/

10

: /

13

27

: /

28

31

: () /

33

38

39

41

51

53

57

59

63

65

66

. .


. .

.

.


.
.

.
.


.
-1
-2
-3
-4

-5

-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

-11
-12 .
-13

-14
-15
-16
-17 ( 18)
-18
-19
-20

.
.

.


.

.
5



.
.

.



.

.
.

1391

1

.
.

2

.



.

.
.




.

.
.

.

.

. gender
. sex

1
2

.

.

.

.


.


.

1976 1983

.
.

.

.


.

.

.

.

.


()
.

.



.
.
.

:

.

1860 .


.

.

( )gender ( )sex

.


.

.


.

.
.
.




.


.
.

.

.

.
.
"

: ...
..

"

.

.

...

.
3

. .1389 . () . :
:

http://www.k-en.com/zanan/feminism%20and%20marxism.pdf [Viewed
]29 Feb 2013

.4 2004
. :

]http://ir.mondediplo.com/article317.html [Viewed 29 Feb 2013

. 20

60 5.

.

6.

7.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.

.

...

.
.

11

.

.
.

. .
8




5

. Schneider, Friedrich et al., 2010. New Estimates for the

Shadow Economies Around the World. International Economic
Journal, Vol.24, No.4, pp. 443-461

.6 1387 . .
. :
.7
8

. Khotkina, Z. A, 2007. Employment in the informal sector.

Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia, Vol. 45, no.4, pp. 42-55

... .

)

.

...

.
44
400
11 13
250
.
.
...
.

.
.

.
14
.
!

.
.
.

11

.

.
.

.


.


.

.
( 120
60 ) .

.
.


.
.
.


.

12

( .

.
.
:

:


() .

.9 :
Himmelweit, Susan, 2006. Reproduction and the materialist
conception of history: A feminist critique. In: T. Carver ,ed. The
Cambridge Companion to Marx. New York: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 196-221

:
.
.
.

.

.

.

.
.

13

10

).

).(Marx, 1975: 425-6

. .

. .

( .

(Marx,

).1977: 710

.
.

14

. production

10

( )

11
:


.
) .(Nicolas, 1974: 29

).(Marx, 1974a: 88-100

. .



.



.

.


.


.

.

(Seccombe,

) .1980

.
.

. Martin Nicolas

11

15

. .

). (Engels, 1972: 132, 221

1970
.

( )

) .(Marx, 1975: 275

12.

.

13

. :

.(Marx, 1977: 78) .

(Brewer, 1980: Chap.

).11

.

.

.12

(Fox, 1980; Himmelweit and Mohoun, 1977; Malos, 1980,

)Molyneux, 1979
13

. )Green and Sutcliffe, 1987:133-4( :

16

. : ( )
...

(Marx

)( .and Engels, 5/1975: 41-42

( 1884

man mensch

mann .

menschen

men .

men 1938 .

Working Men of All Countries, Unit!

) .(Marx, 1974b: 98

men

.(Engels, 1972: 71-2) .

men and women

).

(Marx and Engels,

) .5/1975: 42

.



.(42-3) .

.

.(43) .


.

.

.
.

.



.


.

.
.
.


.

17

( ) ).(Engels, 1972: 120

.(120-1) .

.
.

. .

.(Marx and Engels, 1975: 43-5) .

.

.

. .

(Leacoke, .

) .1972; Redclift, 1987

.
.

18

. .

. .

1845

) .(Engles, 1972: 119

.(119-120) .

(Marx and Engels, 4/1975: 438,

).439

. .

. .

.(119-120) .

19

...

[ ]

.


.
.
.
)(Engels, 1972, 134

.

.
.

. .
)(Engels, 1972, 135

.



.



.(Marx and Engels, 4/1975, 439).

:

. .
.
.


. ...



.

21

.
.

.
) .(Kapp, 1972


.

.

. .

. .

.

.

.


.

) .(Marx, 1977: 279-80

()

21

.(Engels, 1972: 131) .

(Engels, 1972:

).(Marx, 1977: 279

) .144
:

.
.

(141) .

. :

22

. .

) .(Engels, 1972: 139

(Marx and .

) .Engels, 5/1975: 31

. :

).(37

).(139

).(43

(Marx .

) .and Engels, 5/1975: 31

) .(Timpanaro, 1975

. :

. ...

.(31) .

) (Marx and Engels, 1975:43-5

23

) .(43

.

. .
.
.

.
.

.

) .(Hamilton, 1978
.

.

