E

E :

E (
) .
:
-

:
- - - - - -
-
:

....................................

B12

B12 :
12
.

( 5)
.
:
12 (DNA )
thymidine triphosphate DNA.

remethylation of
homocysteine methionine. gastric glands
( ) intrinsic
factor

trypsin.
:
(
12 pancreatic deficiency disease
) pernicious anemia (

transcobalamin II 2 ).
:

(
ectopia lentis
)thromboembolic events myelin
dementia.

....................................

B9

B9 :

.

.

.
)neural tube defects) NTDs.


NTDs.
:
homocysteine
.
homocysteine

.
homocysteine.
homocysteine.
peripheral vascular disease .
:

- * :
*
* ( ( ) periodontal ) * homocysteine ( 6 )12 * () ( ) * * - ()

( 9 ) :

.
homocysteine .
.
. 13500

.
malabsorption disorders,
.
.

 , triamterene,

sulfasalazine.
anticonvulsants, cimetidine
mcg 400 :

.
. FDA
mcg 100

.
.
mcg 400-300 .
....................................

B7

B7 :
.7
.
:

:
1. Pyruvate carboxylase
gluconeogenesis
.
2. - Acetyl-CoA carboxylase .
3. - Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
.
4. - Beta-methyl-CoA carboxylase
.
:

.
.
:
1. avidin

 7
.
2. Total parenteral nutrition .
3. anticonvulsant drugs
.4 .
.
:

seborrheic dermatitis alopecia.

hyperesthesias paresthesias
myalgia .hallucination
nausea anorexia vomiting.

....................................

B6

6

.

.
:

( )
phosphorylase
%80-70 6 .

peripheral neuropathy.
:

.

( )
.

isoniazid .
6

ataxia paralysis numbness.

....................................
B5

B5 :
:
5
.

.
:
( ATP
) -4 .
)coenzyme A (CoA )Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP
( )
.
.
:
5 .

.
.
1997
. 5
....................................

B3

B3 :
3
.
3 :

.
:
)(NAD+
) (NADP+ cytosol
( )
.
lactate dehydrogenase
malate dehydrogenase
. 1
60
tryptophan pyrrolase .

.
:

.
.
3

.

....................................

:
.
.
.
:
:
.


.

. .

. 2
:
(osteomalacia).

.



.
:

(Osteomalacia). .

.

.
.
.

.


.

.


.
:
()
(ergocalciferol) 2 (cholecalciferol). 3
) (Multivitamins
400-200 ( ) 10-5
400 .
.

50000 1250
.
.
....................................

B2

B2 :
2
.
.
.

Free Radicals.
:

. .2
2
.
:
2
.

 alpha amino acid oxidase

xanthine
oxidase succinate dehydrogenase
.


( ) .

.
.2
.
:
[
[] .
(] .())
3 0.4-0.80.3-0.74 6 1.10.97 101.21
1.3 1.41.811.6 1.2
1.311.1 1.61.11.4 1.71.81.41.5

:
2 :
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2
().
2
.
.
.
:
2 :

*
* -
.
.
/ .
*
.

/ .

....................................

:

LL-
gulonolactone .
:

2+ 2+
.

( ) prolyl and
lysyl hydroxylase Collagen .
tyrosine
adrenaline. bile acids
-7 .

( ) .

.
:

.
scurvy
:

 Subcutaneous
hemorrhages


.

.
4-3
.
....................................
A

A :

(
. ) .

.

.

[ .]8
.
.
Retinol
.

Retinal
Retinoic .
Provitamin A Carotenoids
.
%26 %34
.
beta-carotene alpha-carotene, lutein,
zeaxanthin lycopene cryptoxanthin. 563
%10 .
.
.

.
.

. .

:
.

.
.
.



| | .

.
. 1 2 .
:1
( ) 3
27,185545 3 12,325245
500101 28461 ( % 3.25) 24951
2265
:2
( )
22,567450 13,418270
11,458230 9,558190 ( 7
)8,666175
5,8201151 5,411110 2,813551
2,06340
1,532301

1,262251

1,65135

1,252251 1,05020
681915 47310 3196
3136
:

. 250000 500000
.

. Zinc
.

 retinol binding protein

) (RBP .

.
.

.
.
.

. A

. .


.

.

.
.
.

.
.

....................................
P

P :
:
.


:
- - - -

B1

B1 :
) (thiamin 1
) (thymine .
.

.
:
*
* (
)
* ( )
*
* ( ) .

14 .
()
( pyruvate ) ketoglutarate
transketolation pathways
( ) .
:

.
2600
" ".
:
*
.
*
( )
* ()

 ) (Wernicke's encephalopathy /
) (Korsakoff syndrome
.

- .


.
.
:
*
* ( ) 7
.
* .


. .

.
.