
.

.


.

77

.

.
) ( .

.


.
40
20
. 5703
.
.


. :
. 1905 .
."" 1905 )
( .
. 1917- 1914
.
. 1921-1918
.
. 1920-1919 .
.
.
.
.
.
.

78

. 1945-1941
.
.
.
. 40
.
. 1978 1989
.
.


.
.

.



) (
.
,
)( .
.

.
52

.


.

.

79


.
52


.


.

.
1991



.


.

)
(
. 1991
.



.
.
)(
.

.

80


.
.

) 1600
( .
.
) (
.
20

.
25
)( .


.




1 .
2 .
3 .

.


) 300
( .

81

)( .
.

.


)( .

.
.

.
" ...
" " "
".((1




.
.

)(1

88 :1992

. 60

82


.



:
.
: .:

) (
-


)
(. ) (
) ( )
""!
) (

.

:

"



"" "
- ...
" "
.
. (( 1


. .

)(1

" " 1990 -4

.5

83

" "
.

.
)


""(


) ( ) (

.


.
" :
.
.


.
" :
) ( ... )

( ... ".




.
.

1 " "
.

84

2 " "


.
3
.





.

.


"" :

. .
.
19 1990
:
" ...
.


...
".


.
.

85

. " "

.
.

.

/ .


.
.

.




) ( .
.
" "
.
.

.
.

.

"
"
.

86

" "
.

" "
.
1993

" " .
"
"

. 1996

.
1993 .

.



.


.
) (
.






.

87

) (
.
.



.


.
) (

.

1994
.


.
)(
.
.



.
1939
.
) 10
(1996 " 1940 .


.

88

.
" ...
" ) (
...

...
". ((1
.
1994

" "
. "
.


((2. "
" " " .


. )( )

( .
. ""


.

) (1 . ) (
" " " 28
.1996
) (2 " ")
20 (1996
. ...
.
.
1996
.

89


.
: .
""
.

.
.

.

.

. "
.
) (
.


.





)(.
" "
.

" "
: . " "


) ( .

90


.
.
" "
.
" "


) (1996



.
" "


. .
" "
.
.
) (
.

.

.
.

"
1992

" " "
.

91

" "
. .
1992

"
" " .
" "


.
.

.
1994

" . "
" 8 1994 28


.
1995
:
"
...

".
1 .
2 .

"" .

""
) (

92

) (1991
.
. :
"

.


".
1996

.

.
" )
(SSSR ) (SSSR
" " " .

.


.
"
)( ".

.

.


.
. .

93

.

.






.

:
.
"

...



...
"
" . ((1
.
) ( " "


.

"
" " " "
" "
" .

.
" ".

)(1

" " 9 1990

.68

94


.
"
. " ((1


)(
.
)(
.

"
.
"



.
" "


.

) (

.

:


.
""
.

)(1

"" ) 15 .( 1994

95

1995 .
.

.
.



.
" " .


.

) (

. )(


) (

.
.


. 1996
" :
"

"
... ".
"
.

96


.

"" ) (

.
.


). (CIS



.


.

.


.

" " .

.

.

.
.
" "
.

97

)(


.


. ""

/ .
" "

.

.

" " :
.

.


) (


.
.
" "

" "




.

98

1996

.
"
"
. )(

.

) (
.

.


. 1996
""
.
" "
.

)( .
.

.
-1995
1996
.

.

.


.

99



.
.
....

.((1
.


.


) ( .

.



.

.

.
: .
.

) (1 " "
.1996

100

.
.





" )(
. .


.

)( .
.
.

.

) ( .


.
.

.


.
.
.

101


.

.
.


)(
.

.


.
)(
.

.

.
.



.
.

.



. .

102



. .

.((1 1990

.

.
.


).(OSCE


.
. .

.



.
.
"
.

" )( .
"

.

)
) (1 1996
"" 26 (1996 .

103


"

" .

. "

) ( 2 005 2015

.
1999
"
.
)(
.

.
.

"

".



) (
.
.

:

" ".


.

104

.

.


.

.
.

105



""
. ""
.


][ .