.
.

.

.



) .(Shorter, 1975: 31
.



.

:
.
.
1859 :



.
.
).(Marx, 1975: 425-6

) .(Hall, 1980

24

(Hilton,

) .1985

. .

.

.(Dobb, 1963; Saville, 1969) .

.


.

).(Humphries, 1987: 23

.


.

.

.
(Aston and Philpin, 1985; .

).Dpckes, 1982

) .(Humphries, 1987: 23

.
.



.(23) .

25

.(23) .

.
.

26

.

.

27

14

.






.

.
.





.
.



.

.
.

...

.14
.

28

...

...

.








5 6

.

.



.
:

29

10 15 .

:

.

...

...

)




.

31

...
:





.



...

. . . .

. :
-

60 . .

30

31

.
. :
-

:
-

.

! .
.

:
-

- .

:
-

.

.
:

.

.

- .

:
-

.
.

:

:
-

20
! .
!

:
-

. . .

:
-

32

:
()

15

.
.

.

.

.
.
.

. .

.


.

1972 .

.

.

.

.
.

.
94

***
.

16.

16

. SEWA: The Self-Employed Women's Association of

India.
http://www.sewa.org/

15

. SEWA, 2010. Member Based Organizations Of The Poor: A

Report by SEWA Academy Learning Hub, Available from:
http://www.sewaacademy.org/pdf%20files/MBOP%20Report
[Viewed 22 Feb 2013]%202010.pdf

33

.




.

.


.


.
.

.

.
. 11

200 11 .
.
18 55 .
:

.
.

.
...
.
100 .
5 17.
.
.

. 8 9
18.
.
.
4000 .
1974 .
125 350
. 50
97 . .
.
.

(
) .

34

.17
.18

1991

( )

. .

.

.

...

.

.
.

35

20

1200 1500 .

2003 15000

3500 80 3

21

.
.

...

... .

65 .

...

19

21

. Hansiba

. Wiego, 2012. Events Help SEWA Celebrate 40 Years.

.

.

.19

36

http://wiego.org/wiego/events-help-sewa]celebrate-40-years [Viewed 22 Feb 2013

from:

21

Available

And:
The Indian Express, 2011, SEWA helps women rise high in
construction sector, forms cooperative. Available from:
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sewa-helps-womenrise-high-in-construction-sector-forms-cooperative/832037
][Viewed 22 Feb 2013

.


...
...
.

.
.
...
... ...

.
.

.



.

.


.

...

...

...
.

1974 1979
1982 Anasuya 1982
1986 1986
1989 1990
1990 1991
1992 1993
1994 1994
1999 .2000
1

. SEWA, 2010. Member Based Organizations Of The Poor: A

Report by SEWA Academy Learning Hub, Available from:
http://www.sewaacademy.org/pdf%20files/MBOP%20Report
[Viewed 22 Feb 2013]%202010.pdf

22

22

. Bhatt, Ela, 2011, UNDP speech, lecture notes distributed in

Tarrytown, NY, 27 Jun 2011. Available from:
http://www.sewa.org/images/pdf/UNDP%20Speech.pdf
][Viewed 22 Feb 2013

37

""

""

""

38

.

.

.

( )

() .

( ) (

)...

...

39

:
.




.



.


.



.

.

.

41

!!!
! !

. ...

... . 3 :

! ...

... ... .

. . .

. ...

... ...

24 53 53

. !

....

....

...

. .
.
.
.
.
.
.

!
!......
! ....
.
.
. .
.

. . 3

41

2 . .

!

.
! .
. .

.


......
.. .

.
!
.
.
.......

.
.... ...

.
.
.
...

42

.

.


.

. .
.
. .
.
40
...

.

.
30 30 .
12 .
90 .

. .
Blue wormy and red Ladybird
.Silky and Co
.
.
.




"
"

!! .

. .

! !

! .
.


.
.

.
.
.
.
50
.
400 .

.

. .

. .

.
.
. 10 11 . .
BRT . .
. .
.

!
! .


:

. .
.
.
.
.

.

.
.

43

. .

406

. ...

.
...

.
.

. . .

. .

.
BRT . .
.

. .

. .

. . .

3-2 .

... . . .

6-7 .

.
. .
.
.
.


.

44

. .
.

. ..



.
.
.

.
.
. .
.

. .
. .
.
.
.
.
.

.

.
......

.
. . ...
.
.... .... ... ...

. .

. .

.
. .
. . .

.
.
.
.

.

...

. .
.

