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, 8/7/2011


1. ()
2. ()
3.
( , , )
4. -
5. (/)
6.
7.

1. ()

1632:

()

1687:


1873: Maxwell

c.

/
,

, !


5 ..: :

1676:
Rmer (
, ).
1849:
Fizeau.



, ,
.

Michelson Morley
1887: Michelson Morley

,

(
,
).
20 (
)
.


1889: Fitzgerald
Michelson-Morley

.

1892: O Lorentz
,

Michelson-Morley.

Lorentz
1899-1904: O Lorentz Michelson-Morley,
t'
v.
Maxwell
,
:

t'
x'
y'
z'

= (tvx / c 2 )
= ( xvt )
= y
= z

O Lorentz
.

Lorentz
O Lorentz

1v /c
2

()
1905: o Einstein

:

1. ( ):

.

2. :

.


1. O (
).
2. ,

.
3.


Lorentz .


4.
(
).

t '= t

L
L '=


5. : V'
( v) , V
:

V '+v
V=
1+vV / c 2
V' || v ( ),

V = V ' +v v V / c
2

V' v ( ).

.


6. Doppler: H/M f'
, f

0.7c

f = f ' (1v / c)
f'
f=



( )


1907: Minkowski.
4-
.
ct

: v<c

: v=c

s2 =c 2 t 2 + x 2
( ).

'

x t
.
,

s2 =c 2 t 2+ x 2

, o

2

=s / c

= t 2 x 2 /c 2


2+1 ,
. ,
.


1. : p
m0 , ,

p= m0 v
2. :

1
2
2
2
= m 0 c m0 c + m0 v
2
(
).
3. :

m= m0


1. s . X
Michelson-Morley (Herrmann et al. 2005)

c
15
<10
c
2.
v.
(Brecher 1977)

c<106 v
3. .
30keV 200 keV (Schaefer 1999)

c
20
<10
c
.


4. . X
Cavendish (Luo et al. 2003)

m<1050 g
5. ( Lorentz).
(Colman & Glashow
1997)

<1022
6. .
( CERN) .
NIST (Chou et al. 2010),
laser,

40 km /h


7. ' . X


(Greene et al. 1991)

c
5
<10
c

(Bertozzi 1964)

2. ()


1687:
.

G m1 m2
F=
r2
( )

2 =4G

(1609)


1859: Le Verrier:
38''/!


1900: Lorentz
( )
.
1905: Poincar .

,
( ).


6 :

,

17 : :

m m.

m M
F=m a=G 2
r

m G M
a=
m r 2

( )

m= m .


1880: Etvs:

10-8.


1907: Einstein
.

,
.


1907: Einstein
.


1907: Einstein

.

Einstein

1912: Einstein :


( )


.
,
().
Einstein Grossmann
, Riemann, Ricci
Levi-Civita.


1914: Einstein ( )

1915: Einstein
Gttingen,
Hilbert Klein.

1915: Einstein Hilbert


.



- (
):

s 2 =c 2 t 2 + x 2

d s 2=f ()c 2 t 2 +g() x 2

f() g()
.
:

d s 2=i j g ij x i x j
gij 44 ( ).


(-1,1,1,1),

Riemann.
Riemann Rijkl,
Ricci Rij.

-- ij.
Poisson

2 =4G

1
8G
Rij R= 4 T ij
2
c

.


1 ..:



( ).
,

.

3.

6 M
=
a (1 2 )
.
: 43.0/
:
42.9/



,
.

4 GM
bc 2

1919: Eddington
.

Shapiro
, /
,
.

.
2010:
Shapiro


:
1.97 0.04



( ).
.

.
NIST
1m.

""
H Michell (1784):
,
,
.


,

2GM
R= 2
c


1916: Schwarzschild:

,

2GM 2 2
2GM
ds = 1 2 c dt + 1 2
rc
rc
2

dr +r d

2GM
Rs= 2
c
( Schwarzshild).

.
: Rs = 3km


1963: Kerr:
.
:
.

-
~ 1.3 2
~ 9-14 km
~ 1015 g/cm2

:


.

:


: !


Doppler


~550 km/s.


3
.



Sgr A*
3.7 .

4.


, ..
) ,
) G
,
) gij

, ..

- .

.

Gravity Probe B

5.



.

.


1993

Hulse & Taylor

G M 2 6
L 5
v
c R

( )

G
h 4
c r

:
15Mpc

l
22
h= 10
l


:
) ,
,
) (+) (X)



:
)
)
)
)
)


laser:

L
Laser

L-L
L

L+L

i~0

i L


GEO600 (-)
Hannover,

LIGO ()
1) Hanford, WA
2) Livingston, LA
TAMA ()
Mitaka

AIGO (),
Wallingup Plain (Perth)

VIRGO (-)
Cascina,

6.

3+1

t.
.

22
3 ,
.

7.

GPS
: 27.000 km
: 14.000 km/h
- 7 /

+ 45 /

:
10 km !

Laser



,
.
,
..

,
...



(-)



.



.

General Relativity and Electrical Engineering


New Journal of Physics, 2006

http://www.astro.auth.gr/~niksterg

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