.
][
.
.
:



.
" ".
.



.


. :

.
.
50
1993 2015

.

106



.




.

) (
.


.
]
[ .



.
.


.

.

.


.

.

107



) . (.


.

108

-1 -2 -3 -4
-5 -6 ) -7( -8 -9
-10 -11 - 12 -13 -14

2103

708

306

7204
4504
) % 93

(% 38
) ( 3%
) ( 25%
% 19
2%

6%
2%

) (

801

7101
) (% 90

302
205%

203%

2%

1308

507

1704

408

7301

701%

801 %

603%

507%

3%

108%
% 5

6803

% %4109
% 37

502%

% 407

201%

2%

7%

5502

6801

204%

2105
%

% 1209

205%

204%

803%
804

602

401

69

6409%

25%

% 305

2%

805


) (

6504

% 7303

908%

9%

2%

509%

1301

)**(

2301
6808

7104%
% 803

407%

401%

204%

201%

7%
5405


) (

)**(
) (

)( 1944 : .1992
)(
.

) (
" " ""
.
.


.

)(
.

109


.
.
.


-.

. ""
.


)(
.
.
.

.
.

30
.


.


) (
.
.

)
...( .

110

) (
.
)(
.

.

.
.

. 18
% 35 ) (
%20

.



.
.

)(
.


.
.

) 25(
.
75
.

111


)
1336 (1404
.
.

.



.

.
) (


.

.
.

.

)
( .


. % 75 405
%10

.
.

112

5 .
%55
. %15
%13 %20

.
)
(
.
.
6,5 %25
) (
.
) (

.
.
.

.


.
.
22
.

.


.

) (
.

113

.


.

. 20
) 905(
. %13
.



.



.


.


.
.
.

:


) ..
...(
.

.

114


. 65
%80
( %20
.
.


.
.
"

" .



.
.
65 ) (

) (baluchis .

.
.


.

.

.

115


.

:


.
1914
.


"
.
.

.
. .

.
.

) (
.
.
)(

.


.
)(

.

116


) 1590
(
.


.


.

. .
500

) ....( .

.

.
:



.
.

1 2 3 4 5

.
.


.

117

.

.

.

.


) (
.

.
.

.


.


.


.


.

. .
.
.

.

118


.

.

.

.

.

.
.

300 .

"" 1556
.1607 1784-1774
1801 )
(
. 1878

) -
-( .
-1801
1881 1873
.1886 1850

.
.
1991 20
75 .

119

18 .


.



.
)(
.


.




.

.


" "
"
"

(
! )
.

.

120


.



.


)(
" " .
)(
) (
)(

.

.


) (
.

.

.
.
.


.


.
.

121





.


.

) (
.

) ( .

.
)
(
.


.
.




) .
(.
1995
.

.

122


"" . 1996

.
":

) (
( ....
.((1

.
:


.
%60
((1


.
.

13 20
) (1996
.
.
1993
.
1
2
)(1
)(1

) 28 (1996
" " " " 24 .1995

123

3 -4 -5 - -6 -7 -8
-9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14
-15 -16 -17 -18 -19 -20
-21 -22 -23 -24 -25
-26 -27 -28 -29 -30 -31
-32 -33 -34 -35 -36 -37
-38 -39 -40 -41
-42 -43 -44 -45 -46
-47 -48 -49 -50 -51 .
"
"


) (
.


.
)
(
.


.


"" "
" .
1996

124


.

.

1996 " .



.
.
.

10 .
1996

.

.
1996
.

28
- .
"
" 300
. 1200 .

) (
.
.

125

126



:
.

.
.


.

.


.

.
.




.
" "
.

.

) (
.

.

127

""
.

.

.
.


) (.

.
)(
. ""

.
.
.

.
) (

.



.

.


)(

128

.
)( .



.
.

.

)

( .


.

129

" " .
"" .

. .

.
.



.

.

.
.

:
1

2

.

.
.

.

.

130


. .
) ( 4
.
35 40 )
.
25 ( .


10
.

.


.


.

.
)( .
) ( ) ARF
( ) APEC

.



.
. .
1995
.

131


.

.