..... ....
.


.
. 2
. ..


. .

.
.

...
.

45

2 .

.
4 . .

. .

.

.
.
.
.

.

. .
. .
. .

. .

. .

.

.
!

46

.


. .
. .

. . .

.
.

.
. .

. .

. . . .

.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

.
. 30000
.

.


...
. .
.
! .

- . .
.
.
.

Mp3 .
. .
:
. ...
.
!

40-35. . .
.

. .

47

.
.
. .
Mp3 .
.
.
.

Sam . .
!! !
.
!
.
! .
5-4
. .

( ).

. 3

. ! ...

.... .
3-2
.
18 .
.
. .
.
.
!
.
.!

.
...
.
!
!

6 !

.

Mp3 .

. .

! .. ... ...

42 . .

. .

...

. Sam

.

. .

48

1 .

...

! .

. 1

. . ....

.
.

. .

Sam

.

1000
.

.
... CD
.

. . .

. 1:25000 D3 SHP

. 2
. 49

86 .

42 . .
1500000 !

( ) 5-4 .

Sam 2 100

49

. ...

.
8 . .
9 .
.
.
! !
. .
.
.
!
!
!

.

Sam

.

.
.
.

51

. 6

7 .

.

.

.



91 .

.

. .
!

. .
.
. 50

... .

.
... .

300 .

300 400 .

. ( ) .

.
.
. 11 10 .

51

. .
. 4 . 5

.
.
...
. .
...

.
... .
...
.
.!
. .
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.

52

...

... "

23

. ...

" :

. ...

".

.


.
...

...

.
.

...

... .

!!!

....." :!

.... ....

...
23 21 1391
http://aftabnews.ir/vdcjooevxuqe8hz.fsfu.html

53

. .

...

...

...

"

!"

... .

" :

"!

.

...

54

.
.

" " .

.

.




.

.

.


.


.

.
.

.
.

.
.


.

.


.

.

.




.

.


.

55

. .

.

.



.

.

56

.

.
.

()

() :

.
.

)POV(
.
.


.

.

.

.

.
.

.
.
.
.

.
: .

57

. POV

() . ()

.
.


.



.
()

.


.
.

.

:
...

58

24
.
.

.
.

.

.


.

.
.


.

.

.
.24
. .

.


.


.
1970
.
(1980 .25)1960 26 1978
1979 .


.

.
.

.


.
.
.
1990

.25 1968
1980 .
26

. SUTEP: Sindicato Unitario de Trabajadores en la Educacin

del Per

59

.
412
18 .
62
55 . 48/8
1981 12/4 1991 .

.

.
. 1994 2007 15
7630 : 2575
2273 1871 . 1990
86 41
121 52 1993
. 1988 1989
1800 3000 .
1991

5000 .

.

.

.

.
1984
.


.
.
: .
87 1986

61

.
...
.

.
.

.


.

.

.

.

.
.


.
:


.


.

... . 20 25
.

.
.

100 60 .
12

8 18


.

.
20 .

.

.
.


() () .
...


.
.
.
.
6 9

... .
.

.
...
.


.

10 15
.
.


.


.

. :
50 .
.
...
.

.


.
.

.
:


.

.

.

.
.

61

:





.

:
.

!.

.

.


.
.

.
:
1. Agencio Latinamericana de Informacion. Available
from: http://alainet.org/index.phtml [Viewed 25 Feb
]2013
2. Andreas, Carol, 1989. People's kitchens and
radical organizing in Lima, Peru. Monthly
review, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 12-21
3. Blondet, Cecilia. 1995. Hoy: Menu popular:
comedores en Lima.Unicef
4. Zibechi, Ral. 2007, Comedores populares de Per:
contra el hambre y soledad, Upside Down World.
Available from:
http://upsidedownworld.org/main/en-espatopmenu81/1047-comedores-populares-de-perontra-el-hambre]y-soledad [Viewed 25 Feb 2013

62

.
.
( .)Gelagetza

.

.


.
22

.


.

.

.

.
.
.


.

1985

.
.
.

.

.


.
.

63

.
.

1986

.
.

27.

. .

.
.
...

.
.

.
.
. .

.

64

Repoblacin

27

....

( )

65

.
11


.

!

.


. .
.

. .

. .

.
.

50 - 45




.
.
!

. .

. ! .

. .

66

9-8 .

.

. 9-8 .

. .

! .

! .

. .
! .

.

67

! .


. .




.
!
.


.




.
!

.
! . .
.
!!!

68