)( :


) (.
)(


.
)
(
.



.

1945
.


) (.
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 / 9 10 11
12 13 .

132

.
) ( .
"
" "
.
.

.

. 1996
) )(

(

.

.

.
.

" :

".


.

.
.
.

133


.

.

.

)*(

)**(

3 03 00 00

) 94 00
(50 0
(40 )18 90

5 22 4
) (1 24
(16 0 )33 6

(40 )57

(7 )53

(8 )11

(6 )6

1 10 00 00

3 50 0
) (2 70 0
(31 3 )63 3

(37 4 )70 0

(14 )21

(12 )18

(18 )74

(6 )14

(0 )0

55 50 0

(0 )35 0

(6 )14 3

(0 )0

(0 )0

1 12 70 00

)42 00
(22 25
(45 0 )18 60

(13 6 )73 0

(0 )3

(0 )23

(48 )33 4

(9 )17

(3 )3

23 77 00

(92 9 )12 00

(23 1 )32 4

(40 )62

(17 )17

44 20 00

(0 )1 40 0

(10 )46 0

(11 )38

(2 )4

85 70 00

(40 0 )19 00

(0 )24 0

(5 )7

(0 )0

11 45 00
10 65 00
27 09 00

(26 )26
(0 )41
(11 0 )23 5

(0 )50
(0 )7
(12 )54

(0 )2
(0 )1
(4 )17

(0 )0
(0 )0
(2 )2


)(

57 70 00

29 50 00

63 30 00

) :
(
)*( 160 16 60 130
.
)**( 8 18 18 .29

134

: )(


.

.
: "
" . 1955

135

:
.

.
.
.
.
. " "
" " "
.

.


. :

. 1600
.
75
200
.


.
.

:

)
(

136



.

.
.
.

.

.

.


)
(.

.


.

.

" "
)( .

.

137


.

.
.


.
.

.
.
. .
)(
.

.



. )
20
(


.

.

.

.

138


.
) (.

.
.

.

.


.
/
.

)(
.
.

:1474
.
70

.
.



.
.

139



.

1474 .
.
.
.

) (
.



.

.

)(
) (
.
.

) ( )
( .

.
1989 .

. 50

140


.

.((1

.
.





"" ""
.

.
) (
.
2020
.
.
.

.

.


1840


)" (1 " ) ( 1


1995
. " . :
" " " ) .(1996

141

.
.
1895 -1885
.
1858 1864
1895 .





: "
") " 1984
"(
.


.

. .

.


. .

.
.
) (
) (
.

142

.


.
.


.

. 1996

"
" .
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.

.

" :
".

143



.




)
( ((1
) (
150
.

.

.((1


.
1 -2 -3
-4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
) (1
540 " " 25.1994
:" " /
1996 50
.
%90 %75
%60 50 .
"
"
" " ) . "
" " ][ 23.(1996
) (1
" )The Nation ) "(17(1997
. "
" " "
" )( " .
.

144

-10 -11 -12 -13 -14


16 15 -17 -18 -19 -20 -21
-22 -23 -24 -25 .


.
.



.


) (.
.

.
.
)
(


.

.


.



.

145



.

.
" :

" .((1

.
"
"
.


1994
" .



) (


.
.

1997 ""
" "


.
) (1 " " )
( .10-(1996)8-6

" " ) ( 29
.1996

146



.
.
""

.
.

)
( )
(
.


1996

.
.

.

) (1996
.



.

.

.


) ( .

147


" " " "


" .
.

.
1996 " " "
"

) ((1
( .

.
.
.

.



.

.


)

. "
" " " )
" " ] [ 20
.(1996 31 1997
": "
" "
" ".

148


.
:
.
1949
.

.

.




.
)(




.


.

.
" " )
( " "
.
.


" "
.

149


.


.

) (
)( .



.

.

) (
.



.

.

.

.

.

. .

.
: )(
) ( .

150


.

.

.
)(
.

) (
. .

)(

.
.
.
) (

30
.
:
.

. :

.


.((1
) (1 " " 25 1997
36 .

151

.
.

.


.
"" .
"" .

.

.


.

.
.



.
.

.

.

.
.



.

.

152

)
(


.
.


.



.

. 1981
""
.
.
.

.




)
(
.


153

.((1
) (

.

.

.
) )( (
)
.
(



"" .

.



.
) (1 "
" 1994

1994 " " . "
" 1995
1996

"
" 1996


. 1996

)
" " "
" 4 .(1996

154

" : "
.

:
.

) (
.

" 1993

" .

.


.

.


.

.
.
.



.

) 1

155

(
.

.
.


.


1984 " :
".


.
" "

.
.
" "
.

.

.


.

.
1996 " "
" "

156

)
(.

.


. "
"
.
:
.
:
) (

.


.

.

) (

.


) (

157

.((1
.
: .


.
.

.
) ( .

.

"
" " " .
1996

" " "
" .



: .
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5.
)
1996
.

158

-6.
-7.
-8.
-9.
-10.
-11.
-12.
-13.
-14 .
-15.
-16.
-17.
-18.
-19.
-20.
-21.
-22
-23
:





.


.

.

159

160



.


.

"


.



.
.

.

:
.


.
. .

.



.
.


.
.

161



.
.

.

)

( .
.


)( . " "

) ( .
.
.

.



.

.
.


.

.
)(

162

.
.

.
.((1
)
(
.
.



.

.

.
) (
) (
. )
_
(
.
.

.
. .
) (1 1996
) (
1: 2
3 4 5 6
7 8
.

163



.

.



.

.
.


)(

.

.

.

" : " .

.


.

)(

) (.

164



.




.


.

.

.


.
.

.
.
.
" "
. " "
.
)
(.




.
.

165


.
)(
.
)

( .

.

.
.


)
( .

.

.



.

) ( .

.
.

.



.

166

.

.

) ( .

.




.

.


.

.
.



. ((1
:


.
.


.
) -(1 " " " " )
(1997-1996 .

167



.
.

.
.

.


. )
(
.


.



.

.



.



.
) ( .

.

168

"
".

.
) (


.
.

.

.



.

.


.
)
(


" "

.
.

.

169


.
.

.

.


. )(
) (

.


.

.


.


.

.


:
: .

: .

170

:

.



.

.

) ( .
)
( ) 20 (

) 20( .
.

"

.

.


.

".

.

171

.


)(
.


.


)
( .

.

.



.


.
.
.


. .
.


172


(1


.

) ( .
(



.

"
. ) (

) ( .

.

.

.

.

.


) (1
.1997
) (
.
. "
" " ) " .(1997

173

)(
.


.

"
.




.

.


.
.
)

(
.


.


.
.
) (
.
.

174



.


.

.
.


)
( .

.



: .

.


.
.

.


.



) ( .

175

.


.

) (

.
)( .

.



.

.

.


.
.


.
.
.
.


)(

176

.
.((1

.

.
)(
. " "

.


.


.

.


.
) (

.
)(

.
) (1
) " " 1997

. " :

.
...
.

177




. " "
" " .
.
.
.

. .

.


.

.
.

) ( .

. .

.
.
)(

.



178

.
) (
.


.
)(


.

.
.
.

.
)(

.

.
.


.

.

.

.

179

.
.


.

.

.

.


.
.

.



) .(Tess
)

( .
.

.

.

.

.

180

.


.

.

.


.
.


. .
)( 30

50 .1945
20
10 15 2020
) (
) .
( .


.

.
.


.
.
".

181



.

.
.

. .

.
)13 (


) 74 (
. . ((1

.
.
.


.


.

:

.

) (1 )
: (1996
) 1997
( ) %62 %27
)( %29 %14 )(.

182

)(
.

.
.

)
( .

.

) ( .


)( ) .
( .
.

.
.


" " :
" .
.
:
"

)(1

" " )" (1949 .53

183

((1


. " "
" " .

.
.

.
.

.


.


. .

.

.

.
)(
.




.
.

184

.


.

.

) ( .

.

""
) (
.


" "
.
.


.
:



.
.
) (
.

. 1945

185


.
)

( )(
.

""
.

.

186

You might also like